a gallery of dyadic concordance type ( dct) graphics murray a. straus

A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type (DCT) GraphicsMurray A. Straus

Family Research Laboratory, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 [email protected]

To download papers on DCTs, click http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CONTENTS

PART A. Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physical Assault2. Injured Partner3. Sexually Coerced4. Psychological Aggression5. Other Maladaptive Behavior6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization

PART B. Effects Of Being In each DCT1. Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

mailto:[email protected]

PART APercent Of Relationships

In Each DCT

1. Physically Assaulted Partner

Male-Only Female-Only

Both-Assault


Both-Assault

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12

26

63

22 23

54

Male Respondents Female Respondents

%

Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor AssaultU.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)

3Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.

Prevalence Men 21%Women 23%


Both-Assault


Both-Assault

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2

54

44

23

20

57


%

Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe AssaultU.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)

4Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.

Prevalence Men 6%Women 8%

5Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004

Couple Prevalence:14%

Note:Data for parents as reported by students

Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations* 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10* Among this 14%: ~ Predominant pattern was Both-Violent

~ Next was Father-Only, ~ Mother-Only almost as high

Father-Only Mother-Only Both-Assault0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2522

52

Same as slide 11

Dyadic Concordance for Any & Severe Assault, 1,157 University Student CouplesComparison CTS Short-Form and Full CTS2

6Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520.

Male-only Female-only Both0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9.4

28

63

8.9

20

72

Short Form Full Form

*Couple Prevalence according to:Short Form: 19%Full Form: 31%

ANY ASSAULT


10

20

30

40

50

60

16

34

51

15

37

46


SEVERE ASSAULT*Couple Prevalence according to:

Short Form: 6%Full Form: 12%

2. Injured Partner

Male-Only

Female-Only

Both-In-jured

Male-Only

Female-Only

Both-In-jured

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

38

5

45

16

35

Chart Title

Any Injury Perpetrated Medical Treatment Needed

%

Dyadic Concordance In Injury180 Couples In Military Treatment Program For Domestic Violence

8Cantos, Arthur L., Neidig, Peter H., & O'Leary, K Daniel. (1994). Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 113-124.

Couple Injury Prevalence 65%

%

Dyadic Concordance Types for Injury As Reported By Men And WomenAge 24-33 (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health N=4,795)

9

Couple Prevalence according to:

Males: 4%Females: 4%

Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence and the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), 29-55. doi: 10.1177/0022427813484315

Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault


10

20

30

40

50

60

70

14

66

20

48

26 26


Dyadic Concordance Types Type

%

Dyadic Concordance In Injury Among 481 University Student Couples

10Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence & Victims, 18(2), 197-217.

Couple Prevalence according to:

Males: 11%Females: 9%


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

23

45

32

24

45

35



3. Sexual Coercion

Male-Only

Female-Only

Both-Coerced

Male-Only

Female-Only

Both-Coerced

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

32

13

55

41

8

51Chart Title


%

Dyadic Concordance In Past Year Sexual CoercionProbability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities

12

Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan, . . . Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9

Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 23%Women: 19%


Both-Co-

ertced


Both-Coerced

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

31

11

58

45

13

42

Chart Title


%

Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion As Reported By 2016 Spanish High School Students

13

Fernández-González, L., O’Leary, K. D., & Muñoz-Rivas, M. J. (2014). Age-Related Changes in Dating Aggression in Spanish High School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), 1132-1152. doi: 10.1177/0886260513506057 dy Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013. .

Prevalence Men= 27%Women= 11%

Male-Only Female-Only Both-Coerced0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

42

13

46

%

Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion Among 194 Beijing China Couples

14

Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3

Couple Prevalence: 24%

Dyadic Concordance Type


Both-Assault


Both-Assault

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

18 18

64

29

11

60Chart Title


%

Dyadic Concordance In Any Sexual Coercion By 1,157 University Students Comparison of CTS Short-Form with Full CTS2

15

Prevalence Short: 13%Full: 20%

Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520.

4. Psychological AggressionAgainst Partner

Male-Only Female-Only Both-Aaggressed0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2022

58

Chart Title

%

Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression Among 194 Beijing China Couples

17Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3



Mal

e-on

ly

Femal

e-on

lyBot

h0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1923

58

1922

59

80th Percentile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

139

78

913

78

18

Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)


Dyadic Concordance Types Of Frequent Psychological Aggression (50th & 80th Percentile) by 6,002 Couples in 2nd National Family Violence Survey

%



50th Percentile

Male Female

Male-Only Female-Only Both-Aggresed0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

16

23

60Chart Title

%

Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression By 202 Couples In First Year Of Marriage

19

Prevalence 36%

Prevalence and DTs used data provided by partner who reported a greater frequency of psychological aggression

Cut point for Psychological Aggression: 3 or more times in past year

Panuzio, J., & DiLillo, D. (2010). Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 689-699. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9328-2

5. Other Types Of Maladaptive Behavior

21

Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)

Male-onlyFemale-only Both0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

39

12

50

55

8

38

Dyadic Concordance Types For Drunkenness (Any & 3 +) in Past Year 6,002 Couples in the 2nd National Family Violence Survey

%



10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

50

17

33

72

6

22

3 + Drunkenness Couple Prevalence: 18%

Respondents Male FemaleAny Drunkenness


%


10

20

30

40

50

60

46

20

34

52

17

31


22Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)

Couple Prevalence:

13%

Dyadic Concordance Types For Non-Family Aggression6,002 Couples in the 2nd National Family Violence Survey

%

Dyadic Concordance Types

Father-Only Mother-Only Both 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19 19

61Chart Title

%

Dyadic Concordance In Low Social ParticipationBy Parents Of 158 Children In 3rd Grade

23

Prevalence 62%

Mother-father r-=.63

Lows social Participation-Degree of participation of respondent in formal and informal social relationships. Example: About how many times in the past year have you attended meetings or affairs of any local organizations, societies or clubs? 0. 13+, 1. 7-12, 2. 4-6, 3. 1-3, 4. none.

Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization

Father-Only Mother-Only Both-Affectionate0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

7.9

18

74

Chart Title

%

Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Affection To Them As Recalled By 2,548 18-25 Year Old Individuals

25

Prevalence Affection by one or the other parent: 83%

Chart shows which parent did it.

Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), 91-102. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.003

Father-Only

Mother-Only

Both Re-jected

Father-Only

Mother-Only

Both Re-jected

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

12

20

68

14

20

66Chart Title

Male Students Female Students

%

Dyadic Concordance In Rejection By Parents, At Or Above 60th Percentile As Reported By University Students In 15 Nations

26

Unpublished data from International Parenting Study. Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), 664-676. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004

Prevalence of childhood rejection of Men: 53%Women: 57%

The high rate is because child was classified as rejected if either parent’s rejection score was at or above 60th percentile. The bars indicate the % of that subgroup in each type

27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

12

21

67


Concordance Between Parents in Corporal Punishment At Age 10 of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408)

% Of Families

Straus, M.A. Crime by University Students In 15 Nations: Links To Spanking And Positive Parenting At Age 10 By Father, Mother, And Both Parents. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. 22 November, 2013

DT-CP 02

%

Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, 415-424.

Father-Only Mother-Only Both-Spanked0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19

36

45Spanked in past month:65%

Concordance Between Parents In Spanking 3 Year Old Children in The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=1,997)


Father-Only Pun-ishes

Mother-Only Pun-ishes

Both Punish28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

31

36

33

Chart Title

%

Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Dependency By Parents Of 158 Children In 3rd Grade

29

Prevalence 72%

Mother-Father r= -.04

Punishment for Dependency-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agent when child asks for help. Ex- ample: What do you usually do when NAME asks for help? (Each response was rated by three

Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

PART BEffects Of Being In each


1. Relation of Couple DCTs ToPartner Problems

31

Neither

Male

-Only

Female

-Only

Both Assa

ulted

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Depression


Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Depression Of1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room

Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), 47-55. doi: 10.1370/afm.936

Couple assault rate37%

32

Self-Only Partner-Only Both-Abuse*8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13Women

Men

Depressive symptoms

Relation Of Concordance In Abuse Of Partner* To DepressionAt Previous Interview


Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007

* Abuse=one or more times: • Threatened assault• Assault• Insisted on sex• Injured partner

Men WomenDepression mean 9.67 11.1Abused partner % 43% 50%

33

Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Partner Assault To DepressionDating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408)

Women

Men

No Violence: Women higher in depression than menAmong Victims: Women victims higher in depression than male victimsAmong Perpetrators: Male perpetrators higher in depression than femaleBoth Assault, i.e. both are victims and also perpetrators: Men higher in depression

WHODepression

Scale Percentile

34

Neither

Male

-Only

Female

-Only

Both-Coerce

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

Women

Men

Mental Health

(T score)

Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Lifetime Sexual Coercion To Poor Mental Health Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities)


Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan, . . . Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9

Note: Dependent variable is positive Mental Health

2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

36

Rejection By Parents Is Associated With Criminal Beliefs, Especially When Both Parents Are Perceived As Rejecting

% with high score

on CriminalBeliefs scale

• Male students are more likely to have criminal beliefs

• Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same

• Effect of parental rejection is very small for female students

• Example of Criminal Beliefs scale question: It is ok to buy something you knew was stolen

Dyadic Concordance Types of Parental Rejection *

*Among students with rejection scores 60th percentile for one parent.

37

Both-Violent

Mother-Only

Father-Only

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Each Dyadic Concordance Type For Violence Between Parents Is Associated WithA Different Probability Of The Child Later Assaulting A Partner

Dyadic Concordance

In Assault Between Parents

At Time 1

Percent Increase in Probability Of Assaulting Current Partner

Fehringer, J. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). Like Parent, Like Child: Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), 363-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.012

38

Both-Assault type: the most intergenerational transmission

Other studies seem to show that it is the Father-Only type because that is the only type studied

“sex of parent by sex of child” effect:

• For boys, Father-Only more associated with assaulting a partner than Mother-Only DT• For girls, mother-only more associated with assaulting a dating partner

Example of DTs improving studies of children’s exposure parental Violence

When Children Are Exposed To Violence Between Parents, The Dyadic Type Make A Difference In he Probability Of Intergenerational Transmission

Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2012). Relation of violence between parents of university students in 15 nations to student criminogenic beliefs and crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November, 2012.

39Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp. 98-109). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories.

Both-Violent is most criminogenic

When only one parent assaulted:

• Assaults: Mother-Only & Father-Only had similar effects

• Arrests: Father-Only more criminogenic than Mother-Only

40Ulman, A., & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), 41-60. Fig 3, p. 53

Violence Between Parents Is Associated With Child Hitting Parents, Especially If Mother Was the Only Parent Who Assaulted

a gallery of dyadic concordance type ( dct) graphics murray a. straus

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