a global historical perspective of west... · sketch by william alexander, british library...
TRANSCRIPT
Divergences and Convergences
in East and West: A Global Historical Perspective
Nanyang Technological University
October 2016
By Tonio Andrade
HG Wells circa 1918
Sketch of Sir George Macartney
in his Robes, WD959/97Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor
in Court Dress
HMS The Lion at Anchor Near Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province,
summer of 1793.
Macartney Mission to China of 1793Kesi (緙絲 cut silk) Tapestry, c. 1793, UK National Maritime Museum Item No: TXT0107
Qianlong Receiving Macartney EmbassySketch by William Alexander, British Library WD961/1540
Iron steamship Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks
in Anson's Bay, 7 January 1841
By Edward Duncan, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, UK
“Le pont de Pa-Li-Kiao, le soir de la bataille de Palikiao (Baliqiao),” September 1860 By Émile-Antoine Bayard
“Prise de Bac-Ninh, 12 mars 1884, vu par des images d’Épinal françaises”Sino-French War (1881-1885)
American Fighting in Beijing, August 1900, Boxer Rebellion”Artist: H. Charles McBarron, Jr.
Figure of a Dutch Merchant
(Probably Andreas Everardus
van Braam Houckgeest,
1739–1801), by Chitquac. 1770, Rijks Museum, Amsterdam
Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, Voyage à Péking, Manille et l'Ile de France:
faits dans l'intervalle des années
1784 à 1801, ATLAS Vol (Paris: Treuttel & Wurtz, 1808).
Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, Voyage à Péking, Manille et l'Ile de France:
faits dans l'intervalle des années
1784 à 1801, ATLAS Vol (Paris: Treuttel & Wurtz, 1808).
What is
global
history?
Global historians focus on three things:
1. Events and processes that affect the entire
globe
2. comparisons between different regions of the
world
3. connections between the peoples of the world
(transnational)
Connecting the World: Global Silver Flows, 1500-1800From the work of Arturo Giraldez and Denis Flynn (via André Gunder Frank)
Kenneth Pomeranz, 1957–
Victor Lieberman, 1945–
Strange Parallels?
Wen 文 vs Wu 武
“Even if the idea of the gun as well as the
gunpowder reached Europe from China, the
fact remains that the Europeans very swiftly
outstripped the Chinese and every other
people in gun design, and continued to
enjoy a clear superiority in this art until
World War II.”
— William McNeill, Pursuit of Power
18th-Century Europe
Late 18th-Century China
The Northern Song
960-1126
The Southern Song
960-1279
Central and East Asia, 1246–1259
European vs. Chinese Warfare by Year, 1340-1911
Database Project based on Zhong guo jun shi shi bian xie zu 中国军事史编写组, Zhong guo li dai zhan
zheng nian biao, vol 2 (xia) 中国历代战争年表(下卷) (Beijing: Liberation Army Press 解放军文艺出版社, 2003); and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
(New York: Harper & Row 1993).
Database Project based on Zhong guo jun shi shi bian xie zu 中国军事史编写组, Zhong guo li dai zhan
zheng nian biao, vol 2 (xia) 中国历代战争年表(下卷) (Beijing: Liberation Army Press 解放军文艺出版社, 2003); and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
(New York: Harper & Row 1993).
European vs. Chinese Warfare by Year, 1340-1911
Database Project based on Zhong guo jun shi shi bian xie zu 中国军事史编写组, Zhong guo li dai zhan
zheng nian biao, vol 2 (xia) 中国历代战争年表(下卷) (Beijing: Liberation Army Press 解放军文艺出版社, 2003); and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
(New York: Harper & Row 1993).
European vs. Chinese Warfare by Year, 1340-1911
Frequency of Terms Pertaining to Warfare in Ming and Qing Veritable Records
The Terms:
刀 枪 兵 剑 钺 斧 弓 弩 矛 盾 鞭 戈 箭 戟 砲 炮 火炮铳 火攻神机 神机铳 火箭佛朗机 火枪火器攻 守 反 叛 败 扰 战 役 复 卫 夺 争 兵变 兵 伐 军 侵 扰 围 击 犯 抗 歼 袭 讨 镇压征 杀 援 起事掠 敌 寇
乱 弹 船 舰 滟驳
Data-mining Project Based on Ming and Qing Veritable Records
Frequency of Terms Pertaining to Warfare in Ming and Qing Veritable Records
The Terms:
刀 枪 兵 剑 钺 斧 弓 弩 矛 盾 鞭 戈 箭 戟 砲 炮 火炮铳 火攻神机 神机铳 火箭佛朗机 火枪火器攻 守 反 叛 败 扰 战 役 复 卫 夺 争 兵变 兵 伐 军 侵 扰 围 击 犯 抗 歼 袭 讨 镇压征 杀 援 起事掠 敌 寇
乱 弹 船 舰 滟驳
Data-mining Project Based on Ming and Qing Veritable Records
The Gunpowder Age in China and Europe
Database Project based on Zhong guo jun shi shi bian xie zu 中国军事史编写组, Zhong guo li dai zhan
zheng nian biao, vol 2 (xia) 中国历代战争年表(下卷) (Beijing: Liberation Army Press 解放军文艺出版社, 2003); and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
(New York: Harper & Row 1993).
European vs. Chinese Warfare by Year, 1340-1911
Portrait of Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Copy of oil painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller(1689)
Benjamin Robins's
Ballistics Pendulum, 1742
From Brett D. Steele, "Muskets and Pendulums:
Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the Ballistics
Revolution," Technology and Culture 35(2) [1994]:
348-382.
Joseph Needham, 1900–1995
Jack Goldstone, 1953–
“A government based on virtue can truly win
the hearts of men; one based on force can
only gain their outward submission. The li
are suasive and hence the instrument of a
virtuous government; laws are compulsive
and hence the instrument of a tyrannical
government.” Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 20–21.
Reenactment of Qianlong Emperor Making Sacrifices to Heaven (2013)
Yongzheng Performing
Rites at the Altar of the
God of Agriculture
Anonymous, 1723-35
Palace Museum, Beijing
Qianlong Emperor Receiving Tribute Guests
Near Summer Palace at Chengde
Qianlong Receiving Macartney EmbassySketch by Willian Alexander, British Library WD961/1540
Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, Voyage à Péking, Manille et l'Ile de France:
faits dans l'intervalle des années
1784 à 1801, ATLAS Vol (Paris: Treuttel & Wurtz, 1808).
Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, Voyage à Péking, Manille et l'Ile de France:
faits dans l'intervalle des années
1784 à 1801, ATLAS Vol (Paris: Treuttel & Wurtz, 1808).
Beijing Palace Museum
Anonymous, Yongzheng Emperor as
Meditating Tibetan Monk
Beijing Palace Museum
Anonymous, Yongzheng Emperor
as Turkish Prince
Beijing Palace Museum
Palace Museum, Beijing
Yongzheng as Mongol Noble
Palace Museum, Beijing
Yongzheng as a Persian Prince
Palace Museum, Beijing
Palace Museum, Beijing
Yongzheng as Daoist Sage
Palace Museum, Beijing
Palace Museum, Beijing
Yongzheng as French Noble
By one of Court Jesuit Painters
Before Yongzheng Took Throne
Palace Museum, Beijing
Yongzheng
as French Noble
Palace Museum, Beijing