a grammar of the greek new testament in the light of historical research cap 13

7/27/2019 A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research Cap 13

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CHAPTER XIIIPREPOSITIONS ()

I. The Name. As is often the case, so here the name describes a later deelo!ment,not the ori"inal, nor the essential, idea#

(a)SO$EPOSTPOSITI%E# Pre!ositions ma& indeed be !ost!ositie li'e the atinmecum, the ree' , (anastro!he)# In the T*r'ish ton"*e+the&are all !ost!ositie# And iles (Manual, !# -+) thin's that is earlier than #

(b)NOTORIINA./SE01ITH%ER2S# $oreoer, the name im!lies that the&!ro!erl& belon" 3ith erbs (prae-verbia, )# 2*t 3e no3 'no3 that the *se3ith erbs 3as a m*ch later deelo!ment# There are indeed in ree' no 4inse!arable5

!re!ositions, 3hich are *sed onl& in com!osition 3ith erbs# In the Attic, o*tside ofXeno!hon, 3as *sed mainl& in com!osition#6In the N# T# !is fo*nd onl& 3ithcom!o*nd 3ords li'e "##, # In the Sans'rit most of the erbal

!refi7es can be traced to aderbs 3ith cases#

(c)EXPANATION# Hence the name m*st be e7!lained# The later "rammarians *sedthe term for those aderbs 3hich 3ere *sed in com!osition 3ith erbs and inconnection 3ith the cases of no*ns# 2oth thin"s had to be tr*e accordin" to thisdefinition# 2*t it 3ill be seen at once that this definition is arbitrar The *se 3ith erbsin com!osition 3as the last ste!, not the first, in the deelo!ment# 2esides, 3hat is to besaid abo*t those aderbs that are *sed, not 3ith erbs, b*t 3ith cases, and no lon"era!!ear as mere aderbs8 Ta'e , for instance, 3ith the ablatie# It is not fo*nd incom!osition 3ith erbs nor b& itself a!art from a no*n# It is, of co*rse, a !re!osition#The "rammars call it an 4im!ro!er5 or aderbial !re!osition# It is onl& 4im!ro!er5 fromthe stand!oint of the definition, not from that of the ree' lan"*a"e# The tr*th seems to

be that b& !re!osition one m*st mean a 3ord *sed 3ith cases of no*ns and man& of3hich came to be *sed in com!osition 3ith erbs# The facts do not s9*are 3ith the otherdefinition#

II. The Origin of Prepositions.

1Farrar, Gk. Synt., p. 95.

Giles

GILES, P., A Short Manual of Coparati!e Philolo"y. #$ e$. %19&1'.

(((, )he Greek Lan"ua"e %En*y*. +ritanni*a, 191&'.

#Monro, o. Gr., pp. 1#-, 1/. Courto0 %es Pr:fi7es en rec, en at# et en ;ran


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(a)ORIINA.A0%ER2S# This is no3 so 3ell reco"nised that it seems stran"e toread in 1iner+that 4!re!ositions e#"# often ass*me the nat*re of aderbs, and viceversa,5 een tho*"h he adds 4that the !re!ositions are aderbs ori"inall iles6!*tsthe matter sim!l& and clearl& 3hen he sa&s? 42et3een aderbs and !re!ositions nodistinct line can be dra3n#5 Th*s een in Homer !, !, etc#, a!!ear still as

aderbs#0elbr@c'-"oes a bit f*rther and sa&s that ori"inall& the !re!ositions 3ere!lace=aderbs# 2r*"mann9*alifies that to 4mostl&,5 and he adds that 3e cannot dra3 ashar! line bet3een the *se as aderb and the *se as !re=erb or !re!osition#B

(b)REASON;OR/SEO;PREPOSITIONS# 4The !re!osition is, therefore, onl& anaderb s!ecialied to define a case=*sa"e#5DThis definition "ies the reason also# Thecase alone 3as eno*"h at first to e7!ress the relation bet3een 3ords, b*t, as lan"*a"edeelo!ed, the b*rden on the cases "re3 heaier# The anal&tic tendenc& in lan"*a"e is

iner

I6E7, G. +., 0e erbor*m c*m !rae!# com!os# in N# T# /s*%1-81-'.

(((, ramm# d# ne*t# S!rachidioms (+66)# D# A*fl# on @nemann%l/'.

1.:)h., p. -5.

#Man., et*., p. -1.

-;eler"l. Synt., I, p. 59. Cf. Monro, o. Gr., p. 1#-.

;el


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res!onsible for the "ro3th of !re!ositions#The !re!ositions come in to hel! o*t themeanin" of the case in a "ien conte7t# The notion, therefore, that !re!ositions 4"oern5cases m*st be discarded definitel ;arrarGclearl& !erceied this !oint# 4It is the case3hich indicates the meanin" of thepreposition, and not the !re!osition 3hich "ies themeanin" to the case#5 This conce!tion e7!lains the *se and the non=*se of a !re!osition

li'e $, for instance, 3ith the locatie, )or '3ith the ablatie, etc# In the Sans'ritthe !re!ositions do not e7ist as a se!arate class of 3ords, tho*"h a "ood man& aderbsare comin" to be *sed 3ith the obli9*e cases (e7ce!t the datie) to ma'e clearer thecase=idea#+

(c)%AR.INHISTOR.# The aderbs that come to be *sed 3ith the cases ar& "reatl&in their histor Some cease to be *sed as aderbs, as , for instance# Others contin*e(besides the *se 3ith cases and 3ith erbs) to be em!lo&ed occasionall& as aderbs(* +, Re# 6+?6+J '* , $'# +-?+GJ - $./, 6 Cor# ++?6)# Some are *sed both3ith no*ns, and in com!osition 3ith erbs, li'e $, !and the other seenteen4!ro!er5 classical !re!ositions# 0!occ*rs onl& in com!osition# Others are not *sed incom!osition 3ith erbs, b*t are no lon"er mere aderbs li'e # Others are em!lo&ed

both as aderb and 3ith cases of no*ns, li'e 1', 23, etc# Some occ*r both as!re!osition and conK*nction, li'e , , 2, #4# Some fi"*re as s*bstantie,aderb and !re!osition 3ith case, li'e #

III. Growth in the Use of Prepositions.

(a)ONCENOPREPOSITIONS# As alread& noted, in the Sans'rit there is no se!arateclass of !re!ositions, tho*"h a n*mber of aderbs are alread& comin" to be *sed as

!re!ositions, and erbs hae some !refi7es# Some aderbs in ree' are occasionall&*sed 3ith cases, li'e 3!and the "enitie, b*t are not !re!ositions# Here 3e see the*se of !re!ositions started, tentatiel& at an& rate# 1e ma& s*!!ose a time f*rther bac'in the histor& of the Indo=ermanic ton"*es 3hen no aderbs 3ere *sed 3ith cases,

3hen the cases stood all alone#(b)THEPREPOSITIONSSTI/SE0ASA0%ER2SINHO$ER# Not onl& do the4aderbial5 !re!ositions hae their *s*al freedom, b*t a considerable n*mber of aderbsare fo*nd in com!osition 3ith erbs# Homer mar's a distinct adance oer the Sans'ritin the increase of !re!ositions# There is in Homer a real class of !re!ositions# 2*t inHomer the limitation of the !re!osition to cases of no*ns and com!osition 3ith erbs isfar from bein" established# 0!, $, etc#, ma& be sim!l& aderbs, Lon both sides,>Linside#>+So common is the se!aration of the !re!osition from the erb that the termtmesisis *sed for it, b*t no strict line can be dra3n bet3een this *sa"e and the ordinar&aderb#6

(c)0ECREASIN/SEASA0%ER2SA;TERHO$ER# It is not common thereafter for

the ei"hteen classical !re!ositions, those *sed in com!osition 3ith erbs as 3ell as 3ithcases of no*ns, to occ*r se!aratel& as aderbs# It is not common, b*t still !ossible# This

Farrar, Gk. Synt., p. 9.

Farrar FA77A7, F. ., Greek Synta %1/'.

9I


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list com!rises !, , !, ), %, 5, $3, $, $!, ', , ', !, ),), , 6, 6)# No3 these 3ords 3ere *sed 3ith stead& increase so that one ofthe mar's of later ree' is the ab*ndance of com!o*nd erbs as 3ell as the moree7tensie *se of these !re!ositions 3ith the ario*s cases# Not onl& is this tr*e, b*tcontin*all& ne3 aderbs Koined the alread& lar"e list of aderbial !re!ositions em!lo&ed

3ith cases# In a 3ord, as 2lass+remar's, the *se of a !re!osition 3ith no*ns 3as 4a!ractice 3hich in the co*rse of the histor& of the lan"*a"e became more and moreado!ted in o!!osition to the em!lo&ment of the sim!le case#5 The Em!eror A*"*st*s3as noted for his e7cessie *se of !re!ositions in his effort to s!ea' more clearl& (quodquo facilius exprimeret, S*etoni*s)#6Other atin 3riters sho3 the same tendenc

(d)SE$ITICIN;/ENCEINN# T# The N# T# 3riters 3ere once s*!!osed to ma'e s*chfree *se of !re!ositions beca*se of the Hebre3 and Aramaic# 2*t the N# T# does notma'e ab*ndant *se of all the !re!ositions# 0!has dro!!ed o*t entirel& sae incom!osition, and is nearl& confined to the distrib*tie *se and * , a sort ofcom!o*nd !re!osition#It occ*rs onl& +6 times, omittin" the aderbial *se in Re#6+?6+# 0!a!!ears 66 times, b*t as $o*lton-e7!lains, fie of these are d*e to 7 8#2*t )is er& ab*ndant in the N# T#, as are %, 5, $, $, $!, ', , )# 2*t

1Gr. of 6. ). Gk., p. 1#1.

#Cf. Farrar, Gk. Synt., p. 95D E""er, Gr. Cop., p. 195.

-Moulton, Prol., p. 1&&.

Moulton

ML)6, . ., A Graar of 6. ). Greek. >ol. I, Prole"oena %19&'. -$ e$. %19&'.

(((, Chara*teristi*s of 6. ). Greek %)he Epositor, 19&'.

(((, Einleit*n" in die S!rache des N# T#%1911'.

(((, Graati*al 6otes fro the Papyri %)he Epositor, 19&1, pp. #/18##D 19&-, pp.

1&81#1, #-8-9. )he Classi*al 7e!ie, 19&1, pp. -18-/, -81D 19&, pp. 1&8

11#, 1518155'.

(((, Intro$u*tion to 6. ). Greek %195'. #$ e$. %19&'.

(((, Lan"ua"e of Christ %astin"sH ne:!ol. ;. +., 19&9'.(((, 6. ). Greek in the Li"ht of Mo$ern ;is*o!ery %Cao*a


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', !, ), , 6, 6)are, li'e , alread& "oin" the 3a& of !#rebs hasmade a caref*l st*d& of the !re!ositions in Pol&bi*s,as Helbin" has done forHerodot*sBand Mohannessohn for the XX#DThe& sho3 the same "eneral tendenc&to3ards the increased *se of some !re!ositions to the dis*se of others# ;or the N# T#,$o*ltonhas made a caref*l calc*lation 3hich is 3orth re!rod*cin"# 9and 5far

o*tn*mber an& of the other !re!ositions in the N# T#GAnd $leads 5b& a "oodmar"in# $o*lton ta'es $as *nit& and finds the other N# T# !re!ositions ran"in" asfollo3s? #-, !#, )#6-, %#6-, 5#B-, $#-, $!#6, '#+D, #+D, '#D, !#+6, )#+, )#6, #-, 6#-, 6)## The threecommonest !re!ositions in Herodot*s+are 5, $and $!, in this order# In Th*c&didesand Xeno!hon the order is $, 5and $!# 2*t Xeno!hon aries the order of fre9*enc&in his ario*s boo's# In Pol&bi*s the three chief !re!ositions are ', ), 5J in0iodor*s 5, ', )J in 0ion&si*s $, $!, 5J in Mose!h*s (War) ), 5, ',(Ant.) 5, $!, )J in Pl*tarch $, ), 5J in 0io Cassi*s $, 5, $!# In the N# T# thethree main ones, as seen aboe, are $, 5, $, tho*"h $!is not far behind $# In the

literar& 4it 3ill be seen that the *se of 5is nearl& do*ble that of $, 3hereas inthe N# T# 5is ahead of $onl& in $ar' and Hebre3s#+In the ernac*lar 4, $ma'es a rather better sho3in"# The lar"e increase of the aderbial !re!ositions in the N#

@re


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T#, as in the 4, calls for s!ecial treatment a little later# It ma& be here remar'ed thatthe& n*mber -6, co*ntin" ar&in" forms of the same 3ord li'e :, !#

(e)IN$O0ERNREE# The ar&in" histor& of the ei"hteen !re!ositions "oes stillf*rther#6Th*s !;


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6 Cor# ++?6# Cf# ##7 '(Lb*t *!>) in Homer# This elli!sis does not differ "reatl&from the common *se of tmesisin Homer, 3here the !re!osition is re"arded more as anaderb#

(c)INCREASIN/SE# The *se of !re!ositions in com!osition increased 3ith thehistor& of the ree' lan"*a"e# One characteristic of the later ree' is the n*mber of

com!o*nd erbs em!lo&ed#6This is a matter !artl& of im!ression and 3ill remain so tillone 4'#"rammarian5 arries 43ho 3ill toil ri"ht thro*"h the !a!&ri and the4literat*re#5No one is an7io*s for that tas', b*t rebs-is able to sa& that erbs

com!o*nded 3ith !re!ositions !la& a note3orth& rlein the later ree'# This is not

sim!l& tr*e of ne3 com!o*nds li'e $@', etc#, b*t 4there is a "ro3in" tendenc& to*se the com!o*nds, es!eciall& those 3ith %, 'and , to e7!ress 3hat in theoldest ree' co*ld be s*fficientl& indicated b& the sim!le7#5The N# T# does not indeedsho3 as laish a *se of com!o*nd erbs as does Pol&bi*s, the chief re!resentatie of theliterar& 4of his time# 2*t these %#Abelon"ed to the lan"*a"e of the !eo!le inAristotle>s timeBand the !a!&ri sho3 a common *se of com!o*nd erbs#DAs com!ared

3ith Pol&bi*s the N# T# ma'es less *se of certain erbs, b*t the matter aries 3ithdifferent erbs and different 3riters#

(d)REPETITIONA;TER%ER2# Sometimes the !re!osition is re!eated after the erb,as in the older ree'# The !re!ositions most fre9*entl& re!eated are ), $3, 5, $, $!#This is !artl& beca*se these !re!ositions are so common in the N# T# and !artl& beca*sethe& em!hasie the local notions of Lfrom,> Lin,> or L*!on,> and Lto> or Linto#> Perha!salso the !re!osition in com!osition is a bit 3orn do3n# The !a!&ri and inscri!tionssho3 the same re!etition of the !re!osition, tho*"h hardl& so fre9*entl&, if one ma&

K*d"e b& his im!ressions# See B# 7 '?C($'# +?-6)# 1ith )indeed 1iner+finds that for the most !art the !re!osition is re!eated in the N# T# Th*s 3e note also'D 7 '?E($t# G?+), 'F' 7 $C(*# +B?, b*t not so in +?-6),

(##' 7 '?C(*# +6?), E !(Col# 6?6), 7'?E "(*# ?6), ' E '#E(Ac# G?+),' 7 6E(+ Th# 6?+D), ! 7 ##4#($t# 6?6),

#)he LJJ in parti*ular shos a "reat !ariety of uses of the prep. ith !er


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( 7 '?E(*# 66?-+), G H'/"(Ro# ++?6B), F 7$C($t# D?6), )( 7 $C(*# +?6D, b*t not 6?D)#

i'e3ise $ma& be re!eated as 3ith $"## $ C ('C($t# +?6), $ C$3#'($t# 6?B), $3' $ C #'C(Ac# 6B?+D), $3#3( $ C)(Mo# +?+G), $ B '* $3)((Ro# ++?6-), $3' $ E E

(Ac# +6?D), $) $ C )'($t# +?++), $.F $ C I(Ac#+G?+B)#

%erbs com!o*nded 3ith 54*niforml& re!eat 55 (1iner=Tha&er, !# -)# So, forinstance, 54.'.(*# 66?-), 5'(Ac# ?), 5B#($t# 6?6+), 5'($'# +?6+), 5(Ac# +D?6), b*t see Ac# 6? (5> ))#

1ith $3e obsere the re!etition in some erbs a!!ears, tho*"h often 5occ*rsinstead both 3here motion is im!lied and 3here the idea is sim!l& that of rest (!re"nantconstr*ction)# As is 3ell 'no3n, $and 5are reall& the same 3ord# Hence the ri"iddistinction bet3een the t3o !re!ositions cannot be insisted on# There are t3o e7tremesabo*t 5and $, one to blend them entirel& beca*se of alle"ed Hebraism, the other to

insist on com!lete distinction al3a&s# As a r*le the& are distinct, b*t 5fre9*entl&encroached on $3here one has to admit the !ractical identit&, li'e 5 +) $($'# 6?+, mar"# in 1# H#), J K 5 )# C ')(Mo# +?+), etc# ;or thefre9*ent XX e7am!les see Con&beare and Stoc', !# +# Still, for the sa'e of *niformit&,onl& e7am!les of $are here "ien, li'e $"G' $ L "#!M($t# 6B?6),$"/ $ N'L(Mo# ++?), $..'( $ 'F '%!'(6 Cor# ?6),$%(C $ L /'(6 Cor# ?B), $.E $ 6F(Ph# 6?+), $' $ D%'4O(Heb# ?G), $! $ 6F(Col# ?+B), $E $ 'F '(6Pet# 6?+)#

A n*mber of erbs hae $!re!eated, s*ch as $""(P $!3ith acc*satie ($t#6+?), $"## $!3ith acc*satie (*# ?B), $B $7 $(Mo# +?+), $'#)$7 '?(Ac# +G?+B), $#' $Q (*# +?), 2% $Q * #R(Ac# -?6G),$ $7 '?L(Mo# ++?), $"#G $Q S #R(*# +?-), $ $7 '?)(*# +?+6), $7 ?%Q '?E $)(Ac# ?+B), $!G' $7 '?)(+ Pet#?D), $' $Q T #R($t# 6?-), $%F $Q #R(+ Cor# ?+6),$%( $Q L #R(E!h# 6?6)#

As to %not man& erbs hae it re!eated, b*t note %'' '? %*!(*# B?+), %/(' %7 -%'(+ Pet# ?6), %' %7 %($t#+6?-), %4 %* (*# +D?++)#

A similar rarit& as to re!etition e7ists in the case of ', b*t 3e note '(.F'7 '?C(*# 6?+-), '''A '* B #(!'(Mas# ?+-)#

%er& seldom is 're!eated as in '#" '7 UE(+ Th# -?+, cf# + Th#6?+J 6 Th# ?B)#

!is re!eated 3ith more erbs than '# Th*s 'G' Q $(Ac#66?B), & Q * #R(Re# +?B), !' Q #R(*# +D?6),A Q ##4(*# +?-)#

), li'e , sho3s no e7am!le of re!etition in the critical te7t, tho*"h some$SS# read O /(for $/) in *# +?DB#

iner:)hayer I6E7:)AKE7, A Graar of the I$io of the 6. ). %19'. >arious e$s.

Cony


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As e7am!les of )re!eated ta'e ##(4' S #R(E!h# ?+), T #R($'# D?6), ( T #R(Ac# +?B)# It isseldom re!eated#

As a lonel& e7am!le of re!eated see &!( T '?L(Col# 6?+)#1e hae no e7am!le of 6)re!eated and b*t one of 6in some $SS# (not the

critical te7t) for Ro# ?6B (6.V6N UE)#(e)0I;;ERENTPREPOSITIONA;TER%ER2# Once more, a different !re!osition ma&

be *sed other than the one in com!osition# This is, of co*rse, tr*e 3here the meanin"differs radicall&, as in '#C' )(*# 6?-G), b*t een 3hen the

!re!ositions do not differ er& "reatl Th*s 5fre9*entl& follo3s com!o*nds of $, as$" 5 #F($t# ?6), $"'#F 5 S .'(*# +6?), $"') 5 #R($'# +-?6), $"#G' 5 * #R($t# B?6B), ) 5 T #R(*#+?B), $' 5 #R($t# 6B?BD), $!( 5 '###'(Ro# ++?6-)#There is little ca*se for comment here#

In "eneral the ar&in" of the !re!osition is !ertinent and is to be noted# So, for

instance, ), $, '# Here 'calls attention to the fact that one is beside the !laceor !erson 3hence he startsJ )merel& notes the !oint of de!art*re, 3hile $distinctl&asserts that one had been 3ithin the !lace or circle before de!artin"# Cf# therefore $t#?+B "( C -%'and $'# +?+ '"'! $ C -%'# Th*s )follo3s''"'!in Ac# +?6, ''#'"in + Cor# ++?6, ''in $'# +-?B, and''in $t# ?+# %erbs com!o*nded 3ith $(besides $) ma& hae )as$#!in + Pet# ?++, or 'as $3'in *# 6?+, 3hile $'sho3seither $($t# +?+), )($t# 6?6G) or '(Mo# +?6B)# So com!o*nds of '*seeither )as ''"'!(*# G?-) or $as ib.(Mo# B?-+)# See f*rther disc*ssion *nderse!arate !re!ositions#

Com!o*nds of li'e3ise are follo3ed b& 5as 3ith '"'!($t# ?+), .

(*# 6?66), '"#(*# G?+B), '#'"''($'# +B?+G), '!(*# +-?+),'(*# 6-?+), '(al# +?+)J or b& $!as '"'!(*# ?+G),'""&($t# +?-), '(*# +?B), '#!'($t# +-?+G), '!3ith acc*satie ($t# +?) or "enitie ($'# ?B), '(+ Pet# 6?6-)J or b& )as'"'!(Mo# 6?+D), '($t# 6?+6), '(*# 6?D)# As a r*le )refers to !ersonal relations 3hile 5and $!differ in that $!more distinctl& mar's thetermin*s# 2*t the line cannot be dra3n hard and fast bet3een these !re!ositions,

beca*se $!and )sho3 a ariation# Th*s erbs com!o*nded 3ith $!ma& befollo3ed b& 5as in $"##($'# -?D), $"'!(Ac# 6?+), $'!(*# +?+),$'(6 Cor# +?+-)# 9.is een follo3ed b& $in Ac# +D?6# On the other

hand, )ma& be follo3ed b& $!as in !(($t# B?6D) or $as in (+Tim# +?)# And een Ihas )in Ac# 6+?+ and 5has $!(*# +6?++)# Win com!osition ma& be follo3ed b& 5as in %'"'!(Ac# +B?G), )(*# +B?6B) or(+ Cor# B?), etc#

Com!o*nds 3ith *s*all& hae 5, li'e '"'!(*# +?D both $and 5),'##(Ro# +?6B), '($t# +6?-+), ''(Ac# +?66),'(Ac# 6?6), '('!&(+ Cor# -?B), '!((Ac# D?+B),'(Mas# -?G), !&(Ac# D?-)# 2*t '%!%(Ro# +6?) and '##(Ro# +?6) hae $#

.is follo3ed b& $in $t# -?6# As to )in *# +?+D 3e hae #'

follo3ed b& /#


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%erbs com!o*nded 3ith ma& hae (cf# the dis!lacin" of b& inmodern ree') as in '!($t# 6?+G) ##'#E($t# +D?), (6 Cor#?+), E($t# 6?6) and een 'G(!( * E X%' )#(Ac# +?6B)# 2*t note . 5($t# ?+6), $!(6D?6D) and )($'# D?+), $!(+ Cor#++?6) and 5(++? f#)#

;or 6F 'see Ro# +6?# Cf# 6"## $!in 6 Cor# G?+- and6'!' $!in 6 Th# 6?-#

1ith 6)3e find a n*mber of !re!ositions es!eciall& 3ith 6., as ($t#?-+), 5(G?B), )(+?--), )(Mo# +?), $(Mas# 6?+B), 3ith 3hich com!are !($t# +B?6) and '3(+?+)# Cf# also 63ith 5(*# +?B) and $!(Ac#?6)# 0elicate shades of meanin" 3ill be fo*nd in all these !re!ositions 3itho*t *nd*erefinement# See Con&beare and Stoc', !# , for different !re!ositions 3ith erbs in theXX#

(f)SECON0PREPOSITIONNOTNECESSAR.# 2*t it is not al3a&s necessar& for an&!re!osition to follo3 the com!o*nd erb# Often the !re!osition 3ith the erb ma& be

follo3ed b& the case that is *s*al 3ith the !re!osition 3itho*t m*ch re"ard to the erbitself# That is to sa&, the !re!osition in com!osition ma& be tantamo*nt in res*lt to thesim!le erb follo3ed b& that !re!osition# This is not al3a&s tr*e, b*t it sometimesha!!ens so# It is not necessar& to "ie an e7ha*stie list# As e7am!les 3e ma& note thefollo3in"? 9! '?L($'# ?+) 3ith the datie ma& be com!ared 3ith B $3'(al# ?-) 3ith the ablatie# Here the t3o !re!ositions and the casescorres!ond e7actl The instr*mental case is ill*strated b& ( (*# +?B)#Cf# also the ablatie in *# +?-6 3ith '4'# As an e7am!le of the locatieta'e $ D !(Ac# +-?66)# An e7am!le of the "enitie is seen in '''C($t# 6B?B6# Cf# also $t# +B?+) and of the acc*satie in S 1#'( !'(Ac# 6?6) 3here a chan"e of stand!oint ta'es !lace, since the chain

is aro*nd Pa*l# Cf# Heb# +6?+# In a case li'e % * )#(Ac# +B?-) onema& either re"ard the acc*satie as loosel& associated 3ith the !re!osition (cf# %*in *# +D?++) or consider that the !re!osition has made an intransitie erbtransitie (see ne7t !oint)# See ch# XI for f*rther e77#

()E;;ECTO;PREPOSITIONON$EANINO;THE%ER2# Sometimes there is noeffect at all# The !re!osition is merel& local as in $3', L"o o*t#> The !re!ositionma& be 4!erfectie5 and merel& intensif& the meanin" of the erb, as in '!(Leat*!>), ''%/(Lh*nt do3n>)# The !re!osition is sometimes 3ea'ened in idea as in%', !'# Pre!ositions in com!osition sometimes chan"e the meanin"of the erb and blend 3ith it# A res*ltant meanin" arises 3ith a ne3 constr*ction# The

*se of %all*ded to aboe ma& be a case in !oint# Th*s ta'e %'"'!3ith acc*satie(Heb# ++?6G), %'(*# +G?+)# The *se of %'#3ith the acc*satie in Ac# 6D?is !robabl& the res*lt of the !re!osition in com!osition# See also 3 6Ain senseof L"o before> ($t# 6B?6)# Cf# f*rther %'C, '%!%, .#!# Thesee7am!les 3ill s*ffice, tho*"h the& co*ld be m*lti!lied easil

(!)0ROPPINTHEPREPOSITION1ITHSECON0%ER2# 1iner+denies that 3e hae inthe N# T# an instance of the old ree' idiom of *sin" the !re!osition 3ith the first erband dro!!in" it 3ith the re!eated erb tho*"h reall& retained in sense# 2*t $o*lton6seems to sho3 that the N# T# does offer some e7am!les of this constr*ction, li'e the'B., Y., Y., of E*ri!ides>"acc!ides, +B (En"lish L!*lled do3n, do3n,

1

.:)h., p. --.

#Prol., p. 115.


11/85

do3n,> $o*lton)#He cites '#'", 2#'"(Mo# +?++ f#)J .(, $.((Ro#+?-)J $3('(', $'E(+ Pet# +?+ f#)J $%'', $%(6 Cor#?)J B', B'(E!h# B?+)J ''., 2'.(Re# +?+)# These arecertainl& !ossible ill*strations, tho*"h I hae do*bts abo*t 6 Cor# ? and E!h# B?+# InE!h# B?+ es!eciall& B'is stron"er alone than 3ith !# I do not a"ree that in +

Cor# +6?6 3e hae an ill*stration in Z. '.)#(i)INTENSI%EORPER;ECTI%E# There is still another er& common *se of the

!re!osition in com!osition# It is that of a mere aderb and intensifies or com!letes theidea of the erb# Sometimes the fre9*ent *se of the com!o*nd form tends to obsc*rethis aderbial idea# Th*s in !'the force of )has lar"el& faded and in4it is 9*ite obsc*re# 0o*btless Ldie off> 3as the ori"inal idea for the one, asLans3er bac'> for the other# The a!!eal to the ori"inal *sa"e 3ill e7!lain the force ofthe !re!osition# 2*t in most instances the idea is er& clear, as in '#F T !#(*# +?B), Lcalls his friends to"ether#> This common f*nction of the !re!osition in allthe Indo=ermanic ton"*es 3as !robabl& the ori"inal *se 3ith erbs# At an& rate it is

common eno*"h in En"lish, tho*"h 3e *s*all& se!arate erb and !re!osition# 1e sa&4*!=set5 as 3ell as 4set *!,5 b*t the& mean different thin"s# 1e all see the aderbialforce in 4come home,5 4come bac',5 4come a3a&,5 etc#, b*t it is the aderb K*st as tr*l&in 4fore=close,5 4!re=cl*de,5 etc# Indeed, !re!ositions 3hen com!o*nded areet&molo"icall& !*re aderbs# The En"lish ma& be com!ared 3ith the Homeric ree' inthe se!arateness of the aderb from the erb#+In erman the com!o*nd *se of the

!re!osition is er& e7tensie, b*t later ree' and atin ill*strate it ab*ndantlTheerman !re!ositions are either inse!arable or detachable# As a!!lied to the meanin" ofthe erb the term 4!erfectie5 is *sed for the force of the !re!osition, b*t it is not a er&ha!!& desi"nation, since one is at once reminded of the !erfect tense 3ith 3hich it hasnothin" to do#$o*lton "ies a n*mber of l*mino*s e7am!les s*ch as [Lto be

d&in",> 'FLto die (off)>J .Lto flee,> %'.FLto esca!e (flee cleanthro*"h)>J %/Lto !*rs*e,> ''%/Lto h*nt do3n>J (FLto 3atch,> (FLto 'ee! safe>J $.&'Lto 3or',> '.&'Lto 3or' o*t (do3n to the end),>etc# The !re!osition in this 4!erfectie5 sense does hae a bearin" on the !resent andaorist tenses of an& "ien erb, b*t that !hase of the matter belon"s to the disc*ssion ofthe tenses# Indeed, not all of the N# T# erbs b& an& means sho3 e7am!les of this4!erfectie5 *se of the !re!osition# $o*lton-notes this absence, as com!ared 3ithPol&bi*s, in the case of ', ', , #.!&', %, ##,.!&', # He finds that the !a!&ri s*!!ort this 4!erfectie5 *se of the

!re!osition as bet3een sim!le7 and com!o*nd# N# T# ill*strations are interestin"# Th*s'($'# +-?-D) is *sed of Peter>s dra3in" his s3ord (note oice), b*t %''D(Ac# 6?+) e7!resses the fear that Pa*l ma& be dra3n in t#o# So $.&'is acommon erb for doin" 3or' (as $'# +-?B), b*t '.&'accents the carr&in" ofthe 3or' thro*"h as in Ph# 6?+6, and in erse + $.Fis *sed for the idea of in=3or'in" as contrasted 3ith the o*t=3or'in" or deelo!ment ta*"ht b& '.&'#

-I


12/85

Cf# also (%N $.'& ##* .'&(6 Th# ?++) 3here the 3holeidea t*rns on !, Ldoin" nothin" b*t doin" abo*t> is a free renderin"# The samedistinction is seen bet3een $!Lto eat> ($t# +?6) and '!Lto eat *! (do3n)> in*# 6?-D# Cf# also 2'.($t# B?6) and ''.($t# +?-)# As one f*rtherill*stration note ./ $ (+ Cor# +?+6) and ) %N $./'

'P 'Q $./((ib.)# In "eneral, on the 3hole s*bKect of !re!ositions incom!osition see 0elbr@c', $erleic!ende %&ntax, I, !!# BB ff# Cf# also 2r*"mann,Griec!. Gr., !# -+ f# See also ch# X%III for f*rther remar's#

(')0O/2ECO$PO/N0S# It is al3a&s interestin" to note the si"nificance of both!re!ositions# As noted in cha!ter %, 1ord ;ormation, I%, (c), these do*ble com!o*ndsare fre9*ent in the 4and so in the N# T# The !oint to em!hasie here is that each

!re!osition as a r*le adds somethin" to the !ict*re# There are !ict*res in !re!ositions ifone has e&es to see them# ;or instance, note @'@B#(*# +?+ f#), @'@#"('(+?-# Cf# Ro# ?6B# ;irst 'no3n in XX, b*t no3 fo*nd in !a!&r*s andinscri!tions third cent*r& 2#C# Cf#0eissmann,i!t., !# ), 6@@.(Ro#

?6B), @''@#(E(Col# +?6-), @''@#'"F(Ac# +?D), @''@#(E(6Cor# G?+6), @%'@!'(6 Tim# 6?6), etc#V. Repetition and Variation of Prepositions. A fe3 3ords are needed in "eneral

on this s*bKect before 3e ta'e *! the !re!ositions in detail#(a)SA$EPREPOSITION1ITH0I;;ERENTCASES# Sometimes the same !re!osition is

*sed 3ith different cases and so 3ith a different res*ltant idea# Ta'e %, for instance# In+ Cor# ++?G 3e hae ? $!( S %* S .'F', 3hile in erse +6 3e read S%' B .')# In Heb# 6?+ the 3hole !oint t*rns on the difference in case, %7 \ *' 'Q %7 ] * '# In Heb# ++?6G the erb 3ith %in com!osition has theacc*satie 3hile %alone has the "enitie, %"(' S 9* #'' = %*

;eissann

;EISSMA66, A., +i


13/85

3(A .B# Cf# %* (*# -?) and %* (*# +D?++)# 2*t the res*ltant idea ishere the same# 9!is a !ertinent ill*stration# In Re# ?+ 3e find $Q S %3and $QC ), 3hile in Re# ++?+ obsere $Q B .Band $7 '?F# Cf# also Re# +-?B#So a"ain in $t# +G?6 note $Q )and $Q )and in $t# 6-?6 $Q #!, b*t#! $Q #!Min *# 6+?B# Cf# $Q Cand $Q Sin Re# +-?G# So $#!& $!3ith

datie in + Tim# -?+ and acc*satie in ?# This is all in harmon& 3ith the ancientree' idiom#

;or an interestin" com!arison bet3een the S&no!tic and the Mohannine *se of!re!ositions and the ar&in" cases see Abbott,o!annine $ocabular&J !!# DB+# Theariation is es!eciall& noticeable in %, $!and '# The XX sho3s ab*ndant *se ofthe !re!osition after erbs# Cf# Con&beare and Stoc', %elections from t!e **, !# D f#,and Mohannessohn,Der Gebrauc!etc# In some stereot&!ed form*lQ one notes een inmodern ree' '%!', * "!', '* %'")#(Th*mb,Handb., !!# + ff#)#

(b)REPETITION1ITHSE%ERANO/NS# 1hen seeral no*ns are *sed 3ith the same!re!osition the !re!osition is re!eated rather more fre9*entl& than in the earlier ree'#+1iner6thin's that the re!etition occ*rs onl& 3hen the t3o or more s*bstanties do notcome easil& *nder the same cate"or 1ithin limits this is tr*e (cf# re!etition of thearticle), b*t there is rather more freedom in the later ree' on this !oint# In Mo# -?6 3edo hae a similar idea in the !hrase $ ' 'Q #(!^as in )" 'Q%!'in *# 6+?6B# Cf# also $ _ 'Q H!M(Ac# +B?6), b*t in erse +obsere 'Q 5 W"( 'Q 5 _', 3here !erha!s the do*ble conK*nction !la&ssome !art# Indeed 3ith 'QV'!or V'!the !re!osition is commonl& re!eated# Th*s'Q $ J#!.M 'Q $ .#M(Ac# 6B?6G), 2 F %F 'Q $ D #.!'(Ph# +?D)# 1ith disK*nctie conK*nctions the re!etition is *s*al also, as 'E ` ")#($t# D?+B)# 1ith antithesis the re!etition is the r*le, as S $ !^ ##7$ %(+ Cor# 6?# Cf# also erse -)# 2*t one cannot !ro!erl& insist on an& ironclad

r*le 3hen he considers a case li'e a 'Q E (E(*#6-?6D), !' 'Q ##(Mo# 6?6), $ % 'Q $ 'b.!M 'Q $ #(!^(+ Th# +?)# In a com!arison a"ain the !re!osition is re!eated,as $7 '?TVc 'Q $7 UA(Ac# ++?+)# 2*t een 3ith disK*nctie conK*nctionsthe !re!osition is not al3a&s re!eated, as $Q %Q ` !(Heb# +?6)# In Ac# 6B?+)is not re!eated, tho*"h 5occ*rs in one member of the sentence and $!in theother# In Mo# +B? !is re!eated for rhetorical reasons, ! b'!' 'Q !%'( 'Q ! !# Cf# E!h# B?+6 3here the re!etition occ*rs 3itho*t aconK*nction, * , * $3!', T ', etc# Cf# alsoMo# +D?G#

(c)REPETITION1ITHTHEREATI%E# The !re!osition is not al3a&s re!eated 3iththe relatie# /s*all& the classic a*thors did not re!eat the !re!osition 3ith the relatie

A


14/85

3hen the antecedent had it#So the N# T# sho3s similar e7am!les, as $ U' '+$F%(*# +?6), 5 2. \ #('(Ac# +?6), d(Ac#+?G), etc# 2*t the re!etition is seen in s*ch e7am!les as 5 S .B '(, 5 e(Ac# D?-)J /( U', 7 f(Ac# 6?+)# In Mo# -?, $!O D c^, $ g, the

!re!osition occ*rs 3ith the relatie, b*t not 3ith the antecedent# Ho3eer, there is er&

little difference bet3een the mere locatie case and $added# Es!eciall& noticeable-is acase 3here the antecedent is not e7!ressed and the relatie has the !re!osition of theantecedent# So Q =in Mo# +D?G is e9*al to Q h %% # Cf# 5 i(Mo# B?6G)#

(d)CON0ENSATION2.%ARIATION# Once more, the ariation of the !re!osition is as'ilf*l 3a& of condensin" tho*"ht, each !re!osition addin" a ne3 idea# Pa*l ises!eciall& fond of this idiom# Th*s in Ro# ?66 3e note %'( %N C %* !H(C jC 5 '# Cf# erses 6 f# A !artic*larl& stri'in" e7am!le is $3 '?C'Q %7 '?C 'Q 5 '? * '(Ro# ++?B)# Cf# also Col# +?+B $ '?L $!( *'V%7 '?C 'Q 5 '? 2'# Cf# $!, %, $in E!h# -?B# In al# +?+ Pa*l

coers so*rce and a"enc& in his denial of man>s control of his a!ostleshi! b& the *se of)and %# See 1iner=Tha&er, !# -+ f# Cf# also 6 k! %* C 4($t#+?66) for mediate and intermediate a"ent# One sho*ld not ma'e the !re!ositions meres&non&ms# Cf# 6(Ro# ?B), !($t# 6?6), and !($t# 6B?6) all *sed inconnection 3ith the death of Christ# The& a!!roach the s*bKect from different an"les#

VI. The Functions of Prepositions with Cases.

(a)THECASE2E;OREPREPOSITIONS#+2oth in time and at first in order# In the Indo=ermanic ton"*es at first the s*bstantie 3as follo3ed b& the !re!osition6as is stillseen in the ree' X, , etc# The ree', ho3eer, "enerall& came to !*t the

!re!osition before the s*bstantie as 3ith com!o*nd erbs#(b)NOTIONO;0I$ENSION# The !re!ositions es!eciall& hel! e7!ress the idea of

dimension and all the relations "ro3in" o*t of that,b*t the& come to be *sed in ario*sabstract relations also# Indeed it 3as K*st the !*rel& 4local5 cases (ablatie, locatie andinstr*mental) that came to lose their inde!endent forms ($o*lton,+rol., !# B f#), d*e

!artl& to the increase in the *se of !re!ositions#(c)ORIINA;ORCEO;THECASE# The case retains its ori"inal force 3ith the

!re!osition and this f*ndamental case=idea m*st be obsered# The same !re!osition 3illbe *sed 3ith different cases 3here the one difference lies in the ariation in case asalread& noted# Ta'e ', for instance, 3ith the ablatie, the locatie or the acc*satie#The !re!osition is the same, b*t the case aries and the res*ltant idea differs radicall-

(d)THERO/N0=$EANINO;THEPREPOSITION# This m*st al3a&s be ta'en intoconsideration#+It is 9*ite erroneo*s to sa& that ', for instance, means no3 Lfrom,>no3 Lbeside,> no3 Lto#> This is to conf*se the res*ltant meanin" of the !re!osition, case

-.:)h., p. ##.

+lass, Gr. of 6. ). Gk., p. 1/.

1@.:G., I, p. . 3a !r:!osition ne fait 9*e confirmer, 9*e !r:ciser *ne id:e e7!rim:e !ar *ncas em!lo&: aderbialement.4 7ie. an$ Cu*uel, Synt. Gre*., 1, p. #1-.

#;eler"l. Synt., I, p. 5-. Cf. +ru"., Grie*h. Gr., p. -- f.

-

@.:G., I, p. 51. Cf. ;el


15/85

and conte7t 3ith the !re!osition itself# It is the common ice in the st*d& of the!re!ositions to ma'e this cr*cial error# The scientific method of st*d&in" the ree'!re!osition is to be"in 3ith the case=idea, add the meanin" of the !re!osition itself, thenconsider the conte7t# The res*lt of this combination 3ill be 3hat one translates intoEn"lish, for instance, b*t he translates the total idea, not the mere !re!osition# It is

!*erile to e7!lain the ree' !re!ositions merel& b& the En"lish or erman renderin" ofthe 3hole# /nfort*natel& the ree's did not hae the benefit of o*r En"lish anderman# @hner=erth63ell obsere that it is often im!ossible to ma'e an& translationthat at all corres!onds to the ree' idiom#

(e)THEO2I/ECASESAONE1ITHPREPOSITIONS# See also ch# XI# The ocatie3as obio*sl& o*t of the 9*estion, and the nominatie onl& a!!eared 3ith !*re aderbsli'e * (Re# 6+?6+)# Cf# $'# +-?+GJ Ro# +6?, '7 # 2*t not all the si7 obli9*ecases 3ere *sed 3ith e9*al freedom 3ith !re!ositions# Certainl& in the ori"inal Indo=ermanic ton"*es the datie 3as not *sed 3ith !re!ositions#The datie is notori"inall& a 4local5 case and e7!resses !*rel& !ersonal relations# 0elbr@c' thin's thatthe ree' datie did come to be *sed sometimes 3ith $!as in Homer, $Q l/

'#-Indeed some N# T# e7am!les of $!ma& nat*rall& be daties li'e$#'.!( $7 '?F($t# +-?+-), '( $7 $!($t# +?6B)# 2*t *s*all&een 3ith $!the case is locatie, not datie# 1e do hae t3o e7am!les of $..3iththe datie, as Ac# G?J 6D?# Ori"inall& a"ain the "enitie 3as not *sed 3ith

!re!ositions,b*t the ree' *ndo*btedl& *ses the "enitie, tho*"h not a 4local5 case,3ith some !re!ositions li'e !, %, $!#

(f)ORIINA;REE0O$# That is to sa&, most of the !re!ositions co*ld be *sed 3ithablatie, locatie, acc*satie and some 3ith the "enitie or instr*mental# 2*t the threefirst mentioned (L3hence,> L3here,> L3hither> cases) called *!on most of the

!re!ositions# The dialect inscri!tions "ie man& !roofs of this matter# Th*s )and $3

both a!!ear in the Arcadian and C&!rian dialects 3ith the locatie as 3ell as theablatie#+0!ori"inall& occ*rred 3ith locatie, acc*satie and "enitie# The samethin" 3as tr*e of $!, !and 6)(!ossibl& 3ith ablatie, not "enitie)# Indeed!once *sed the ablatie also# 'and )3ere *sed 3ith locatie, acc*satie orablatie# It is !ossible indeed that )ma& hae been *sed 3ith fie cases, addin" tr*edatie and tr*e "enitie to the aboe#6In the case of $!fo*r cases occ*r (0elbr@c')since it a!!arentl& *sed the datie also# Other !re!ositions once 3ere *sed 3ith t3ocases, as and $3ith locatie and acc*satie (een the "en# 3ith $and 5li'e 5m%), 3hereas 'seems to *se acc*satie, "enitie, ablatie# )ori"inall& had

1@.:G., I, p. 51.

@=hner:Gerth @?6E7:GE7), A*sf# ramm# d# "riech# S!r# # A*fl# of @hner# Tl# II, 2de#I, II %19, 19&'.

#I


16/85

locatie as 3ell as ablatie, 3hile 6had ablatie ("enitie8) and acc*satie and %acc*satie and "enitie# 0!has onl& "enitie, 3hile has onl& instr*mental# 0!still occasionall& occ*rs in the !a!&ri as a free !re!osition#

()NOA0E/ATE0I%ISION2.CASES# It is er& diffic*lt, therefore, to ma'e an&ade9*ate diision of the !re!ositions b& the cases# There 3ere indeed in earl& ree'

t3o 3ith onl& one case, ei"ht 3ith t3o, and ei"ht 3ith three cases# 2*t the !oint toobsere is that the *sa"e aries "reatl& in the co*rse of the cent*ries and in differentre"ions, not to sa& in the ernac*lar and in the literar& st&le# 2esides, each !re!ositionhad its o3n histor& and eer& 3riter his o3n idios&ncrasies# ;or the detailedcom!arison of the !re!ositions see Helbin",and for the histor& of the cases 3ith the

!re!ositions see rebs#-2*t in the Ptolemaic times !re!ositions are more and more*sed 3ith the acc*satie to the corres!ondin" disa!!earance of the other obli9*e cases#In !artic*lar one m*st note (cf# ch# XI) the disa!!earance of the locatie, instr*mentaland datie before the acc*satie and the "enitie, *ntil in the modern ree' 5and theacc*satie hae s*!erseded $and the locatie and the datie !ro!er also# Een andthe instr*mental disa!!ear in the modern ree' ernac*lar before ;lker, Pap. Grae*. Synt., p. -&.

Cf. Gel$art, Gui$e to o$. Gk., p. #/D )hu


17/85

T#+If )dro!s o*t, onl& three !re!ositions still *se three cases, barrin" !, 6and6)# Of these 'is not er& common ("en# D, acc# B, loc# ), still less ', 3hile$!is still fre9*ent (acc# -B-, "en# 6+B, loc# +DB)#

-#+ossibl& /our #it!$!# In the case of $!indeed 3e ma& hae to admit fo*rcases, if there are e7am!les of the !*re datie li'e $t# +?6B, '( $7 $!#

2*t at an& rate $!and 'alone sho3 the old freedom in the *se of the cases#(i)EACHPREPOSITIONINACASE# i'e other aderbs the !re!ositions are fi7ed

case=forms, some of 3hich are still a!!arent# Th*s '!is in the locatie case, li'e $;!s oncordance), onl& thirteene7am!les of the !re!osition alone occ*r in the N# T# One of these (*# G?) is absent

from 1# H# (Nestle retains it), 3hile in Re# 6+?6+ (* ) the 3ord is merel& aderb(cf# Homer), not !re!osition#6Of the remainin" eleen instances, fo*r are e7am!les of* 3ith the "enitie, a sort of com!o*nd !re!ositional !hrase 3ith the idea of4bet3een5 (li'e $t# +?6), similar to the modern ree' ', and fo*nd in theXX, Pol&bi*s, etc# One (+ Cor# +-?6D, * , means Lin t*rn,>3hile theremainin" si7 are all e7am!les of the distrib*tie *se, li'e * %(*# +?+)# Thedistrib*tie *se is in Xeno!hon# ;or e7am!les in !a!&ri and inscri!tions seeRadermacher, !# +# Cf# o*r 4analo" In Ac# ?,./ n './, the

!oint t*rns on '>, b*t it is not clear ho3 '>t*rns 4'no35 to 4read#5 See Ac# +?6

1Moulton, Prol., p. 1&.

1+ru"., Grie*h. Gr., p. -D @.:G., I, p. /-. n the 6. ). prep. see also )y*ho

Mosen, 2eitr# * d# ehre on d# "riech# Pr!#%195'.

Moulton ML)6, . F., an$ GE;E6, A. S., A Con*or$an*e to the Greek )estaent

%19/'.

#ann., ist. Gk. Gr., p. 1/, *ites soe late Gk. e. of as a$!. Clearly not a

e


18/85

'* '"(for contrast bet3een and '# Abbott,o!annine Gr., !!# 666ff#, ar"*es at len"th to sho3 that the one e7am!le in Mohn (6?B) is distrib*tie# 0doesnot s*rie in modern ree' ernac*lar (Mannaris,Hist. Gk. Gr., !# BB)# In the !a!&risho3s some ne3 com!o*nds not in the N# T#, li'e ''($a&ser, Gr. d.Griec!. +ap., !# -B)# 0elbr@c', $erl. %&ntax, I, !# D-, considers , li'e !, one

of the 4!roethnic5 !re!ositions# It is rare in the !a!&ri and the inscri!tions(Radermacher,0. ,. Gr., !# ++)# 2*t ''F , Lhe *!sets me> (P#O7 ++G, iiUiiiA#0#), is stran"el& li'e Ac# +D?B o S 5R ''/'#

(b)0!.This !re!osition is in the locatie case of '# Cf# Sans'rit nti, atinante, ith*anian ant, othic and, erman ant (-ent), An"lo=Sa7on andlang, and-

swerian(Lans3er>)# The root=idea is reall& the er& 3ord 4end#5 2r*"mann (Griec!.

Gr., !# -D) thin's it ma& mean 4front#5 If so, 4in front of5 3o*ld be the idea of the3ord in the locatie# Cf# ante-room, !, ;>, 6>) or face the 3ind# This root=idea is al3a&s !resent in !and is the basis from 3hich to disc*ss eer& e7am!le# It is e9*all& !lain in a 3ord li'e

annaris

A66A7IS, A. 6., A istori*al Greek Graar %19/'.

(((, n the )rue Meanin" of the k4%Class. 7e!., 19&-, pp. 9- ff.'.

Mayser MAKSE7, E., rammati' der "riech# Pa!&ri a*s der Ptolemereit# a*t= *nd1ortlehre%19&'.

1ann., ist. Gk. Gr., p. -. Cf. ;eler"l. Synt., I, p. /&.

#+ru"., Grie*h. Gr., p. -/D Monro, o. Gr., pp. 1#, 19 f.

-Monro, o. Gr., p. 15&.

Gr. of 6. ). Gr., p. 1#.

5Gr. $. "rie*h. Pap., p. /.


19/85

@'@B#(*# +?+ f#)# The !riest and eite !assed alon" on t!e ot!er side oft!e road, facin" (!) the 3o*nded traeller# Note @"##in *# 6-?+D, 3herethe t3o disci!les 3ere e7chan"in" 3ords (castin" them from one to the other as the&faced each other, !) 3ith one another, an intimate and iid !ict*re of conersation#Cf# also the contrast bet3een !and 'in p 3'(Lcleae to,> Lclin" to,>

Lhold one>s self face to face 3ith>) 'Q C p ''4($t# B?6-)# In thedo*ble com!o*nd @'@#'"' D !^ UE(Rom ?6BJ cf# *# +?-)the f*ndamental meanin" is obio*s# The Hol& S!irit la&s hold of o*r 3ea'ness alon"3ith () *s and carries his !art of the b*rden facin" *s (!) as if t3o men 3erecarr&in" a lo", one at each end# Cf# @#'"'in Ac# 6?# The En"lish 3ord4antithesis5 !reseres the idea also# Note '(4' j!(Ac# 6?+)3here in both erb and !re!osition the idea of face=to=face a!!ears# So @'4($'#+-?+), !@'(*# ?6B), $@'!@(6?6B)# No3 the ario*s res*ltant ideas "ro3o*t of this root=idea beca*se of different conte7ts# Ta'e the notion of o!!osition(a"ainst)# The 3ord does not mean that in itself# The t3o disci!les 3ere tal'in" in a

friendl& mood (@"##), b*t if a man ma'es himself 'in" he @#. Lk'!'(Mo# +G?+6) in a hostile sense# It is the atmos!here of rialr& that "ies thecolo*r of hostilit 1e see it also in the 3ord !@(+ Mo# 6?+), @! L'(Ac# D?+)# In *# 6+?+ three instances occ*r? @B', @F, @!# Cf# !@%($t# ?6)# There is no instance of the *ncom!o*nded

!re!osition in this sense# The idea of 4in the !lace of5 or 4instead5 comes 3here t3os*bstanties !laced o!!osite to each other are e9*ialent and so ma& be e7chan"ed# ThemaKorit& of the N# T# e7am!les belon" here# In '# Q '#C($t# ?J cf#also Q %)) there is e7act e9*ialence li'e 4tit for tat#5 So also ' Q 'C(Ro# +6?+DJ + Th# ?+J + Pet# ?G), #%!' Q #%!'(+ Pet# ?G)# None the lessdoes the idea of e7chan"e (cf# @##'.', $'# ?D) res*lt 3hen a fish and a sna'eare !laced o!!osite each other, Q 5 :(*# ++?++) or one>s birthri"ht and amess of !otta"e (Heb# +6?+B)# In $t# +D?6D, Q $C 'Q C, there is a com!ression ofstatement 3here thestaterstrictl& corres!onds to the ta7 d*e b& Christ and Peter ratherthan to Christ and Peter themseles# 2*t in # Q ##E($t# 6?6J $'# +?-)the !arallel is more e7act# These im!ortant doctrinal !assa"es teach the s*bstit*tionar&conce!tion of Christ>s death, not beca*se !of itself means 4instead,5 3hich is nottr*e, b*t beca*se the conte7t renders an& other res*ltant idea o*t of the 9*estion#Com!are also !# 6N b& Pa*l (+ Tim# 6?B) 3here both !and 6combine 3ith #in e7!ressin" this idea# Cf# !@(Heb# G?6-)# In $t# 6?66Q C ')the s*bstit*tion ta'es the form of s*ccession as son s*cceeds father on

the throne# Cf# @'(Ac# +?D)# In Mas# -?+ Q C #.the res*lt is alsos*bstit*tion, the !oints of ie3 bein" contrasted# In Heb# +6?6 the cross and the Ko& faceeach other in the mind of Mes*s and he ta'es both, the cross in order to "et the Ko Theidea of e7chan"e a!!ears also in + Cor# ++?+ U )( Q "#'!# 2lass+considers Q (Mo# +?+B) as 4!ec*liar,5 b*t 1iner6ri"htl& sees the

1

Gr. of 6. ). Gk., p. 1#.

#.:)h., p. -.


20/85

ori"inal im!ort of the !re!osition# Simco7cites from Philo ' ' Q'#' $%!%as clearl& e7!lainin" this 4remar'able5 !assa"e# 2*t reall& hasnot too m*ch diffic*lt& been made of it8 As the da&s come and "o a ne3 s*!!l& ta'esthe !lace of the "race alread& besto3ed as 3ae follo3s 3ae *!on the shore# raceans3ers (!) to "race# The remainin" e7am!les are fie of 7 din the sense of

Lbeca*se> (Ltherefore>), 3hen t3o cla*ses or sentences corres!ond to each other, one thereason for the other# This is indeed classical eno*"h (XX also)# Similar is Q (E!h# ?+) 3here the XX (en# 6?6-), 3hich Pa*l does not 9*ote, has X (cf# $'# +?DJ $t# +G?-)# There is &et another idea that comes o*t in com!osition li'e@'@%!%(*# +-?+-) 3here )has the meanin" of Lbac'> and !of Linret*rn> (cf# 4in t*rn5)# Cf# @'@!'(*# +-?B) and @#.(*# 6?)#In Col# +?6-, @''@#(), Pa*l *ses !in the sense of Lin his t*rn> (ans3erin"oer to Christ)# As Christ, so Pa*l fills *! the meas*re of s*fferin"# One ma& remar'that !re!ositions in com!osition often best sho3 their ori"inal im!ort#

(c)0).The et&molo"& of this !re!osition is er& sim!le# 1e note the Sans'ritpa, atin ab, othic af, En"lish of1 off# Some of the older dialects *sed the form (Arcad#, C&!r#, Thess#) and the E!ic '!is to be noted#-1e ma& com!are G ;@ as @G r!(Mo# +?6B)# Cf#

Si*o

SIMCJ

, . ., )he Lan"ua"e of the 6. ). %19&'.(((, )he riters of the 6. ).

-Lan". of the 6. )., p. 1-/. Cf. A


21/85

@'#, Lto ta'e the eil off,> L*neil> (cf# $t# +?6B for contrast bet3een'#and '##)# So @4(, La treas*re=ho*se for !*ttin" thin"s a3a&> ($t#?+6)# Cf# @%4(($t# 6+?) for La man off from home#> So "#in Heb#++?6B and @Ein +6?6# It is needless to m*lti!l& e7am!les from the com!o*nd3ords-li'e @# $o*ltonseems ri"ht a"ainst 2lassBin considerin" =

'%! %'(Mo# ++?+) not a real atinism, b*t a mere accidental !arallel to amillibus passuum duobus# The same idiom occ*rs in Mo# 6+? and also in Re# +-?6# Itis indeed rather late ree' (Strabo, 0iodor*s and Pl*tarch), b*t it is not s*ch a manifestatinism as MannarisDs*!!oses# It is not the meanin" of )that is *n*s*al here, b*tmerel& the !osition# 1e sa& ten miles off, not off ten miles# Cf# c' s, Lat Go>cloc',> P# O7 6 (iiUA#0#)# The idea of 4off5 or 4a3a& from5 is eno*"h to e7!lainthe b*l' of the N# T# !assa"es# The conte7t as a r*le does not alter this sim!le idea# Th*s B t'##'!'($t# ?+), C -%'(?+B), '#E(6?+), "# C(?6G), C (C(B?+), C (!(*# 6-?6), 7 $C($t# D?6),'' (Heb# -?-), B c' $!(($t# G?66), E

b'E($t# +?6+), ' $. 7 '?E(*# 6-?+), ' CjC(Rom# G?)# Here the ablatie case and the root=idea of the !re!osition ma'e allclear# The 9*estion of !lace, time, !erson or abstract relations c*ts er& little fi"*re inthe matter# 1hereer the ablatie case is nat*ral in ree', there )ma& a!!ear toma'e clearer the case=idea of so*rce or se!aration# Con&beare and Stoc' (!# -)consider the idiom 0"'* X W'!%($t# +?+D) a Hebraism# The constr*ction isin the XX, b*t there is nothin" *n=ree' abo*t it# ;or )in e7!ressions of time ta'e7 f U'(Col# +?G)# In $t# D?+B, E 'E $./, the notion ofso*rce is the real idea# Cf# %#3' '?F E .'E(Ac# +D?6)# In Ac# +B?,2# E #(.E, it seems at first as if the stri!es 3ere 3ashed from Pa*l andSilas and not, as here, Pa*l and Silas 3ashed from the stri!es# 1iner+s*""ests theaddition in tho*"ht of 4and cleansed#5 Cf# ''! p'T ' #C(6 Cor# D?+), 3hich idiom 0eissmann ("ible %tudies, !# 6+B) ill*strates from theinscri!tions, and on !# 66D he f*rther cites from the inscri!tions three e7am!les of#' )in ill*stration of Ac# +B?# Cf# @!G' * F'($t# 6D?6-)# In Ac#+?, ' 7 '?E '#!', no diffic*lt& sho*ld be fo*nd in thethreefold *se of ), since the ree', *nli'e the En"lish, loes to re!eat 3ords inar&in" relations# Here 3e hae )in com!osition, 3ith !ersons, 3ith !lace# See0L C 'u'($t# 6D?6-)# Certainl& there 3as neer an& reason for thin'in"'' C 'u'(Ac# 6?6B) a Hebraism, since it is the !*re ablatie idea, andthe *sa"e is contin*o*s from 0emosthenes to late ree' 3riters and !a!&ri#61e een

find #'T E q, Pa!# Par# +, 6 (Radermacher, !# ++B)# The+astorHermaesho3s )after $.'', ''!&', '', #'

Cf. Mayser, Gr. $. "rie*h. Pap., p. /.

5Prol., p. 1.

Gr. of 6. ). Gk., p. 95. A


22/85

(Radermacher, !# ++)# $an& similar e7am!les of this sim!le *se of )occ*r in the N#T# Cf# the mere ablatie 3ith !'(*# 6?D) and then 3ith )(-?+)# Cf# )(Col# 6?6), ')( )(Ac# ?66), etc# i'e other !re!ositions)ma& occ*r 3ith aderbs, li'e )($t# -?+D)#

6#Meanin 3"ack.41e see it clearl& in @%!%, L"ie bac'> ($t# +B?6D)# 2*t

een here the !oint of ie3 is sim!l& chan"ed# The "ier "iesfromhimself tothereci!ient# In the case of a debt or re3ard from the reci!ient>s !oint of ie3 he is "ettin"back3hat 3as his d*e# This idea a!!ears in #'"as in *# B?-# A !artic*larl&"ood e7am!le is fo*nd in '?E($t# B?6)# Cf# @($'#+-?-+)# This notion of recei!t in f*ll is common (4in co*ntless instances,5 0eissmann)for in the ostraca, !a!&ri and inscri!tions# Cf# 0eissmann,i!t fr. t!e Anc. 5ast,

!!# ++ ff# Cf# * * A'(iUA#0#, 0el!hi Inscr#,"ull. de orr. Hell., 66,!# ), LI hae receied the 3hole !rice> for the slae>s man*mission# Cf# #'" *F', P# O7 D (A#0# -G)# Cf# $3%)( S %4, P# O7 ++, +B (A#0#GB)# This idiom seems to be confined to com!osition (cf# )@', 6 Cor# +?G) and

@'4(Ro# ?6)## 6,ranslation-Hebraism7 in"F' )# Cf# *# +6?-#+In $t# +?6, "F %R, 3e hae the *s*al acc*satie, and in erse 6B 3e een see "(B '?J

b*t erse 6 a"ain sho3s "F )# In *# +6?+, p'F B &(,3e hae the *s*al ablatie as aboe# Cf# "# )in $'# ?+# 0)in the XX 3as

*sed to translate the Hebre3 ,6b*t not all the e7am!les in the XX are necessaril&!*re Hebraisms, as Con&beare and Stoc' im!lesides, the !a!&ri sho3 "# ' E H%'!, 2##/# +DG (A#0# -+), the first reference to the Me3s as mone&=lenders# Some of the N# T# e7am!les are merel& for the so=called 4!artitie "enitie#5Th*s $#3 7 '?E %/%'(*# B?+), $.' E G'!(Mo#

6+?+), $E C '(Ac# 6?+D), $! E G!($t# +?6D), ! C .4'(*# 66?+), !' E %($t# 6D?6+), etc# The !oint is not thatall these !hrases occ*r in the older ree', b*t that the& are in !erfect harmon& 3ith theree' "eni*s in the *se of the ablatie and in the *se of )to hel! the ablatie#$o*lton (+rol., !# 6-B) cites K E j'E,+elaia(/sener, !# 6) as fairl&

!arallel 3ith ?'QV E '%#($t# +?D)# The !artitie *se of the ablatie3ith )does come nearer to the realm of the "enitie (cf# En"lish ofand the "enitie),

b*t the ablatie idea is still !resent# One ma& note k#E )"in Pol&bi*sX%II, ++, 6 (Radermacher,0. ,. Gr., !# ++B)# Cf# 2%' E($t# ?-) 3ith theold "enitie of material#

-# omparison #it!$# 2*t )needs to be com!ared more !artic*larl& 3ith $3hich it finall& dis!laced sae-in the E!irot or # 2*t the t3o are neer e7actl&e9*ialent# 9means Lfrom 3ithin> 3hile )is merel& the "eneral startin"=!oint# 0)does not den& the 43ithin=ness5J it sim!l& does not assert it as $does# Th*s in $'#+?+ 3e read '"'! $ C -%'3hen the assertion is made b& $that Mes*s had

been in the 3ater (cf# 'V5, V$in Ac# ? f#)# 2*t in $t# ?+B 3e merel& read

1Moulton, Prol., p. 1.

#+lass, Gr. of 6. ). Gk., p. 1#.

-

Sel., et*., p. -.

Moulton, Prol., p. 1.


23/85

"( C -%', a form of e7!ression that does not den& the $of $ar'# The t3o!re!ositions are sometimes combined, as $3#F 7 '?B(Ac# +B?+) andC $ ($t# +?-G)# Een 3ith the "ro3th in the *se of )it still falls

behind $in the N# T#+2oth and $are *sed of domicile or birth!lace, b*t not ine7actl& the same sense#6Th*s in Mo# +?-- see Y %N J v!# w('%, $ B

)# 0%, 3here )corres!onds closel& 3ith the erman vonand ;rench de3hich came to be mar's of nobilit So in erse -, HS x'&', 3here (in

both erses) no effort is made to e7!ress the idea that the& came from 3ithin Naareth#That idea does a!!ear in erse -B, $ x'&'# In *# 6?- both and $are *sed forone>s home ( B t'##'!' $ )# x'&')# Indeed $in this sense in the N#T# seems confined to )##2oth a!!ear a"ain in Mo# ++?+# Cf# also Mo# D?-+ f#, $ Bt'##'!', w(#, 3here the t3o !re!ositions are reersed# The atin ersionsrender both and $here b& a#-Cf# y''5'(Mo# +G?)# Abbottis clear thatMohn does not mean to conf*se the t3o !re!ositions, b*t *ses each in its o3n sense,tho*"h )is not fo*nd in the older 3riters for domicile# The sense of ariet&, as in

En"lish, ma& hae led to the *se of no3 one, no3 the other, since at bottom eitherans3ers# So *'e in Ac# 6?- has $ !' $'!', b*t k#!'# Cf# Ac# +?-#2lassBnotes that o*tside of Mohn the N# T# 3riters *se )for one>s co*ntr So een*'e in Ac# 6-?+, B 0!'# The $SS# indeed ar& in some instances bet3een)and $as in Ac# +B?G 3ith B )## Cf# $S# ariation bet3een )and 'in $'# +B?G# Cf# also Ac# +? for $V)# In a case li'e o B H'#!'(Heb#+?6-) the !re!osition does not determine 3hether the !ersons are still in Ital& or areo*tside of Ital Cf# $o*lton,+rol., !# 6D# 2*t 0eissmann (i!t, etc#, !# +B) thin'sthat )here means Lin,> li'e v'Cin an ostracon from Thebes, A#0# +G6# Cf# E7 z3. )#, P# O7 , A#0# -G# 0is also, li'e $(Ac# +?-, etc#), *sedfor members of a !art& in Ac# +6?+, ' E B $#(!', an *n=Attic *sa"e#2*t on the 3hole the t3o !re!ositions can be readil& distin"*ished in the N# T#

# omparison #it!'# As to ', it s*""ests that one has been b& the side ofthe one from 3hom he comes# In relation to od 3e find $ C C $3B#(Mo#?-6), '* C ' $3B#(+B?6D), C $3B#(+B?)# Cf# )(Mo# +?+)# It 3o*ld be oerrefinement to insist on a 3ide and radical difference here

bet3een ), $and 'J and &et the& are not e7actl& s&non&mo*s# In the older ree''3as the common !re!osition for the conscio*s !ersonal de!art*re#+2*t in N# T#)occ*rs also 3ith !ersons# So ()' 7 '?C(+ Mo# +?), 'F 7 6E(al# ?6), '#'" C !(+ Cor# ++?6)# One m*st not, ho3eer, read toom*ch into ), as in al# 6?+6, 3here * H'/"does not mean L3ith the

a*thorit& of Mames,> tho*"h the& do*btless claimed it# Cf# $'# +?-J + Th# ?B# One

1Moulton, Prol., p. 1.

#A


24/85

do*bts if 3e are K*stified in insistin" on a radical distinction bet3een '* C ')(Mo# +?+) and C !(+ Cor# ++?6) sae as et&molo"& thro3s li"ht on thematter#6

B# ompared #it!6)# The $SS# of ancient 3riters,as of the N# T#, aried oftenbet3een )and 6)# As instances of this ariation in the N# T# ta'e $'# ?+J Ac#

-?BJ +?+DJ Ro# +?+# The $SS# often ar& 3here )is the correct te7t# The *se of)3ith the a"ent is not !recisel& li'e 6), tho*"h one has onl& to com!are )3ithatin aband En"lish ofto see ho3 nat*ral it is for )to ac9*ire this idiom# Obsere'Q C -(Ac# 6?G)# So in Mas# +?+, C &', 3etranslate Ltem!ted of od#> The tem!tation, to be s*re, is !resented as comin" fromod# Cf# also J J ( 7 6E(Mas# ?-), 3here the 'ee!in" bac' ofthe re3ard is conceied as comin" from &o*# Cf# Ac# -?B# In $t# +B?6+, 'F E ", Lat the hands of,> is a free renderin" of the idea of a"enc& or so*rce#In *# +B?+, ##( %), note the re!etition of )# This idea ofremoal is !resent in 5'B' )(*# B?+D) and in $# )(B?+) it is

a"enc There ma& be a e*"ma in the last cla*se# In *# G?66, %'B' E ", 3e hae the same constr*ction as in +B?+ aboe (cf# +D?6)# Cf#U' C C(Re# +6?B) and Ac# 6?66 %%. C C#The *se of )after s*bstanties thro3s some li"ht on this matter# Th*s S C$'..#!'(Ac# 6?6+), C (F($t# +6?)# This *se of )after !assieerbs came to be the r*le in the later 3riters# Cf# 1ilhelm,8. G.XII# , 6G#

2*t it is not alone a form of a"enc& that )comes to e7!ress# It ma& also be *sedfor the idea of ca*se, an old *sa"e of 6)# ;or instance, ta'e B 'A '?C6.($t# +?--), C )" 2'3'(+-?6B), ?'Q L )M E'%#(+?D), B #((*# 66?-), ? I C#4(Mo# 6+?B), ? $"# B %)3((Ac# 66?++)# Cf# f*rther *# +G?J6-?-+J Ac# +6?+-J 6?GJ Heb# ?D, etc# The XX "ies ab*ndant ill*stration of the sameidiom,+the ca*sal *se of )# As a matter of so*nd see $7 iand 7 fin Heb# D?+#

(d)W.0elbr@c'6sa&s? 4Of the ori"in of %I 'no3 nothin" to sa One hesitatesto !roceed after that remar' b& the master in s&nta7# Still 3e do 'no3 somethin" of the

#Cf. .:)h., p. -/&.

-Si*o, Lan". of the 6. )., p. 1-.

ilhel ILELM, A., 2eitr"e *r "riech#Ins*hriftenkun$e %19&9'.

1C. an$ S., p. -.

;eler"l. Synt., I, p. /59.


25/85

histor& of the 3ord both in the ree' and in other Indo=ermanic ton"*es# The form %ma& be in the instr*mental case, b*t one m*st note %'!(datie) in the l&ric !assa"es of

Vsch&l*s, not to sa& the Thessalian %#2*t there is no do*bt abo*t %bein" 'in to

%, %!# Sans'rit dva, dvi(cf# trayas, tri), dvisJ atin duo1 bis(cf# Sans'rit dvis, ree'

%!, bWvor )J erman9#eiJ En"lish t#o(fem# and ne*t#), t#ain(masc#), t#i-ce1 t#i-li!t1 be-t#een1 t#o-fold, etc#

+# ,!e :oot-8dea# It is manifest in %'@), %@!#, %!@%'', %@#C(cf# b@#C)# The et&molo"& of the 3ord is Lt3o,> %, as sho3n in these three 3ords as 3ellas in %!, %@#), all of 3hich occ*r in the N# T# Th*s it 3ill be seen ho3 !ersistent isthe et&molo"ical force in the 3ord# Cf# $'# B?DJ Re# +?BJ $'# ?+# See also %Q%(Te7t# Rec#, % RRe# G?+B), %!@#.(+ Tim# ?), %!@(Heb# -?+6),%!@G(Mas# +?), %!@%'($t# +D?6-), W!@%(Mo# ++?+B)# Cf# $!( 5 %($t# 6D?+)#

6# 3"& ,#os4 or 3"et#een.42*t the !re!osition has adanced a ste! f*rther thanmerel& 4t3o5 to the idea of b&=t3ain, be=t3een, in t3o, in t3ain# This is the "ro*nd=

meanin" in act*al *sa"e# The 3ord %@#'ori"inall& meant Lresemblin" t3o seas>(cf# E*7ine Sea, Strabo 6, , 66), b*t in the N# T# (Ac# 6D?-+) it a!!arentl& means l&in"

bet3een t3o seas (Tha&er)# The notion of interval(be=t3een) is fre9*ent in the N# T#both in com!osition and a!art from com!osition# Th*s in UE %'@. E(Ac# 6?+), Lsome da&s came in bet#een> (%)# Cf# %'@./' * '7 6A(Ac#6-?66) 3ith atin di-nosco1 dis-cernoand ree'=En"lish dia-nosis(%@., Ac#6?6+)# W'@4(is an arran"ement or coenant bet3een t3o (al# ?+D)# See %@'C(+ Cor# +6?++)J %'@%!%(*# ++?66) Ldiide>J ?N %@ '3T UE 'Q'?E(Ac# +?G) 3here '3e7!lains %# Cf# %@(Heb# ?+-), Ldis=crimination>J %'@#!(*# D?-), Linterals of dela&>J %'@#(Ac# ?B), Ldis=sole>J

%'@!&(Ac# 6?-), Ldis=trib*te>J %'@4.(*# ?6G), Lrend as*nder>J %'@!&(Mo# ++?6), o!!osed to ., Ldi=s!erse>J %'@($'# ?-), Lrend int3o>J %'@!(Ac# ?+)WLscatter abroad>J %'@(Mo# D?), Ldis!ersion>J %'@##(Heb# +6?6), Ldiide>J %@('(Ac# ?D), Ldistance> or Linteral>J %'@#4(+ Cor# +-?D), Ldistinction>J %'@!'(*# 66?6G), Ldis!ose>J %'@(Ac# 6D?6D,$t# B?6B), Lbear a!art,> Ldiffer>J %(Ro# +6?B), Ldifferent>J %@&($t# +?),Lset at ariance> (Lcleae as*nder>)# These n*mero*s e7am!les o*"ht to be s*fficient tosho3 3hat the real meanin" of the 3ord in itself is# A !artic*larl& noticeable instancea!!ears in *# 6-?+, 3here 3e hae %@( 7 '?E#

The N# T# !reseres this notion of interal in e7!ressions of time and so it is hardl&4!ec*liar onl& to literar& st&le#5+Th*s in $'# 6?+ %7 UEmeans Linteral of da&s,>Lda&s bet3een,> Lafter some da&s,> tho*"h s*rel& no one 3o*ld thin' that %reall&means Lafter#> Cf# $t# 6B?B+, %* E UE(cf# $, 6D?-)J %7 $E #), Ac#6-?+DJ al# 6?+, %* %' $E# Cf# Ac# ?D# In Ac# +?, %7 UE' '), the a!!earance of Mes*s 3as at interals 3ithin the fort&

-@.:+l., II, p. #5&. Cf. ''!, ''!, 6'!.

)hayer

)AKE7, . ., Greek:En"lish Lei*on of the 6. ). %1/'.

(((, Lan"ua"e of the 6. ). %astin"sH ;. +., 19&&'.

1ann., ist. Gr. Gk., p. -/.


26/85

da&s# 2*t see o!!osition to this idea in Abbott,o!annine Grammar, !# 6 f# In the!hrase %* )(Ac# ?+GJ +B?G, etc#), Lb& ni"ht,> %adds little to the "enitie itself#It is the real adnominal "enitie# The !re!osition is er& common in the N# T#,es!eciall& 3ith the "enitie ("en# 6, acc# 6DG),6tho*"h the acc*satie becomesdominant later#

# 3+assin "et#een4 or 3,!rou!.4The idea of interal bet3een leads nat*rall& tothat of !assin" bet3een t3o obKects or !arts of obKects# LThro*"h> is th*s not theori"inal meanin" of %, b*t is a er& common one# The case is *s*all& the "enitie,tho*"h in Homerthe acc*satie is common also, as 3e find it once in the N# T# (*#+D?++), % ''!'(cf# %* , -?), and een here note the "enitie after# Some $SS# in Mo# ?G read also %* # 2lass-3ron"l& calls the acc*satiean 4inadmissible readin"5 in ie3 of Homer and the "ro3in" *se of the acc*satie inthe ernac*lar 3ith all !re!ositions (cf# modern ree')# This *se of Lthro*"h> orLthoro*"h> is common in com!osition and sometimes has a 4!erfectie5 idea (Lclearthro*"h>) as in %'@''F S 1#'($t# ?+6), L3ill thoro*"hl& cleanse#> Cf# also%'@"'!(Heb# ++?6G), %'@"#($t# D?), %@'..##(*# G?B), %'@.(.(*# G?6), %@.(+ Tim# 6?6), %'@%'(Ac# D?-), %'@'#.'(Ac# +?6),%'@'(Ac# 6?G), %'@(*# +?66), %'@(*# B?+6), %@'(Ac#6+?D), %'@''"4(+ Tim# B?)J %'@!(*# ?+-), %'@/&(*# D?), %'@#(-?+)# This sense of %is *sed 3ith 3ords of !lace, time, a"ent or abstract3ord# In all of these relations the root=idea of the !re!osition is easil& !erceied# Th*sin $t# +6?-, %' %7 % ), %* 3(A(Heb# ++?6G), %* B ''!'(Mo# -?-), %* )(+ Cor# ?+), %7 $)(+ Cor# +?+6)# Cf# Ac# +?-GJ 6 Cor#?+# In Ro# +?6, #' %7 6E 5 '!', 1iner (1iner=Tha&er, !# D)ta'es %7 6Eto be Lthro*"h &o*,> i#e# Lthro*"h &o*r cit&,> Lthro*"h the midst of &o*#>In all these e7am!les the idiom r*ns K*st as in the older ree'# The *se of %3ith

e7!ressions of time 3as neer er& common and "rad*all& 3as transferred+to 5# 2*tsome e7am!les occ*r in the N# T# li'e %7 :#( )(*# ?), 3hich ma& be

A


27/85

com!ared 3ith %* ' C &B(Heb# 6?+) and the common !hrase %* ')($'# ?)# Here the idea of thro*"h is a!!lied to time# Ro*ffiac (:ec!erc!es, !# 6G) cites%* C E i#from inscri!tions of Priene ++6, G and GG (iU2#C#)# The a"entma& also be e7!ressed b& %# This f*nction 3as also !erformed in the ancient ree',tho*"h, 3hen means or instr*ment 3as meant, the instr*mental case 3as commonl&

em!lo&ed#6Wis th*s *sed 3ith inanimate and animate obKects# Here, of co*rse, thea"ent is conceied as comin" in bet3een the non=attainment and the attainment of theobKect in ie3# One ma& com!are.G' %* '?E(Ac# +?6) 3ith %$#*, %* x(% !', %* k! '') !', 2#/# +DG, A#0# -+($illi"an, Greek +ap., !# G)# So ? # %* #' 'Q '# .( Mo#+), %* .#/((+ Cor# +-?G), * %* C /'(6 Cor# ?+), %* E i#(6Cor# B?D), 4 %* ' 4 %* #). 4 %7 $#B(6 Th# 6?6)# In 6 Pet#? note the difference bet3een $3 -%'and %7 -%'# Abstract ideas are fre9*entl&so e7!ressed, as %* !(E!h# 6?), %* #4' C(E!h# +?+),%* C ?'..#!(+ Cor# -?+), %* )(Ro# ?6D), %7 '#G(al# +?+6)#

Cf# + Cor# B?+-# 1hen %occ*rs 3ith the !ersonal a"ent, he is re"arded as theintermediate a"ent# Sometimes the immediate a"ent is also e7!ressed b& 6)# So 6k! %* C 4($t# +?66, etc#)# Cf# also %* B .')V$ C C(+Cor# ++?+6), 3here so*rce and mediate a"ent are distin"*ished# In al# +?+, 7/V%7 /, Pa*l ta'es !ains to den& both ideas# In + Cor# ?B, $3 {V%7{, the first refers to od the ;ather as the so*rce of all thin"s and the second refers toMes*s as the mediate a"ent b& 3hom all thin"s come into e7istence# Cf# Col# +?+B#Indeed od himself ma& be re"arded as so*rce, mediate a"ent, and *ltimate obKect orend, as Pa*l does in his noble do7olo"& in Ro# ++?B, i $3 '?C 'Q %7 '?C 'Q 5'? * '# There are other instances also 3here od is loo'ed *!on as theinterenin" ca*se or a"ent# So %7 {(Heb# 6?+J + Cor# +?G)# 2*t %is often *sed 3ithChrist in re"ard to o*r relation to od (cf# Pa*l>s *se of $)# Th*s Ro# +?J ?+, etc# Cf#%7 $Cin Mo# +-?B, %* ##E '(6 Tim# 6?6), %7 ..#(Heb# 6?6)# Theintermediate idea of %a!!ears 3ell in + Cor# ? % %7 d $', Heb#?+B %* a, Ro# ? %* '# In + Th# -?6, !' ''..#!' $%/'6F %* C ! H(C, the matter seems t*rned ro*nd, b*t, as Pa*l 3as the s!ea'er,he conceies Mes*s as also ma'in" the commands# Abbott,o!annine Grammar, !# 6B,ri"htl& ar"*es in fao*r of Lthro*"h him> (not Lit>) in Mo# +?D# It is im!ortant to note %*H(C jC(E!h# +?), !re"nant 3ith meanin"# Cf# Schettler,Die paulinisc!e

/ormel 6Durc! !ristus17!!# 6 ff# This *se of %occ*rs in the !a!&ri (1en"er,Die%tellvertretun im :ec!te der +ap&ri, +GB, !# G f#)# Christ is conceied as o*r

re!resentatie (0eissmann,i!t, etc#, !# -)# It is not far from the notion of means li'e% !to that of manner li'e %* ''"#B(*# ?-)# Indeed the t3o shade off

7ouffia* 7FFIAC, ., Recherches s*r les caractres d* "rec dans le N# T# d>a!rs lesinscri!tions de Prine%1911'.

#I


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into one another as %7 J'(Ac# +?G)# Note also %7 .((al# ?B), %7$'..#!'(al# ?+), %* "'(Heb# +?66), %7 #!.(+ Pet# ?+6), %7 -%''Q 'u'(+ Mo# ?B), %* .' 'Q B(Ro# 6?6D), %* )'(+-?6), %* %)3((6 Cor# ?++), %7 6B(Heb# +6?+), %* ##E %'(6Cor# 6?-)# Cf# Rom# 6?6D# 2*t here also the notion of bet3een is al3a&s !resent# This is

tr*e een in a case li'e %* E 5E C C(Ro# +6?+)# Cf# also %* B in Ro# +6? 3ith %* S in +?+#

-# 3"ecause of.41ith the acc*satie %comes to be *sed 3ith the idea of Lbeca*seof,> Lfor the sa'e of,> Lon acco*nt of#> The notion of bet3een is still !resent# Ta'e $t#6D?+, %* ) '%' '?)# En& is the reason that !rom!ted the betra&al andso came in bet3een and ca*sed the act# The acc*satie (e7tension) is nat*ral and hel!salso to distin"*ish this idiom from the others# ;or instance, in Heb# 6?+, %7 \ * ''Q %7 { * ', the t3o ideas are distin"*ished entirel& b& means of the cases# Onema& note also %* S .'F'and %* B .')(+ Cor# ++?G, +6)# Cf# %* Saboe# In Ro# ?++ the $SS# ar& bet3een %* $Cand %* C

$C(1# H#, Nestle)# Note also the difference bet3een %* !and %* Sin Ro# ?6# Cf# also the common %* :'($t# +?66), %* S ##S.((E!h# 6?-), %* #).(Mo# +?), %* )(Heb# ?+6)# Cf# Heb# ?+-JRe# +6?++# The !ersonal "ro*nd is common also as in $.P &E %* ''(Mo#B?D), %7 -(Heb# B?D), etc# Cf# + Mo# -?G &4 %7 '?C# The aim (*s*all&e7!ressed b& X') ma& be set forth b& %also# So ""' %* $. 'Q ? J %* ""'in $'# 6?6D# Cf# also %7 $and %7 6Ain Mo# +6?# Cf# $'# +?6J Ph# ?D# $o*lton (+rol., !# +) cites u' %* N "'#C C

;eissann

;EISSMA66, A., +i


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%'! , $#P# +B and 6 (iiiU2#C#), in ill*stration of Mo# B?D# The Pa*line !hrase%* H(C(6 Cor# -?) is ill*strated b& %* kin a 2erlin $*se*m !a!&r*sletter (iiUA#0#) 3hich 0eissmann (i!t, !!# +DB ff#) thin's c*rio*sl& ill*mines the stor&of the Prodi"al Son in *# +# In the modern ree'. ;%ol. I, Prole"oena %19&'. -$ e$. %19&'.

(((, Chara*teristi*s of 6. ). Greek %)he Epositor, 19&'.

(((, Einleit*n" in die S!rache des N# T#%1911'.

(((, Graati*al 6otes fro the Papyri %)he Epositor, 19&1, pp. #/18##D 19&-, pp.

1&81#1, #-8-9. )he Classi*al 7e!ie, 19&1, pp. -18-/, -81D 19&, pp. 1&811#, 1518155'.

(((, Intro$u*tion to 6. ). Greek %195'. #$ e$. %19&'.

(((, Lan"ua"e of Christ %astin"sH ne:!ol. ;. +., 19&9'.

(((, 6. ). Greek in the Li"ht of Mo$ern ;is*o!ery %Cao*a


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+# ld ;se of$#it! Accusative or ocative# Ori"inall& $3as *sed 3ith eitherlocatie or acc*satie, not to sa& "enitie in a case li'e 5 |I%'3hich 2r*"mann-doesnot consider mere elli!sis# He cites also $%/as bein" reall& $ %E# 2*t there isno manner of do*bt as to the acc*satie and the locatie# The inscri!tions of man& ofthe dialects sho3 ab*ndant ill*strations of $3ith the acc*satie s*ch as the Thessalian,

2Yotian, North3est ree', Arcadian, etc#+Cf# $ .', $ J#!', etc#6So 5 *2.',etc# Indeed in C&!riote ree' $*s*all& has the acc*satie#-In North Arcadian$alone a!!ears (not $@, 5) and 3ith either locatie or acc*satie li'e atin in#2esides in Homer 3e hae $@E', not to mention the common com!o*nd erbs li'e$@"##, $@"'!, 3here one mi"ht loo' for 5# Cf# $" 5 #F($t# ?6), J$"G' $ L "#!M($t# 6B?6)# This so=called !re"nant *se of $seems er&nat*ral after all# It is onl& in com!osition that the old *sa"e is !resered in the N# T# or acase li'e $ L "#!Maboe after a erb of motion 3here 5mi"ht at first seem morenat*ral# Cf# *# G?-BJ + Cor# ++?+J Ro# +?6# In Ro# +?6- $occ*rs 3ith '%, b*t5in erse 6B# Indeed (2lass, Gr. of 0. ,. Gk., !# +) 3e find $3ith %!%, u(

and !(# Remnants of this earl& *sa"e s*rie in the N# T#, as %%) $ D '%!^(6Cor# ?+B), %% $ D !(Mo# ?), $ #'D($t# +-?)# Cf# thes!*rio*s erse Mo# ?- '"' $ D #"4^J Par# P# +, 6 (iiiUA#0#)'/( $ 0#3'%!^J E!ict# (I, ++, 6) O $ }/OJ Tob# ?B' $ }.# Cf# 2lass=0ebr*nner, !# ++# The XX sho3s similar e7am!les#Cf# Con&beare and Stoc', !# # 2*t it 3as onl& b& de"rees that $came to be associatede7cl*siel& 3ith the locatie case and 53ith the acc*satie as a res*lt of the tri*m!h

+ru"ann

+7GMA66, @., Eleents of Coparati!e Graar of the In$o:Gerani* Lan"ua"es

%translation


31/85

of the Ionic=Attic ree'#BIn Homer indeed $a!!ears as an aderb#DIn ori"in therefore3e are not to associate $!rimaril& 3ith the locatie an& more than in atin, tho*"h*ltimatel& that came to be tr*e# Other e7am!les of $in com!osition in the N# T# 3itherbs of motion are $"'(Col# 6?+), $""&(Ac# 6D?B), $!(*# +?Bfollo3ed b& 5)# The 3ord therefore eidentl& e7!resses the idea of L3ithin,> 3hether

of rest or of motion de!endin" on the conte7t# Com!are ernac*lar En"lish, 4Come inthe ho*se#5 Note in Ac# 6B?6 that $is not re!eated 3ith H##

6# 9lder t!an5# It seems certain that ori"inall& $stood alone 3itho*t 5,3hereas in the modern ree' ernac*lar $has entirel& disa!!eared before 53hich*ses onl& the acc*satie#+There is once more *nit&, b*t not e7actl& on the same terms#In the ree' N# T# this !rocess of absor!tion is "oin" steadil& on as in the 4"enerall There is rarel& m*ch do*bt as to the si"nificance of $, 3hereas 5hasalread& be"*n to res*me its old identit& 3ith $, if indeed in the ernac*lar it eer "aeit *!#61e ma& com!are $ L .Lin $t# 6-?+ 3ith 5 .)in $'# +?+B# Cf#$ ) 5 S 0!'(Ac# +G?66), (F' 5 k''!'(6?-), 5 +)

$(some $SS# in $'# 6?+)# Cf# Mo# +?+#In the N# T# $is so fre9*ent (6BG instances) that it is still the most common!re!osition# Indeed $o*ltonthin's that its *ltimate disa!!earance is d*e to the fact thatit had become too a"*e as 4a maid of all 3or'#5

#+lace# The sim!lest *se is 3ith e7!ressions of !lace, li'e $ D .~($t# 6?),$ %3~(Heb# +?), $ L )M(Re# ?6+), $ L #!M($t# -?6+), $ D )#(*#D?D), $ L H%O 'L($t# ?B), $ -%'(?++), $ D #M(Mo# +?-)# Cf#also $3B# J #). $ D H%'!^(*# D?+D) and $ L .''!M(Mo# ?6)# ;orthe 4!re"nant5 constr*ction of $after erbs of motion cf# cha!ter XI, X, (i)# Cf#e7am!les "ien *nder +# In these and li'e e7am!les $indeed adds little to the idea ofthe locatie case 3hich it is *sed to e7!lain# See also $ F(*# 6?-G) in the sense ofLat the ho*se of> (cf# 5 * I%', Mo# +G?6D) for 3hich $o*lton-finds ab*ndantill*stration in the !a!&ri# Cf# $ F 0##!, R## 6(iiiU2#C#)# The !re!osition initself merel& states that the location is 3ithin the bo*nds mar'ed b& the 3ord 3ith3hich it occ*rs# It does not mean Lnear,> b*t Lin,> that is Linside#> The translation of theres*ltant idea ma& be indeed in1 on1 at, accordin" to the conte7t, b*t the !re!ositionitself retains its o3n idea# There is nothin" stran"e abo*t the meta!horical *se of $ine7!ressions li'e $ "'(*# +B?6), $ L 'M(+ Mo# ?+-), $ %)3O(Ph#-?+G), $ (!M(+ Cor# 6?D), etc#

-#5xpressions of ,ime# 9ma& a!!ear rather oftener than the mere locatie# Cf# $D $O U^in Mo# B?--, b*t D $O U^in B?-, 3hile in B?- the $SS# ar

2& $ Q U'(Mo# 6?+G) it is clear that Mes*s meant the res*rrection 3ill ta'e

+ru"., Grie*h. Gr., p. -.

/Monro, o. Gr., p. 1/.

1>. an$ ;., Mo$. Gk., p. 1&9 f.

#Si*o, Lan". of the 6. )., p. 1#.

-Prol., p. 1&-. In the Ptol. papyri, 7oss


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!lace #it!inthe !eriod of three da&s# Cf# D !O U^(neer 3ith $in the N# T#) in$t# +B?6+#+$ore common e7!ressions are $ '""M($t# +6?6), $ D U^(Mo#++?G), $ D !(++?+), $ L %M(Ac# D?+), $ L '3B(*# ?+), $ L'3(Mo# -?+), $ 'F U' $!'($t# ?+), $ D '!^(+ Th# 6?+G), $D '($'# +6?6), $ U^ !($t# +?+), $ D $O #..(+

Cor# +?6), etc# Cf# *# +?D# Another tem!oral *se of $is $ in the sense of L3hile>($'# 6?+G)# Cf# also $ in *# +6?+# The fre9*ent *se, es!eciall& in *'e (cf# $ L6, ?-), of $ L3ith the infinitie calls for a 3ord# E7am!les of this idiomocc*r in the ancient ree' (+B in Xeno!hon, B in Th*c&dides, 6B in Plato)6and the

!a!&ri sho3 it occasionallCf# $ L #.!&', Par# P# B (iiU2#C#)# 2*t in the XX

it is a constant translation of and is m*ch more ab*ndant in the N# T# as a res*lt of theXX !rof*sion#

# 3Amon.41ith !l*ral no*ns $ma& hae the res*ltant idea of Lamon",> tho*"h, ofco*rse, in itself it is still Lin,> L3ithin#> Th*s 3e note $ .(F .'E($t#++?++), 2 $ UF(Ac# 6?6G), Y $ '?F(-?-), $ 6F(+ Pet# ?+), $ F

U.) H%($t# 6?B)# This is a common idiom in the ancient ree'# Not er&different from this idea (cf# atin apud) is the *se $ '#F UE($t# 6+?-6), li'eatin coram# One ma& note also $ 6Fin + Cor# B?6# Cf# $ F 2(al# +?+B)#See also 6 Cor# -?J ?+#

B# 38n t!e ase of14 3in t!e +erson of4or sim!l& 3in.4A fre9*ent *se is 3here a sin"lecase is selected as a s!ecimen or stri'in" ill*stration# Here the res*ltant notion is Lin thecase of,> 3hich does not differ "reatl& from the meta!horical *se of $3ith so*l, mind,etc# Cf# *# 6-?# Th*s 3ith '#note $ $!(al# +?+B), 5%P $ 'L(Mo#B?B+),.(' $ $!(+ Cor# G?+), $ L 3(L ! .('(*# 6?+), $ UF ((+ Cor# -?B), $ D #(*# 6-?)# One ma& note also $ L 0%*

4(+ Cor# +?66), $ L H(C ''..##(Ac# -?6), U.'( $' b.!M(Ro# +?+B), U.!'' $ D .'!(+ Cor# D?+-), etc# Pa*l>s fre9*entm&stical *se of $ !M(+ Cor# G?+), $ jL(Ro# B?++, 6, etc#) ma& be com!ared3ith Mes*s> o3n 3ords, !' $ $!, .P $ 6F(Mo# +?-)# Cf# also $ L LinCol# ?# The XX *sa"e is not 9*ite on a !ar 3ith this !rofo*nd meanin" in the mo*thof Mes*s and Pa*l, een if 4e7tremel& indefinite5 to the non=Christian#+2*t $o*lton6a"rees 3ith Sanda& and Headlam (Ro# B?++) that the m&stic ind3ellin" is Christ>s o3nidea ado!ted b& Pa*l# The classic disc*ssion of the matter is, of co*rse, 0eissmann>s

Die 0eutestamentlic!e /ormel4in !risto esu5 (+G6), in 3hich b& caref*l st*d& ofthe XX and the N# T# he sho3s the de!th and ori"inalit& of Pa*l>s idea in the *se of $jL# $o*ltondo*bts if een here the N# T# 3riters ma'e an innoation, b*t the

f*lness of the Christian content 3o*ld am!l& K*stif& them if the& did hae to do so# See

1See espe*ially Fiel$Hs !alua


33/85

$ '?L $!( * '(Col# +?+B)# As f*rther e7am!les cf# Ro# G?+J +-?+-J Ph# ?GJE!h# -?6+#

D#As a Dative


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this idiom as 3e see it in $ %'O(Ac# +D?+), $ '(!^(Col# 6?+), $ (*# +?, cf# 'and ')# Cf# $t# B?+ and Mo# +?6#

G# 3Amountin to14 3ccasion14 3%p!ere.4$o*lton6considers $'# -?, 2 5' 'Q $ p34' 'Q $ p')(note similarit& here bet3een 5and $), assho3in" that $sometimes is *sed in the sense of Lamo*ntin" to#> Cf# also Ac# D?+-

(XX)# The idiom is !resent in the !a!&ri# $o*lton cites F' $ %''F$'!', 2#/# GD (iiUA#0#), S /( %) $ %''F '', O#P#D6- (iiU2#C#)# He (+rol., !# DB) 9*otes Hb# P# -6 (iiiU2#C#), %/ $ #4', as4!redicatie5 *se of $# He com!ares E!h# 6?+, $ %).', Lconsistin indecrees#>Certain it is that in Re# ?G .)'' $ L 'u'! 3e hae !riceindicated b& $#Cf# Ro# ?6J Ac# 6?6# In a fe3 e7am!les $"ies the occasion, as 2. $ L#).M M(Ac# D?6G), $ D ##.!^ '?E 5'4'($t# B?D), $ M(Mo# +B?)# Note also #' $ L '! $ L ?'..#!M(Ro# +?G) 3herethe second $s*""ests Lin the s!here of#> Cf# $ M(E!h# -?+B), $ I(+Tim# -?+), $ )M e'(Ro# 6?+6)# In sim!le tr*th the onl& 3a& to 'no3 the

res*ltant meanin" of $is to note caref*ll& the conte7t# It is so sim!le in idea that ita!!ears in eer& ariet& of connection#+#8nstrumental ;se of$# See !reio*s disc*ssion *nder Cases# 2lass-considers it

d*e to Hebre3 infl*ence as does Mannaris#+The ancient ree' 3riters did *se $3ithcertain erbs as the N# T# '! $ !(Re# +D?+B, some $SS#), '# $ !(+ Cor# ?+), b#!& $ !($t# ?+), $ M($t# D?6)#6The constr*ctionin itself is as old as Homer#Cf# $ '#F%'(Il# i# D), $ Q '!(Il#

77i# )# It is abnormall& fre9*ent in the XX *nder the infl*ence of the Hebre3 -,b*t it is not so common in the N# T# 2esides, the !a!&ri sho3 *ndo*bted e7am!les of it#$o*lton finds Ptolemaic e7am!les of $ ''!O, Tb#P# +B al.2%'#)' $ L

#LPar#P# 6 (iiU2#C#), 3hile 66 has L #L %'#B'and note T $(2 b.4', Par#P# B (iiU2#C#)# 1e can onl& sa&, therefore, that the XXaccelerated the ernac*lar idiom in this matter# The Aramaic !robabl& hel!ed it on also#The blendin" of the instr*mental 3ith the locatie in form facilitated this *sa"e be&ond

#Prol., p. 1&-.

-7are an$ possi


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a do*bt,Band the tendenc& to *se !re!ositions ab*ndantl& hel!ed also#D2*t een so onem*st obsere that all the N# T# e7am!les of $can be e7!lained from the !oint of ie3of the locatie# The !ossibilit& of this !oint of ie3 is the reason 3h& $3as so *sed inthe be"innin"# I !ass b& e7am!les li'e "'!& $ -%', "'! $ ' b.!M 'Q!($t# ?++) as !robabl& not bein" instances of the instr*mental *sa"e at all# 2*t

there are real instances eno*"h# Ta'e *# 66?-G 5 '3 $ ''!O2Here thesmitin" can be re"arded as located in the s3ord# To be s*re, in En"lish, 3e translate theres*ltant idea b& L3ith,> b*t $in itself does not mean L3ith#> That res*ltant idea canonl& come in the !ro!er conte7t# So $ L w&"T# E %'! $"##($t# +6?6-)# Here the castin" o*t is located in the !rince of demons# Cf# ! $ %!(Ac# +D?+), $ "'!(*# +?+), $ %)#M($'# +-?+), $ )M ''!((Heb#++?D)# The A!ocal&!se has seeral e7am!les, li'e #4 $ D '!^(6?+B),F' $ '!^ 'Q $ #L 'Q $ 'M(B?), $ ''!O F(+?+)# In Re# +-?+, & $ D, 3e do not necessaril& hae to e7!lain it in thismanner# Cf# Ro# 6?+BJ 6?6J + Mo# 6?J Mas# ?G# On the 3hole there is little that is o*t of

harmon& 3ith the ernac*lar 4in the N# T# *se of $, tho*"h Abbott

thin's that thee7am!les of 0eissmann and $o*lton do not e7actl& !arallel the N# T# instr*mental *se#;or re!etition of $see 6 Cor# B?- ff#

(f)5.There is nothin" to add to the et&molo"& of 5as com!ared 3ith that of $sae that 5is 'no3n to be reall& $@as 3e find it in the inscri!tions of Ar"os, Crete,etc# So $ 0''!'#+This seems to hae been added to $b& analo"& to $3#6/s*all&3ith the disa!!earance of the form 3as 5, b*t Th*c&dides, li'e the Ionic and 0oric3riters and the !oets, !referred $3hich 3as c*rrent in the inscri!tions before - 2#C#So 5a!!ears in a Phr&"ian Christian inscri!tion#-2*t the Volic 5"rad*all& droe o*tall the other forms#Ori"inall&, therefore, $alone e7isted 3ith either locatie oracc*satie, and 5a!!ears no3here else sae in the ree'# The classic *se of 5 |u%(some $SS# in Ac# 6?6D, + and readin" in Is# +-?+) is the tr*e "enitie, accordin" to2r*"mann (Griec! Gr., !# -G), Lin the s!here of Hades#>

+# riinal %tatic ;se# In Homer 5@F'means merel& to lie 3ithin# 2*t,tho*"h 5reall& means the same thin" as $, it 3as earl& *sed onl& 3ith the acc*satie,and "rad*all& s!ecialied th*s one of the *sa"es of $# The locatie 3ith $, ho3eer,contin*ed to be *sed sometimes in the same sense as the acc*satie 3ith 5# The

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acc*satie indeed normall& s*""ests motion (e7tension), and that did come to be thecommon *sa"e of 5!l*s the acc*satie# The res*ltant idea 3o*ld often be Linto,> b*tthis 3as b& no means al3a&s tr*e# 5is not *sed m*ch in com!osition in the N# T# andal3a&s 3here motion is inoled sae in the case of 5@'3here there seems littledifference bet3een 5and $(cf# + Cor# +-?6+J $t# B?D)# In itself 5e7!resses the same

dimension relation as $, i# in#BIt does not of itself mean into1 unto, or to# That is theres*ltant idea of the acc*satie case 3ith erbs of motion# It is tr*e that in the laterree' this static *se of 53ith the idea of rest (in) is far more common than in theearlier ree'# This 3as nat*rall& so, since in the ernac*lar 5finall& droe $o*tentirel& and did d*t& for both, K*st as ori"inall& $did# The onl& difference is that 5*sed the one case (acc*satie), 3hereas $*sed either acc*satie or locatie# 2*t+thenthe acc*satie 3as once the onl& case and m*st be allo3ed lar"e libert And een inthe classic 3riters there are not 3antin" e7am!les# These are *s*all& e7!lained6asinstances of 4!re"nant5 constr*ction, b*t it is !ossible to thin' of them as s*rials ofthe et&molo"ical idea of 5 ;$@2lasscomments on the fact that $atthe3 (b*t see belo3) has no s*ch e7am!les andMohn b*t fe3, 3hile *'e has most of them# I cannot, ho3eer, follo3 2lass in citin"

$'# +?G $"'!( 5 H%(as an e7am!le# The idea of motion in "'!&s*its 5as 3ell as $in $'# +?# Cf# 5G' 5(Mo# G?D)# 2*t in $t# 6?+G, "'!&5 :', and Ro# B? f#, 5 j)and 5 ', the notion of s!here isthe tr*e one# The same thin" ma& be tr*e of "'4 5 E b'E(Ac#6?), 3here onl& the conte7t and the tenor of N# T# teachin" can determine 3hetherLinto,> L*nto> or merel& Lin> or Lon> (L*!on>) is the ri"ht translation, a tas' for theinter!reter, not for the "rammarian# One does not need here to a!!eal to the Hebre3

@.:G., I, p. .

1ann., ist. Gk. Gr., p. -/.

#I


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as Thol*c' does ("eitr=e 9ur %prac!erkl=run des 0. ,., !# -D f#)# Indeedthe *se of :'for !erson is common in the !a!&ri (0eissmann,"ible %tudies, !# +GBf#)# 0eissmann "ies e7am!les of 5 :', $7 )', and the mere locatie)', from the !a!&ri# The static *se of 5is seen in its distrib*tie *se li'e $in$'# -?, 5 ' 'Q $ p34' 'Q $ p')# 2*t there are *ndo*btede7am!les 3here onl& Lin,> Lon> or Lat> can be the idea# Th*s ( 5 *'..($'# +?G) 3here there is some e7c*se for the 4!re"nant5 e7!lanation

beca*se of f## So $#P '( 5 )#($t# 6?6J -?+), b*t note onl&'( 5 .B(Heb# ++?G) and 6( 5 &(Ac# ?-)# Cf# '( 5 :($'# +?), J 5 .)($'# +?+B), F 5 (*# G?B+), 5 S!( 5!(*# ++?D), $.''#!G 5 m%((Ac# 6?6DJ cf# erse +), F 5'(6?G), 5 #4V:'(Ac# ?6), $ ) 5 S 0!'(Ac# +G?66),'F 5 H'#4(Ac# 6+?+), 5 }/( 'B'(Ac# 6?++), (F'5 k''!'(Ac# 6?-), J K 5 #)#(Mo# +?+), o F 5 X 5(+ Mo#?), 5 B(+ Pet# ?+6)# Nor is this 9*ite all# In some $SS# in $'# 6?+ 3e hae

5 +) $(20 $ IM)# In Ac# 6? the $SS# ar& bet3een 5and $as in$'# +?+# Another instance is fo*nd in E!h# ?+B, ''B' 5 2# Cf# Mo# 6?DJ $'# +?G# 2*t in 2( 5 (Mo# 6?+G, 6B) 3e haemotion, tho*"h 2( 5 '5.'#)(Mo# 6+?-) is an e7am!le of rest# Mo# +D?6 isnormal# In $t# +?-+ f#, 5 :' 4 ;'(C, %'!) to "ie the

res*lta" of Linto,> L*nto,> Lamon",> Lto,> Lto3ards> or Lon,> L*!on,> accordin" to theconte7t# This is so common as to call for little ill*stration# As 3ith $so 3ith 5, theno*n itself "ies the bo*ndar& or limit# So 5 S 5!'($t# 6?++), 5 :(?+),5 '/(6D?6D), 5 #''(+D?6D), 5 ?')(Re# +?), 5 2((Ac# 66?6+), 5 ')($t# B?+), 5 (F(Mo# ++?), 5 S J%)($'#++?), 5 T '((*# B?6), 5 T #O(*# +?B), 5 #!((Re# 6?66),5 * %3(Mo# 6+?B), 5 S '#4($t# 6D?), 5 * .#'(*# 6?6), 5i# )($'# +-?G), 5 6A(+ Th# 6?G)# These e7am!les fairl& ill*strate theariet& in the *se of 53ith erbs of motion# ;or idea of Lamon"> see Mo# 6+?6# It 3ill

be seen at once, if one cons*lts the conte7t in these !assa"es, that the !re!osition does

not of itself mean Linto> een 3ith erbs of motion# That is indeed one of the res*ltantmeanin"s amon" man& others# The meta!horical *ses do not differ in !rinci!le, s*ch as5 #!G($t# 6-?G), . 5 X(Mo# ++?6), 5 S &4($t# +?), 5 !(Mo# ?6-), 5 6'4(6 Cor#+?), 5 F'($t# +D?66), etc# ;or man& interestin"e7am!les of $and 5see Theimer,Die +r=positionen5, $, $im 0. ,.1 "eitr=e 9ur

>enntnis des %prac!ebrauc!es im 0. ,., +GB## Wit! 5xpressions of ,ime# Here 5mar's either the limit or accents the d*ration

e7!ressed b& the acc*satie# Th*s in 6 Tim# +?+6 3e find #3' 5 $!( SU'3here L*ntil> s*its as a translation (cf# La"ainst>)# Cf# Ph# +?+, 5 U'

)holu*k )LC@, 2eitr"e *r S!racher'lr*n" des N# T#

)heier )EIME7, A., 2eitr"e *r enntnis des S!rach"ebr# im N# T#%19'.


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C# Not 9*ite so shar! a limit is 5 S '($t# B?-)# Cf# + Pet# +?++# There islittle that is added b& the !re!osition to the acc*satie in s*ch e7am!les as 5 ##(*# +?G), 5 '5E'($t# 6+?+G), 5 .* 'Q .(*# +?), 5 %((Heb# D?), etc# Cf# *# +6?+G# 2*t a more definite !eriod is set in cases li'e 5 ')(*# +?6), 5 '3 ""'(Ac# +?-6)#

-#ike a Dative# It is not stran"e to see 5*sed 3here dis!osition or attit*de ofmind is set forth# Indeed alread& 5and the acc*satie occ*r 3here the datie alone3o*ld be s*fficient# This is es!eciall& tr*e in the XX, b*t the !a!&ri sho3 e7am!lesalso# Cf# o 5 j)(Mart. +auli, II)# $o*lton (+rol., !# 6-B) cites Tb# P# +B, ?#4. B 5 '?T '?'%!^, 43here 5act*all& stands for the !ossessie"enitie#5 One m*st remember the com!lete disa!!earance of the datie in modernree'+ernac*lar# Note B #.!' B 5 T b.!(+ Cor# +B?+), #E 5'(Ro# +?+6), #3 5(Ph# -?+D), $#(' 4 5 2(Ac#6-?+D), #. 5 * 2((Ro# +?+B), "# 5(Heb# ++?6B), #. 5(Ac#6?6), 5($t# ?- f#), '? 5 ##4#(Ro# +6?+B), 5($t#

+?B), ( 5(E!h# -?6), .( 5(Ro# ?), etc# If one entertains hostilefeelin"s the res*ltant idea 3ith 53ill be La"ai

a grammar of the greek new testament in the light of historical research cap 13

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