a greening the life cycle of polylactide: why we need ... · greening the life cycle of...
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Greening the Life Cycle of Polylactide:
Why we need transparency in LCA
Olivier Talon, Björn Bergmann
Lille, 05/11/2014
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Polylactide (PLA)
Major
producerNatureWorks (US), Ingeo made from corn.
Biobased
plasticMade from corn starch, cane sugar, beet sugar… or any
fermentable sugar.
cornproduction
starchextraction
lactic acid
fermentation /
purification
lactideoligomerization /
cyclization
PLARing Opening
Polymerization
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
InnoREX in one picture
« Continuous, highly precise production of PLA using alternative
energies and metal-free catalysts for reactive extrusion »
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
InnoREX consortium
For more information about InnoREX:www.innorex.eu
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
InnoREX project: From a Life Cycle point of view
crop
(corn)
sugar
lactic
acid
use
chemical
recycling other EOL
PLA Life Cycle
InnoREX focus
lactidePLA
synthesis
pelletization
shaping
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Expected environmental benefits
Highly targeted energy use
By-pass of pelletization step
Alternative catalysts
energy for synthesis
diminution of energy-related
impacts (climate change, …)
energy saving
diminution of energy-related
impacts (climate change, …)
toxicity
diminution of toxicity-related impacts
for production and use steps, possible
indirect impact on end-of-life
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
LCA, a tool for answering 2 questions
How much could
we lower the impact?
How much do
we lower the impact?
LCA should help us quantifying the contribution of the steps we work on
to the overall impact of the Life Cycle of PLA
1st step: Focus on cradle-to-
gate inventory for
PLA pellets
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
What we expect LCI data to be…
corn
production wet
milling
lactic
acid
production
lactide
production
PLA
production
- Modular
Disaggregated
- Transparent
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
…so that we can:
corn
production wet
milling
lactic
acid
production
lactide
production
InnoREX
PLA
production
- Identify hotspots and
major contributors
- Replace process
steps in new models
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
What LCI data are…
NatureWorks eco-profile
1 kg PLA
Ecoinvent 3 dataset
1 kg PLA
- slightly less aggregated
- 1,507 kg corn
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
It looks like data are not
always as modular,
disaggregated and
transparent as we expect
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Transparency: the keyword of LCA?
« Transparency is the quality of being done
in an open way without secrets »
Cambridge online dictionary
« Transparency: open, comprehensive and
understandable presentation of information »
ISO 14040 & 14044 standard
The word transparency appears 7/8 times in the text of the standards…
… but NOT in the « inventory » section
So… the way data are used has to be transparent…
… but opacity can be admitted for the way data are obtained???
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Who guarantees the reliability of the data we use?
Trust in my
data…
Only trust does, because
lack of transparency prevents
us from checking them
Feedback on databases for continuous improvement is encouraged (and mostly
efficient)… but opacity makes it uneasy and time-consuming for practitioners.
Third part review may confirm that data were generated following best practices,
but are « best practices » enough strictly defined?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Let’s say we trust.
How can we go on
further with our study?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Home-made disaggregation based on
published studies and inventories?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Almost impossible…(and highly time-consuming)
NatureWorks eco-profile
1 kg PLA
EI3 dataset
1 kg PLA
Different goals and scopes…
Different (and not really transparent) modelling hypotheses…
Different mass balances !!!
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Different mass balances???The strange case of Dr. Corn and Mr. PLA
How much corn is needed to produce 1 kg PLA?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
And yet, corn in itself is a
major contributor to the impact
of the Life Cycle of PLA…
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
EI3 PLA impacts: corn contribution
calculation with
ILCD2011 Midpoint+ v1.04
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
But how to correct this in EI3 dataset?
Change corn input?
Modify all other inputs and
emissions accordingly?
Results would obviously not be the same…
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
PLA vs. modified PLAs
calculation with ILCD2011 Midpoint+ v1.04
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
The next PLA eco-profile: A new hope?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
The case of PLA may not be
representative of all data…
… but it is for sure not isolated.
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
The strange case of Dr. Styrene and Mr. PSIs polymerization the answer to global warming?
datasets from EI3, calculation with ILCD2011 Midpoint+ v1.04
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
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Seems nonsensical…
To say the least, these datasets are not
compatible…
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
What could possibly go wrong
with opacity, anyway?
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Case study: substitution of PET by PLA for bottle application.
Evaluation with a LCA webtool.
results
interpretation
decision
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
But… what are these data?
Non transparent (and obviously not compatible) datasets
used in the same database...
results
interpretation
decision
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
The quest for transparency: an ancient history…
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
What could be done?
1. Rethink the definition of transparency in the standards
2. Put some of it in the « inventory » section of the standards
3. Define more strictly the methodology for data generation…
4. …thus ensuring compatibility of datasets and
interoperability of databases
LCA should become a science.
Verifiability and refutability should be guaranteed by
enhanced transparency.
A compromise between transparency and confidentiality shall
be reached to preserve intellectual property.
But confidentiality cannot always win.
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Who could benefit from more transparency?
Industrial
data
provider
Database
provider
User of
LCA
results
LCA
practitioner
- less risk of greenwashing
accusation
- less risk of misuse of data by
others
- more reliable input data from
suppliers
- less time wasted
- better models
- sounder interpretations
- better trust in the results
- wiser decisions
- more reliable DB
- better compatibility of
datasets
- better modularity
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This project has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° [309802].
Thanks for your attention
contact:
InnoREX coordinator: