A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition

Chapter 8

Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

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You Will Learn…

About hard drive technologies

How a computer communicates with hard drive firmware

How a hard drive is logically organized to hold data

How to install a hard drive

How to solve hard drive installation problems

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Hard Drive Technologies

Used by hard drive to interface with the system

Used within hard drive to read and write data to the drive

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Hard Drive Subsystem

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Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface standards used by most hard drives

Other interface standards

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EIDE Interface Standards Specify data transfer speed more than any

other factor

Considerations when selecting a standard Use fastest standard appropriate for range of the

system and size of the drive

Must be supported by the OS, system BIOS on motherboard, and firmware on the drive

Ultra ATA/100: most popular

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ANSI Interface Standards

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EIDE Interface Standards (continued) Modes of transferring data between hard drive

and memory

DMA transfer mode

PIO transfer mode

IDE cabling methods

Parallel ATA (PATA) technology

Serial ATA (SATA) technology

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IDE Cabling Methods

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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)

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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)

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EIDE Interface Standards (continued)

Independent device timing

Drives larger than 137GB

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Configuring EIDE Drives EIDE standards support two IDE connections,

a primary and a secondary

Each connection can support up to two IDE devices for a total of four devices on a system Primary IDE channel, master device

Primary IDE channel, slave device

Secondary IDE channel, master device

Secondary IDE channel, slave device

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Configuring EIDE Drives (continued)

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Other Interface Standards

SCSI (small computer system interface)

USB

IEEE 1394

Fibre Channel

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How Hard Drives Work

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How Hard Drives Work (continued)

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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive

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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive (continued)

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Low-Level Formatting

Occurs at the factory

Process of writing sector and track markings on the disk

Expected to last for the life of the drive

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Considerations When Purchasing a Hard Drive Capacity

Spindle speed

Technology standard

Cache or buffer size

Average seek time

Match drive to motherboard

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Communicating with the Hard Drive Controller

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Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives For drives less than 8.4 GB

Determined by number of heads, tracks, and sectors on the disk, each sector holding 512 bytes of data

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Hard Drive Size Limitations

Operating system Maximum size supportedDOS and Windows 9x FAT16 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard

drives that exceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB

Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Service Pack

Larger than 137 GB

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Methods of Retaining Backward Compatibility CHS mode or normal mode (for drives less

than 528 MB)

Large mode or ECHS mode (for drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)

LBA mode (for drives larger than 504 MB)

33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation

Device drivers

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How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold Data

Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files

Low-level format (usually done at the factory)

Partitioning the hard drive

High-level format

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Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives

Active partition

Primary partition

Extended partition

Logical partition

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Partitions and Logical Drives

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Hard Drive Partition Table

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Choice of File Systems FAT16

Supported by all Windows systems FAT32 (and VFAT)

Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP

NTFS Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000,

Windows XP Each logical drive has its own file system

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How Many Logical Drives?

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When to Partition a Drive

First install a new hard drive

Existing drive is giving errors

Suspect a virus has attacked the drive

Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a new OS

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Installing a Hard Drive1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install

drive; attach power cord and data cable

2. Inform CMOS of new drive

3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup CD (and skip next two steps)

4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide extended partition into logical drives

5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk Management to high-level format each logical drive

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Prepare for Installation

Read documentation

Plan drive configuration

Prepare work area and take precautions

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Jumper Settings

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Jumper Settings (continued)

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Jumper Settings (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)

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If the Bay Is Too Large

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Use CMOS to Change Hard Drive Settings

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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives

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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)

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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)

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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive

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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)

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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)

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Format Each Logical Drive After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC

before you format the drive

Commands used to format logical drives C, D, and E:

Format C:/S

Format D:

Format E:

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Using Windows to Partition and Format a New Drive

Boot from Window setup CD

Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on new drive

The setup process partitions and formats new drive before it begins Windows installation

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Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS

recognizes large drives Verify status of Fdisk Verify that Format C:/S was done Check configuration of CMOS setup Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers Check connection of power cord and data cable Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions

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Summary Introduction to hard drive technology How a hard drive is logically organized Physical characteristics of a hard drive How the OS and system BIOS communicate

with the hard drive How to install a hard drive Troubleshooting hard drive installation

problems