a guide to urban habitat conservation planning

8/13/2019 A Guide to Urban Habitat Conservation Planning

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A Guide to Urban Habitat

Conservation Planning

Thomas G. Barnes, Extension WildlifeSpecialistLowell Adams, National Institute forr!an Wildlife

Kentuckians value their forests andother natural resources for aesthetic,recreational, and economicsignificance, so over the past severaldecades they have becomeincreasingly concerned about the lossof wildlife habitat and greenspace.Urban and suburban development isone of the leading causes of this loss:A recent study indicated that every dayin Kentucky more than 100 acres of

rural land is being converted to urbandevelopment.


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ecause concern for loss ofgreenspace is not new, we have for

some time created attractive urbangreenspace environments with ourparks and backyards. !hesegreenspaces have been created not somuch for wildlife habitats as for people

to en"oy, but the potential for wildlifehabitat e#ists in these scattered habitatpatches.

An effective planning strategy isneeded to create and link these

isolated patches. !he goal is morethan "ust to connect parcels$it is todevelop land in a way that allows forthe natural distribution of our urbanwildlife species. Although complete

and easily applied answers are not yetavailable, much has already beenlearned, and a consensus is emergingamong landscape ecologists.


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!his publication is designed for theplanner, landscape architect, urban

government regulator, policy maker,and concerned citi%en. &t introduceslandscape ecology concepts and looksat how geographic informationsystems '(&)* technology can be used

to develop and monitor local land+usepolicy to maintain wildlife habitat andgreenspaces.

!he publication can also be useful tothe average homeowner in

understanding the comple# issuesinvolved in landscape planning andwildlife conservation and to theaverage citi%en who wants to morefully participate in community planning

that addresses these issues.or both professionals and the generalpublic, the publication will introduceways to minimi%e the adverse impact


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of residential development that hasalready taken place.

Landscape Ecology

!o understand basic landscapeecology and relate its concepts tourban wildlife management, it isnecessary to define some terms and

discuss their importance.

Landscape ecolo"#is the study of thestructure, function, and change of thelandscape over large areas. &t is an

interdisciplinary science that studiesthe interrelationship among humansociety and our living space and thenatural processes within that livingspace.

A landscape is a large area composedof ecosystems 'the plants, animals,other living organisms, and theirphysical surroundings*. -andscapes


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often contain patches of both humandevelopment and wildlife habitat, and

they vary considerably in si%e, shape,and structure. Another way of lookingat a landscape is as a mosaic ofpatches across which organismsmove, settle, reproduce, and die.

A landscape consists of three maincomponents: a matri#, patches, andcorridors 'igure 1*.Figure 1. Landscape components.

(uidelines for onsidering /ildlife in the Urban evelopment

rocessromote habitats that will have the food, cover, water, and living space that all wildlife re2uire byfollowing these guidelines:

efore development, ma#imi%e open space and make an effort to protect the most valuable

wildlife habitat by placing buildings on less important portions of the site. hoosing clusterdevelopment, which is fle#ible, can help.

rovide water, and design stormwater control impoundments to benefit wildlife.

Use native plants that have value for wildlife as well as aesthetic appeal.

rovide bird+feeding stations and nest bo#es for cavity+nesting birds like house wrens and

wood ducks.

3ducate residents about wildlife conservation, using, for e#ample, information packets or a

nature trail through open space.

3nsure a commitment to managing urban wildlife habitats.
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!he matrix,the dominant componentin the landscape, is the most e#tensive

and connected landscape element.Apatch,a surface of the landscapethat looks different from itssurroundings 'the matri#*, may arisefrom natural factors such as soil type

or human+induced factors such ashousing development.

/ildlife habitat patches are basicallyislands in a sea of homes andbusinesses. )mall patches are

typically too small or too isolated toprovide resident wildlife with the basicnecessities of life: food, water, andcover.

/hat is a corridor, and what is itsvalue to wildlife4 A corridoris alandscape linkage that unites patches.5atural and human+designed corridors


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can connect two or more patches ofhabitat. 6aintaining or creating

corridors in order to link patches canincrease use of wildlife habitats,provide avenues for dispersal andmigration, facilitate gene flow betweenpopulations, and increase likelihood

the patches will be inhabited.A path followed by a river or stream isan e#ample of a natural habitatcorridor$strips of vegetation alongstreams are especially important to

migrating wildlife.7oads 'both rural and urban*,windbreaks, and railroad rights+of+waycan also function as corridors, butunfortunately, these human+made

corridors are often avenues by whiche#otic plants invade naturalecosystems.


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!o be most effective, a corridor mustbe wide enough to provide food, water,

and shelter for an animal as it movesthrough the corridor.

How Does Patch Size and Shape Affectildlife!

!he si%e of a habitat patch affects the

kinds and numbers of animals within it.!he species profile within a patch atleast partly depends on how wereduce and enlarge habitats as aconse2uence of designing and building

on the landscape./ith habitat fragmentation, contiguoushabitat is broken or sliced into smallerpieces 'or patches* by housing andindustrial development, intensive

agriculture, roads, and other humanactivities.


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Ed"ehabitats$outer %ones that differfrom patch interior$are increased by

fragmentation, and because thesmaller patches provide relativelymore edge habitats, they promoteedge species at the e#pense of interiorwildlife species.

&magine a woodland patch of 18 acresdivided into four smaller patches andthen divided further into 18 one+acrepatches. !he amount of edgeincreases dramatically, while the

amount of interior habitat decreasesuntil finally, the patch is all edge.

9abitat onservation lans: A 5ew !ool for rotecting3ndangered )pecies4

Added in 1;< to the federal 3ndangered )pecies Act, habitat conservation plans are an attempt toprotect threatened and endangered species from encroaching development.

A habitat conservation plan allows some development of a habitat critical to the survival of a speciesor group of species. At the same time, the plan better protects the remaining habitat$through formalcreation of habitat reserves, for e#ample. A number of such plans e#ist in the United )tates, but it istoo early to tell how well they will work. A steering committee for the plan is usually set up first,representing developers, the environmental community, government officials, and state and federalresource agencies. re2uently, a technical or biological committee is also set up. inally, aconsultant is hired to collect needed data.


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ollowing these guidelines can help assure that a habitat conservation plan is successful:

1. &nclude representatives of all affected stakeholder groups in the process.. evelop an e2uitable, long+term funding program that spreads the financial burden of habitatconservation over groups that will benefit 'e.g., developers, general public, property owners*.

?. rotect multiple species and broader patterns of diversity rather than focusing on singlespecies protection.

8. )eek ways of combining habitat conservation with other community goals, such asestablishment of public recreation lands, open space, and water 2uality protection.

@@@@@@@@@@ Source$ Beatle# %&''().

ildlife "est Adapted to #r$an Settings inEdge and %nterior Ha$itats

3dge habitat, which can be up toseveral hundred feet wide, benefitsonly certain kinds of edge specieswildlife$opossums, raccoons, deer,skunks, cowbirds, red+tailed hawks,white+tailed deer, and northerncardinals$often at the e#pense ofinterior habitat species. 6ost wildlife

species inhabiting edges areconsidered habitat generalists.


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Interiorhabitat is the area inside apatch that is removed from an edge

habitat or can be viewed as the patchscore$that is, the area unaffected byits edge. &nterior habitats arenecessary for certain interior specieslike bobcats, wood thrushes,

bobolinks, and ovenbirds.!hese interior habitats provideinsulation from edge effects such asnoise, wind, solar radiation, andincreased predation. An interior habitat

begins to develop appro#imately 1?0feet from the edge of the patch,although habitats for some speciesmay need to be up to 1,;00 feet fromthe edge.

Effect of Landscape Size& hat %s theSmallest Ha$itat Patch ildlife 'e(uires!

6any animals re2uire a variety ofhabitat patches in close pro#imity to


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meet their daily and seasonal needs. Adeer may bed down beneath the

canopy of an oak, seek cover frompredators within the thickets of riparianwillows, drink from a nearby stream,and leave the shelter of the trees toforage in ad"acent grassland. !his

variety of vegetation types forms apatchwork 2uilt across the landscape.!he si%e, vegetation diversity, andinterconnectedness of patches thatmake up the landscape determine thepopulation si%e and kinds of animalsfound within it 'igures *.Figure ). Patch size and shape considerations are important when planning for wildlife.Large circular patches are $est for wildlife and are e*en $etter when connected $y a corridor+adapted from Soule 1,,1-.

Figure . Large patches pro*ide ha$itat for interior wildlife species. Fragmentation shown in" and / decreases the amount of interior ha$itat and increases the amount of edge +adaptedfrom Soule 1,,1-.

Figure 0. A patchs size and shape affect the amount of ha$itat a*aila$le for interior wildlife

species. Large areas are $etter than small areas2 and circle3shaped areas are $etter thans(uare3shaped or rectangle3shaped ones +adapted from Forman 1,41-.

-andscape+si%e categories 'less than


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more than 1


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wildlife habitat of this si%e, loss of aspecies from an area becomes a real

possibility due to small population si%eand the effect of random events.

7esearch studies point out howimportant patch si%e is for wildlife.!ilghman found that habitat si%e was

the most critical factor in determiningwhich bird species will be found inurban environments. Ci%yovademonstrated that the relative isolationof the habitat, as well as the si%e,

influences mammalian populations inurban woodlots.

A local e#ample illustrates this pointfurther: the -e#ington emeteryconsists of more than 100 acres of

mature trees with several large ponds,and it reports >< common or abundantresident birds using the area. !hecemetery bird list also includes >1


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migratory birds that might be seen inApril or 6ay and )eptember through

5ovember. Dn the other hand, in atypical 2uarter+acre yard in a -e#ingtonsubdivision, one might observe 1< to1? resident bird species and five to 10migratory songbirds.

Landscapes of )56 to 1)2666acres&A landscape of interconnectedpatches of


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supply a multiplicity of diverse habitattypes for large mammals and birds,

they also provide habitat for a fullrange of small and medium+si%eanimals.

!he shape of a habitat patch affectswildlife much as its si%e does, since it

influences the relative amounts ofedge and interior habitats. As a patchis reshaped from circular to linear'igures > and ?*, the distance fromthe interior to the edge decreases, as it

does when a patch becomes smaller.or e#ample, a long, thin patch catersalmost e#clusively to edge speciesbecause it provides little or no interiorhabitat. &n contrast, a round patch of

e2ual area may provide interior habitatfor some species.Figure 5. /onser*ation $uffers that ha*e little or no de*elopment ad7acent to streams orother significant natural areas help protect wildlife ha$itat from de*elopment +adapted fromShaw2 "urns2 and Sten$erg2 #ni*. of Arizona-.
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#sing 8echnology to Help 9anage #r$anLandscapes

5atural resources professionals havealways recogni%ed the need for spatialinformation and have spent substantialtime and money to ac2uire spatialrepresentations, which are stored on

paper maps.!hose general+purpose maps do not,however, provide all the spatial dataneeded for planning, because papermaps have limitations. Unless data is

condensed, paper maps cannotrepresent a great amount of detail onone sheet. ata must be condensed,or multiple maps$speciali%ed,thematic maps of vegetation, soils, or

other forest features$must be printed.aper maps are also costly to produceand distribute, and, because they arestatic representations, it is very


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e#pensive to change scale, add ordelete data, or modify representation.

(iven these problems, the fact thatnatural resources managers use papermaps as much as they do shows thevalue of spatial information. utgeographic information systems '(&)*

technology can make spatial datamore accessible than paper maps.ecause (&) automates cartographicand spatial analysis functions, it alsomakes the manipulation process less

costly and time consuming.Anyone in forestry, natural resources,or any related land+managementprofession has heard about (&). !omany, (&) is another high+tech

computer bu%%word that e#perts anduniversity researchers throw about atmeetings, creating the impression that(&) technology is beyond the typical


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professional land+resource manager orlandowner. 5ot soE

)imply put, a (&) is composed ofcomputer hardware, software'programs*, and data. &t enables you tomanipulate maps in much the sameway a database enables you to

manipulate numbers or words so youcan collect, store, and analy%e spatialinformation about topographicalfeatures such as forests, soil, water,buildings, and roads.

)pecial thematic maps can be created2uickly with (&), containing only thenecessary data. ut the real power of(&) is in spatial analysis. ecause themaps are represented digitally and can

be manipulated, each simple thematicmap can be altered, copied, andcombined with others to produce new,very speciali%ed spatial information


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about an area of interest. 6aps can becreated to answer a single 2uestion

about a forest area. or e#ample, the2uery Flocation of all forest land lessthan 1 mile from any road or motori%edtrail that is also within


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data layers that may be useful toplanners include:

trees$species, canopy cover, and area 'or ecological community*

roads$primary, secondary, and tertiary

hydrography$rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, etc.

census data$boundary lines and tabular data

wetlands$description of ecological ta#a in a form useful to resource managers

farmland classifications$primary, secondary, etc.

physical geography information$slope, contour, elevation, aspect

rare and endangered species$nesting sites, range, etc.

soil types

vegetation types

urbani%ed regions.

(&) technology will affect everyresource professional, landowner, and

land manager in the near future, eventhose who do not own and operate a(&). lanners even now can takeadvantage of (&) technology andlandscape ecology concepts to:

6ake maps that demonstrate e#isting environmental conditions to decision makers in a

meaningful manner

&dentify and demonstrate the spatial relationships between habitat boundaries, natural and

created habitat features, and development

6odel comparisons between natural resources and %oning or general plan designations

&dentify areas where habitats can be connected or restored.


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/onser*ation :oals for #r$an Sites

lanners, builders, developers,

landscape architects, biologists, andecologists should work together toconserve wildlife, habitats, andsignificant natural areas. A broadconservation strategy for urban and

urbani%ing areas should strive tomaintain diversity in regional specieswhile also accommodating humanneeds and desires.

7egional planning should focus on

preserving and incorporating, in acontinuous, open+space network,uni2ue habitats and those habitatslimited to the region 'igure 8*. Apatchwork of different habitat types

and those under development maywell ma#imi%e richness of localspecies, but perhaps at the e#pense ofspecies and wildlife communities most


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only particular physical habitats. ore#ample, such nodes would include a

champion tree, a population of runningbuffalo clover, an undrained swamp, acounty park, or a national forest.!hese nodes should receive toppriority for protection, but to function in

perpetuity, sites must be buffered,interconnected by corridors, andpermitted to interact with surroundingnatural habitats.

rofessionals and community groups

concerned about landscapeconservation should e#amine e#istingpatterns of high+2uality nodes forpotential travel corridors and dispersalbarriers. !hey could then develop

those patterns into conservation plansthat minimi%e artificial barriers andma#imi%e corridor connectivity. ore#ample, the Kentucky chapter of !he


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5ature onservancy and the Kentucky)tate 5ature reserves ommission

have begun protecting the Kentucky7iver alisades and surroundingforest, which represents the onlysignificant wild land remaining incentral Kentucky.

!he multiple+use module '6U6* hasbeen proposed as a means to linktogether high+2uality nodes of diversity'igure H*. !he core area of a 6U6 isa node of diversity surrounded by a

multiple+use buffer %one of appropriatetype, scale, and intensity of use.lanners and developers must askthemselves: /hat is the minimum si%eof buffers needed around patches and

corridors to minimi%e the impact ofresidential development4Figure >. A potential design for a multiple3use module +9#9- or an ur$an wildlife reser*eshould ha*e connecting corridor+s- and $uffer zones to pro*ide wildlife ha$itat and other$enefits +adapted from Harris and =oss2 #ni*. of Florida-.
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ommunities need to developconservation strategies that

emphasi%e: omprehensive planning for threatened elements or nodes of diversity

&ntegration of nodes into networks of protected and buffer areas

&ntegration of conservation and development planning for long+term environmental 2uality.

lanning efforts in (reat ritain, fore#ample, have resulted in a wildlife

conservation program for metropolitanareas that includes protection ofestablished sites, secure linkagesbetween sites, and availability ofwildlife sites to everyone.

lanners need to establish the basicframework in collaboration withneighboring authorities to ensure botha wider conte#t for site evaluation andcontinuity of wildlife corridors. A whole+

city approach would be ideal.

ring ack the irds: An Action lan

5eotropical, or 5ew /orld, migratory birds breed in 5orth America and winter in 6e#ico, thearibbean, and entral and )outh America. !hese birds include warblers, swifts, hummingbirds,


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tanagers, shorebirds, and thrushes. 5eotropical migratory birds are declining in population, primarilybecause of a loss of habitats in which to breed or winter.

artners in light is a coordinated international effort of concerned people who want to find solutionsto the problem of the declining populations of neotropical migratory birds.

!he aim of artners in light is to determine the status and underlying causes for the populationdeclines, maintain stable populations, and use habitat restoration and enhancement to reverse thedecline. !o learn more, contact artners in light, 5ational ish and /ildlife oundation, 11


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6a#imi%e the patch si%e of woody vegetation 'the crown volume of trees and shrubs*.

reeding bird species are more likely to increase in richness from this one practice than fromany other management action.

lant trees, shrubs, and other vegetation of known food or cover value to birds.

%ntegrating Human Preferences

/ith wildlife use, it is important tointegrate human preferences and useof urban reserves and corridors.

-ittle research has dealt with balancingthese uses, although some interestingwork has been conducted on howchildren 'ages 8 to 10* relate to wildlifeand wildlife habitats in urban+suburban

areas. hildren are among the mostfre2uent users of the neighborhoodopen space. !hey play close to homeand among their favorite areas areFwild landsG and vacant lots. !hey

place high value on outdoor places forplay that allow personal investigationand manipulation of materials.


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-arge areas are not re2uired, butwildlife habitats that work for children

should be centrally located inresidential developments and bufferedby residences instead of roads. othsocial and physical safety issuesshould receive attention.

&deally, a variety of habitats isdesirable, including a2uatic, forest,field, and edge. Dne authority says: F&fone were forced to choose a singleneighborhood open space that best

suits wildlife and kids simultaneously, itshould be a greenbelt park along astream corridor with small patches orclumps of vegetation and pathwaysthat accommodate bicycle travel. !he

closer to home, the better.G ')chicker1;H*.

A ma"or portion of all outdoor activityfor children may directly involve wildlife


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'e.g., collecting, observing, etc.*.Unlike adults, who usually like birds

and mammals, children are moreinterested in Fcreepy+crawlyG varietiessuch as amphibians, reptiles, andinsects.

!hese findings have important

implications about how to interestchildren in wildlife conservation at anearly age. )chicker says that givingchildren a challenging and naturallybeautiful place to grow up Fcan only

make them better decision makersabout our environmental future.G

/ithout a doubt, public knowledge,attitudes, and preferences regardingwildlife habitats are important

contributing factors to habitatconservation in the metropolitanenvironment. )ome research hasshown that good wildlife habitats can


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be incorporated into residential open+space systems in a visually pleasing

manner, which is best accomplishedthrough support of urban planners andmanagers and integration of gooddesign concepts by landscapearchitects and wildlife biologists.

&n another study, > percent ofrespondents to a citywide survey saidthat wetlands add to the beauty,diversity, and 2uality of the humanliving environment. !hey also said it

would be desirable to design andmanage stormwater control basins forfish and wildlife as well as for flood andsediment control, if this were feasibletechnically and economically.

7esidents of another city 'in a thirdstudy* appeared to be able torecogni%e relative values of varioushabitats for wildlife. 9owever, they


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types to wildlife. &n practice, it may bedifficult to determine relative values of

various habitat+types. &t may help touse databases for fish and wildlife andnatural heritage programs. ertainly, acritical habitat of a threatened orendangered species should be highly

valued. 7egionally limited or uni2uehabitats also should rank highly, asshould habitats that support largenumbers of native species ore#ceptional species diversity, such aswetlands.

3fforts should be made to avoiddeveloping high+value habitats$theforests surrounding the Kentucky7iver, for e#ample$by developing

lower+value habitats, such as theundeveloped agricultural crop fields inthe same area.


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Use of computeri%ed fish and wildlifeinformation systems and databases for

natural heritage programs may make iteasier to make decisions about habitatvalue.

!he Kentucky epartment of ish and/ildlife 7esources and the Kentucky

)tate 5ature reserves ommissionmake available to the public throughtheir databases information on:

distribution$where species are found

abundance$whether species are endangered, rare, common, etc.

habitat+type$types of wildlife associated with various habitats.

!his type of information can be fed intoa (&) to determine 1* wheredevelopment may or may not beappropriate or


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considered at this stage of theplanning process.

Dnce the assessment has beencompleted, the local governing bodyshould have in place policies regardingwildlife conservation, protection ofnatural areas, and development.

!hese policies should be integrated,where appropriate, with othercommunity or county ob"ectives toform a comprehensive greenspaceplan with well+defined steps on how to

accomplish wildlife conservation,including how to get the necessarycommitments from leaders who controlneeded resources.

)pecific ob"ectives of the plan should

be to: rotect habitats of greatest value

6inimi%e impact of development on other sites through design modifications, creation of a

new habitat, or both

&ntegrate the plan where appropriate with rural conservation areas


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6a#imi%e the wildlife potential of land within local authority ownership or control

rovide for public use and encourage local people to use the habitat network. 9owever, not

every site can sustain free and regular access, so controls may be necessary through sitedesign, location of access points, footpath networks, or, if needed, more rigorous methods.

romote wildlife conservation in general.

)ome innovative designs related toconservation strategy have beenproposed, such as altering the shapeof building lots from rectangles to

triangles in order to more effectivelycreate large patches of vegetation onprivate lots.

/an De*elopment 9inimize %mpact toildlife!

luster development is anotherinnovative design that may offergreater fle#ibility than traditionaldevelopment for maintaining somenatural land features and habitats. -ot

si%es, setback re2uirements, and roadrights+of+way are typically reduced withcluster development, and developmentis grouped on portions of the site most


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favorable to building. !he remainder ispreserved as open space. (enerally,

clustering allows the same buildingdensity throughout a site, in contrast totraditional lot development.

Dther recommendations to ensure theareas natural resources:

Protect critical ha$itats in pu$licownership $y outright purchase ofthe land.)uch areas are usuallyprotected for multiple purposes,particularly riparian areas that are

unsuitable for development but arevaluable for recreation, flood control,and open space. &f critical areascannot be purchased outright, considerpurchasing development rights to the

properties to protect against futuredevelopment and protect habitatvalues. !he landowner still owns theproperty under this arrangement, but it


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has been reduced in its potentialdevelopment value.

?ffer incenti*es to landowners whoprotect *alua$le wildlifeha$itats.Dne potential incentive mightbe ta# benefits for conservationeasements. Another incentive might be

allowing a landowner to increasedensity of housing units in an area ofno particular wildlife value in e#changefor not developing an area that iscritical.

'esist temptation to allowsu$di*isions or de*elopmentsfeaturing lots of one to 16acres.!his range is the worst type of%oning for wildlife and natural

resources. &t significantly fragmentsthe landscape into small parcels,reduces vertical stratification 'thuseliminating forest layers*, and


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increases use of e#otic plantlandscaping material in rural areas. All

these factors can have significantimpact on the remaining natural areas.

Encourage de*elopers to designaround sensiti*e natural sitefeatures2 using ecological principles

to reduce impact on critical wildlifeha$itats.!hese principles includedisturbing as little natural vegetation aspossibleB protecting natural vegetationwhen it is found in continuous

corridorsB and whenever possible,protecting riparian 'streamside*vegetation. An open space systemdeveloped early in the planningprocess will ensure that the most

valuable habitats are protected.Plant or transplant additional nati*eplants in the de*eloped landscapeto enhance or restore wildlife


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within developments should beintegrated with corridors and reserves

of open space beyond the sitesboundaries.

Protect wetlands and de*elopstormwater control ponds.!he5atural 7esources onservation

)ervice can provide you information onhow to design a stormwater controlpond.E(ual opportunity statement

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a guide to urban habitat conservation planning

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