A Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism Antiquity to the Middle Ages

Architecture 170A Department of Architecture ▪ College of Environmental Design ▪ UC Berkeley ▪ Fall 2007 Instructor: Prof. Richard Wittman (rwittman@berkeley.edu) 480 Wurster Hall; no phone yet (coming soon) Office hours: Monday 3-5 pm Graduate Student Instructors (office: 338 Wurster Hall) Huey Ying Hsu (hueying@berkeley.edu) Gokce Kinayoglu (gokce@berkeley.edu) Yishi Liu (liuyishi@berkeley.edu) Mpho Matsipa (matsipam@berkeley.edu) Jieheerah Yun (jieheerah@berkeley.edu) This course provides an overview of architecture and planning from the beginnings of human history to around the year 1400. While the emphasis is on the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe, several lectures will be devoted to the architecture and traditions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The course aims to present architecture and planning in their social and cultural context. While some lectures will present broad overviews, others will go into some depth with particular buildings and sites. There will also be several guest lectures over the course of the semester. Class Meetings: Tuesday / Thursday 12:30 – 2 pm in 155 Dwinelle Hall; one hour section meeting per week required Course website: http://www.arch.ced.berkeley.edu/courses/arch170/F2007/index.html Some reading assignments, the daily lecture handout, and other materials will be posted on bspace.berkeley.edu/portal

Required textbook: Spiro Kostof, A History of Architecture (2nd edition), available at the Cal bookstore and Ned's. Used copies should be easy to find, but make sure you get the 2nd edition. Course Requirements:

Regular attendance at lectures Regular attendance and participation in weekly sections Graphic spatial analysis: Drawings and/or diagrams accompanied by a brief

written explanation Research paper proposal with annotated bibliography; rough draft; and final

paper. Paper is to be at least 10 double-spaced pages, not including notes, bibliography, or illustrations.

Reading assignments (to be done before lecture on the day assigned) Midterm exam in class on October 16 Final exam on December 19 from 12:30 to 3:30. No early exams will be given for

any reason. Quizzes: The GSIs have the right to give pop quizzes on the reading assignments. These will be considered part of the participation grade. Examination: Examinations normally include image questions in which you are asked to identify a building or site, and to answer specific questions about its meaning, planning, style, function, etc.. The examination format varies from year to year. Past exams have included image comparisons between buildings or complexes in which one building is an "unknown"; that is, a building that has not been specifically discussed in class, but which you are asked to relate to the themes and traditions covered by the course. Some exam questions will be drawn specifically from the reading assignments, including both the textbook and non-textbook assignments. Exams may also include brief definitions of terms and proper names, and an essay touching upon some major concern of the course. Grading

1) All course requirements (defined above) must be completed to receive a passing grade. Any student failing to fulfill all requirements will receive an F for the course, no matter what the average of the completed assignments. Please take special note that you must hand in your rough draft with your finished paper. No paper will be accepted without an accompanying rough draft.

2) NO Incomplete (I) grades will be assigned except for medical reasons, and only when accompanied by a physician's note.

The evaluation that yields your grade cannot be precisely quantified, but it will be broken down in approximately the following manner: Participation: 10%, Graphic Analysis: 10%, Midterm: 25%, Paper: 30%, Final Exam: 25%.

Schedule of lectures and assignments The weekly cycle of lectures and section meetings begins each week with the Tuesday lecture

and ends with the Tuesday morning sections the following week.

Week 1: Tuesday August 28 – Tuesday September 4 Sections start meeting on Thursday August 30 No section on Monday September 3 [Labor Day]

Lecture 1. August 28 Introduction to the Course Lecture 2. August 30 Beginnings of Architecture

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 1 & 2 Week 2: Tuesday September 4 – Tuesday September 11

Library resources meetings in section; all sections meet in Wurster 305. Lecture 3. September 4 Rise of the City

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 3 Lecture 4. September 6 Architecture of Ancient Egypt

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 4 Week 3: Tuesday September 11 – Tuesday September 18

Sections focus on paper topics Lecture 5. September 11 Standpoint, Sightline, and Construction/Composition at Ancient

Egyptian Sites – guest lecture by Professor Whitney Davis (History of Art Department, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: TBA Lecture 6. September 13 Bronze Age Cities

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 5 Week 4: Tuesday September 18 – Tuesday September 25

Sections focus on architectural terminology and concepts Paper proposal with bibliography due in section

Lecture 7. September 18 The Greek Temple ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 6 – skip section on The Temple in The West, 129-31]

Lecture 8. September 20 Polis & Acropolis ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 7 – skim section on The Shape of the Polis, 138-46]

Week 5: Tuesday September 25 – Tuesday October 2 Lecture 9. September 25 From Republican Rome to Imperial Rome

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 9 Lecture 10. September 27 The Roman Empire

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 10, 217-19 (up to Beyond the Empire) and MacDonald, The Pantheon, 26-43 (PDF file on bSpace).

Week 6: Tuesday October 2 – Tuesday October 9

Graphic assignment given in section Lecture 11. October 2 Teotihuacan: A Hegemonic Empire – guest lecture by Gabriel

Arboleda (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Manzanilla, "Corporate Groups and Domestic Activities at Teotihuacan" (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 12. October 4 Early Christian Architecture ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 11 up to The Primacy of Constantinople on 260

Week 7: Tuesday October 9 – Tuesday October 16

Sections focus on review Lecture 13. October 9 Byzantine Architecture

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 11, The Primacy of Constantinople section, 260-7

Lecture 14. October 11 Architecture of Christianity and Islam in the Early Middle Ages

● Reading: Kostof, ch. 12 Week 8: Tuesday October 16 – Tuesday October 23 Lecture 15. October 16 MIDTERM EXAMINATION Lecture 16. October 18 Architecture in China in the First Millennium

● Reading: Ching, Jarzombek, and Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, p. 174-9, 213-4, 233-6, 275-7, 286-9, 340-3 (PDF file on bSpace).

Week 9: Tuesday October 23 – Tuesday October 30

Graphic assignment due in section Lecture 17. October 23 Architecture on the Indian Subcontinent in the First Millenium

● Reading: Mitter, Indian Art, pp. 7-18, 21-2, 27, 33-45 (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 18. October 25 The "Islamic" City - guest lecture by Professor Nezar AlSayyad (Department of Architecture, College of Enrivonmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: AlSayyad, "The Islamic City" (PDF file on bSpace) Week 10: Tuesday October 30 – Tuesday November 6 Lecture 19. October 30 Architecture and Planning of Great Zimbabwe - guest lecture by

Mpho Matsipa (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Fontein, "The 'Zimbabwe Controversy': The Power of 'Fact' over 'Fiction'" (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 20. November 1 Buddhist Architecture in India and its Expansion to the Far East – guest lecture by Yishi Liu (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Thapar, Introduction to Indian Buddhist Architecture, 10-11, 32-7 (PDF file on bSpace).

Week 11: Tuesday November 6 – Tuesday November 13

No section on Monday November 12 (Veterans Day) Draft of research paper due at the start of lecture on Tuesday November 6.

Lecture 21. November 6 Architecture of Buddhism and Hinduism beyond India and China to c.1000

● Reading: Mannikka, Angkor Wat: Time, Space, and Kingship, ch. 1 (1-25) (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 22. November 8 Song Dynasty Construction Manuals and Imperial Projects – guest lecture by Huey Ying Hsu (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Guo, "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual" (PDF file on bSpace).

Week 12: Tuesday November 13 – Tuesday November 20 Lecture 23. November 13 The Architecture of the Maya Civilization

● Reading: Mary Ellen Miller, Maya Art and Architecture, 22-61 (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 24. November 15 Romanesque Architecture in Europe ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 13.

Week 13: Tuesday November 20 – Tuesday November 27

No classes Thursday and Friday November 22 and 23 (Thanksgiving Break) Lecture 25. November 20 Two settlements in America: Machu Picchu and Chichen Itza

● Reading: Kubler, "Machu Picchu," and Mary Ellen Miller, Maya Art and Architecture, 62-71 (PDF files on bSpace).

Week 14: Tuesday November 27 – Tuesday December 4 Lecture 26. November 27 Architecture in Anatolia (1100-1450) – guest lecture by Gokce

Kinayoglu (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Yavuz, "The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravanserais" (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 27. November 29 The Urbanization of Europe (1100-1300) ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 15

Week 15: Tuesday December 4 – Monday December 10

Research papers due at the start of lecture on Thursday December 6. Sections focus on review

Lecture 28. December 4 Spatial Hierarchies in 14th-Century East Asian Towns (Lijiang, China and Andong Hohoe Village, Korea) – guest lecture by Jieheerah Yun (Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley)

● Reading: Yim, The Traditional Space: A Study of Korean Architecture, ch. 1: Emptying and Filling (PDF file on bSpace).

Lecture 29. December 6 Gothic Architecture in Europe ● Reading: Kostof, ch. 14

December 19 FINAL EXAM (12:30- 3:30)

The Term Paper

The purpose of this three-step exercise is to introduce you to the process of scholarly research and the techniques of modern historical writing. It will help to show you how historians arrive at conclusions and how they communicate their findings. On a more general level, the project will require you to get to know the library system, learn to track down specific information, and practice your writing skills. You are expected to utilize many of the wide range of resources available to students on this campus.

The term paper consists of four parts:

1) An annotated bibliography and project proposal, 2-3 pages, due in your section meeting during the week of 9/18 to 9/24. Your bibliography must include at least 3 citations of articles from scholarly journals. This assignment should include a 1-to-2-page discussion of your research objective, including the building(s) you are studying, the questions you are seeking to answer, and the way you plan to answer them. This should be an overview of your project, describing where you are going and how you plan to get there. Following this discussion of your project you should list the sources you will be using in standard bibliographic form and state in a few sentences how the source pertains to your project, and how it helps to answer your research question. This assignment must be typed with double spacing on 8 1/2-by-11-inch paper.

2) A draft of your paper, due at the start of lecture on November 6. You must submit this in order to pass the paper requirement. The draft should consist of a portion of your paper, meaning that it makes sense by itself, even though it may not include your entire argument. It might consist of the discussion of a single building, the analysis of one aspect of your problem, or some other module of the final work. Most likely it will cover one section heading of your outline. The draft should be as polished as you can make it, recognizing that when you have written the entire paper, you may have some new information or your argument may change. The purpose of this portion of the term-paper assignment is to offer you suggestions about your writing style, the way you develop an argument, or your use of evidence while there is still time to improve your paper. Your GSI will return your draft to you within two weeks (before Thanksgiving Break), with comments and suggestions. You should, however, continue to work towards your final version during this interval. After you get your draft back, you will still have a little over two weeks before the final paper is due.

3) An analytical essay, 10-12 pages of text, due at the beginning of lecture on December 4. Papers must be printed on 8 1/2-by-11 inch paper. ALL ideas, information, and quotations taken from your sources must be footnoted. A bibliography of the sources you used must be included. Edit your work, and make certain that it is free of typographical errors, and that the notes, bibliography, and other mechanical elements follow a consistent format. Try to write as concisely as possible, eliminating needless words. There are many acceptable guides to format, including the MLA Style Sheet, the Chicago Manual of Style, and Kate Turabian's easy to use Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. You should also include appropriate illustrations (properly labeled describing what is shown and crediting the source), and refer to them in the text. Illustrations, footnotes, and bibliography do not count in the 10-to-12 page length assigned for the paper.

NOTE: The penalty for late work is a dropped grade per day (An A becomes an A- after one day, a B+ after two days). So plan your work carefully and take into account that there is usually a shortage of materials in the libraries during the last two weeks before the term paper is due. ALSO NOTE that you must turn in your full rough draft with your term paper to receive credit for your work.

a) Selecting a Topic

An historian begins a research project with a question, then develops a thesis that attempts to answer that question, and continues to gather data from the particular point of view set out by the thesis. Along the way the thesis is continually checked against new conclusions

drawn from the accumulating data. Finally, a point is reached when the question seems satisfactorily answered.

Choose a building, a group of buildings, an urban agglomeration or a landscape built within the chronological boundaries of the course, but which has not been or will not be discussed at length in lectures or sections. GSIs will help you choose an interesting topic that is well documented.

Determine from some preliminary reading a significant question to ask. For example,

1) How and why has a particular building type changed form over time?

2) Why do cities from the same culture take such different forms at diverse periods or locations?

3) How is building form affected by technology?

4) How have the needs of the client or user affected architectural design in a specific building?

5) What is the relationship between theory and practice in a particular architect's work?

6) How did a particular style, technology, or building type move from one culture to another? Why did it do so?

The thrust of your research should then be to find and write up a convincing answer to the question.

b) The Annotated Bibliography

The historian who asks new questions never finds sources which give straight answers. He or she plays detective, piecing together the story from all sorts of angles. Sources might include the building itself, experienced in person and through drawings and photographs; primary documents, such as contemporary descriptions or contracts; and secondary materials, such as travelers' journals or modern articles and monographs. Consult the bibliography on the course website.

Sources need to be evaluated. How careful was the author? What was the author's point of view? How do his or her prejudices and intended audience affect the usefulness of the work for your research project?

After choosing a topic, begin to build a bibliography of useful sources.

The assignment to be handed in during the week of September 18-25 should include a 1-2 page discussion of your research objecting, including the building(s) you are studying, the questions you are seeking to answer, and the way you plan to answer them. This should be an overview of your project, showing where you are going and how you plan to get there.

Following this discussion of your project you should list the sources you will be using, following standard bibliographical form and describing in a few sentences how each source pertains to your project. At least three of your sources must be articles from scholarly journals. You can locate them through standard references such as the Humanities Index, Architecture Index, and the Avery Index (to which you will be introduced during the library resources section meetings in the second week). This assignment must be typed with double spacing on 8 1/2 x 11 inch paper.

c) Writing the Research Paper

Any good scholarly essay or book has an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. The point of view, the concept, the thesis, the focus, or whatever one calls the guiding idea is set out in the introduction. Then the thesis is supported by offering evidence that builds an argument clearly and logically. A conclusion should make clear what the paper has established, and ideally sketch a few outwards-pointing thoughts about the larger significance or implications of the argument.

You should have little trouble organizing an essay once you have made a proposal and annotated bibliography. You will know just which books and articles you need to read and take notes on. You will know what it is that you are looking for when you read, and will note facts and theories that both support and contradict your thesis.

While you are reading, begin to construct the outline for your essay. The process will help you see relationships between ideas. It will steer you toward a coherent paper in which the most important facts are given prominence, facts are not gratuitous but rather support the thesis, and analysis, not description, predominates.

d) The Draft

The partial draft or detailed outline should indicate your thesis and show how the thesis will be developed. What is the organization of the paper? What evidence will be used? The draft should show that you have done your research and have begun to assemble both description and analysis into a coherent essay. The draft should also display your writing skills. The draft assignment helps you to make orderly progress in the assignment. A paper written at the last moment is not your best effort. The draft also allows you to receive comments from your GSI, either on substantive or analytical issues, additional ideas or sources to use, or writing mechanics.

e) The Final Paper

The final paper must be typed on 8 1/2 x 11-inch paper and stapled in the upper left- hand corner. No fancy covers! All ideas, information, and quotations taken from your sources must be footnoted according to the format set forth in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers, the Chicago Manual of Style, or the MLA Style Sheet. Footnotes or endnotes are acceptable. Your bibliography should follow a standard format. You should also include appropriate illustrations. Illustrations (properly labeled with sources cited), footnotes, and bibliography do not count in the 10-12 page length assigned for the paper.

NOTE: PLAGIARISM IS THE MOST SERIOUS ACADEMIC OFFENSE. IT WILL NOT BE EXCUSED FOR ANY REASON. ANYONE GUILTY OF IT WILL RECEIVE AN F FOR THE COURSE AND WILL,

WITHOUT EXCEPTION, BE REPORTED TO THE DEPARTMENT AND TO THE UNIVERSITY.

THE UCB LETTERS & SCIENCE FACULTY HELP DESK WEBSITE ANSWERS THE QUESTION "WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?" IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

All written work submitted for a course, except for acknowledged quotations, must be expressed in the student's own words. It must also be constructed upon a plan of the

student's own devising. Work copied without acknowledgment from a book, from another student's paper, from the internet, or from any other source is plagiarized. Plagiarism can

range from wholesale copying of passages from another's work to using the views, opinions, and insights of another without acknowledgment, to paraphrasing another person's original

phrases without acknowledgment.

[http://ls.berkeley.edu/?q=faq/FacultyHelpDesk/conduct/plagiarism.html]

ANOTHER USEFUL RESOURCE CONCERNING CITATIONS AND PLAGIARISM IS:

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/citations.html

IF YOU ARE STILL UNCERTAIN WHAT PLAGIARISM IS, CONSULT YOUR GSI OR THE PROFESSOR.