a history of linux damian gordon. desktop market share (2014)
TRANSCRIPT
Prehistory of Linux
• The Unix operating system was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 and first released in 1970.
Prehistory of Linux
• In 1977 the University of California, Berkeley released a free UNIX-like system, Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). But BSD contained Unix code, so AT&T sued.
Prehistory of Linux
• In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like operating system. Hurd (the GNU kernel) failed to attract enough developers, leaving GNU incomplete.
Prehistory of Linux
• In 1987 Andrew S. Tanenbaum released MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted.
Linus Benedict Torvalds
• Born: December 28, 1969 (age 45)
• Born in Helsinki, Finland• Chief developer on the
Linux kernel• Created the revision
control system Git• 2014 IEEE Computer
Society Computer Pioneer Award
Linux
• Torvalds made the code of Linux freely available to everyone on the internet, and therefore lots of people created their own versions of Linux.
Linux
• Linux is therefore an example of Open-source software, in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software is often developed in a public, collaborative manner.
1993Debian
2011V3
1992V0.01
1993Slackware
1994SUSE
1996V2
2004Ubuntu
1995Red Hat
2006Oracle
2003Fedora
2000Knoppix
2006Alpine
2004CentOS
2002Arch
2011Mageia
2002Gentoo
2008Android
2008Musix
1994V1
Timeline of Linux
2015V4
V0.01
• Not a mature product at the time• Minix-like kernel for i386(+) based AT-
machines
September1991
Efficiently using the 386 chip, use of system calls
rather than message passing, a fully multi-threaded FS, minimal task switching, and
visible interrupts
V1.0
• Allowed Multi-programming – multiple programs run at the same time.
• Virtual Memory management supported
March1994
Linux is highly backwards compatible, so if a program
worked in any version of Linux it will work on all
versions of Linux.
V2.0
• Restructured memory management and improvements in task scheduling
• Improved SCSI support
June1996
Increased networking protocols. Filesystem
support for NCP (Novell) and SMB (MS Lan
Manager, etc.) network filesystems added.
V3.0
• Better handling of virtualization systems• Btrfs data scrubbing and automatic
defragmentation
July2011
Not a major change in kernel concept, but
started a new version number to mark the 20th
anniversary of Linux
V4.0
• A *fairly* small release, some VM clean-ups• The unification of the PROTNONE and NUMA
handling for page tables.
March2015
Some people advocatedthe 4.0 version number,
to eventually see 4.1.15 - because "that was theversion of Linux SkyNet
used for the T-800 Terminator".
Slackware
• Slackware is oriented toward simplicity and software purity
• Provides no graphical installation procedure
July1993
Developed by:Patrick Volkerding
Debian
• The Debian Project's policies focus on collaborative software development and testing processes
• New release every two years.
September1993
Developed by:Ian Murdock and the
Debian Project
SUSE
• "Software und System-Entwicklung", meaning "Software and systems development".
• Often includes YaST setup and configuration tool
1994
Developed by:Roland Dyroff, Thomas
Fehr, Burchard Steinbild, and Hubert Mantel
Red Hat
• In 2003 Red Hat Linux merged with the community-based Fedora Project
• Introduced a graphical installer called Anaconda and Lokkit for configuring the firewall capabilities.
May1995
Developed by:Bob Young, Marc Ewing
and Red Hat Inc.
Knoppix
• Can be used to copy files easily from hard drives with inaccessible operating systems.
• Designed to be booted straight from CD, DVD or USB.
September2000
Developed by:Klaus Knopper
Gentoo
• Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, and easy to maintain.
• Not a binary software distribution, source code is compiled locally and optimized for the specific type of computer.
March2002
Developed by:Daniel Robbins and Gentoo
Foundation
Arch
• The development team focused on elegance, code correctness, and minimalism.
• The user is expected to make significant effort to understand the systems function.
March2002
Developed by:Judd Vinet, Aaron Griffin and the Arch Linux team
Fedora
• Focuses on innovation, integrating new technologies early on and working closely with Linux communities.
• Linus Torvalds uses Fedora on all of his computers.
November2003
Developed by:Fedora Project (owned by
Red Hat)
CentOS
• The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive.
• Provides a free, enterprise-class, community-supported computing platform.
2004
Developed by:David Parsley, Lance Davis
and the CentOS Project
Ubuntu
• Committed to open source development; encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.
• Named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness").
October2004
Developed by:Mark Shuttleworth and
Canonical Ltd.
Alpine
• Lightweight and secure by default while still being useful for general-purpose tasks.
• Compiles all packages with stack-smashing protection.
2006
Developed by:Alpine Linux development
team
Oracle
• Based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), repackaged and freely distributed by Oracle.
• Oracle Linux supports KVM and Xen.
October2006
Developed by:Oracle Corporation
Musix
• Collection of software for audio production, graphic design, video editing and general purpose applications.
• Documentation is in Spanish.
December2006
Developed by:Marcos Germán
Guglielmetti. And teams from Argentina, Spain,
Mexico and Brazil.
Android
• Android is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
• The most widely used mobile OS.
September2008
Developed by:Google, and Open Handset
Alliance
Mageia
• A secure, and sustainable operating system, designed to set up a stable and trustable governance to direct collaborative projects.
• Uses all major desktop environments
June2011
Developed by:Former employees of
Mandriva
Xfce
• It aims to be fast and lightweight, while still being visually appealing and easy to use.
• Does not feature any desktop animations, but translucency effect is supported.
1996
Developed by:Olivier Fourdan
Enlightenment
• Enlightenment developers have referred to it as "the original eye-candy window manager“
• Supports virtual desktops
1997
Developed by:Carsten Haitzler (aka Raster or Rasterman)
KDE
• Developed as an easy-to-use environment• Works well with multimedia devices and
applications and mobile devices.
July1998
Developed by:Matthias Ettrich and KDE
GNOME
• Focuses on internationalization and localization and accessibility of software.
• Incorporates freedesktop.org standards and programs to better interoperate with other desktops.
March1999
Developed by:Miguel de Icaza, Federico Mena, and the GNOME
project
LXDE
• Suitable for resource-constrained computers, e.g., netbooks or System on a chip computers.
• A desktop environment that is fast and energy efficient
2006
Developed by:Hong Jen Yee ( aka PCMan)
Razor-qt
• Tailored for users who value simplicity, speed, and an intuitive interface
• Merged with LXDE in 2013 to become LXQt
2010
Developed by:The Razor-qt Team
MATE
• Forked from GNOME 2, to maintain the simple and clean interface that was controversially removed in GNOME 3.
August2011
Developed by:Perberos and MATE
Developers