a human/robotic exploration design reference …...spudiset al., 2014; cassanelli and head, 2016)...

JamesHead,CarlePieters,DavidScott,BrandonJohnson,RossPotter:BrownUniv.,Providence,RIUSA

JeffreyHoffman:MIT,Cambridge,MAUSABernardFoing:ESAESTEC,Noordwijk,TheNetherlands

LevZelenyi,IgorMitrofanov:InstituteforSpaceResearch,RAS,Moscow,RussiaMikhailMarov,AlexanderBasilevsky,MikhailIvanov:Vernadsky Institute,RAS,

Moscow,RussiaRalfJaumann,DLRInstituteofPlanetaryResearch,Berlin,GermanyLongXiao:ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan,Hubei,ChinaJunichiHaruyama,MakikoOhtake:ISAS,JAXA,Sagamihara,Japan

P.Senthil Kumar:CSIR-NGRI,Hyderabad,IndiaOded Aharonson:Weizmann Institute,Rehovot,Israel

AHuman/RoboticExplorationDesignReferenceCampaignArchitecture:OpportunitiesforCommercialMissions

ApolloLunarExplorationProgram:SixScientificExpeditionstotheMoon

EstablishedtheMoonasaCornerstoneforSolarSystemScience

TheMoonasa CornerstoneforSolarSystemScience

-Oneormorespacecraftcurrently/recentlyorbitingeachofthe terrestrialplanets.

-Wehavefundamentalquestionsabouttheformationandevolutionofeachoftheseplanetarybodies,andtogethertheterrestrialplanetarybodiesasawhole.

-Manyofthesequestionscanonlybeansweredinthecontextoflunarexploration

1.Theimportanceofcoordinatedhuman/roboticexploration.2.WhytheOrientalemulti-ringbasin?3.Human/RoboticScientificDestinationsatOrientale.4. TheHuman/RoboticArchitecture:ABasisforDesignReference

Missions.

ExplorationofPlanetaryCrusts:AHuman/RoboticExplorationDesignReferenceCampaign

totheLunarOrientaleBasin

Human/RoboticExplorationOptimizationCentersonSixThemes

• I)Precursor (Whatdoweneedtoknowbeforewesendhumans?).

• II)Context (Whataretheroboticmissionrequirementsforfinallandingsiteselectionandregionalcontextforlandingsiteresults?).

• III)Infrastructure/Operations (Whatspecificroboticcapabilitiesarerequiredtooptimizehumanscientificexplorationperformance?).

• IV)Interpolation (Howdoweuseroboticmissionstointerpolatebetweenhumantraverses?).

• V)Extrapolation (Howdoweuseroboticmissionstoextrapolatebeyondthehumanexplorationradius?).

• VI)Progeny (Whattargetedroboticsuccessormissionsmightbesenttotheregiontofollowupondiscoveriesduringexplorationandfrompost-campaignanalysis?).

What is the Relationship of Human and Robotic Exploration?

Apollo19-21Dual-ModeRovingVehicle


Missions.



FormationandEvolutionofPlanetaryCrusts

TheMoonisaLaboratoryfortheStudyofPrimaryandSecondaryCrustsinEarlyPlanetaryHistory.

S.R.Taylor

• 1. Crustalgeometry/physicalstructure• 2. Crustalchemistry/mineralogy/petrology;• 3. Exogenic crustal modificationbyimpacts;• 4. Chronologyofcrustalformation/evolution.

1

2

34

10010

Bowl shapedCircular rim

SwirlFlat floor

Polygonaloutline

Central peakTerraces

Cra

ter D

epth

(km

)

Crater Diameter (km)

FreshCraterCharacteristics

MajorLunarFeatures:Multi-ringbasins:

What about thetransition to

Peak-Ring Basins?

(R. Pike)

Lunar Orientale Impact Basin: The Type Area for Lunar Basin Formation and Evolution.

Orientale Basin: Rings & Geologic Units

Hevelius Formation(Basin Ejecta Deposit)

Montes Rook Fm.(Knobby, Domical Deposit)

Maunder Formation(Basin Impact Melt Deposit)

(J.McCauley,D.Wilhelms,D.Scott,K.Howard,C.Hodges)

Ejecta Thickness (Isopach) Map of the Hevelius Formation

(Fassett andHead, 2011,GRL)

CompositionoftheEjecta fromtheOrientaleBasin:CrustandMantle

StructureandCompositionoftheLunarCrust:TheMagmaOceanModel

• Crustaverages~50±16kmthick.• Upperandlowercrustaboutequal.• Uppercrustheavilymodifiedinthe

upper~10kmbyimpactprocesses.

Megaregolith(~10kmthick)

------------------------------UpperAnorthositic Crust

(~15kmthick)------------------------------

LowerNoritic Crust(~25kmthick) “NewViewsoftheMoon”(2006)

Hevelius Formation(Basin Ejecta Deposit)

Feldspathicbreccias;homogeneous,well-mixed.

Montes Rook Fm.(Knobby, Domical Deposit)

Feldspathicbreccias;someanorthositeblocks.


MoonMineralogyMapper(M3)

Orientale Basin: Rings & Geologic Units

--------

Cordillera Mountains: Feldspathicbreccias;

unweathered.

Outer Rook Mountains: Norites,noriticanorthosite

andanorthosite;morecrystallineblocks.

Inner Rook Mountains: Massifsarecrystallineanorthosite;discretepeaksandclustersofpeaks.

RedDots (InnerRookMountains):Materials>~98%plagioclase(Cheeketal.,2012)

(Pietersetal.,2009,2011;Headetal.,2010,2012;Cheeketal.,2012)


Orientale Impact Melt Sea

(WilsonandHead,2010;Vaughanetal,2011,2012;

Spudis etal.,2014;Cassanelli andHead,2016)

Lunar Orientale Basin: Link to Apollo Missions Environments/Results

16

(Whittenetal.,2010)

FillingoftheOrientaleBasinwithMareDeposits.


Missions.



-IftheOuterRookringrepresents thetransientcavityrimcrest, whatistheoriginofthe CordilleramountainringandtheMontesRookFormation?

RegionofInterest(ROI)1:OriginofBasinRings/CrustalStructure

ROI2:WhatistheOriginoftheInnerRookMountains?


ROI 3-Orientale Impact Melt Sea

(WilsonandHead,2010;Vaughanetal,2011,2012;

Spudis etal.,2014;Cassanelli andHead,2016)

ROI4-ExplosiveVolcanicIonianRing


Missions.



• I)Precursor (Whatdoweneedtoknowbeforewesendhumans?).

• II)Context (Whataretheroboticmissionrequirementsforfinallandingsiteselectionandregionalcontextforlandingsiteresults?).

• III)Infrastructure/Operations (Whatspecificroboticcapabilitiesarerequiredtooptimizehumanscientificexplorationperformance?).

• IV)Interpolation (Howdoweuseroboticmissionstointerpolatebetweenhumantraverses?).

• V)Extrapolation (Howdoweuseroboticmissionstoextrapolatebeyondthehumanexplorationradius?).

• VI)Progeny (Whattargetedroboticsuccessormissionsmightbesenttotheregiontofollowupondiscoveriesduringexplorationandfrompost-campaignanalysis?).

LunarScienceforLandedMissionsWorkshop

a human/robotic exploration design reference …...spudiset al., 2014; cassanelli and head, 2016)...

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