CHAPTER:-1 INTRODUCTIONA Joint Venture is a legal organization that takes the form of a short term partnership in which the persons jointly undertake a transaction for mutual profit. Generally each person contributes assets and share risks. Like a partnership, joint ventures can involve any type of business transaction and the persons involved can be individuals, groups of individuals, companies, or corporations. Joint ventures are widely used by companies to gain entrance into foreign markets. Foreign companies form joint ventures with domestic companies already present in markets the foreign companies would like to enter. The foreign companies generally bring new technologies and business practices into the joint venture, while the domestic companies already have the relationships, existing markets and requisite governmental documents within the country along with being entrenched in the domestic industry. Joint Ventures are possible at private level, public sector level and also at government level. The intension of entering into joint venture is to undertake large industrial projects involving huge capital investment with the co-operation of reputed companies from abroad.A temporary kind of business activity carried on by more than on individual with a view to earning profit in apre-agreed manner without giving a firm name to the business is known as joint venture. It is a temporary partnership between two or more persons for completing a particular adventure. The relationship between them is ceased as soon as that particular venture is completed.The persons who enter into the joint venture agreement are called co-ventures. The joint venture agreement will be automatically terminated after completing the venture. The profits or losses are shared between the co-ventures according to theirpre-agreed agreement. In the absence of agreement, the profits or losses are shared equally among themselves

When two or more persons join together to carry out a specific business venture and share the profits on an agreed basis it is called a 'joint venture'. Each one of them who join as a party to the joint venture is called 'Co-Venture'. No firm name is normally used for the joint venture business because its duration is limited to a short period. During this period, the co-ventures are free to carry on their own business as usual, unless agreed otherwise. The business relationship amongst the co-venture comes to an end as soon as the venture is completed. Thus, a joint venture is some kind of a temporary partnership between two or more persons who have agreed to jointly carry out specific venture. The joint ventures are quite common in construction business, consignment, sale and purchase of property, underwriting of shares and debentures, etc. For example, A and B agreed to construct a college building for which they pooled their resources and skill. A proveded Rs. 6 laky and B Rs. 4 laky as capital. They completed the building and shared the profits in the ration of their contributions to capital. In this example, joining hands by A and B to construct a building is a joint venture. A and B are co-ventures. They will share the profits in the ration of 6 and 6 (same as the ratio of their capitals).There are many good business and accounting reasons to participate in a Joint Venture (often shortened JV). Partnering with a business that has complementary abilities and resources, such as finance, distribution channels, or technology, make good sense. These are just some of the reasons partnerships formed by joint venture are becoming increasingly popular.A joint venture is a strategic alliance between two or more individuals or entities to engage in a specific project or undertaking. Partnerships and joint ventures can be similar but in fact can have significantly different implications for those involved. A partnership usually involves a continuing, long-term business relationship, whereas a joint venture is based on a single business project.Parties enter Joint Ventures to gain individual benefits, usually a share of the project objective. This may be to develop a product or intellectual property rather than joint or collective profits, as is the case with a general or limited partnership.A joint venture, like a general partnership is not a separate legal entity. Revenues, expenses and asset ownership usually flow through the joint venture to the participants, since the joint venture itself has no legal status. Once the Joint venture has met its goals the entity ceases to exist.A writtenJoint Venture Agreementshould cover: The parties involved The objectives of the joint venture Financial contributions you will each make whether you will transfer any assets or employees to the joint venture Intellectual property developed by the participants in the joint venture Day to day management of finances, responsibilities and processes to be followed. Dispute resolution, how any disagreements between the parties will be resolved How if necessary the joint venture can be terminated. The use of confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements is also recommended to protect the parties when disclosing sensitive commercial secrets or confidential information.

From the above the essential features of a joint venture can be listed as follows:1. It is formed by two or more persons.2. The purpose is to execute a particular venture or project3. No specific firm name is used for the joint venture business.4. It is of a temporary nature. Hence, the agreement regarding the venture automatically stand terminated as soon as the venture is completed.5. The co-ventures share profit and loss in the agreed ratio. However, in the absence any other agreement between the co-ventures, the profits and loss are to be shared equally.6. During the tenure of joint venture, the co-ventures are free to continue with their own business unless agreed otherwise.

CHAPTER:-2ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT VENTUREWhen two or more business join together to carry out a business by providing expertise and resources, it is called a joint venture. The risk and rewards are shared as per the proportion of the investment by the parties concerned.

The main advantages of a joint venture are:

1. more resources: since two or more firms join together to form a joint venture, there is availability of increased capital and other resources.2. Access to new markets: by engaging with a foreign collaborator, the products and services can be marketed in a foreign country.3. New and improved Technology: One partner may have the new and improved technology but do not have the resources. Other partner may have resources like capital but do not have the technology. In such causes joint venture can fetch new and improved technology as well as great resources. By engaging a foreign partner, improved foreign technology can be availed from its foreign collaborator.4. Use of existing marketing arrangements or existing distribution network of one of the party is possible.5. Access to improved resources like experienced technicians, experienced staff, and greater capacity, financial resources etc. are possible through joint venture business.6. Sharing of costs and risks with partners.7. Diversification of business by producing new products or new area of business.8. Increased productivity and greater profits.9. Exchange of Products: Joint venture companies can offer their existing product to sell through the partners network and share the profit. Both JV partners can do the same. By exchanging products and services of the partner, they can diversify the product basket and sell it to their existing customers and increase the profit.

There many disadvantage in the joint venture form of business. They are:

1. it take time and efforts to form the right relationship.2. The objectives of each partner may differ. The objectives needs to be clearly defined and communicated to everyone involved.3. Imbalance in the share of capital, expertise, investment etc., may cause friction in between the partners.4. Difference in the culture and style of business lead to poor co-operation.5. Lack of assuming responsibility by the partners may lead the collapse of business.6. Lack of communication between the partners may affect the business.

CHAPTER:-3REASONS TO ENTER INTO JOINT VENTURE1. It gives you access to more cash, more opportunity. You are not limited to your own capital, but you can use capital from your joint venture partner to enable not only your new business to flourish, but also your existing business. If you choose a good joint venture partner, the two of you are essentially doubling the value of your business.2. It enables you to reach a new market. This is especially true when you enter into a joint venture with someone from another country. You have a whole new market in which to sell your product and so does your partner. Even if you just concentrate on selling each other's wares, you are helping each other make money.3. You gain new knowledge. You can always learn something about your business, even if you have been operating a business for years. In exchange, you can also share your knowledge with another individual. Both of you will benefit from the joint venture.4. You incur less risk. You can expand your business without incurring a lot of financial risk when you start a joint venture. Each party in the joint venture assumes some of the risk, which means that the risk is spread out evenly and no one stands to lose too much.5. You can gain new marketing ideas. With both of you willing to market your new joint venture, you will most likely learn a thing or two from one another. By entering into a joint venture with someone else who is also creative and has good marketing ideas, you can both feed off of one another.6. You can each use your own talents. Entering a joint venture can allow people who have a certain talent find someone who may need that talent to enable them to allow their business to grow.7. You can invest using your knowledge. In some cases, you may be able to make an investment in something like a foreclosure or short sale with little or none of your own money. If you get enough partners in your joint venture who are willing to put up some of the money for the venture, you may be able to use your expertise to make money for them as well as yourself.8. You have doubled the capital. Depending on how many people you recruit into your joint venture, you can have double or even triple the capital that you would have if you were starting out a business on your own. This gives you a chance to start a business the right way.9. It is a good way to get started working with partners. If you are looking for a long term business arrangement, it is a good idea to start out with a joint venture. This is not forever and can be a good way to see if you like working with business partners. Those who you enjoy working with may invite you or you may invite them to other projects.10. It gets your business name out there. If you are looking to make a name for your business, this is the way to do it. The more people who know about your business, the better off for you. By starting a joint venture, you are allowing your business to get maximum exposure.

CHAPTER:-4TYPES OF JOINT VENTUREAs we said earlier, a joint venture is not an entity, but the reason for the entity. A joint venture can be individuals, corporations, LLCs or even limited partnerships. There are tax advantages to all of these types of holdings. How you should hold your joint venture depends upon the size of the project and how long you plan to be involved in the project.CorporationA corporation is a separate entity. It can open a bank account, pay taxes and go bankrupt. Because a corporation is its own entity, it is the safest way to start a business. By funneling everything into the corporation, you limit the liability of the other parties.Two corporations or other types of business can form another corporation. A corporation will need people, however, to be officers of the entity. You also need a registered agent. The registered agent is usually the attorney who fills out the articles of incorporation and will keep up with the annual reports.There are two types of corporations - a C corporation and an S corporation. You will most likely charter your joint venture under an S charter in that you will not be selling stocks. An S corporation, or a Sub S, as it is often called, is limited to the number of shares of stock it can issue. An S corporation can only issue 100 shares of stock.The stockholders are the real power in the corporation. The stockholders do not have to be the same people who are officers of the corporation. They can be businesses or individuals. Their ownership of the corporation is not made public - the officers and registered agent are public information.A corporation has tax benefits that are not afforded to individuals. That and the fact that by putting everything into a corporation puts a limit on the liability of those involved in the corporation makes it an attractive entity to consider when you are considering how to hold a joint venture.LLCAn LLC is a limited liability company. Like a corporation, you have to file the LLC with the state. The filing fees are usually higher for an LLC, but this type of company offers the same protection as a corporation in that it is its own entity, but without the cumbersome paperwork that is involved in maintaining a corporation. A corporation is obligated to have regular meetings and keep minutes of the meetings. An LLC does not have the same obligation and is an easier type of entity to maintain. Because it gets the same type of tax breaks and offers the principals the same protection as a corporation, this type of entity is often preferred over a Sub S corporation. You cannot sell stock in an LLC.Limited PartnershipSome people confuse a limited partnership with a joint venture. A limited partnership is an entity between two or more individuals for no specified period of time or for a particular project. A joint venture is similar to a limited partnership in that it is a legally binding agreement between two or more individuals, but whereas the limited partnership is not limited to a specific project or endeavor, the joint venture is. And the joint venture can be comprised of many different types of entities.Sole proprietorshipYou can set up shop and open up your own business as a sole proprietor without having to file any paperwork with the state or even talk to an attorney. The free enterprise system allows anyone to just start a business as a sole proprietor. You will have to claim income taxes on this business, but can do so on your individual income tax statement. You will have to file a Schedule C for a sole proprietor business. You can enter into a joint venture as a sole proprietor, but be aware that you are offered no personal protection. If the joint venture files bankruptcy, you may be also finding yourself in bankruptcy court. The same goes if the joint venture is sued. If you own your business as a sole proprietor, you will want to make sure that the joint venture is held in a protective entity such as a corporation or LLC.If the joint venture is held as a sole proprietorship, then any liability for the joint venture will fall upon the entities or individuals that make up the joint venture.Individual ownershipIf you are not worried about liability and are in a small joint venture with another individual, you can each take ownership of anything in the joint venture as individuals. If, for example, you form a joint venture with someone to purchase a foreclosed house, you can each take ownership of the property as tenants in common. Any assets that the joint venture owns should be held by each of you as tenants in common.Prior to joint ventures, corporations, limited partnerships and LLCs, it was not unusual for people in business with one another to manage their business by making sure that all assets and liabilities were held as tenants in common. Tenants in common mean that both parties are owners of the asset. Unlike joint tenants, when property or other assets is held as tenants in common, and one of the tenants dies, the heirs of the deceased party will be entitled to their share of the assets. With joint tenancy, the other partner would be able to claim the assets as their own.Before our society became so litigious, it was not unusual for parties to strike out a verbal agreement and hold assets and property as tenants in common. Today, however, you are better off to gain the protection of a protective entity such as a corporation, limited partnership or LLC when you are entering the business world.

CHAPTER:-5 PROCEDURE OF JOINT VENTUREJoint Venture is where:1. Two parties, (individuals or companies), incorporate a company in India. Business of one party is transferred to the company and as consideration for such transfer; shares are issued by the company and subscribed by that party. The other party subscribes for the shares in cash.2. The above two parties subscribe to the shares of the joint venture company in agreed proportion, in cash, and start a new business.3. Promoter shareholder of an existing Indian company and a third party, who/which may be individual/company, one of them non-resident or both residents, collaborate to jointly carry on the business of that company and its shares are taken by the said third party through payment in cash.Some practical aspects of formation of joint venture companies in India and the prerequisites which the parties should take into account are enumerated herein after.Foreign companies are also free to open branch offices in India. However, a branch of a foreign company attracts a higher rate of tax than a subsidiary or a joint venture company. The liability of the parent company is also greater in case of a branch office.

How to Get a Joint Venture Started The first step to creating a joint venture is to set your goals and decide what you want your joint venture to do. If you need help getting started with this, look at the four things a joint venture can do that I've listed at the beginning of this article, pick one, and then develop a goal that is as specific as possible. Then it's time to look for the like-minded - people or firms that might be interested in the same goal or goals you want to pursue. Look in the business groups you already belong to, both in person and virtually. Use your social networking connections. Study business listings in the phone book or on Web sites to find those that might share your goals. And be open to being asked. Once you start talking to other people about what you might do together, a joint venture idea you havent even thought of might pop up - one with a lot of potential. Once you've found the people to share in a joint venture, be sure to have it all put into writing in a joint venture agreement. I strongly recommend hiring a legal professional to do this.So instead of dismissing an opportunity as out of your reach, start thinking instead about how you could participate with a joint venture. Properly planned and executed, joint ventures can help your small business go where it's never been able to go before.

Government Approvals for Joint Ventures...All the joint ventures in India require governmental approvals, if a foreign partner or an NRI or PIO partner is involved. The approval can be obtained from either from RBI or FIPB. In case, a joint venture is covered under automatic route, then the approval of Reserve bank of India is required. In other special cases, not covered under the automatic route, a special approval of FIPB is required.The Government has outlined 37 high priority areas covering most of the industrial sectors. Investment proposals involving up to 74% foreign equity in these areas receive automatic approval within two weeks. An application to the Reserve Bank of India is required. Please see Foreign Investment in India - Sector wise Guide for sector wise guidelines under automatic route. Besides the 37 high priority areas, automatic approval is available for 74% foreign equity holdings setting up international trading companies engaged primarily in export activities.Approval of foreign equity is not limited to 74% and to high priority industries. Greater than 74% of equity and areas outside the high priority list are open to investment, but government approval is required. For these greater equity investments or for areas of investment outside of high priority an application in the form FC (SIA) has to be filed with the Secretariat for Industrial Approvals. A response is given within 6 weeks. Full foreign ownership (100% equity) is readily allowed in power generation, coal washeries, electronics, Export Oriented Unit (EOU) or a unit in one of the Export Processing Zones ("EPZ's").For major investment proposals or for those that do not fit within the existing policy parameters, there is the high-powered Foreign Investment Promotion Board ("FIPB"). The FIPB is located in the office of the Prime Minister and can provide single-window clearance to proposals in their totality without being restricted by any predetermined parameters.Foreign investment is also welcomed in many of infrastructure areas such as power, steel, coal washeries, luxury railways, and telecommunications. The entire hydrocarbon sector, including exploration, producing, refining and marketing of petroleum products has now been opened to foreign participation. The Government had recently allowed foreign investment up to 51% in mining for commercial purposes and up to 49% in telecommunication sector. The government is also examining a proposal to do away with the stipulation that foreign equity should cover the foreign exchange needs for import of capital goods. In view of the country's improved balance of payments position, this requirement may be eliminated.How to Enter into a Joint Venture Agreement?Selection of a good local partner is the key to the success of any joint venture. Once a partner is selected generally a Memorandum of Understanding or a Letter of Intent is signed by the parties highlighting the basis of the future joint venture agreement.A Memorandum of Understanding and a Joint Venture Agreement must be signed after consulting lawyers well versed in international laws and multi-jurisdictional laws and procedures.Before signing the joint venture agreement, the terms should be thoroughly discussed and negotiated to avoid any misunderstanding at a later stage. Negotiations require an understanding of the cultural and legal background of the parties.Before signing a Joint Venture Agreement the following must be properly addressed: Dispute resolution agreements Applicable law. Force Majeure Holding shares Transfer of shares Board of Directors General meeting. CEO/MD Management Committee Important decisions with consent of partners Dividend policy Funding Access. Change of control Non-Compete Confidentiality Indemnity Assignment. Break of deadlock Termination.The Joint Venture agreement should be subject to obtaining all necessary governmental approvals and licenses within specified period.

PLANNING THE JOINT VENTURE

The formation of an international joint venture can be an extremely complex process. The goals of the enterprise must be defined, the structure must be negotiated, numerous legal issues must be recognized and resolved, and potential areas of conflict between the JVPs must be identified and reconciled. Careful planning is required at all stages.

The planning stages essential to the formation of a joint venture are outlined below. The important considerations relevant to each stage are discussed in detail in later chapters of this book.

Identifying Objectives

At the outset of every proposed joint venture, it is necessary to have an understanding of the basic objectives of the proposed enterprise. This includes identification of the nature and scope of the proposed undertaking, as well as the company's expectations and goals. For example, if a company is seeking a short-term arrangement to measure the potential market for a product in a foreign country, a licensing or straightforward contractual arrangement might be preferable to a joint venture, which generally contemplates a longer term and more substantial commitment.

Selecting a Partner

If a joint venture is deemed desirable, one of the first considerations is the selection of a compatible partner. A concern may initially seek a co-venture of equal business stature and with comparable corporate policies, philosophies, and financial resources. Through the process of active negotiation, involving business people as well as lawyers, the JVPs should determine whether their objectives are compatible. This process may be difficult, but it is important, particularly in the context of multinational joint ventures, given the cultural, linguistic, political, and social differences between the parties. Similarly, there may be legal, accounting, and tax differences between the countries of the JVPs. Since all of these differences may give rise to misunderstandings, they must be reconciled.

Choosing the Business Form

The next step is to choose the basic structure of the business venture. A variety of complex legal and practical considerations are involved at this stage. It is necessary to identify the respective contributions of the parties and the proposed financing arrangements in order to measure the compatibility of the potential JVPs and to determine the appropriate organizational form. Frequently, one JVP looks to a capital infusion and, in return, shares its technology expertise, and know-how.

Identifying Legal Problems

At the beginning of the process, counsel must identify and resolve major legal issues and potential problem areas, including governmental regulatory matters.

Identifying Conflicts between Partners

It is also important to identify potential areas of conflict between the JVPs so that they can be reconciled prior to making an irrevocable commitment. For example, the parties may have to deal with differing tax objectives resulting from fundamentally different business goals or, more commonly, from different constraints of the tax laws and accounting practices of the home country. Early recognition of these issues may allow the parties sufficient flexibility to structure the joint venture to avoid these problems.WHEN ARE JOINT VENTURES USED?

Joint ventures are not uncommon in the oil and gas industry, and are often cooperations between a local and foreign company (about 3/4 are international). A joint venture is often seen as a very viable business alternative in this sector, as the companies can complement their skill sets while it offers the foreign company a geographic presence. Studies show a failure rate of 30-61%, and that 60% failed to start or faded away within 5 years. (Osborn, 2003) It is also known that joint ventures in low-developed countries show a greater instability, and that JVs involving government partners have higher incidence of failure (private firms seem to be better equipped to supply key skills, marketing networks etc.) Furthermore, JVs have shown to fail miserably under highly volatile demand and rapid changes in product technologySome countries, such as the People's Republic of China and to some extent India, require foreign companies to form joint ventures with domestic firms in order to enter a market.

BrokersIn addition, joint ventures are practiced by a joint venture broker, who are people that often put together the two parties that participate in a joint venture. A joint venture broker then often makes a percentage of the profit that is made from the deal between the two parties.

Reasons for Forming a Joint VentureInternal ReasonsBuild on company's strengthsSpreading costs and risksImproving access to financial resourcesEconomies of scale and advantages of sizeAccess to new technologies and customersAccess to innovative managerial practicesCompetitive GoalsInfluencing structural evolution of the industryPre-empting competitionDefensive response to blurring industry boundariesCreation of stronger competitive unitsSpeed to marketImproved agilityStrategic GoalsSynergiesTransfer of technology/skillsDiversificationReasons for Dissolving a Joint VentureAims of original venture metAims of original venture not metEither or both parties develop new goalsEither or both parties no longer agree with joint venture aimsTime agreed for joint venture has expiredLegal or financial issuesEvolving market conditions mean that joint venture is no longer appropriate or relevantExamplesLG, Philips Components (LG + Philips)Nokia Siemens Networks (Nokia + Siemens AG)Sony Ericsson (Sony + Ericsson)

Verizon Wireless (Verizon Communications + Vodafone)

WHY JOINT VENTURES?As there are good business and accounting reasons to create a joint venture (JV) with a company that has complementary capabilities and resources, such as distribution channels, technology, or finance, joint ventures are becoming an increasingly common way for companies to form strategic alliances.Sustainable Competitive AdvantageIn a joint venture, two or more "parent" companies agree to share capital, technology, human resources, risks and rewards in a formation of a new entity under shared control.Important FactorsTo be considered before a joint venture is formed screening of prospective partners joint development of a detailed business plan and short listing a set of prospective partners based on their contribution to developing a business plan due diligence - checking the credentials of the other party ("trust and verify" - trust the information you receive from the prospective partner, but it's good business practice to verify the facts through interviews with third parties) development of an exit strategy and terms of dissolution of the joint venture most appropriate structure (e.g. most joint ventures involving fast growing companies are structured as strategic corporate partnerships) Availability of appreciated or depreciated property being contributed to the joint venture; by misunderstanding the significance of appreciated property, companies can fundamentally weaken the economics of the deal for themselves and their partners. special allocations of income, gain, loss or deduction to be made among the partners compensation to the members that provide services

Joint Venture TechnologyThe concept of a joint venture technology is important to understand if you consider entering into a joint venture. You all strategies and contracts must be planned properly in accordance with the law. Joint venture association can be used effectively in a business-based technology, especially where the Intellectual Property assets concerned. In joint venture associations, businesses work together and share resources, knowledge, benefits and / or geographic market. Joint ventures to help bring you in contact with new clients in the fast and efficient and with it are very powerful mode for business entrepreneurs.Various forms of joint ventures. Joint venture technology can be of various forms. In one scenario, the organization in May to join together to form a joint venture that is its own entity with the ownership shares and rights. This usually happens in a multi-national company or a larger business. This form of a joint venture with technology in general to the merger of two separate companies from the law itself.In another method, a more general, a joint venture agreement that formed between the business for a particular purpose, such as one campaign or individuals to share resources and bring about increasing benefits and / or client base to increase. Establish joint ventures with this mode of joint venture technology may be for the initial phase of a more permanent business relationship.Points to be consider while planning a joint venture technology. If you are planning a joint venture, the careful plans for all your business contracts and the right strategy in accordance with the law so that the channel to avoid further complications. The main focus is to create a joint venture company to create innovative companies or joint-venture, which will help in increasing the value of new business or to form a body that is able to manage the business. The joint venture is focused technology partners to manage, they provide access to resources, capital, resources intellectual property, technical resources and so forth. A contract must be arranged a certain set of clear transfer of IP rights through the current as the nature of Intellectual Property total assets are insubstantial.When you make your contract, a joint venture technology, you must be careful to also include the following aspects. Documents from the control and format of the joint venture contract must jointly decide on the goals that must be achieved. The requirements for completing these objectives must also be clearly stated in the agreement. The problem of laws on tax issues and legalities related to the Anti must also be stated clearly. In short, detailed information that is clear and the details relating to the special role in the joint venture and your skills, etc. should be clarified as part of the joint venture technology.

CHAPTER:-6CASE STUDYCase 1Wal-Mart, Bharti End Their India Joint Venture; Companies To Operate Independently

Wal-Mart Stores (NYSE:WMT) and Bharti Enterprises havecalled off their partnership in India and have decided to independently pursue their separate businesses in the countrys retail sector, the companies said in a joint statement on Wednesday.According to the agreement, Wal-Mart will acquire Bhartis 50 percent stake in their joint venture in Best Price Modern Wholesale stores that run cash-and-carry operations serving local businesses across India. Bharti will buy compulsory convertible debentures held by Wal-Mart in Cedar Support Services, which operates theEasy daychain of retail stores.Bharti is committed to building a world-class retail venture and will continue to invest in Bharti Retail across all formats. We believe that with our current footprint of 212 stores, we have a strong platform to significantly grow the business and delight customers, said Rajan Bharti Mittal, vice-chairman and managing director of Bharti Enterprises, in the statement.The breakup was not unexpected as recent statements byScott Price, president and CEO of Wal-Mart Asia, and Bharti's chairman, Sunil Bharti Mittal, had noted that the companies were reconsidering the partnership. Local media reports citing sources also had said that Bharti was growing wary of the partnership and was considering divesting in the joint venture. Bentonville, Ark.-based Wal-Mart started its wholesale cash-and-carry and back-end supply chain management operations in India in 2007, along with Bharti Enterprises through their joint venture, Bharti Wal-Mart Private Limited.The first store was launched in 2009 in Amritsar, in the northern Indian state of Punjab.Given the circumstances, our decision to operate independently will be beneficial to both parties, Price said in the statement, adding that the company will continue to advocate for investment conditions that allow FDI (foreign direct investment) multi-brand retail in India.Wal-Mart had plans to expand the wholesale joint-venture partnership to the country's growing retail sector and had announced that Bharti would be a natural partner for retail operations, after the Indian government allowed foreign retailers to own 51 percent of Indian operations in September 2012.However, ambiguity in the rules and tough pre-conditions on investment patterns by the government have discouraged foreign retail players like Wal-Mart from entering the sector despite the much-awaited relaxation in FDI rules.Moreover, the partnership between Wal-Mart and Bharti seemed to be fraying in recent years as corruption scandals and government inquiries into alleged malpractices by the companies hurt their expansion plans.Wal-Mart is facing a probe in India for allegedly violating the country's foreign exchange norms, and has been accused of clandestinely and illegally" investing$100 millionin Indias retail market through Bharti Enterprises from 2010.In November 2012, Bharti Wal-Mart suspended its chief financial officer and other employees, pending the outcome of an investigation into a bribery charge.Raj Jain, president and CEO of Wal-Marts India unit was replaced by Ramnik Narsey as interim chief in June. The company did not specify the reasons for Jain's departure.Wal-Mart announced last November that the company was investigating allegations of corrupt practices in foreign markets, including in India, aspart of a worldwide review of its policies and practices to ensure compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in the U.S.

Case2 The synergies in values, ethics and passion shared by Starbucks and the Tata conglomerate made for the ideal partnership as the global coffee giant prepared for its entry into India.At Asia Society India Centre's first members-only event, Tata Starbucks CEOAvani Saglani Davdajoined us for a coffee-tasting and discussion about the landmark Joint Venture (JV) between Starbucks and Tata Global Beverages. She emphasized their focus on the "human connection," sharing how they aimed for their stores to serve as a "third place" for customers apart from their homes and offices. Further, the venture invested in ensuring that both their customers and their employees (whom they call their partners) are treated respectfully. For instance, Starbucks was the first listed company to allow health benefits to its part-time workers. The two JV partners also shared deep mutual respect, as demonstrated by India being the first country where Starbucks allowed co-branding and sourced coffee locally. The deep-rooted commitment to give back to society was also a major focus of the venture, she said. It supported the Swastha School for special children in Coorg, where their coffee plantations are situated.As freshly brewed Kenyan Coffee was circulated by the Starbucks team, Store Manager Siddesh took the audience through Starbucks traditional four steps of coffee tasting smelling (which helps identify different flavors and aromas), slurping (which helps to locate the coffee over the palate), locating and describing the taste.Talking about competing chains and their strategy in India, Davda said that "success in any other geography does not mark your success in India. When you enter a new market you have to respect the palate and what the consumer really wants. The three Starbucks pillars are quality of coffee, the fantastic third space and the legendary experience." She also noted that the design of the stores in India were unique, setting them apart from other Starbucks outlets around the world. The store designers took care to weave the story of Indian culture into the third space setting, so as to be inviting to Indians.Davda signed off by stating that the "TATA Starbucks' goal is to provide consumers with a distinguished experience, bring an iconic band and stay true to it and not assume that the consumer is always going to be in love with us; and only if we earn their respect will we be able to survive here.

Case3

Magneti Marelli S.p.A. and Hero MotoCorp Ltd. have signed a Joint Venture agreement aimed at the production of power train systems for the two-wheeler market.According to this agreement, Hero MotoCorp will hold a 60% share in the Joint Venture, with the remaining 40% being held by Magneti Marelli. The construction of a JVs production plant is planned by 2015, at a location in India to be defined shortly.The JV will nevertheless be operational immediately, as during this initial phase activities will focus on the technological aspect, with the two companies starting to cooperate in the design and development of the first solutions and applications for motorcycles.The Joint Venture will be aimed mainly at the Indian market, and its solutions will be made available both to the two wheeler production of the Hero company (the largest in India and in the world), and to the entire two-wheeler market in the country (about 15 million vehicles sold in 2012 alone).The main objective of the JV is to put together a portfolio of advanced solutions for the power train control of two and three-wheel vehicles that, by taking advantage of the added value provided by electronics, are able to raise the technological level of the solutions available until today.These technologies will make it possible to achieve better engine performances, with reduced consumption and emissions, representing in fact a leap in the technological paradigm and thus paving the way for a more sustainable mobility in compliance with future limits for polluting emissions, in a country where a total of over 63 million two and three-wheel vehicles have been sold in the last six years from 2007 to 2013(source: SIAM, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers).The scope of the agreement makes available to the JV Magneti Marellis advanced solutions in terms of electronic engine management, including the ride-by-wire technology. Since this technology allows electronic handling of the power requested of the engine, it optimizes its operation, in addition to forming the technological base needed to enable future possible solutions for hybrid engines associated with the transmission to be fitted on two-wheelers.Since 2001, Hero has been the worlds largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. So far, it has sold approximately 50 million motorcycles and mopeds, and currently holds a market share of 46%, with almost 7 million vehicles sold every year. In 2012, it acquired 49.2% of the equity capital in the well-known motorcycle brand Erik Buell Racing.The scope of this agreement is -commented Eugenio Razelli, Magneti Marelli CEO- quite significant for Magneti Marelli as our partner in this JV is the worlds largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. The aim is to partner with Hero MotoCorp in order to equip with advanced Power train solutions all Hero two-wheelers and most of the two wheelers circulating in a country where current sales are already in order of 15 million per year. We are also proud to be able to contribute to initiating a technological revolution in favor of sustainable mobility for two-wheeled vehicles as well, on one of the most important markets in the world. It has always been my firm belief that the path to technological excellence is through self-sufficiency and independence.-commented Pawan Munjal, Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer, Hero MotoCorp -Therefore, over the past year, we have been forging multiple alliances with globally-renowned design and technology firms, and the newly-formed partnership with Magneti Marelli is yet another strategic move in that direction. This is our first Joint Venture since charting our solo journey and as an immediate opportunity and focus area, the new firm shall be taking up development and manufacturing of next-generation Fueling Systems. This is one of the most important areas in various technologies involved in making of better fuel-efficient, environment friendly modern engines. Fuel technology has undergone a major shift over the past two decades. The advances in electronics and control technology, which have become smarter and real time, have given a very useful tool in the hands of engine designers to precisely optimize fuel supply for control of output performance, emissions, fuel consumption and usage of certain fuel blends.

Case4

Mumbai: Tata Motors Ltd and Italys Fiat Spa said on Wednesday that they are ending their distribution agreement, while the manufacturing accord will continue.Space crunch: Fiat cars on display at a Tata Motors showroom in Okhla, New Delhi. Fiat says its decision to part with Tata Motors was prompted by increasing congestion in the showrooms. Photo: Jasjeet Plaha/HTThe marketing agreement allowed the Italian auto maker to use the Indian firms distribution network in the country. Distribution will now be handed over to a separate Fiat group-owned company, the two said in a joint statement.This is the second time that Fiats joint venture with an Indian partner has failed. A technical collaboration and then a joint venture with Premier Automobiles Ltd went astray in the 1990s.After two failed stints in Indiaone with Premier and a solo essaythe Italian company was on the verge of pulling out of India but for Fiat chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Tata group chairman Ratan Tata getting together in 2006.Fiat joined hands with Tata Motors with the objective of using the latters expansive sales, service and distribution network to gain access to one of the worlds fastest growing car markets. It became evident in the first few years of the joint venture that the model was not working.Sales at Fiat India have been sputtering. In the fiscal ended March, sales contracted 23.87% to 16,073 units, according to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (Siam).A competing product line-up made it increasingly tough for dealers to do justice to both Tata and Fiat, an analyst at a global consulting firm said on condition of anonymity.Typically, dealers have a tendency to push those models that fetch them better margins. Covertly, that was driving the dealers behaviour, he said.A Fiat India spokesman said the decision to go their separate ways was prompted by increasing congestion in the showrooms. Fiat customers have not been able to experience the brand, he said.In the past year and half, both Tata and Fiat officials have on several occasions expressed dissatisfaction over the accord not yielding the desired results and the companies planning to revisit the venture.In September 2011, Fiat announced plans to set up so-called Fiat Cafesone each in Delhi and Puneto promote the brand. The company also said it had asked some of the Tata Fiat dealerships to set up separate Fiat outlets. The writing was on the wall, said the consultant cited above.The manufacturing joint venture between the firms will continue, the companies said. This includes using a common manufacturing plant in Ranjangaon near Pune to produce Fiat and Tata cars in addition to engines and transmissions for both the Indian and export markets and a recently announced contract to supply Fiat diesel engines to Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.In its five years of operations, the industrial joint venture has produced some 190,000 cars and 337,000 powertrains. It will continue with these manufacturing activities as they are outside the purview of the new distribution agreement and supply cars and powertrains to Fiat and Tata.Fiat India said it will start developing the new Fiat dealer network shortly.The 178 existing Fiat-franchised Tata dealers in 129 cities will be encouraged to form the foundation of the future network. Fiat will form a separate company that will assume responsibility for all commercial and service-related activities from the current Tata-dedicated team assigned to manage the Fiat brand.Enrico Antanasio will head the new company, said Fiats spokesperson. Experts said it will take the Italian car maker at least two years to establish its own network.They need to be more aggressive with new model launches, said Puneet Gupta, analyst at sales forecasting and market research firm IHS Global. Only then will the dealers see financial viability in setting up Fiat dealerships.Tata Motors dropped 3.82% to Rs304.65 on BSE on Wednesday. The benchmark Sensex fell 0.1% to 17,301 points. The announcement came after market hours.

CHAPTER:-7 CONCLUSIONFinding Joint venture partners has not been easy until now. Everyone knows thatjointventuresare the number one, fastest growing, most profitable form ofmarketingstrategyin the world, however building joint venture alliances can be time consuming and unproductive if you don't know what to do or where to find them. More importantly though, is the ingredient that makes a joint venture become profitable and work and that is to actually have a joint venture partner to create a joint venture alliance with. A joint venture isa mechanism for combining complementary assets owned byseparate firms. These assets can be tangible, suchas machinery and equipment, orintangible, such as technological know-how, production or marketing skills, brandnames, and market-specific information. In an equity joint venture the partner firmstransfer all or part of their assets to a legally independent entity and share the profits from the venture. Contractual arrangements that donot involve shared equity control are sometimes referred to asnon-equity joint ventures; examples include licensing and management contracts, as well as supply anddistribution agreements. Shared ownership and contractual arrangements are also frequently grouped together under the term alliances. In what follows the focus will be onequity joint ventures, specifically international joint ventures involving partners fromdifferent countries

CHAPTER: 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY http://voices.yahoo.com/10-reasons-start-joint-venture-2080922.html?cat=55 http://voices.yahoo.com/the-different-types-joint-ventures-2080954.html?cat=17 http://jacobkuttyta.hubpages.com/hub/Joint-Venture1 http://www.magnetimarelli.com/press_room/news/magneti-marelli-and-hero-motocorp-sign-joint-venture-india-sector-powertrain-systems http://www.livemint.com/Companies/JdjBupzYACCFrcGVxrLLlL/Tata-Motors-Fiat-end-car-sales-joint-venture.html

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