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12a Bilegdemberel.M

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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An over view of Phoo!"nhe!i!•

Phoo!"nhe!i! i! a !erie! of rea#ion! in whi#h energ"ran!ferred a! ligh i! ran!formed o #hemi#al energ".Energ" from ligh i! ra$$ed b" #hloro$h"ll% and hi!energ" i! hen &!ed o

i. S$li a$ar he !rong bond! in waer mole#&le! o

relea!e h"drogen

ii. Prod&#e ATP

iii. 'ed&#e a !&b!an#e #alled NA(P

NA(P !and! for ni#oinamide adenine din&#leoide

$ho!$hae and i! a #oen)"me li*e NA(.Overall e+&aion of Phoo!"nhe!i! i!,-O2,H2O/-,H12O, O2

 There are man" di0eren !e$! in $hoo!"nhe!i!% whi#h

#an be divided ino wo main !age! igh3de$endenrea#ion! and igh inde$enden rea#ion!.

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-hloro$la!!•Phoo!"nhe!i! a*e! $la#e in!ide#hloro$la!!. The!e organelle! !&rro&ndedb" wo membrane!% #alled an envelo$e.

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-hloro$la!

Structures Functions

'ibo!ome! in !roma S"nhe!i!ing en)"me! 'ib&lo!ebi!$ho!$hae #arbo4"la!e% fore4am$le.

Sar#h 5rain The !ol&ble !&gar! made in

$hoo!"nhe!i!#anno be !ored. The" #anonl" be !ored if he" are #onvered ino anin!ol&ble form.

5rana -reae! large !&rfa#e area for#hloro$h"ll!o lo! of ligh #an beab!orbed.

 Th"la*oid Membrane! (riven rea#ion! o o##&rwihin

he #hloro$la!! a he !ameiime.

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igh de$enden rea#ion•

 The 6r! rea#ion! of $hoo!"nhe!i! re+&ire lighenerg"% and are #alled ligh de$enden rea#ion!.

• 7hen ligh i! ab!orbed b" PS I and PS II% ele#ron! in he#hloro$h"ll mole#&le are boo!ed o higher energ"level!. The" are emied and $a!!ed on o ele#ron

#arrier!.

• The lo!! of ele#ron! from PS II #a&!e! he !$liing ofwaer. The waer give! &$ i! ele#ron! o PS II o 6ll hega$.

•

 Thi! leave! o4"gen% whi#h i! given o0 a! wa!e% andh"drogen ion!.

• The ele#ron! are $a!!ed hro&gh a !erie! of ele#ron#arrier! a !&##e!!ivel" lower energ" level!. Thi! mean!ha energ" i! relea!ed and &!ed o form ATP o& of A(P 

and P.

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igh de$endan rea#ion!•

 The ele#ron! from PSI are $a!!ed along a di0eren #hainof #arrier! o NA(P. The NA(P al!o $i#*! &$ heh"drogen ion! from he !$li waer mole#&le!. The NA(Pbe#ome! red&#ed NA(P.

• 7e #an !how all of hi! in a diagram #alled he 83

!#heme. The higher &$ he energ" level.

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igh Inde$enden rea#ion!•

 Thi! rea#ion a*e! $la#e in he !roma of he#hloro$la!% where he en)"me rib&lo!e bi!$ho!$hae#arbo4"la!e% &!&all" *nown a! r&bi!#o% i! fo&nd.

• -arbon dio4ide di0&!e! ino !roma from he air !$a#e!wihin he leaf. I ener! he a#ive !ie of r&bi!#o% whi#h

#ombine! i wih a 93#arbon #om$o&nd #alled rib&lo!ebi$ho!$hae%'&BP. The $rod&#! of hi! rea#ion are wo:3#arbon mole#&le!% gl"#erae :3$ho!$hae% 5P. The#ombinaion of -O2 wih '&BP i! #alled #arbon 64aion.

•

 The energ" from ATP and h"drogen from red&#ed NA(P are hen &!ed o #onver he 5P ino rio!e $ho!$hae% TP. Trio!e $ho!$hae i! he 6r! #arboh"drae $rod&#edin $hoo!"nhe!i!.

• Mo! of he TP i! &!ed o $rod&#e '&BP% !o ha more

-O2 #an be 64ed.

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igh inde$enden rea#ion!•

 Thi! !erie! of rea#ion! i! *nown a! he -alvin #"#le.

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• Than* "o& ;