a look at theories part ii - dentonisd.org

A Look at Theories: Part II

Human Growth and Development

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Think of theories as windows


Erikson

Erikson believed that “each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a

major aspect of personality”

Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) German

http://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/


Psychosocial Theory - Erikson

• childhood is very important in personality development

• accepted many of Freud's theories, including the id, ego, and superego

• unlike Freud, felt that personality continued to develop beyond five years of age


Erikson • Children are not simply biological organisms

that endure • Children develop in the context of society’s

expectations, prohibitions, and prejudices. • Personality is shaped over the life span;

experiences later in life can heal problems in early childhood.

http://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/


Erikson

• Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years) • Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years) • Initiative vs. Guilt (4 – 5 years) • Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 11 years) • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 – 18 years) • Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 – 35 years) • Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 – 65 years) • Integrity vs. Despair (over 65 years)

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Erikson

• Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years) – Children either learn that the world is a safe and

nurturing place or they learn to be mistrustful and frightened

• Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years) – Children begin to have some control over their own

bodies and, to some extent, their lives. Reaching these goals allows for great independence and self-confidence.


Erikson

• Initiative vs. Guilt (4 – 5 years) – Children expand their world; learn to control their new

environments; acquire feelings of competence and independence; leadership skills

• Industry vs. Inferiority (6 – 11 years) – Children begin to have more social interactions;

develop a sense of pride in accomplishments


Erikson

• Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 – 18 years) – Main task of the adolescent is to achieve a state of

identity; to know who he/she is and wants to be

• Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 – 35 years) – Exploring relationships, moving to commitment and

long-term relationships; failure brings isolation


Erikson

• Generativity vs. Stagnation (35 – 65 years) – Being in the world; what have we done to help those

we love and the world at large? Thoughts of future generations

• Integrity vs. Despair (over 65 years) – Reflecting back on life; few regrets or bitterness?


Maslow


Maslow • Basic physiological needs

– Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, rest, sleep

• Safety – Feelings of safety, ease, freedom from anxiety

• Love and belonging – Friendships, family, and intimate relationships


Maslow

• Esteem – Self worth, confidence, achievement, respect of others

• Self actualization – Achieving who we can be; creativity, aesthetic needs,

fulfilling potential


Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality

• Level I – Pre-conventional (4 – 10 years) – Stage 1: Punishment and obedience. Children obey to

avoid being caught and punished – Stage 2: Naive instrumental behaviorism. Children

obey rules but only for pure self-interest. “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927 - 1987 ) American



• Level II: Conventional (10 – 13 years) – Stage 3: Children seek approval of others, the “good

boy-good girl” mentality. Base moral judgments on whether or not someone meant to do good.

– Stage 4: Law-and-order mentality. Children are concerned with authority and maintaining the social order. Correct behavior is “doing one’s duty.”



• Level III: Post-conventional (13 years and older) – Stage 5: Laws are obeyed because they have been

accepted by society as a whole. – Stage 6: Individuals follow their own conscience

about what is right. Behavior is the same no matter who is present.


Bio-Ecological Systems Theory Microsystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Macrosystem

Chronosystem

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917 – 2005)


Life Course Theory

• Glen Elder (b. 1934) – Studies not only

children – Patterns – Impact of society


Death and Dying

• Elizabeth Kubler-Ross – Five stages of grief

• Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance


Conclusion

• Theories help us understand

• Theories give us questions to ask

• Theories offer looks with different views


References

• Periodicals – Elder, G. (1998). The Lifecourse as Developmental Theory. Child

Development, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 1-12. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/1132065.

– Mitchell, B.A. (2003)"Life Course Theory," in J.J. Ponzetti, Jr. (ed). International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family, 2nd ed., pp. 1051-1055, New York: Macmillan.

— Swick, J. and Williams, R. (2006). An Analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Perspective for Early Childhood Educators: Implications for Working with Families Experiencing Stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 33, No. 5, April. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y


References

• Technology

• Maslow game: http://www.purposegames.com/game/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-quiz/info


References

• Technology • YouTube video: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXqcYXTgpB4&playnext=1&list=PLCA4ED379AEC83CB3&feature=results_video

• YouTube video: Erikson’s Psychosocial Development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_IY-pFK3qI

• YouTube video: Kohlberg’s Theory of Morality. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgjuS6O7ji8


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References

• Textbooks – Berk, L. (2008). Infants and children: Prenatal

through middle childhood. (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.

– Crain, W. (1985). Theories of Development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

– Dacey, J., Travers, J., Fiore, L. (2009). Human development across the lifespan. (7th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.


References

• Websites – Boeree, C.G. (2006). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html

– Brainy Quotes. (2012). http://www.brainyquote.com

– Davis, D. and Clifton, A. (1995). Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. Retrieved from http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html


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References

• Websites – Ecological Theory of Bronfenbrenner. (2012).

Retrieved from http://nacce.org/ecological-theory-of-bronfenbrenner/

– Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation. (2012). http://www.ekrfoundation.org/

– Erikson Institute. (2012). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from http://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/


References

• Websites – Images. (2012). www.office.microsoft.com/en-

us/images/ – Prince Sultan University (2012). Erikson’s Theory of

Psychosocial Development. Retrieved from http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/default.asp


http://www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/images/

http://www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/images/

References • Images

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