a manual of musalman numismatics / by o. codrington
TRANSCRIPT
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YOL.
TIL
A
MANUAL
OF
MUSALMAN
NUMISMATICS.
BY
0,
CODRINGTON,
M.D,
F.S.A.
LONDON
:
PUBLISHED EY
THE
EOYAL ASIATIC
SOCIETY,
22,
ALBEMAELE
STREET,
W.
1904.
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I'UtXTKU
1JY
STKl'tlKN
Al'STIN AND
SONS.
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PREFACE.
fTIHIS
book
is
intended
for
the
help
of
those
who,
not
being
Arabic
or
Persian
scholars,
would
like to know
something
about
the
Oriental
coins
which
may
come
in
their
way,
as
well
as
of
others
who
with
a
knowledge
of
these
languages
find difficulties in
the
lettering,
arrange-
ments,
and
reading
of
the
legends,
which
are
often
so
different
in these
respects
from the
plain
writing
of a
MS.
or
the
print
of
a
book,
and
in
the
meanings
of marks
and
symbols
which
are
to
be
found on
coins.
It
originated
in
notes,
made
during
several
years,
in
a
copy
of
that
valuable
but
now
scarce
book,
Elements
de la
Numismatique
Musulinane,
by
R
Soret,
Brussels,
1864,
a
reprint
from
Revue
de
la
Numismafique
Beige,
ser.
iv,
tome
ii.
Considerable
correspondence
from
India
and
at
home,
personal
references made
to
me,
and
the
remembrance
of
my
own troubles
when
beginning
to
work
at
Oriental
coins some
years ago
in
India without
much
aid
frgin.books,
have
guided
me
as
to
what
might
be most
usefully
included in
such
a
Manual
as
this.
The
book
will,
I'
hope,'
b'e found
useful,
as
one
of
ready
reference,
to
Oriental
numismatists
generally,
in
the same
way
as Soret's
has
been
to
those
who
had
a
copy
of
it.
My
thanks
are due
to
Mr.
Guy
Le
Strange
and
Mr. H. R
Ainedroz
for
information
regarding
the
location
of
some-
mint
towns,
and to
the latter
also
for
help
in
Arabic
legends.
0.
C.
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INDEX.
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EEEATA.
Page
12,
line
21,
for
on
Coins read
of
Coins.
17,
line
6,
for
Hafsidi
read Hafsid.
31,
line
9,
for
UUji
read
U^UjI
.
,,
31,
last
line,
for
15
Jb
read
Ujb .
,,
39,
line
1,
for
ci-
,,
41,
line
17,
for
'
,,
48,
line
25,
for
Ghaznawi read Grhaznawid.
51,
line
19,
for Julayhid
read
Sulayhid.
54,
line
2,
for
Yaku
read
Yakub.
,,
57,
lines
5
and
15,
for
,
82,
line
24,
for
^
J^l
.
91,
line
18,
for
Jjs*\
read
jl
127,
line
22,
for
44
35'
read
42
27'.
127,
line
23, for
67
20'
read
68
10'.
129,
line
10,
far
^UsrUjjl
read
^Irsru^jl
.
129,
last line but
4,
for Rodgers
read
Rogers.
133,
after
line
27
insert
:
Allahabad.
In
Jtf.'W.
Provinces,
India.
^
2526
/
K;
8155
;
E.
Dehli
Emperors.
134,
line
6,
for
Siras
read Sivas.
,,
134,
last line
but
1,
for
Rodgers
read
Rogers.
,,
149,
after
line
22
insert
:
Junaghar.
In
Kathia
war,
India.
2131
/
K;
70
36'
E.
Dehli
Emperors. Local
Rajah.
157,
line
27,
for
Bieyal
read
Diwal.
,,
160,
line
13,
for
Morocco
read
Mecca.
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PLATE
S.
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PLATE
II.
SEPARATED.
FINAL
MEDIAL
^ r,
J
(Pers.)
;
U
^b
(Hindustani).
(Hindustani).
.
,
a?Jj
J
(Hindustani).
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NUMBERS
AND
CIPHERS.
7
The Arabic
ciphers,
in
varying
forms
in
which
they
appear
on
Muhanimadan
coins,
are
given
on
Plate
II.
They
are
often
ill-
formed,
and
require
a
practised
eye
to
read
them.
The
I
may
be
out
of
place,
slanting
one
way
or
the
other,
or
mixed
tip
with
neighbouring
lettering.
T
may
have
its horizontal
arm
shaky,
and
so look
like
T.
T
sometimes
has
its
arm
so
irregularly
formed
as
to
be
taken
for
i~.
P
has
more
variety
of
shape
than
any
other
cipher,
and
in
one
of
its
forms
is
the
same
as one
variety
of .
The
form
%
is
used on
Turkish
and
African coins.
has
many
forms
too,
but
usually
it
is
either
6
or
o
.
The
is
some-
times
too
small,
and
therefore
like
a
figure
used
for
0.
1
may
have
its arm at an
acute
angle
ancl so
be
taken for
V,
or
be
reversed
to
T,
or
have
its
arm
rounded
and
nearly
closed
at the
top
and
so
be
like
Q
i
.
v
ancl
A
are
usually
pretty
distinct,
but
sometimes
they
slant a
good
deal,
even
to the extent of
lying
on
their
sides
;
in
that
case
they
may
be
taken
to have
fallen
over to
the
right,
so
that
is
A.
^
may
be
like
a
1
if
not
closed
at
the
top,
and
is
not
rarely
reversed,
i.e.
with
its
ring
to
the
right.
When ten
is
indicated
by
it
is
not
always
visible,
and
when is
used there
is
a
doubt
sometimes from
its
size
whether
5
or is
intended.
Bates
expressed
in
ciphers
are
read
from
left
to
right,
except
those
on
the
coins
of
Maisur
(Mysore),
which,
as in
Arabic
writing,
are
written
from
right
to left.
But
sometimes the whole
date is-
by
mistake
reversed,
e.g.
^AV
for
VAp
O
n a
coin of the
Golden
Horde,
and
sometimes
with
the
further error
of
the
ciphers
being
reversed,
e.g.
1
A
V
for
VAf.
Sometimes,
too,
the
ciphers
are
not
placed
in
order
in a
Ike,
but
distributed
in
the
area
of
the
coin,
IIP
t
e.g.
|
r
^
P
on
coins
of
Shahs
of
Persia.
Generally,
however,
in
any
of
these
cases there
is
not
much
difficulty
in
discovering
the
error
or
in
seeing
the
proper
order
of
the
ciphers,
as
one
can
tell
from
other
signs
what
is
within
a
century
or
so
the
age
of a
coin.
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ISOLATED
LETTERS
AND WORDS.
ISOLATED
LETTERS
AID
WORDS,
In
the
areas
of
Arabic
coins,
sometimes
above,
sometimes
below
the
legend
and
not
forming
a
part
of
it,
are
often found
letters
or
words,
the
signification
of some
of
which
has
been
a
good
deal
discussed.
If
it
be
a
name,
it
is
in
all
probability
that of
a
governor,
vizier,
or
moneyer,
but
more often
it
is
one
of
the
words
or
initials
given
in
the
following
list,
being
marks
of
genuineness
or
mint
marks,
indicating
goodness
of
weight
or
fineness
of metal.
The
list
is
compiled
from one
made
by
E.
Meir,
with
a few
additions
of
other
writers.
It
will
be seen
that
a
single
letter
is
in
some cases
given
to
denote
a
word,
e.g.
^
for
*L
and
*La
,
&
for
Jd
,
Jb
for
c-^b
,
CJ
for
^
.
These
are
very
common
on the coins of
the Abbaside
period.
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10
MUSAIHAS
XOISIA1IC8,
heavy
richly
t*
complete
.
pure
.
.
.
.
,
^.i)
purity
.
.
,
.
.
cjj
lawful
is
-
u^
right
weight
.
.
. L .
j
extremely
good
weight
&
li
J
beautiful
.
.
.
cus
-
JL
P
st
^-
J*
very
just
weight
excellent
good
weight
j.z
beautiful,
just
increased,
just
excellent
.
.
prover
(assayer)
superior
,
.
incomparable
,
fixed
.
.
.
just
weight
,
.
j
mass
. .
.
.
just
mass
. ,
.
;
mass
of
weight
.
1
regular
mass .
.
'
excellent
.
.
.
,
rich
weight
.
.
.
precious
. .
.
:
excellent
weight
.
jfo
>
pure
*
sufficient
*
a
profitable
.
.
,
refined
. .
.
.
refined
in
the
fire
good
weight
increased
just
weight
.
old
weight
,
.
full
weight
j
-
J
of
good
augury
stout
,
.
.
|
rich
weight
A
-
Ml
weight
. .
.
.
pure
,
a
.
Jb .
Ljjvjb
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X
OP
TYPES
OF COINAGE.
11
OBIGIK
OF
OF
C0XIAGE
AND
VARIETIES.
At
the
time
of the
rise
of
the
power
of
the
early
Ehalifs,
the
coinages
of the
regions
-which
were
brought
under
their
rule
were,
speaking
generally,
the
Byzantine
in
the
West
and
the
Persian
Sassanian
in
the
East.
At
first,
following
the
usual
practice
of
Oriental
conquerors,
the new
rulers made use
of
that
which
was
the
currency
of
the
country,
altering
the coins
by
degrees
to
be
indicative
of
the
new
ruling
power
and
religion,
but
making
the
changes
so
gradually
as
not
to
give
an
unfamiliar
appearance
to the
coins
in
the
eyes
of
the
people,
but
to
preserve
the
continuity
of
the
accustomed
coinage
with
only
such
changes
as
were
necessary.
Thus
we
see
in
the earliest
gold
of
the
Khalifs
an
imitation
of
the
coin
of
the
Byzantine
emperor
adapted
by
the
figure
of
the
Ehalif with
a
sword
in
his
hand
being
substituted
for
that
of
the
emperor
holding
a
staff
with
a cross
on
it,
on
the
obverse
;
and on
the reverse
the
cross,
standing
on
four
steps,
altered
into
a
column
with
a
ball on
its
top.
The
legends
OR
both
sides
are
changed
to
Arabic ones in
Kufic
character
:
CU-v-J
A |
iJJb
L-jJe
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N
NUMISMATICS.
Then
when
the
Khalli
Abd-al-Malik
In
A.H.
76,
In
compliance
with
the
rale
of
the
Prophet
which
prohibits
the
making
of
representations
of
living
things
and
declares
that
every painter
is
in
hell-fire,
established the
first
purely
Musalnian
coins,
he
still
preserved
in
them
a
semblance
to
the
gold
Byzantine
and
silver
Sassanian,
in
size,
form,
and
general
appearance.
Mr.
G.
E.
Eeary
?
in
an
article
in
the Numismatic Chronicle
for
1885
and
1886
on
The
Morphology
of
Coins,
shows
that the reverse of a
coin of
Khusru
II,
turned
a
quarter
round,
at
a
little distance
seems
almost identical with
one
of
Abd-al-Malik,
struck
at
Basra
A.H.
79
;
but,
looking
closer,
one sees
that
the two
figures
with
a
fire
altar
between
them on the
former are
replaced
by
three
lines
of
Rufic
Arabic
on
the
latter,
and the
marginal
Pehlvi
legend
altered
to
a
EMe
one also.
But the
marginal
circles
are
preserved
almost
intact,
and
the crescents
and
stars
on
the
one have
changed
to
corresponding
annulets in the
other.
There
was
little variation
from
this
type
in the
coinage
of
the
Umayyads
of
Spain,
the
Abbasid,
Buwayhid,
Samanld,
Hamdanid,
Ukaylid,
and
other
dynasties
in
Irak
and
Yaman
up
to
the
times
of
the
Mongols,
but
in
Africa
the
Aghlabis,
according
to
Mr.
Keary,
whose
Morphology
on
Coins
supplies
the
substance
of
these
paragraphs,
founded
their
currency
in
both
gold
and
silver
on
the
pattern
of
the
gold
coins
of the
Abbasis.
The Fatimis
followed
the
Aghlabis
with
the
development
of a
new
variety,
i.e.
coins
which
have
their
inscriptions
arranged
in
a
series
of
concentric
circles.
Their
successors,
the
Ayyubis, adopted
at
first
the
same
pattern,
but
later
changed
it to a
plainer
form
in
straight
lines,
and
this
form was
continued
without
much
change
by
theMamluks.
In
about
the
beginning
of
the
sixth
century
A.H.
the
enclosing
of
the
area
legend
in a
compartment
came
into
use
squares,
star-
shapes,
circles,
ovals
;
4,
6,
and
8
foils,
etc.
This
is
noticeable
in
the
Ayyubid,
Saljuk,
and
especially
in the
Mongol
series.
There
was
a
remarkable
departure
from the
Musalman
type
in
some
of
the
coinages
of
Asia
Minor
and
Syria
Ayyubid,
Saljuk,
Urtukid,
and
Zangid
in
reverting
to
imitations
of
Greek,
Seleucid,
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ORIGIN
OP
TYPES
OF
COINAGE.
13
and
Eoman
coin
obverses
;
heads
and
busts,
and
full and
half
figures
of men
;
horsemen,
eagle,
lion
and
sun,
centaur,
etc.
This,
no
doubt,
arose
from
a
desire
to
adapt
the
coinage
to that
current in
the
neighbourhood
and
in
use
in
the
trading
transactions
with
the
West.
The
coinage
of
the
Mongols
of Persia
followed
much the
same
pattern
as
that
of
the
dynasties
which
they
supplanted,
and
the
same
character
was
continued
up
to
and
throughout
the
reigns
of
Tinmr
and
his
house.
But
in
the
farther
East
there
was
an
altogether
different initial
type
the
Bactrian,
from
which
sprang
the
coins of
more
solidity
and
thickness
developing
into the
rupee.
The
two
great
coinages
of the
Muhamniadan
world
of
modern
times
show
a
marked
difference
suggestive
of
varying
original
types,
more
so
perhaps
a
century
ago
than
now.
Compare,
for instance,
a
gold
or
silver
coin of
jSTadir
Shah
of
Persia
with
one
of
Sultan llahmud
I,
his
contemporary
in
Turkey.
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liaMe
is
the
language
generally
used
on ITusalman
coins,
but
Persian
is
that which
is usual on
the
coinage
of
the Shahs of
Persia,
the
kings
and
emperors
of
Dehli,
native
Indian
states,
and
the East
India
Company,
mixed
in
the cases
of
the
two
last-
named
with
some
Sanskrit
or
vernacular
words,
and
llalay
on
coins
of
that
region.
In
this
book
all
legends
in
the
Arabic
character
are
taken
into
consideration,
for
although
some
coins
bearing
them
were
not
issued
by
llusalinan
rulers,
and so
should,
strictly
speaking,
perhaps
be
excluded,
yet
all
with Arabic
lettering
upon
them
were
issued for
the use
of,
or
to
be read
by,
Huhammadans,
by
whom alone
that
character
is
used,
or
were
imitations
of
Uusalman
coins,
It is
convenient
to
thus
arrange
Oriental
numismatics
into
Husalman,
Chinese,
and
Hindu.
But
there
are
many
bilingual
and
some
trilingual
coins
which
are
specially
interesting
in
an
historical
way,
and
should
be
con-
sidered.
As
has
been
said
above,
the
earliest
Husalman
coins
were
copied
from
Greek-Eoman
and Sassanian
ones,
with
Arabic
additions;
they
are
therefore
bilingual,
having
in
the
former
series
Greek
and
Latin,
and
in
the latter
Pehlvi
legends,
the
Arabic
additions
being
either
pious
phrases
of
translations
of the
mint
names
or
some
words
indicating
genuineness.
There are
also some
early
African imitations of
the
Byzantine
coinage
with
Latin
legends,
which
have
been read
as
Non
est
Deus
nisi
Deus
et
Alius
non
est
and In
nomine
tuo,
Deus
Omnipotens
;
these
were followed
by
others
having
on
them
the
Kalima
in
Arabic,
at
first
in
part,
afterwards
entire.
The
coins of
Tabaristan,
a
detached
province
of
the Persian
Empire,
were
of
a
slightly
different
module
to
those
of
the
.Sassanian
proper
3
although
of
the same
type,
being
smaller
and
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LANGUAGES.
finer
with
Tabaristan
upon
them
in
Pehlvi. After
the
conquest
of
the
province
by
the
Arab
Musalmans,
governors
were
appointed
whose
names
are
to
be
found
upon
the coins
at
the side
of
the
Sassanian
king's
head,
written
in
fine
Kufic
:
.A
Of
Northern
India
at
the
end
of
the third
century
(Hijra),
there
are
coins
of
the
horseman
and
bull
variety,
with
Sanskrit
on
one
side
over
the
bull
and
the
name
of
the
Khalif juJuS\
on
the other
above
the
horseman.
The
same
type
was
used
by
some
of
the
Ghazni
kings,
and
also
later
by
the
early
Pathan
kings
of Dehli.
As
early
as
A.H. 660
a
coin
of
Khubilay
Khan was
struck
at
Bukhara
with
Chinese
on
one
side and
Arabic
on
the
other,
and
there
are
coins
of
the time
of
the
Muhammadan
rebellion
in
China
in
the
last
century
which
are
also
in
both
these
languages.
The
jSTorman
kings
of
Salerno and
Sicily,
who
drove out
the
Saracen
chiefs
from
those
regions
in
the seventh
century
(Hijra),
issued
Arabic
coins
in
imitation
of
some
of
the
Ayyubid,
but
with
a
Christian
formula
of faith in
imperfect
lettering
which
might
easily
deceive
their Muhammadan
subjects.
In
the
same
way
Alphonse
VIII
of
Spain
struck coins on
which
were
in
Arabic
the
ascription
to
the
Holy
Trinity
and
the declaration
that
he
was the
Amir of
the
Catholics,
and
the
Pope
the
Imam of the
Church of
Messiah.
Georgia,
from
it's
position,
was
overrun
by
invaders from
the
north
and
south
at
all
times,
and its
coinage
shows
a
strange
variety,
of
bilingual
character,
in
consequence
:
at one
time
imitation
of
Sassanian,
at another
Byzantine
with
Greek
and
Georgian,
at
others
Georgian
and
Arabic,
and
in
the time
of
the
Mongol
power,
Georgian,
Arabic,
and
Mongolian.
Mongolian
writing
is
also
seen
intermixed
with
Arabic
on
many
of
the coins
of
the
Mongols
of
Persia.
Armenia
was
in
much
the same
position
as
Georgia
with
regard
to
exposure
to
invasions. Its
coinage,
with
the
Christian
king
on
one
side
and
a
lion on
the
other,
with
Armenian
marginal
legends^
was,
during
the
time
of
subjection
to
the
Saljuks
of
Asia
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16
MUSAL11AN
NUMISMATICS.
Minor
in
the
seventh
century
(Hijra),
changed
into
one
having
on
one
side
the
figure
of the
king
and
Armenian
legend,
and
on
the other side
Arabic
legends
similar
to those
on
the
contemporary
Saljuk
coins. Also
when
a
little later the
Maniluk
Sultan
Xasir
al-Din
Muhammad
raided
Armenia,
he
overstruck
the
Armenian
dng
?
s
coins
with
his
own
coin
dies
:
an unusual
proceeding
for
an
Oriental
king.
In
India,
some
of
the later
Dehli
kings,
as
well
as
the
earliest
before referred
to,
used
the
Devanagari
characters
on
their
coins
as
well
as
Arabic,
and
the
last
kings
of the
dynasty
had their
names on
coins in the
same
characters
as did
also
kings
of
Bengal.
M.
Drouin
quite
lately
discovered
a
Sanskrit
legend
upon
a
gold
coin of Akhar.
Many
native states
of
India
have
bilingual
coins,
partly
in
Persian,
partly
in
the
vernacular
of
the
state,
and sometimes
partly
in
English.
The
East
India
Company
issued
bilingual,
trilingual,
and
even
multilingual
coins
using
English,
Persian,
Hindustani,
Bengali,
Tamil,
and
Telugu.
In the
Straits
there
are
Company
coins
with.
English,
Persian,
and
Malay
legends,
and
one
with
Chinese
in
addition
to
these
three.
The Netherlands
Government
issued
coinage
for their
states
with
Malay
reverses to
the
obverses
of
the
European
pattern.
The
Portuguese,
although
in
other
ways
very ready
to
imitate
the
coinage
of
their
neighbours
in
India,
never
used the
Arabic
character.
The
French,
on the other
hand,
imitated
the Behli
coinage
as
closely
as
did
the
English.
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ORXAMBXTATION.
17
ORNAMENTATION.
The ornamentation
of
Musalman
coins
lies
chiefly
in
the
lettering,
the
arrangement
and
grouping
of
the
inscriptions,
and
the
shapes
and
arabesque
outlines
of
the
spaces
in
which
parts
pf
the legends
are
enclosed.
This
is
seen
at
its
best
probably
on
the
Hafsidi
and other
Moorish,
the
Persian
Mongols
(TJljaitu
and Abu
Said),
and
the Safavi
of
Persia
(Ismail
I
and
Tahmasp
I)
coinages.
On
the
later
Persian
and
Dehli
coins,
too,
it
is
fine.
The
Persian
style
of
writing
lends
itself
well
to
this in
curves,
graceful
sweeps
of the
pen,
and
prolongation
and
grouping
of
the
letters.
One
very
common
practice
is
to
prolong
the
tail
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18
3OJS1L3IAN
XUMISlfAIICS.
quadrangular
areas.
The
EMc
character
also
Is
used
to
form
the
square
geometrical
pattern
in
which,
the
Kalimah
Is
arranged
on
the
pretty
bilingual
coins of Abu
Said,
the
Persian
Mongol.
Interspersed
commonly
on
the
coin areas
are
dots
in
groups
and
singly,
annulets,
rosettes,
sprigs
of
flowers,
knots,
and
so
on.
There
are,
however,
certain
figures
called
tamghas
which
seem
meant to
be
the
signs
of
particular dynasties
or
persons
or
countries.
It
is hard
to
describe
in
words
many
of
them,
or
to
say
what
they
are
intended
to
represent,
or
in what
they
originated.
Some,
as
on
the
gold
coins
of
Great
Saljuks,
are
at the
top
of
the
area
;
others,
as on
the
large
Urtukicl
copper
coins,
are
at the
side
or
bottom.
Some
suggest
an
imitation
of
a
monogram
on
a
Greek
or
Parthian
coin
;
others,
as the
fleur de
lys
on
the
Mamluks
and
the
thunderbolt
on
the
Great
Kaans
coins,
are
recognizable,
as
is
also
the
double-ended
trident
of
the
Golden Horde.
The
curious
figure
in
the
centre
of
the area
of
the
Chagatai
coins,
somewhat
like
the
Greek
letter
>,
has
been
thought
to
be
the
Tibetan
letter
cJia
inverted,
the initial
of
Chagatai.
The
representations
of
animals
are
numerous,
and
made
in
all
times.
They
are
sometimes
indicative
of a
place,
or
peculiar
to
a
person
or
dynasty,
as the
double-headed
eagle
on
Urtukicl
and
Zangid,
the
lion
on
the
Mamluk,
the
lion
and sun
on
Saljuk
and
Persian
Shahs,
the
fish,
birds,
and human
figures
on
the
Basulid
coins,
and
the
many
varieties
on
the
autonomous
copper
coinage
of
Persia.
The
coins
of
the
later
Moghul
Emperors
of Dehli and
of
the
native
States,
struck in
the same
pattern,
have almost
always
a
symbol
within
the
loop
of a
final
letter
on
one
or both
sides.
These are
sometimes
sufficiently
peculiar
to
be
indicative
of
a
particular
State
or
mint
;
such,
for
example,
as
the
sun-face
of
Indore,
and the
curiously
shaped
dagger,
like
a
pair
of
scissors,
of
Kutch
;
but more
often the
symbol
is
not
peculiar
to
one State
or
mint.
Prinsep,
in
his
Indian
Antiquities,
gives
a
plate
with
some
126
of
these
symbols
on
it,
and
attributes
them
to
some
extent
;
but
there
are
many
more
than
he
describes,
and
some
of
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ORNAMENTATION,
19
those
wtdeli lie
attributes to one
are also
OIL
coins of
other
States.
These
symbols
on
modern
Indian
coins
being,
in
many
cases,
the
only
mark
by
which the
currency
of
one State
may
be
distinguished
from
that of
another,
it
has been
the
endeavour
of
several
Indian
numismatists
to
reduce them
to order
and locate
their
use
;
but
it
is a
very
difficult
matter,
for
many
of
them
have
been used
by
several
States,
and
many
States
have
used
several
symbols
at
different
times,
and local
knowledge
and tradition
give
but
little
help.
The
symbols,
moreover,
are not
always
mint-marks,
but
seem,
sometimes
to have
been
used
to
indicate
the
issue
or
the
year
;
for
example,
more
than
thirty
different
symbols
are
to
be
found
on
the
coins of
the
Dehli
Emperor
Aurangzib,
struck
at
Surat.
Perhaps,
of
all
these
Indian
symbols,
the
one
which
is
most
remarked
is
the
J.H.S. on
coins
of
Kashmir.
Two
or three
ex-
planations
or
reasons
for
the
use
of
this
Christian
monogram
have
been
given,
but
no
doubt
it
was
expected
to be
a
lucky
symbol.*
The
Tughra
is
peculiar
to the
Othmanli
coinage.
It
is
a
mono-
gram
consisting
of
the
Sultan's
name
and
that
of
his
father,
of
which
the
composing
letters
intercross
and
have
their
upright
portions prolonged
upwards,
curled
and twisted
in
such
a
way
as
to
make
an
interlacement
difficult
to
decipher.
*
General
G. G.
Pearse,
C.B.,
E.A.,
writes
as
follows
:
Whilst
Lord
William
Bsatmck
was Governor-
General
of
India,
1828-35,
two
very
remarkable
conversions
to
Christianity
took
place
;
one was
of
a
celebrated
Muhamniadau
Moulvie,
the other
of an
equally
celebrated
Brahmin,
by
name
Ammd. These
men
were great
controversialists,
and
their
change
of
religion
caused
much
stir
and
excitement. Annncl
died,
leaving
a
son,
Anund
Messiah,
a
sharp,
intelligent
man,
good-looking
and
full
of
energy,
a
very stormy
petrel
of
a
Christian,
never
so
happy
as
when
launching
his
Christian
controversial
arguments
at
the heads
of
Hindoos. In
1850
Anund
Messiah was at the
court
of
Maharaja
Goolab
Sing,
of
Cashmere,
In the
Spring
of
1851,
when
I was Assistant
-Commissioner
of
Hazara on the
Cashmere
frontier,
Anund
Messiah,
who was
passing
through
Hazara,
came
to
pay
his
respects
to
me. I
saw
a
good
deal of
him
for a
few
days.
With much
delight
he showed
me the new
Cashmere
rupees
of
G-oolab
Sing,
with the
Eoman letters
J.H.S.
conspicuously
in
the
centre
of
the
coins
amidst the
Persian.
He
said
he
had
induced the
wily,
clever
Dogra king
to
place
these letters
on
his
coins,
assuring
him
that
thereby
he
would
please
the
British
Indian
Government,
and
would himself be
favoured
by
fortune. Never
was
any
Muhammadan who
had
somehow
managed
to
make an
unbeliever
say
the Kalima
more
delighted
than
was
Anund with
this
little
bit
of
work
of
his.
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MUSAL3IA3S XUXISMATICS.
EELIGIGIJS
LEGffil
BS.
Some
pious
expression
or
religious
plirase
or formula
is
very
general
upon
all
Musalrsian
coins.
On
the
early
Khalif
ones
there
was
nothing
else,
except
the
date
and,
on
the
silver,
the
mint
;
a
little later
the
name o
the
king
or ruler
was
given
;
then titles
and
other
particulars
about
the
king
were
added, displacing
a
good
deal of the
religious
forms
;
so
that when
we
come
to
modern
times
there
is
little
of
them
left.
On
a
modern
Turkish
coin,
for
instance,
there
is
nothing
in
this
way
but
s^sj
\z
,
and
on a coin
of
the
late
Shah
of
Persia
nothing
but
the
names
and
titles,
with
mint-place
and
date.
These
religious
legends
may
be
divided
into
(1)
formulce,
or
symbols
as
they
are
sometimes
called
;
(2)
verses
or
phrases
taken
from
the
Horan;
and
(3)
pious
expressions
or
ejaculations.
(1)
Formulae.
The
formula
'
Bismillah
'
is found
very
commonly
on
coins
of
earlier
times,
usually
as
the
beginning
of
the
legend
referring
to
the
striking
of
the
piece:
^l^ l
1X&
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11ELIGIOUS
LEGENDS.
21
TJie
Jialhnah.
The
Kalimah
(Z*&\
literally
'the
Word/
called also the
*
Muslim
Creed,'
and
In
numismatic
books
generally
the
Muham-
madan
symbol
or
formula,
is
found
on most
of
the coins
of rulers
holding
the orthodox
faith
(Sunni).
The
first,
or
negative
part
of
it,
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XTTMISMATIO.
There
Is no
god
but
God,
Muhammad
is the
prophet
of
God,
the
Mahdi
is
the
Imam
of
the
nation.
God bless
Huliaminad and
his
family,
etc.
L,^\
jU1
-J^ i
ill
J.
Praise to
God
alone,
etc.
.
,
>
*
-.
-/
XI
All
l
^-.-
J'.
dAs^
Ij:
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KELXGIOUS LEG-ENDS.
23
The
following
Koranic
sentences
are
also
included
amongst
the
symbols
or
formulary
sentences
of
numismatic
writers.
Kor.
cxii,
.
J*J
\^ijl
Adam,
iJU.^
Seth,
(^.^
Enoch,
-
J
^oah,
>U
Shem,
^Jb^jl
Abraham,
J-ow-sl
Ishmael,
fj^s^\
Isaac,
*
Jacob,
_
L^rl
Joseph,
L-^-jt-i
Jethro,
J^y
Hoses,
^,b>
Aaron,
c^yj
Job,
L^J^-J
Jonah,
?jJ
Lot,
CJ*Jli
Saul,
Jjlj
David,
^l^Ls
Solomon,
^-^
Zechariah,
y
.~?
j-s
Ezra,
u-Ul
Elias,
^c ^
Jesus,
.^sT
John,
jyb
Hud,
&\y*\
Imran.
(3)
\
father,
or
^\
son,
with
the
name
of
the
father
or
son,
as
J^-s*^
*J\ -
s*~^
[
^j\
,
or
with
some
other
word
making
a
sort
of
character
name,
sobriquet,
or
nickname,
such as
ija&>-
*}\
father
of
a
young
lion,
^j
**\
father
of
victory.
Under
this
class come
such
surnames
as
Babar,
Arghun, Aghlib,
Arslan,
Timur,
and
others.
The
Lakab,
or
honorary
title,
is
applied
either
in
the
form of
a
compound,
of
which
those
expressive
of
zeal
for
the
faith or
of
political
importance
are
the most
common,
or
by
a
single
word or
epithet,
like
the
Augustus,
Pius,
or
Felix
of
the
Romans.
The
Lakab
is
largely
used
upon
coins,
and
ruling
princes
are
more
known
by
it
than
by
their
Alain
or
Ivanyat.
A
list
of
those
found
oa
llusalman
coins
is
given
below,
and as
a
help
in
attributing
coins
the class
or
dynasty
in
which
the
particular
title
was
used
is
added.
The
al-Ansab
and
the
Takhallas
need
not
be
considered
with
regard
to
coin-legends,
but
the al-Alamat and
the Anwan are
of
much
interest
in
numismatics,
as
the
kingly
titles are
in
many
cases
characteristic
or
peculiar
to the
dynasty
;
a
list
of
them
is
therefore
given
of
a similar
kind to that
of
the Lakab.
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(Lakab).
Gujarat,
Brother.
+\
Choosing
the
Country
and
Pteligion.
,.;
J
t
Lo
oJ
^U->-
-
Bengal.
Lion
of
the
State,
IS.jJi
jJ
Shaybanid.
Alexander
Bahadur.
,jl#
,
Dehli
Kings.
Of
the
Age.
^UjJ
Good Fortune
of
the
State.
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HONORARY
TITLES.
5
Dehli
Kings.
Bahmani.
^OuK
Ljol
Crown.
_
Hudicl.
Ghaznawid.
King
of
Saragossa.
^jJljLj^
Glory.
JL>-
Golden
Horde.
Dehli
Kings.
Bengal.
Georgia.
Shah
of
Msabur.
Saljuk.
Ghaznawid.
Mirdasicl.
il
jJ\
.
Golden Horde. Jalair.
Bengal.
^i^\
Dehli
Emperor.
Kashmir.
Khwarizm.
Dehli
Queen
Eizia.
^JJi
^
Lj
Shah
Inchu
Ahu Ishak.
&^\
j
^
^
Beauty.
Bnrid.
Mamluk.
Ghaznawid.
il^ll
Aehin.
JUS
Ghaznawid.
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60
MUSALMAN
NUMISMATICS.
Ayrubid.
Maniluk.
Dehli
King.
Fatimid.
Judge.
Dehli
Kings
and
Emperors.
E.I.
Co.
^JJ
Defender.
Indian
States.
Bahmani.
Mamluk.
Saraanid,
Ukaylid.
King
of
Toledo.
Urtukid. ITamluk.
Georgia.
jSasricL
Idrisid.
Zairid.
Moorish.
Mongols
of Persia.
Dehli
Emperor.
Imam of Sana.
Tabaristan.
Abbasid.
HndicL
Abbasid.
Spanish King
of
Teifa.
Abbasid.
Dulafid.
Abbasid. Tahirid.
Behli
Emperor.
Sword.
*L
i
Beautr.
Slave
of
God.
Just
Ruler. J?ji
J
One
who invokes
(God).
^J
J
J
U/
J
^
Of
two
dominions.
.J'jLJl
&
j
Of two
swords.
Of
two
glories.
t.;
j
Of two
vizicratcs.
(
,*-J
,1
;S\
j
Of
two
right
hands.
Asylum
of
the
Faith.
Dehli
King.
Hoper
for
tie
mercy
of
God the
bountiful.
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HONORARY
TITLES,
61
Saljuk
(
Abbasid
Khalif).
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62
MUSALHAN
NUMISMATICS.
Eamdanid.
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HONORARY
TITLES.
63
Ghaznawid.
Ail
I
Glory.
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64
3IUSAL3IAN
Budlis.
Buwayhid.
llarwanid.
Ukaylid.
Batiha.
Barakzai
'Abel
al-Rahman)
Abbasid.
Buwayhid.
Sataanid.
Ziyarid.
Sijistan.
Abbasid.
Idrisid.
Uncertain Moorish,
Abbasid.
Ayyubid.
Fa
timid,
Idrisid.
Abbasid.
Saljuk.
cd
Ayyubid.
Main
Ink.
Dehli
Xing.
Fatimic'L
Dehli
King,
Saljuk. Malay.
A
chin.
Saljuk.
Shah
of
Persia
(Abbas
III).
Lucknow.
Ghaznawid.
Ziyarid.
Kakwayhid.
Kashmir.
Dehli
Emperor.
Georgia.
Ghaznawid.
Danishmandid.
Ayyubid.
Ayyubid.
Idrisid.
Very
commonly
used.
Eatimid.
Shaybanid.
Light.
Lc=
Obedient.
Conqueror.
Jit
[i
Manifest.
Shadow.
Ji
Supporter.
-^
The
Just.
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HONORARY
TITLES.
Abbasid.
Fatimid.
Othmanii.
Dehli
King
(Muhammad
b.
Taghiak).
The
Aster.
Spanish
Umayyad.
Ziyanid,
Filili
Sharif.
Afghanistan.
Sintl.
Fatimid.
Ghaznawid.
Dehli
Eing. Abbas.
Umayyad.
Hafsid. Marinid.
King
of
Mercia.
Othmanli.
Kashghar.
Sharif
of
Morocco.
Abbasid.
Shaybanid.
Fatimid. Othmanli.
'
Bahmani.
The
Adored One.
Umayyad.
Abbasid.
Spanish
Umayyad.
Samanid.
Yalencia.
Sharif
s of
Morocco.
Marinid. Muwahhid.
Shaybanid.
^^
lluwahhid.
d^
Abbasid.
Shaybanid.
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66
MTJSALMAX
NUMISMATICS.
Fatimid.
Avrubid. Uanxhik,
Golden
Horde.
Excellent, j
*.^
>*>
Fatiinid.
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HONORARY
TITLES.
67
Xasrid.
Marwankl.
Ghaznawid.
d b
Overcoming.
e^'U
Luckno\v.
^*rl~
x
''
??
Xasricl.
&J'o
Rich,
^^i
Bengal.
^Lu^i
* L/J
Defender. eL?*~
Buwayhid.
^U^
Assister.
cL?^
Siiliuk.
Mongols
of
Persia.
'
,.
s
'j,;^
Ljjll
J
^-
LL
v
'
Shahs
of
Persia.
Zangid.
Ghnrid.
Othmanli.
Dehli
Kings.
Bengal.
South
India.
Gujarat.
Bahmani.
Golden
Horde.
L
A
1
^\
Saljuk.
Urtukicl.
Ghnrid.
Golden
Horde.
&:\^
?
Khwarizm.
Ayyubid.
Malwah.
Gujarat.
Fatimid.
t&\
j&j
Overcoiner.
j5U
Durrani.
War.
L*\i5f Victory,
^vi
Bengal.
^.jiU
LjjJ\
J}
Shah
of
Persia. Az
,,
Ghaznawid.
in-l
Glory.
*sr
Bengal.
^ji\j
UjjJ
Buwayhid.
Saljuk.
l .jj\
Ghaznawid.
Urtukicl.
Danishmandid.
Mamluk.
,.tJ^H
{
^.
}}
Saljuk.
^1^
Dehli
King
(Shir
Shah).
^oM
.
LJ
jJI
Pearl.
JuJ
Abbasid.
Excellence.
J*s
Hamdanid,
^111
Xasricl.
Preceptor.
iJii
Buwayhid.
i^Sl
Orbit
or
Ship.
Ziyarid.
High
Matters.
JUJ1
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05
31USALMA3?
XOII83IATICS.
Abbasid.
Buwayhid.
Ghaznawid.
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HONORARY
TITLES.
69
Zangid.
^jM
Perfection.
JUS
Ghaznavid.
Bmrayhid.
Kurdish
Chief.
/-
Asylum.
Haindankl.
U1
Bounty.
Spanish.
Abbasid.
King
of
Keifa.
Preserved.
Xunid.
Muwahhid.
BehliKing.
^jjJIj
LjjJt
Warrior,
Hamudid.
^l b
Strengthened.
Abbasid.
Samanid.
Ikhshidid.
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70
3IUSALMAX
NUMIS3IATIC&.
Bengal.
Distinguished by
the
^^J,\
c^oUj
Grace
of the
Compassionate
One.
iluwahhid.
Xasrid.
Eejcctecl
c
lluwahhid.
Sp.
Umayyad.
Majorca.
Cliosen.
BiiwayMd.
Guardian
of Frontier.
Timurid.
,.JjJ\
Guide.
ti/
Dehli
Emperor
(Iturad
Bakhsh).
^J^
Wedded
to.
Abbasid.
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HONORARY
TITLES,
71
Abbasid.
Urtnkid.
^Ul?
Who
implores
help,
Zangid.
-
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NUMISMATICS.
Hammudid.
^b
Lion.
Abbasid.
Tulunid. ^\
^^L:
Who relies
upon.
Saffarid.
Dawudid. Abbadid. Bulafid.
Ukaylid.
j.ji\
Sp.
TJmayyad.
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HONORARY
TITLES,
The
order
of
God.
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Samanid.
Basulid.
Strengthener
or
Strengthened.
Jo
**
Ayyubid.
Mamluk.
Sp.
Umayyad.
Undid,
Tortosa.
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HONORARY
TITLES.,
Mamluk.
01 tlie Nazarenes
(Christians).
Norman
Kings
of
Sicily.
Ayyubid.
Urtukid.
Ayyubid.
3Iamluk.
llarwanid.
Kashmir.
Buwayhid.
Dehli
Queen
Eizia.
King
of
Aliar.
Urtukid,
Danishmandid.
Urtukid.
Ghaznawid.
Ghaznawid. Kashmir.
Lucknow.
Ghaznawid.
Afghanistan.
Of the
World,
Zangid.
Easulid.
Bengal.
Turkistan.
Urtukid.
Ghaznawid.
Mamlnk.
Dehli
Emperor
Jahangir.
Durrani.
Achin
Queen.
Inchu.
Marinid.
Jalair.
Ahbasid.
Hudid. MuwahMd.
Hafsid.
Hasani
Sharifs.
Dehli
Kings,
Gujarat.
Gujarat.
Dehli
Kings. Bengal.
Bahmani.
BahmanL
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76
MUSALHAX
NUMISMATICS.
In
the
help
of
the
Almighty.
^A
Dehli
King
Firuz II.
Khwarizm,
JIalwah.
The
Eternal,
the
Firm.
,^j*
Inchu. Doubtful.
Ji>
or
llalwah.
The
King
the
Protector.
.^Ui
Jalair. The
King,
the
Country.
,l;jJ'
Dehli
Kings.
llamluk.
Queen
llothcr.
Ghaznawid.
*d* l
Veigher.
^u
Son
of
the
Prince of the
Apostles.
c
t*L^Jl
^
d*
Bengal
(Husain).
Umayyad.
Hasani Sharif,
Son. JuL
Abbasid. Guide.
ijjU
Rasid.
ijsA
Jl
?J
Sana.
^\
Lion,
j^
Bengal.
o
^y ^S
Eight
Hand.
Dehli
King,
ilalwah.
Bengal,
-
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BEGAL TITLES.
/
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78
MUSAL31AN
NI
Bu
way
hid.
Gliaznairid.
Kakwayhid.
Of
Amirs.
.VJ'
Of the
Amirs,
the
Directors.
^J
Ju-i
J
LVJ1
lluwahhid.
Hafsid.
Marinid.
Ziyanid.
Samanid.
Turkistan.
Illustrious.
JJ^i
,,
Dehli
King.
Protector
of
the
Paith.
,.,
r
jJ
,
Buwayhid.
Ghaznawid.
Mirdasid.
Lord.
Dehli
Kings.
Of
the
East and
the
West.
.i l
.
j;
^
Turkistan.
Buwayhicl.
Just.
J^ltl
King
of
Mebla.
Of
the
West
*-^
Alphonso
VIII of
Spain.
Of
the
Catholics.
^iLii
J?
3Iurabit.
Manranid.
Of
the
Moslems.
Huclid.
^ asrid.
Cordova.
Yaman
King.
Conqueror,
.i
Timurid.
Eminent.
King
of
Mercia.
Our
Lord.
Very
commonly
used.
'
Of
the
Faithful.
(1
^^>
Hamdanid.
Strengthened.
Jo
Mongols
of Persia.
Illvhan.
Mongols
of
Persia.
Salgharid.
^k^ll
Mongols
of
Persia.
King
Alphonso
VIII.
King
of
Cordova.
Pope,
bb
Mongols
of Persia.
Of
Islam.
>Lsl
King
of
Cordova.
Of
Eome.
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80
MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Shahs
of
Persia.
Son of
the
Emperor.
^Uls^
j
Tlmiiriii.
Shaybanid.
Chagatai.
Jjlx>
Shaybanid.
Dehli
Emperor.
Xoble.
,*t\,4.
Mamluk.
Dehli
King.
The
Witness.
Ju^j\
Very
commonly
used.
J
JciSl
_
Jj^Sl
.
J
jW\
Mongols
of
Persia.
Othmanli.
Bengal
^Uli
Ayyubicl.
;j :
J(
vv
Bahmani.
Of
the
Epoch
and
Age.
^UJ ^^
Saljuk.
Shahs
of
Persia.
Shaybanid.
^-;U 1
Eara
Kuynnlid.
Othmanli.
Dehli
Kings.
Atabeg.
Saljuk.
Sen
gal.
Conqueror.
*
Bahmani.
i
*
Bahmani.
Powerful
k
Islam.
Mongol
of
Persia
(Abu
Said).
Malwah.
Muzafiarid
Obedient
and
Obeyed,
clk^l
(Shah
Shuja).
Yery
commonly
used.
Mamluk.
Timurid.
Othmanli.
Golden
Horde
(Aziz
Shaykh),
Deceased.
*p-
UM
Mysore
(Tipu).
^\
Mongols
of
Persia
(Abu
Said).
j
J
|
Mongols
of
Persia
The
Directing.
O
~A^
(Abu
Said).
Mongol
of
Persia
(Sati
Beg).
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KEGAL
TITLES.
83
'Samanid.
Buwayhid.
Mangit.
Khokand.
Prince.
Juj
Khiva.
Astrakhan.
Samanid.
L*l'1
,,
King
of
Benia.
jJl
Bengal.
L~JJ>\
The
Chief.
^U
The
Princes,
Chiefs.
*L^
ijLJI
Sayyid
Chiefs
of
Karmati.
Ghaznawid.
Dehli
Emperor
(Humayun).
^.^JsLJl
Fatimid.
Bengal.
Of
the
Apostles.
^L^M
llongols
of
Persia.
Shahs
of
Persia.
Shah.
5
Li
Dehli.
Bengal.
Kashmir.
Indian
States.
Ayynbid.
Of
Armenia.
^J\
n
Behli
Emperors.
kJ^rT
Kings
of Benia
and
Tortosa.
UjjJl
J?
Urtukicl.
OfDiarbakr.
J^J^
J?
Behli
Emperor.
Asylum
of
the Faith,
asl^j jj
,,
Lucknow.
Behli
Emperor.
E.I.
Co. Indian
States. Jlc
Achin.
Partabgarh
State,
Eajpntana.
Of
London.
^JcJ
Buwayhid. Eong
of
Kings.
Saljnk. Kakwayhid.
llarwanid.
Shahs
of
Persia.
Behli
Emperors.
Saljnk.
llongols
of
Persia.
Bengal.
Generous.
JjL
Behli
Emperor
(Eafi
al-Barjat).
Jj
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84:
MUSALM1X
KU1EISMATICS.
Dehli
Emperor (Jahangir).
Shall
of
Persia
QMIr).
Of
Kings.
Shall
of
Persia
(Muhammad).
Of
the
Prophets.
LJ.1
Sharifs
of
Morocco.
o*?^
an(
i
^M^\
Sharif.
L^i'
-*
Mongols
of
Persia.
Mamluk.
Shaikh,
Hasani
Sharif.
Lord.
L^^
Afghanistan.
^UJl
Shahs
of
Persia,
^Uj
,,
Othmanli.
JjUS\
Othmanli.
Of
ITight
and
Victory
by
land
and
sea.
Of
the
Happy
Conjunction.
^L
Shah
of
Persia
(jS'adir).
Dehli
Emperors.
Second
Lord
of
the
Happy
Conjunction.
^Jll
;
^\
Behli
Emperors.
Indian
States.
ATbbasid.
^\
Officer.
U
Abbasid.
Kings
of
Majorca. Ayyubid.
t&\
Slave
Patimicl.
Of
God
and
his
Wall.
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REGAL
TITLES,
85
Zangid.
llongols
of
Persia.
Golden
Horde.
Mongols
of Persia.
J
J*
Ctesar
Augustus.
u^uJ^l
-
s^*ui -
L^%^
King
of
Sicily.
Kutch
and
other Indian
States,
Kaiser i
Hind.
A
applie'd
to
Queen
Yictoria.
Dog.
Of the
threshold
of
the
Pleasing
One.
\&j
^li
Shah
of
Persia
(Shah
Eukh).
Of
the
threshold
of
Ali.
^
^k
Shah
of
Persia
(Husain).
Of
the
Amir
of
the Faithful.
^^\^
Shah
of Persia
(Husain).
Of
the
Sultan
of
Khurasan.
^U
.^
Shah
of
Persia
(Shah
Bukb).
Shah
of Persia
(Abbas
II).
Of
Ali.
Kings
of
Sicily.
Count.
Yictoria.
V.jt^?
Queen.
England
or
Inglistan.
^
Jo,j&
^
^\j\
* *)
jjj **
*****
Throughout
the
universe
by
grace
divine a
golden
money
came,
Struck
by
God's
Shadow,
a
new
Emperor,
Abbas
the
Third
by
name.
STTLAIMAN
II.
(1)
By
grace
divine
he
struck a
coin
of
happy
fame,
The
Sovereign
just,
who
second
Solomon
became.
(2)
2^^
Shines
as
the
rising
sun
and moon
upon
the
earth,
Heir
of
Sulaiman's
right,
the
Shah
of
saintly
birth.
MAHMTJD.
(1)
bil
^J
Prom
the east
of
Iran
he
struck
coin like
the
solar
face,
Shah
Mahmud,
world-conqueror,
of
the
saintly
race.
(2)
Below
the earth sank down
the
moon
and
shining
sun,
Envying
the
coin
of
Shah
Mahmud,
world-conquering
one.
7
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98
(3)
Like
SUE
and inoon
the
imperial
coin
is
world-renowned,
For
its
pure
metal
by
God's
grace
is free
of
alloy.
(4)
For the
trne faith
te
prepared
coin
by
God's
direction.
May
Mahmiid
flourisli,
the
faith-protecting
king.
ASHEIF.
(1)
Upon
the Ashrafi
vas
wrought
the
magic
of
his
grace's
name
;
jSTobility
from
Ashraf's
name
upon
the
sun there came.
(2)
>
J
Ashraf
laid
hold
on
majesty
with
might
;
Let his coin's
legend
read
e
Requited
be
unright.
(3)
By
grace
of
Ashraf
Shah,
who
keeps
the
right,
The
gold
of the
four
friends
now
sees
the
light.
(4)
^j)j>
**
^*j^
uJ^l
(tij
^
j^
5j^LJ
:\
Sj*aj L^l^i^
it
In
the
exalted
name
(Ashraf)
of
sun
and moon coin
was
made
from
gold.
Gold
and the
sun
of
victory by
His
grace
were made
bright.
(This
is
an
unsatisfactory
couplet,
read
conjecturally
by
Dr. Eieu
from
a
single
coin,
on which
there
is
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POETICAL
LEGENDS.
99
apparently
another uJl-il
or
tJ^j
which
he
has
not
Included
in
it.)
(1)
By
gold
in
all the
earth
Ms
kingship
shall be
famed,
Phoenix
(Nadir)
of
Persia's
land,
world
-conqueror,
sovereign
named.
(2)
Over Sultans
of earth
is
Sultan,
Sadir,
Shah
of
Shahs,
Sahibkaran.
(3)
[or
^l^b]
jjl^Jj
A3
^
^
JbLi
:^
The
order
issued
from
the
Shah
of
Shahs,
Nadir,
Sahibkaran,
Let coin obtain
in
Herat from
Shah
Eukh's name
and
mark
(or
glory).
ADIL
SHAH.
(1)
^J
JLI: AUJ
Decreed of
him
who
ceases
not,
a
currency
there
came,
The
coinage
of the
sovereignty
sent
forth in
Ali
?
s
name.
(2)
After
the fortune
of
Nadir,
Adil
had
coin
on
gold
;
In
the
name
of
the
king
of
the
faith,
the
exalted
Lord,
the
world
was
illumined.
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100
MUSALMAX
NUMISMATICS.
(1)
)
l*~***'j~s
j
uJy
.
j*
(J^j
U,
^L
xtl
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POETICAL
LEGE2TOS.
101
TAHMASP
II
and
Ijo-
J^^
JJ*
tj
J
ABBAS
III.
U,
Erom
out
of
Khurasan
a
golden
coin
by
grace
divine
was
sent,
And aid
of
Ali
Musa's
son the
kingly
saint
benevolent.
MUHAMMAD HASAN
and
AKA
MUHAMMAD.
A
golden
coin
by
happy
fate
has
run
In
name
of
peaceful
Ali,
Musa's
son.
EJJIDE
KHAN and
KA
MUHAMMAD.
While
gold
and
silver
through
the world
shall
flow,
Coin
of
the
Age's
Lord
(the
true
Imam)
shall
go.
KAEIM
KHAIS
T
?
ABU
SADIK,
An
MFRAD,
and
AKA
MUHAMMAD.
Silver and
gold through
all
the
world
have now
become the
moon
and
sun,
Thanks
to
the
true
Imam's
imprint,
the
Age's
Lord
(the
rightful
one).
AZAD
KHAN.
As
long
as Azad
on
the
earth
shall
stand,
The
Age's
Master
shall
the
coin
command,
AKA
MUHAMMAD.
(1)
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102 MU3ALMAN
NUMISMATICS.
(2)
While
stamp
shall be on
gold
and
silver
ore,
The
coinage
of
the
Age's
Master
shall
endure.
Durrani,
(1)
The
order
proceeded
from
the
Incomparable
Creator to
Ahmad
the
king
:
Strike
coins
in
silver
and
gold
from
the
ascension
of
Pisces
up
to
the
moon.
(2)
..A/)
*.
j
^.'sj
AXJ
L^^JUJ
By
the
favour
of
the
Eternal
Creator
the
money
of Amir
Shir
All
has
found
circulation.
(2)
-X
u*.*a
.*/
I
By
the
abundant
kindness of
the
Beneficent
King
of
Heaven,
Amir
Shir
Ali
coined
money
like
the
bright
full
moon.
(3)
Jjj>
jj
uJliJL
cjljLfi
jl
Jul
Through
the
graces
and favours of
the
Eternal
One,
money
began
to be
circulated
in
the
name
of
Shir
Ali,
(4) i
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106
ilUSALMAN XUMISMAXICS.
SHIS
AIT.
^jj
J
^J^-
J*=3j
By
tlie
grace
o
the eternal
God
Shir
Ail
has
become
the
GoTernor
of
Kandahar.
rebel.
j^i
Id
I
make
madness
till
on
my
head
a
tumult
falls.
Coin
I
strike
on
metal,
till its master
is
found.
Moghul
Emperors.
AEBAE.
(1)
c^J
j\
^
c$
->1
-^
*l
i
-^
-^xt
The
sun
of
the
seal of
Shah Akbar is
the
glory
of this
gold,
Whilst
earth and
sky
are
illumined
by
the
shining
sun.
(2)
By
the
seal of
Akbar
Padishah
gold
becomes
bright.
On
this
gold
the
Shah's
name
is
light
upon
light.
(3)
Like
the
golden
orb
of
sun
and
moon,
may
ever
pass
In
the
-world's
West
and
East the
stamp
of
Allahabad.
JAHAJSTOIB.
(1)
The
lord
of
the
realm
struck
money
of
gold,
Shah
Sultan
Salim,
Akbar
Shah's
(son).
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POETICAL LEGENDS.
107
(2)
*U_
7r
Made
tlie
face
of
gold
to
sMne like
tlie sun
and
moon
?
Shall
Nur
al-Din
Jahangir,
son
of Akbar
Padishah.
(3)
Money
struck
in the
city
of
Agra,
the
Caesar,
refuge
of
the
world,
Shah
Nur
al-Din
Jahangir,
son
of
Akbar
Padishah.
(4)
The
same with
Jjlf
substituted
for
&j*\
in
the
first
line.
The
Shah,
refuge
of
the
faith,
put
this
stamp
on
gold
at
Ajmir,
Shah
Nui
al-Din
Jahangir,
son
of
Akbar
Padishah.
(6)
u^i
L-^C
ob
^^
^-ib
^^
I;
In
East
and
West
may
the
stamp
of
Ahmadabad,
G-od,
while
the
world
lasts,
be
current.
(7)
(iA-*j
}}*
Ja
(jlAi^
_^;
i^^s.\
^LJj
^.S
1
jj
-*o
,-u
uUJ
o*u.]b
U
To
Shah
Jahangir
belongs
the
whirligig
of
time
;
In
Agra by
his
name
gold
shines
brightly
:
So
long
as
the
pomp
of
the
Eive
Ghiards
lasts
in
the
world,
May
the
stamp
of
his Eiye
Muhrs
be current.
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108
MrSALMAN
NUMISMATICS.
(8)
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POETICAL
LEGENDS.
109
(14)
j\
jlj
\j
jLjltXA^l
j\
j^\
ilAx^
a
Li
^-^J
To
the
gold
of
Ahmadabad
gave
adornment
Jahangir
Shah, Shahanshah,
Akbar's
(son).
(15)
j*j
J*j
t_ij
b
^^
^b
^.i>S
^Lc^LjL^
*L i
*
So
long
as
the heavens
revolve,
current
be
In
the
name
of
Shah
Jahangir
the
money
of
Lahore.
(16)
In
Isfandarmiz
at
Agra
this
stamp
struck on
gold,
The
Shah
of
Shahs
of the
world,
Shah
Jahangir,
son
of
Shah
Akhar.
(17)
The
same,
with
jUb^jA
instead
of
xj\
jJ
\j
in
the
first
line,
and
+*\
,
'
of
the
people/
for
{^;t*j
in
the
second.
(1
8)
jj
ji
\j
J5JL)
i*r-t\
^
;
jj
b il
j
J
r-H
*
W
In
the month of
Tir,
the
King,
the defender of the
faith,
Shah
Jahangir,
son
of
Akbar
Shah,
stamped
this
coin
in
gold
at
Lahore.
C
19
)
JJJ
tyj^jA
^
^
O^H^
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[10
MUSA.L1LO
NUMISMATICS.
(20)
j^\
.
^&
In
the
month
of
Earwardin
the
gold
of
Agra
became
luminous
like
a
star,
by
the
light
of
the
stamp
of Shah
Jahangir,
son
of
Shah
Akbar.
(24)
jj\
~j\sj>-
*L$
A^S^
^>jj
*
>
^
i
*
^j
*x-j
*L.i
jb
(jU^r
jy
^l-Jj
By
order
of
Shall
Jahangir
a
hundred
beauties
gained
Gold
by
the
name
of
2frir Jahan
Padishah
Begam.
SHAH
JAHAK.
By
the
money
of
Shahjahanabad
current
through
the
world
For
ever
by
the name
of
the
second
Sahib
Kiran.
MTJEAD
EAKHSH.
Took
the
heritage
of
Sahib
Kiran
Shah
Jahan,
Murad
Bakhsh iTuham'mad
Shah,
second
Alexander.
AdBAXGZIB.
(1)
j++st jjf*
j&~
U^rTj^
^j
^^
~^*.JL.c
i
^;u-&jO
^ ^
-
x
r.
>
^
y
Struck
money
through
the
world
like
the
shining
sun,
Shah
Aurangzib
Alamgir.
(2)
The
same,
with the
substitution of
jJJ,
moon,
for
jjf*
}
sun,
in
the
rst
line.
AZAM
SHAH.
a\f>-
.
L^iSaJo
t
Struck
money
through
the
world
with
might
and
majesty,
Padishah of
the
realms,
Azam Shah.
BAKHSH.
*Uj
Ju-ij^^L^j
Jj
iLC
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112
MUSALMIN NUMISMATICS.
B.
(1)
J3
L^U
Struck
money
of
gold
like the
sun,
the
Sahib
Elian
Jahandar
Shah,
Padishah
oi
the
world.
(2)
,\Jut^-
c^jl
In
the
horizons
struck
money
like sun
and
moon,
Abu
al-Path,
victorious
Jahandar
Shah.
SIYAE.
,;
a
*-w:
j
/
'is>-
/Lis
;1
J;
^xs
^
>
p.
_y.
C/
^
Jl
y
j-wa
^
2
__j
^s^
iL-^jL-j
>
(^y
>
*
v
Struck
money
of
gold
and
silver
by
grace
of
the
Truth,
The
Padishah
of sea
and
land,
Earrukh
Siyar.
EAFJ
AL-DAKAJAT.
Struck
money
in
India,
with
a thousand
blessings,
Shah of
Shahs
by
sea
and
land,
Eafi
al-Darajat.
Struck
money
through
the
world
by
grace
of
Grod,
Muhammad
Shah,
Padishah
of
the
age.
IBEAHIM.
(1)
Money
of silver
struck
through
the
world,
By
favour of
Muhammad,
Ibrahim Shah
of
Shahs.
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POETICAL LEG-ENDS.
US
(2)
Another
reading
of
the same
:
Strack
money
through
the
world,
by
favour of
the
Bountiful
One,
Shah of
Shahs,
Muhammad Ibrahim.
ALAMGIS
II.
(1)
*U
^,^
^blj
jjg+^jJuZ
e^i&^j
j:
Struck
money
in
the
seven
climates
shining
like
the sun
and
moon,
Shah
Aziz
al-Din
Alamgir,
victorious
Padishah.
(2)
J\j3
L^
Bahadur
Shah
Alamgir
Said struck coin
like
that
of
the
Sahib
Kiran
on
gold.
BIDAR
BAKHT.
U^csTjljuJ
ifl-i
u
The
master
of
crown
and
throne,
Muhammad Jahan
Shah,
Bidar
Bakht
put
Ms
stamp
on
gold
(or
silver).
SHAH AIAM.
(1)
*JI ^-ob*
:
The
defender of
the
religion
of
Muhammad,
Shah
Alam,
Padishah
through
the
aid
of
Grod,
struck
coins
like
those
of
the Sahib
Kiran.
(2)
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114
MUSALMAIST
NUMISMATICS.
G-njarat
Sultan.
MUHAMMAD
II.
jl>
$li
j^^s^*
,.^J^\
C^Lc.
,.,lkL-
^/*
jb
*U
May
tlie
coin
of
Mulianiinad