A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson

Chapter 9RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT Spring 1817 U.S. and British Canada wanted to keep their navies and

fishing rights on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812Limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the U.S. and

British Canada

CONVENTION OF 1818 Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at 49⁰N

latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains Both countries agreed to occupy the Pacific Northwest

together

JAMES MONROE 5th President of the U.S. Elected in 1816 Sent troops to secure the U.S.-Spanish Florida border Seminole tribe raided U.S. settlements and helped runaway slavesTroops led by general Andrew Jackson Jackson’s troops invaded Florida → led to the First Seminole War

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY Jackson’s presence in Florida convinced the Spanish to negotiate 1819 – treaty settled all border disputes between U.S. and Spain Spain gave East Florida to the U.S.U.S. gave up claims to modern-day Texas

SIMON BOLIVAR 1820s - led struggles for independence in Latin AmericaMonroe grew worried that European powers might want to

colonize new Latin American countries

MONROE DOCTRINE December 2, 1823 – document protected American interests U.S. would not interfere in European wars or conflicts Western Hemisphere off-limits to colonization by foreign powers (Latin America

was in U.S.’s sphere of influence) If Europe tried to colonize land in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. would

consider it to be a hostile act

NATIONALISM Feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation

AMERICAN SYSTEM Representative Henry Clay (Kentucky) believed a strong national economy

would boost morale Developed a plan designed to make the U.S. more self-sufficient:National bank that would provide a single currency to make interstate

trade easier and to finance roads and canals

HENRY CLAY (To fuel your nightmares)

CUMBERLAND ROAD Congress agreed with Clay and invested in road building 1815 - This road was the first road built by the federal

government It ran from Maryland to West Virginia

ERIE CANAL 1817 – man-made waterway that ran from Albany to Buffalo, NYBritish, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand using

shovels Allowed goods and people to move between NYC and towns on Lake Erie Canal-building boomed across the nation

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS1815 to 1825Time of peace, pride, and progressNational unity and power of the federal government strengthened by 2

Supreme Court cases:McCulloch v. Maryland – implied powers allowed Congress to create a

national bank Gibbons v. Ogden – states could not prevent the federal government from

regulating interstate trade

SECTIONALISM Disagreements between the different regions of the country Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states Another slave state would have made the South stronger in

the Senate

MISSOURI COMPROMISEMissouri would enter the Union as a slave state Maine would join as a free state Equal balance between free and slave states was maintainedSlavery would be prohibited (not allowed) in any new territories or states

for north of 36⁰30' latitude (Missouri’s southern border)

ELECTION OF 1824Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes but not enough

electoral votes to take officeThe House of Representatives had to choose the winner John Quincy Adams was chosen as the 6th President Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams made a corrupt

bargain with Clay

Chapter 10HOPE FOR CHANGEMany Americans felt power was held too strongly by a

small amount of wealthy Small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders backed

War of 1812 hero, Andrew Jackson They believed he would defend the rights of the common

people and slave owners

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830sMore white males were granted suffrage (the right to

vote); people became more involved in politicsBUT free blacks were excluded from voting Nominating conventions – political party members

choose party’s candidates

ELECTION OF 1828Jackson’s supporters formed the Democratic Party People who backed John Quincy Adams formed the

National Republican Party Jackson won the election of 1828 and became our 7th

President John C. Calhoun was his VP

SPOILS SYSTEM Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with

government jobs

THREE REGIONS EMERGE NORTH SOUTH WEST

•Economy based on manufacturing•Supported tariffs so American goods could compete with British goods

•Economy based on agriculture •Opposed tariffs since they increased cost of imported goods (made European traders angry)•Tariff of Abominations - Congress placed a high tariff on imports – this made Southerners angry and increased sectionalism

•Needed internal improvements such as roads and water transportation•Supported policies that would boost farming economy and encourage further settlement

STATES’ RIGHTS DOCTRINE John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and

Protest Congress should not favor one state over another Doctrine said since states formed the federal

government, federal government should have less power

NULLIFICATION CRISISCalhoun believed that states had the right to nullify (reject) and federal

law they judged to be unconstitutional Daniel Webster argued welfare of nation should override concerns of

individual statesSouth Carolina passed the Nullification Act SC threatened to leave the Union if the federal government collected tariff

duties Jackson and Congress passed the Force Bill which would allow the

President to use the army to put down a rebellion

JACKSON ATTACKS THE BANKJackson did not always support greater federal power He opposed the Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)He believed it was unconstitutional – states should have

the power to control banking system

McCULLOCH VS. MARYLANDMaryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the National

Bank’s operations James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank in Maryland) refused to

pay Supreme court decided the National Bank WAS constitutional

WHIG PARTY Political party formed in 1834 Favored a weak president and a strong Congress1837 – Martin Van Buren (Democratic Party) became our

8th President since the Whigs could not agree on a candidate

PANIC OF 1837 Nation faced a severe economic depressionPeople blamed Van Buren BUT Jackson’s banking policies did contribute to

the panic by causing inflation by having states print an oversupply of paper state-bank notes

1840 – Whigs united, and William Henry Harrison (Whig Party) became our 9th President

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 1830 – Congress authorized the removal of Native Americans

who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West Native Americans relocated to Indian Territory (present-day

Oklahoma) Bureau of Native American Affairs set up by Congress to

manage Indian removal

CHEROKEE RESISTANCE Many Cherokee Indians adopted white culture to protect themselves BUT when gold was found on their land in Georgia, militia attacked townsCherokee sued the state Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was

independent of Georgia’s laws, but not the federal governmentGeorgia ignored the ruling, and Jackson took no action to enforce it

TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 – President Jackson authorized American troops to remove all

Cherokee and relocate them to the Indian Territory Cherokee were forced to march for 800 miles They suffered from hunger, disease, and harsh weather One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokee died

OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE Black Hawk led Fox and Sauk Indians in Illinois against U.S.

officials, but were forced to leave by 1850 Osceola led Seminole forces and fought against American

military 4,000 Seminole were killed, but eventually American forces

gave up fighting