a note on the "scorpion-man" and pazuzu

A Note on the "Scorpion-Man" and PazuzuAuthor(s): Anthony GreenSource: Iraq, Vol. 47 (1985), pp. 75-82Published by: British Institute for the Study of IraqStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200233 .

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75

A NOTE ON THE " SCORPION-MAN " AND PAZUZU

By ANTHONY GREEN

In a recent number of this journal, Theresa Howard-Carter published photographs of the moulded demonic figures on opposing sides of the body of a large grey- ware pottery vessel now in the British Museum (Plate VII).' According to her information, this vessel was " acquired by Loftus in I851 from either Warka or Larsa " and " should date to the beginning of the second millennium ". Equating the creatures depicted with a winged demon carved on a limestone relief from Tell al- Rimah, which she dates to c. I800 B.C., and which she hypothetically reconstructs on analogy, Howard-Carter identifies the type as " an early or proto-Pazuzu ", concluding that " As for Pazuzu, it is entirely possible that he did not, at this date, have his later unpleasant character, repulsive face or even his name; he stands apart as an accessory to Humbaba in warding off evil spirits "2 If correct, this would be a significant contribution to the prehistory of Pazuzu, who has hitherto not been attested before the Late Assyrian period.3

In a note of the same volume, however, the present writer has referred to this same vessel, BM 9I94I, as a " Neo-Assyrian pottery vessel from Nimrud " and identified the moulded figures as representations of the apotropaic " Scorpion-man " of Late Assyrian art.4 The pot was in fact found by Layard in a fragmentary condition " beneath the fallen bull, at entrance b of the great hall of the North West Palace " at Nimrud,5 and is surely, therefore, Late Assyrian, despite these claims to the contrary.6 The iconography is comparable to that of Late Assyrian art, similar Scorpion-men being portrayed in monumental sculpture both as full-size figures (Plate VIII) 7 and on a smaller scale as copper or bronze furniture fittings (Plate IXa) 8 or in the detailed representation of garment embroidery (Plate IXb). On cylinder seals, the figure admittedly would appear to be first attested in the Akkadian period,9 and is known at least once in the Middle Assyrian,? becoming nonular in Late Assvrian times (Plate X)."

'Cf. Iraq 45 (1983), P1. VI. 2 Ibid., 72. 'For a synthesis on the demon, cf. P. R. S. Moorey,

Iraq 27 (1965), 33 ff., with textual references, p. 33, n. 6, discussion of functions, pp. 35 ff., and comparison of the varying iconography, passim.

Iraq 45 (1983), 93, n- 49. A. H. Layard, The Monuments of Nineveh I (London,

1849), 21, note to P1. 95 (A): to. Layard's illustration (and note) showed clearly that the creatures were on a pot and not, as indeed might appear from the photograph published by Zervos, on a terracotta plaque (cf. Howard-Carter, op. cit., 7 1, n. 46); photographs published by S. Thompson and by Unger, however, show the complete vessel (see references cited in note to P1. VII below).

6 Cf. also Ch. Zervos, L'Art de la Mcsopotamie ... (Paris et Londres, 1935), caption to P1. 139. Moorey, op. cit., 35, implies that he regards the vessel as Late Assyrian.

'Cf. also J. Meuszyiiski, Iraq 38 (1976), PI. IXa, p. 39,

No. 3 (relief from the Central Building of Aigurnasirpal II at Nimrud); R. C. Thompson, LAAA i8 (1931), Pl. XXVII (Late Assyrian limestone altar from Nineveh, now BM 1930-5-8, 2 I 8).

"That such figures, incorporated into Assyrian furniture, were of copper or bronze is indicated by an actual example (in the form of a bull-man) recently found by bulldozer and now in the Iraq Museum.

'Hotel Drouot Auction Catalogue, 6-7 November 1972, No. 563. The ultimate origin of the figure may lie in the Early Dynastic III (Ur I) type as represented on an engraved shell plaque from the front of a bull-lyre from Ur: C. L. Woolley, Ur Excavations II (London, 1934), Pl. 105.

"'J. N. Postgate, Iraq 35 (1973), Pi. XVa, b. '' Cf. Helena Carnegie, Catalogue of the Collection of

Antique Gems formed by James, g9h Earl of Southesk II (London, 1908), No. Qd i6; L. Delaporte, Caalogue des cylindres orientaux .. . de la Bibliot/Uque Nationale (Paris,

91o0), Nos. 355, 356, 358; Delaporte, Catalogue des



76 ANTHONY GREEN

The figure type consists of an upright standing winged or wingless creature with human head and torso, usually wearing a horned cap, having the tail of a scorpion, the hindquarters and talons of a bird of prey and a penis in the shape of a snake's head."2 Although, therefore, having certain iconographic features in common, this figure should be distinguished from Pazuzu, who is ithyphallic, with grotesque horned leonine (or somewhat canine) head, feathered hindquarters and bird's legs and talons, a scorpion's tail and usually wings (Plates XI-XIIIa) .'3

The commonly found pose of the Scorpion-man with his hands held high above the head, palms upturned, as on the Nimrud vessel (P1. VII; cf. P1. IXa), should also be distinguished from the occasional raised-arms gesture of Pazuzu. This position is usual for plaques whose reverse shows a rear view of the demon, who looks over the top of the plaque, resting his paws and head, modelled in the round, on its upper edge (Plate XI), and is known in one case on a figure entirely in the round.'4 In his more usual free-standing posture, he holds his right hand up in front of his right wing, his left down along the lower left wing (Plate XII).'5

The Assyrian scorpion-tailed, bird-footed, human figure is a beneficent demon, protective against evil demons and sicknesses. This appears to be indicated by a prescription in an apotropaic ritual to bury clay figurines of, among other types, the girtablilu,16 " Scorpion-man ", for this purpose. The identification of the iconographic type and the named creature has seemed to most commentators self evident.'7 The present writer, however, while not questioning that the scorpion- tailed figure belongs with the apotropaic series, has recently cast doubt upon this particular identification on the grounds that the inscription on an actual foundation figurine from Nimrud, taken to represent the scorpion-tailed type, seems to correspond approximately to that prescribed for figurines of some other creature of

cylindres, cachets et pierres gravies de style oriental du Musie du Louvre II (Paris, 1923), Nos. A. 683, 687, 703; L. Legrain, The Culture of the Babylonians (PBS 14/15, Philadelphia, 1925), No. 584; H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals (London, 1939), Pl. XXXIIIe; C. H. Gordon, Iraq 6 (1939), Pl. 27, No. 84; Edith Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections I (Washington D.C., 1948), No. 712; D. J. Wiseman, Cylinder Seals of Western Asia (London, 1959) No. 76; A. Moortgat, Vorderasiatischen Rollsiegel (2te. Aufl.; Berlin, 1966), Nrn. 598, 599, 609, 637; Hotel Drouot Auction Catalogue, 25 April 1966, No. 104; Elizabeth Williams Forte, Ancient Near Eastern Seals (Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1976), No. 55; R. D. Barnett, apud P. R. S. Moorey and P. Parr (ed.), Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, 1978), Pl. XXIX, No. i i.

'2 Cf. on this last feature Iraq 45 (1983), 93, n. 49. 13 The iconography of Pazuzu is conveniently

reviewed by Moorey, Iraq 27 (I965), 33 ff. Relevant pieces omitted include two clay Pazuzu heads (Klengel- Brandt, Or NS 37 (1968), 8x ff.-inscribed; Burrell Collection 1837-unpublished); a well-known terracotta bust usually described as an unknown demon but whose iconography and posture certainly suggest

Pazuzu (British Museum, A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities (3rd ed.; London, 1922), 194, Fig. in text, left-BM 22458); two copper or bronze free- standing figures (G. G. Cameron, Biblical Archaeologist 7 (1944), 33, Fig. 7; and that published here on P1. XII); two small copper or bronze crouching statuette- pendants J.-C. Margueron, Mesopotamia (Archaeologia Mundi, Geneva etc., 1967), Fig. 21; and that published here on PI. XlIIa) ; at least one limestone Pazuzu-head (British Museum, loc. cit., Fig. in text, right-BM 22459; possibly also BM 91874, 91876, 93036); a limestone relief plaque (H. R. Hall, Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum (Paris and Brussels, 1928), P1. LX: 4, p. 51 -"Bes-like demon mask"); and a mould for a Pazuzu plaque (D. E. McCown and R. C. Haines, Nippur I (OIP 78, Chicago, 1967), Pl. 143; 3); for the fibulae, see now Ruth Amiran, Iranica Antiqua 6 (1966), 88 ff.

'4Moorey, Iraq 27 (1965), P1. VIII; also in CAH Plates to Vol. III (new ed., Cambridge, 1984), 51, Fig. 72.

"So Moorey, Iraq 27 (1965), 35. "I For the reading of the name here used, see CAD 21

(Z), i65 f., s.v. " zuqaqFpu '7 Cf. for references Iraq 45 (1983), 93, with n. 50.



A NOTE ON THE "SCORPION-MAN AND PAZUZU 77

hitherto unknown name in KAR no. 298, obv. 11. 47 f.'8 However, Mr. Frans Wiggermann, who is preparing a new edition of the main apotropaic ritual texts, informs me that he has now " very strong reasons " for believing that the passage refers to figurines of the uridimmu."9 In view of this, it seems likely that the Nimrud figure should be interpreted as having a lion's tail rather than a scorpion's, and lion's claws rather than bird talons (Plate XIIIb). It is probable, therefore, that this figurine (and an uninscribed but iconographically similar, presently unpublished piece from room S73),20 as well as foundation figurines from Ur previously regarded by Rittig and myself as Scorpion-men (cf. Fig. I) 21 should be equated not with the scorpion-tailed figure but with a figure who appears on Assyrian reliefs as an upright lion-man with human head, arms and torso and leonine legs and hindquarters, including a curled-over lion's tail (Plate XIV).22 He is to be identified, it seems, as the uridimmu, who, as Wiggermann has pointed out to me, is required to carry an uskaru, probably the crescent-headed standard of Plate XIVa, in the Ritual for the Substitute King.23 On another relief, the figure is found together with the mudhufTu- dragon (Plate XIVb), an association which may be compared, perhaps, to the relationship at Ur between paired deposits housing these uridimmu figurines and ba?mu-snakes with boxes housing figurines of the mu4hullu.24

This reclassification of ND 7901 leaves the girtablilu-identification, after all, available for the scorpion-tailed creature, and although it is not exactly analogous to the urmahldlu and kuldlu, who have a human head and torso but the full lower body- of the animal reflected in the name,25 a form which would be difficult to parallel exactly for a scorpion-type, there now seems to be no major objection to such a correlation.

If, as seems likely, Howard-Carter is correct in identifying the " Winged Demon" from Tell al-Rimah with the Scorpion-men on the Nimrud vessel, this association of the girtabldlu with Humbaba in the sculptures from Rimah, whatever might be its chronological implications, would seem appropriate, since they both appear as

"Ibid., with n. 51. The reading [URsIDu] in KAR no. 298, obv. 1.

47, based upon correlations between this text and 0. R. Gurney, LAAA 22 (1935), 42 ff., as well as new fragments and duplicates.

20ND 8s86B. Cf. for now D. Oates, Iraq 21 (1959), 117, n. 29; Dessa Rittig, Assyrisch-babylonische Klein- plastik magischer Bedeutung vom 13.-i6. Jh. v. Chr. (Mun- chen, 1977) 65, Nr. 3. 4. 2. (sub " Mann mit Geftiss"); Green, Visible Religion 3 (0984), forthcoming, n.

21 C. L. Woolley, JRAS 1926, type 4, p. 694, Pl. X; id., Ur Excavations VIII (London, 1965), 94, 104, Pl. 33: U. 6773-4; E. Douglas Van Buren, Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria (New Haven and Oxford, 1930), 193, No. 952 (4); id., Foundation Figurines and Offerings (Berlin, 1931), 59; Rittig, 78 f., Nrn. 7. I. I-2; Abbn. 24-25; Green, Iraq 45 (1983), 93, n. 52.

22On the other hand, another foundation figurine from Ur may well be an example of the Scorpion-man: see Appendix.

23 W. G. Lambert, AfO I8 (1957-58), 10 o f., obv (?) col. B, II. io f.; Rittig, op. cit., I75 f. On uskaru, cf. AHw III, 1438. As for the representation of the standard on

the relief (Plate XIVa), there is some disagreement about how the head should be restored (J. E. Reade, Iraq 26 (1964), 5; id., BaM IO (1979), 40; R. D. Barnett, Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (663-627 B.C.) (London, 1976), 43, P1. XXVI), but a crescent appears most likely. Reade, BaM io (979), 40, has identified this human-leonine hybrid as the urmabli-lu, but that Akkadian name in fact belongs to the " Lion-centaur" (Barnett, op. cit., 40, PI. XX; cf. also R. S. Ellis, apud Maria deJong Ellis (ed.), Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein (Memoires of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences i9; Hamden, 1977), 74; Iraq 45 (1983), 93 E, with n- 55)-

14 See JRAS 1926, 690, Fig. 28: relationship of boxes housing types 4 and io with those housing type 9. For further discussion of reliefs depicting the figure we here regard as an uridimmu, cf. Reade, Iraq 26 (1964), 5 f.; idem, BaM IO (1979), 40; D. Kolbe, Die Relief- programme religios-mythologischen Charakters in neu-assyrischen Palasten (Frankfurt am Main, i981), 132 ff.

25Iraq 45 (1983), 93 f.; for the forms of the names here used, cf. Ellis, loc. cit.



78 ANTHONY GREEN

powerful characters in the Gilgamesh Epic, Humbaba as guardian of the cedar forest, the Scorpion-men as guardians of the mountain gate. Neither the vessel nor the sculptures, however, give us any insight into the origin and early development of Pazuzu.

Appendix: A Scorpion-man Foundation Figurine from Ur? Plate XV Although it appears necessary to reclassify Rittig's "Genius mit Skorpion-

stachel "(type 7) as representing a human-leonine uridimmu, another Ur figurine, U. 6775 (BM I I87I3), given by Rittig, 77 f., the title " Genius mit Vogelbeinen " (type 6), may well be an example of the Scorpion-man. Woolley, JRAS I926, 694 f., No. 6, describes it as representing a " figure human to the waist and with the feet and claws of an eagle ". He wears a high, pointed, close-fitting cap with horns and has long hair falling to his shoulders. Facial features are crude but clear, with depressions for the eyes and large protruding Semitic nose. The beard is rectangular and curled at the base, although it is not represented as in plaited sections. Woolley regarded the figure as nude, although Van Buren, Foundation Figurines, 59, No. 8, thought that he wore a garment; the modelling is not at all distinct, but slight depressions around the upper arms might suggest either a short-sleeved shirt or tunic or armlets and the very tight waist may indicate nudity or, perhaps, a belt; the creature is not ithyphallic. The left forearm is severed from above the elbow, but Woolley believed it originally bent forwards; the right arm is fully extended away from the body to the figure's side, parallel with the ground, a posture which has been likened to that of a modern traffic policeman (Mallowan, Iraq i6 (I954), 91):

it is quite different from the characteristic posture of the Smiting God and Lion- demon. Any original attribute held in the hand is no longer present. The legs, very wide at the top and narrowing towards the base, are set apart, the left slightly advanced, and the bird feet stand upon a fairly high and wide rounded base. The piece is modelled in the round, of very crude reddish-brown sun-dried clay, with many remnants of the white gypsum which once covered the entire surface and, upon the plaster, details picked out in black paint. Although not indicated on the published plan of the boxes found in the building (JRAS I926, 690, Fig. 28-no type 6= Ur Excavations VIII, 93, Fig. 6-no type 8) so that its precise location and relationship to other types is unknown, the figure nevertheless derives (according to the Ur field catalogue) from the Giparu and the same general area as the majority of the Ur series, which belong to the building activities of the Assyrian governor Sin- balassu-iqbi in c. 650 B.C. (Woolley, JRAS 1926, 69 I; id., Ur Excavations VIII, 93; cf. Penelope N. Weadock, Iraq 37 (975), 112).

Rittig (p. 78) concludes: Wegen des schlechten Erhaltungszustandes der Tonfigur lasst sich nicht mehr erkennen, ob das durch die Hornerkrone als niedere Gottheit gekennzeichnete Mischwesen auch einen Tier oder Vogelunterleib besass. Dieses Mischwesen ist in der Bildkunst des 1. Jts. nicht belegt.

But the general stance of the figure (except, perhaps, the position of the arms), the headdress and the bird talons parallel other representations of the Scorpion-man sufficiently well to suggest that the present model represents that type. Personal examination of the reverse of the piece has not produced convincing evidence of



A NOTE ON THE "SCORPION-MAN 1

AND PAZUZU 79

any tail, but the figure is too poorly preserved to preclude it. In any case, it may be that the protruding peak of the cap is intended as this tail, rising ominously forward over the head, scorpion-style.

Outside Mesopotamia, clay figurines corresponding to the Assyrian types have been found at the Urartian sites of Kef Kalesi and Karmir Blur; at the latter site they were found in two storerooms, apparently affording magical protection to the stores of food and drink. In room 28, filled with storage-jars for wine, a clay figurine was found, recognisably corresponding to the Scorpion-man. This is the only certain figurine of the type. The context strongly suggests the survival of an apotropaic function, although it is uncertain whether the identity of the creature, to the Urartians, can have remained the same (unless the Urartians were prepared to adopt Assyrian religious traditions in much the same way as the latter adopted those of Babylonia). The figurines from storeroom 25 at Karmir Blur and those from Kef Kalesi were of the fish-cloaked human type, which appears to be identifiable as a guise of the seven apkalle, specifically associated, in Mesopotamian traditions, with seven Babylonian cities (Iraq 45 (1983), 88 f.; for references to the " Seven Sages ",

cf. my forthcoming article in Visible Religion 3, n. 37). See for Karmir Blur: B. B. Piotrovskii, Karmir Blur II (Yerevan, 1952), 24 ff., with Figs. 9-gio; Vanskoje Zarstvo (Yerevan, 1959), 230; Fig. 77; or more conveniently R. D. Barnett, Iraq 2I (X959), 4 f., with Fig. 3; Piotrovskii, Urartu: The Kingdom of Van and its Art (London, I 967), 77 f., with Fig. 58; Rittig, 79, go, Abbn. 26, 34-35. Kef Kalesi: E. Bilgi and B. O')un Anadolu-Anatolia 9 (i965), 13 f., Pls. VII: a-c.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the following for their assistance in various ways: Ms. H. A. Burrows for information relating to the Assyrian reliefs in the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College; Dr. J. E. Curtis for details relating to material in the British Museum; Mme A. J. Decaudin for information relating to material in the collection of the Musee du Louvre; Dr. B. K. Ismail, Director of the Iraq Museum, for kindly allowing me to look at the newly discovered foundation figurines from AHur and for permitting the photography of PI. IXa; Mrs. J. A. Killick Moon for her kindness in taking the photograph of PI. IXa; Dr. R. Marks for information on material in the Burrell Collection; Dr. P. R. S. Moorey for some of the references to Pazuzu figures given in note 13; Dr. V. Sevin for the reference to figurines from KefKalesi cited at the end of the Appendix; Mr. P.J. Watson for arranging for me to look through the reserve collection at Birmingham, and for his kindness in rendering every assistance during my stay there in I983; Mr. F. A. M. Wiggermann for generously keeping me informed of the progression of his research; the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to publish Pls. VII and XIV-XV, kindly taken by the British Museum Photographic Service; M. P. Amiet, Conservateur en Chef des Antiquites Orientales du Musee du Louvre, for permission to publish Pls. VIII and XI, which I owe to the skill of M. M. Chuzeville; Dr. G. P. F. van den Boom, Keeper of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, for permission to publish the statuette of P1. IX; Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery for permission to publish P1. XIIIa; the Trustees of Dartmouth College for permission to publish P1. IXb; the Soprintendenza alle Antichita d'Etruria, Firenze, for permission to publish P1. X; the British School of Archaeology in Iraq for permission to publish PI. XIIIb, which I owe to the effort and skill of Mr. D. A. Loggie.



8o ANTHONY GREEN

Fig.

Catalogue of Illustrations

Figure i. U. 6773 (Present location unknown). Ht. I 2-5 cm. Woolley's drawing of a sundried clay foundation figurine from the area of the Giparu at Ur, possibly

representing an uridimmu. After Woolley, JRAS, 1926, Pl. X: 4a. Also published (with photographs): ibid. Pl. X: 4 (left); cf.

pp. 692, 694; Woolley, Ur Excavations VIII, 94, 104; P1. 33; U. 6773. Cf. also Van Buren, Clay Figurines, 193, No. 952 (4); id., Foundation Figurines, 59; Rittig, 78 f., Nr. 7.I.I ; Abb. 24.

Plate VII. BM 9i94I. Ht. 50 cm; di. 50 cm. Pottery vessel from Nimrud, N.W. Palace of A'surnasirpal II, great hall, found in fragments beneath

the fallen bull-colossus at entrance b. On either side a Scorpion-man, facing left, both hands held high, palms upturned.

Previously published: A. H. Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, I, P1. gsA: IO; British Museum. Assyrian Antiquities. Terra Cotta Records, Bronzes, Etc., photographed by S. Thompson, Pt III, Vol. III (London, i872), 46th (unnumbered) plate; E. Unger, RLV VIII (1927), Taf. 68c; p. 201, ? 20a, s.v. " Mischwesen "; Ch. Zervos, L'Art de la Mesopotamie, P1. 139; Theresa Howard-Carter, Iraq 45 (I983), P1. VI, pp. 7I f. Cf. also British Museum, A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities, 3rd. ed., 8i, No. 479.

Plate VII. AO I 9850. 2 I 8 x 83 cm. Limestone relief slab from Nimrud, N.W. Palace, depicting a Scorpion-man. Previously published: A. Jeremias, Das alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients (2te. Aufl., Leipzig,

I 906), 58i, Abb. I 95; J. Hunger u. H. Lamer, Altorientalische Kultur im Bilde (2te. Aufl., Leipzig, I 923), Abb. I 02; E. Pottier, Musee National du Louvre: Catalogue des antiquites assyriennes (Paris 1924), No. 6, P1. IV, pp. 56 f.; Unger, RLV VIII (I927), Taf. 68a; p. 20I ? 20a, s.v. "Mischwesen"; Meuszyniski, EtTrau6 (I972), 32, n. 24, Fig. i5; id., Iraq 38 (1976), P1. XVI [Layard's drawing], p. 41; id., ArAnz i976, 466; Kolbe, Taf. IX: 3, p. 8o. Cf. also Reade, BaM Io (I979), 39.



A NOTE ON THE SCORPION-MAN 1

AND PAZUZU 8I

Plate IXa. I M. Fragment from the rock-cut relief on a cliff-face at Maltai, detail of seat of the throne of the goddess

Ninlil in the procession of gods, showing miniature figures of Scorpion-men. Probably from the reign of Sennacherib.

Cf. for the Maltai reliefs: F. Thureau-Dangin, RA 21 (1924), I85 if.; R. M. Boehmer, JdI go (I 975), 42 if.; for Scorpion-men detail: W. Bachmann, Felsreliefs in Assyria: Bawian, Maltai und Gindiik (WVDOG 52; Leipzig, 1927; repr. Osnabruck, i969), Taf. 29, reproduced by B. Hrouda, Die Kulturgeschichte des Assyrischen Flachbildes (Bonn, 1965), Taf. 15: 2. For the Iraq Museum fragment: cf. F. Basmachi, Treasures of the Iraq Museum (Baghdad, I 975-76), 243. b. Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover.

Detail of the embroidery on the garment of Assurnasirpal II on a limestone relief slab from Nimrud, N.W. Palace. The miniature figures include two Scorpion-men flanking the sacred tree.

Detail of the Scorpion-men previously published (as drawing) : F. Lajard, Introduction a l'etude du culte public et des mysteres de Mithra (Paris, I847), P1. LIVA (after P1. CVII); Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, I, P1. 44: 2, reproduced by Erika Bleibtreu, Die Flora der neuassyrischen Reliefs (Wien, 1980), 59, Abb. 20.

It is also partially visible in photographs in: J. B. Stearns and D. P. Hansen, The Assyrian Reliefs at Dartmouth (Dartmouth College Museum, Hanover, I953), Fig. 6; Jeanny Vorys Canby, Iraq 33 (i97i), P1. XVIb. The full relief is published: Stearns and Hansen, op. cit., Fig. 5, pp. 6 f.; Stearns, Reliefsfrom the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (AfO Beiheft i5; Graz, i961), No. A-I-d-i-i, P1. 5, p. 22. Cf. also Meuszyniski, Die Rekonstruktion der Reliefdarstellungen und Ihrer Anordnung im Nordwestpalast von Kalhu (Nimr7d.). Baghdader Forschungen 2 (Mainz am Rhein, I98I), 45 f., Nr. G-i I.

Plate X. Firenze 14385. Ht. 3-2 cm. Modern impression from a Late Assyrian agate cylinder seal, almost certainly originally from

Nimrud, since the inscription names the owner as Remani-ilu, a eunuch officer of Bel-tarsi-iluma, governor of Kalhu about the turn of the gth to 8th centuries B.C. The scene shows a man who is beardless, almost certainly, therefore, the seal's owner cf. Postgate, The Governor's Palace Archive (Cuneiform Textsfrom Nimrud II, London, I973), 1O, n. 26-standing in supplication before an armed god, probably Adad, behind whom stands a Scorpion-man with cone and situla.

Previously published: Lajard, Mithra, P1. VIII: 6, p. 9;' G. Perrot et Ch. Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquite II (Paris, i884), 684, Fig. 340; J. Menant, Recherches sur la Glyptique Orientale, II (Paris, i 886), 36, Fig. 20 [miscited by Winckler]; E. Winckler, OLZ 3 (I 900), 434, Abbn.; F. E. Peiser, OLZ 3 (1900), 434; W. H. Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia (Washington D.C., 1910), 252, Fig. 767; B. Meissner, Grundziige der babylonisch-assyrischen Plastik (AO I 5; Leipzig, 1915), Io, Abb. i i 8; V. Scheil, RA I2 (1915), 55; B. Meissner, Babylonien und Assyrien I (Heidelberg, I920), I37, Abb. 37; Unger, RL V IV/2 (1926), Taf. 194C s.v. " Gdtterbild "; Delaporte, Arethuse 4 (I927), No. 25, P1. VIII, p. 62; E. Herzfeld, AMI [aF] 9 (1938), 34, Nr. IOI, Abb. I98; F. Digard (ed.), Repertoire analytique des cylindres orientaux (Paris, 1975), No. 299I. Cf. also Unger, PKOM 7 (1925), I9; Reade, Iraq 34 (I972), 9I, n. 25; Postgate, loc. cit.

BeI-tarsi-iluma's own seal shows the beardless governor (himself a eunuch) in similar posture and before the same deity, the latter now standing upon his sacred beast, but without the presence of the Scorpion-man (Barbara Parker, Iraq 17 (I 955), i io f., ND 476, P1. XXI: i; Postgate, op. cit., Nos. 66, 170, I7I; pp. f., 101, 176 ff., 248 if.; Pls. 35, 62, 95a-d; cf. also Reade, loc. cit.).

Plate XI. AO 22205 [formerly De Clercq-Boisgelin collection]. Ht. I3-3 cm. Cast copper/bronze relief plaque of exorcism scene, with Pazuzu on reverse. Babylonian, probably

late 8th-early 7th centuries B.C.

For previous publication see Galleries Nationales du Grand Palais, Naissance de l'ecriture (Paris, I982), No. I95; H. Klengel, MIOF 7 (I959-60), 334 Nr I. See now also F. A. M. Wiggermann, apud M. Stol, Zwangerschap en Geboorte bij de Babyloniers en in de Bibel (Leiden, I983), ii o, Fig. 5; Green, Visible Religion 3 (forthcoming), P1. 2.

Plate XII. RMO A 1950/I.9 Ht. 7-72; W. 4-64; Th. excl. tail-loop 1-49; incl. tail-loop 2-27 cm; Wt. 700 g.

Copper/bronze statuette of Pazuzu. Probably late 8th-early 7th centuries B.C. Provenance unknown (art market).

Previously unpublished.



82 ANTHONY GREEN

Plate XMIa. Birmingham A 308'68. Ht. 3-8; W. 2-0; Th. I A; di. of perf. o2 cm. Copper/bronze crouching statuette-pendant of Pazuzu. Probably late 8th-early 7th centuries.

Provenance: " Iraq" (St Clair Harnett bequest). Previously unpublished.

b. ND 790I (IM for study). Ht. as ext. I2-7 cm. Late Assyrian sun-dried clay figurine, possibly representing an uridimmu, discovered with figures of

other apotropaic types in the fill of room SE 5 of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud. Perhaps from the reign of Esarhaddon.

Previously published: Iraq 45 (i983), Pls. XIIIc, XIVb; cf. pp. 92 f., 96.

Plate XIVa. OD VII io. Boutcher's original (partially reconstructed) drawing of a limestone relief slab (now lost) from the N.

Palace of Assurbanipal at Nineveh; it probably represents an uridimmu. Previously published: Reade, Iraq 26 (i964), P1. II, p. 5; Barnett, Sculptures . . . of Ashurbanipal at

Nineveh, P1. XXVI, p. 43; Kolbe, Die Reliefprogramme, Taf. XIV: I, p. I32.

b. OD V 44- Boutcher's original drawing of a limestone relief slab (now lost) from the same palace, probably

representing an uridimmu and a mushus??u. Previously published: Barnett, op. cit., P1. LIV, p. 52; Kolbe, op. cit., Taf. XIV: 2, pp. I25, I32.

Cf. also C. J. Gadd, The Stones of Assyria (London, 1936), i 85.

Plate XV. U. 6775 (BM i i87I3). Ht. 15-0 cm. Neo-Babylonian sun-dried clay foundation figurine possibly representing an uridimmu, discovered in a

box from the area of the Giparu at Ur. Late 7th century, probably from the rebuilding of the Assyrian governor Sin-balassu-iqbi. See Appendix.

Previously published: Woolley, JRAS 1926, 694 f., No. 6; P1. X; id., Ur Excavations VIII, 94, No. 8; 104; P1. 33. Cf. also Van Buren, Clay Figurines, I93, No. 952, sub No. 6; id., Foundation Figurines, 59; Rittig, 77 f., Nr. 6. i. i. ; 250 f., ? 38.



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a note on the "scorpion-man" and pazuzu

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