A. C. Newenhouse

A Plain Language Guide

GrowingFresh Market

Tomatoes

�The Wisconsin Farm Center has more informationabout services to help beginning farmers. To find this information on the internet look under the heading Farming and Agriculture athttp://datcp.state.wi.us/.

Your local county Extension office also has moreinformation for fresh market farmers. Go to http://www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/. Click on your state and then your county to findthe Extension office near you.

Plant Description ..............................................................................1

Site selection ............................................................................................................2

Variety Selection................................................................................2

Tomato Varieties ................................................................................3

Planting and Care ..............................................................................4

Seed storage ............................................................................................................5Soil preparation ........................................................................................................6Raised beds ..............................................................................................................6Plant spacing ............................................................................................................6Supports for tomatoes ..............................................................................................6Basket weave trellis system ......................................................................................7Staking tomato plants ..............................................................................................8Tomato cages............................................................................................................8Pruning tomatoes......................................................................................................9Preventing plant diseases while working ..................................................................9Season extenders ....................................................................................................9Black plastic mulch ................................................................................................10Floating row covers ................................................................................................11Tunnels and cold frames ........................................................................................11Windbreaks ............................................................................................................12Greenhouse and hoop house production................................................................12

Soils and Nutrient Management ....................................................13

Soil pH ....................................................................................................................13Fertilizer needs ......................................................................................................13Table A. - Soils and Nutrients..................................................................................13Irrigation..................................................................................................................15

Harvest, Handling, and Storage......................................................16

Table B. - Tomato Ripening Stages ........................................................................16

Preventing Stress on Your Body ....................................................18

Weed Management ..........................................................................19

Pest and Disease Management........................................................20

Tomato problems caused by weather and water ....................................................20Tomatoes and Black Walnut trees ..........................................................................21

Indexi

Tomato Diseases ..............................................................................22

Early blight ..............................................................................................................22Late blight ..............................................................................................................22Septoria leaf spot ....................................................................................................23Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt ..........................................................................24Bacterial speck and Bacterial spot..........................................................................25Bacterial speck........................................................................................................25Bacterial spot ..........................................................................................................25Anthracnose............................................................................................................26Viruses....................................................................................................................26Tobacco mosaic virus..............................................................................................27Cucumber mosaic virus ..........................................................................................27Tomato spotted wilt virus ........................................................................................28

Insect Management..........................................................................28

Aphids ....................................................................................................................28Flea beetles ............................................................................................................28Worms or caterpillars..............................................................................................29Hornworms ............................................................................................................30

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Tomatoes are a good crop to grow forlocal market because fresh tomatoestaste better and are better qualitythan tomatoes shipped from far away.Many people want to buy tomatoes.They are the second most popularvegetable in the United States andthe most popular vegetable grown inAmerican gardens. If you want tomake more money from tomatoes youcan also make and sell salsa. Salsa isvery popular in the United States.Tomatoes have a lot of vitamin A andvitamin C. Tomatoes grow well in anunheated plastic greenhouse orhoophouse.

Plant Description

The tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) is native to the Andesmountains in South America. Peoplethought tomatoes were poisonousuntil the 1700’s. They are related toother plants such as the weednightshade that contain a chemicalpoison. There is a small amount of thechemical in the leaves and othergreen parts of tomatoes and in unripetomato fruit but it is not enough toharm people.

Tomatoes can not withstand coldtemperature. Although they areperennial in the tropics they areannual in the cold climate of theMidwest.

Tomatoes have two types of growthpattern. One is called determinate.Another type is called indeterminate.

Determinate tomatoes form flowersand fruit at the ends of branches.Determinate plants are usuallysmaller. These types of tomatoesripen earlier and usually ripen all theirfruit at once.

Indeterminate tomatoes form flowersand fruit at the point where twobranches meet. The branches keepgrowing and these plants are usuallylarger and form vines. Indeterminatetomatoes yield tomatoes over a longtime. Some tomato plants sharehabits between the two forms.

Tomato plants have a deep taprootand many smaller side roots. Theroots can grow down to 10 feet.

Tomato flowers are most often selffertile and are pollinated by wind.Flowers grow in clusters and oneplant can have 20 or more clusters.

Determinatetomatoesform flowersand fruit at the ends ofbranches.

Indeterminatetomatoesform flowersand fruit at thepoint where twobranches meet.

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There are many different varieties oftomatoes. They may be red, yellow,orange, pink, purple, or striped, andtheir shape may be round, oblong, orpear shaped.

Tomatoes grow best whentemperatures are around 75°F duringthe day and 68°F at night. Plants willproduce the most fruit when there is a10°F difference between day andnight temperatures. If the temperatureis below 60°F or above 80°F thentomatoes have less growth and fruitset, although some varieties ofdeterminate plants can set fruit incool temperatures.

Site selection

Tomatoes need full sun. They like soilthat is light, warm, well drained, andfertile. If soil has too much organicmatter then the plant grows moreleaves and less fruit. Soil pH shouldbe between 5.5 and 7.5.

Variety Selection

There are many varieties of tomatoes.Choose varieties that suit your farmand your market. When you try a newvariety plant it near the old so you cancompare them. Look for varieties thatresist disease and will ripen duringyour growing season. Choosevarieties that other growers like andalso varieties that you like. If you likea variety you can describe it well andit will be easier for you to sell. Sometomato varieties are called “earlycrop” or “main crop”. “Paste” tomatoesare used to make tomato paste. Othertomato varieties are called “cherry”tomatoes or “grape” tomatoesbecause they are small and look likethose fruits.

Tomato varieties can be openpollinated or hybrid. You can collectseed from an open-pollinated varietyand grow a new plant like the parent.Hybrid plants are bred from two pureparent plants that have been crossedtogether. If your plant is a hybrid youcannot collect the seed and grow anew plant like the parent. “Heirloom”tomato varieties are older open-pollinated varieties.

Two diseases that are caused byfungi in the soil affect tomatoes.These are Verticillium wilt andFusarium wilt. If you know your soilhas this problem, choose tomatovarieties that resist these diseases.Some tomato varieties also resistnematodes, which are small worm-like animals that live in soil.

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Tomato Varieties

VarietyDays to first harvest

Indeterminate (climbing)

New Girl 62

Early Girl 64

Big Beef 70

Estiva 70

Better Boy 72

Wisconsin 55 75

Determinate (bush)

Orange Blossom 60

Valley Girl 65

Celebrity 72

BHN-826 72

Paragon 78

Heirloom

Green Zebra 72

Black Prince 74

Valencia 76

Cherry

Favorita 58

Red Pearl (grape type) 58

Sun Gold 57

Sweet Million 65

Paste

Roma VF 76

Viva Italia 76

San Marzano 78

Amish Paste 80

Hoophouse

Estiva 70

Geronimo 78

Planting and Care

Tomatoes need a long, warm growingseason. Farmers usually start tomatoplants inside under lights or in agreenhouse and transplant themoutside after the last frost in spring.Start tomatoes 4-6 weeks before youtransplant them to the field. Plants willtransplant best if they are 4-6 inchestall and do not have flower buds. Youcan buy or mix your own sterilepotting mix. The mix should includecompost, peat, or sphagnum to holdmoisture; vermiculite or perlite foraeration; and mineral and nutrientsources to feed the new plants afterthe first roots form.

✤ Sterilize plastic or styrofoam celltrays in a 10% bleach solutionbefore you plant. You can make a10% solution with one part bleachand 9 parts water.

✤ Fill the transplant trays with pottingsoil, or make individual blocks witha soil blocker. Cells that are 2”diameter are a good size.

✤ Plant seeds ¼ inch deep.

✤ Label the trays with variety andplanting date.

✤ Keep soil moist but not wet.

✤ The soil temperature should bewarmer than the air temperatureuntil the seeds sprout. Use aheating mat or a cable under thetrays to keep soil temperature at80-90 °F.

✤ Air temperature during the dayshould be 70-75 °F and at nightshould be 60-62 °F. After theseeds sprout you can keep the soiltemperature at 70 °F, or the sameas the air temperature.

✤ Thin seedlings to one plant per cellor plug, or one plant every 2 ½inches.

✤ Ten days before transplanting outto the field, harden off the plantsby putting them outside for a fewhours each day during thewarmest time of the day, or moveplants into a cold frame. Thesection on season extensiondescribes a cold frame.

While you harden off the tomatoplants, be very careful to keep them

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warm. Tomato plants cannot tolerateany frost or cool temperature. Bringplants inside if the temperature startsto dip below 40-45°F. Give the plantsless water and no fertilizer during thistime because it helps prepare them tobe planted in the field. Tomato plantscan become “over-hardened”, whichhappens when they spend too muchtime in between greenhouse growingand field planting. If this happens, the

plants will take a long time to growafter they are planted in the field.

Seed storage

If you have seeds left at the end ofthe year, store them in an airtightglass jar in a cool, dark, dry placesuch as a cellar. You can sprout theseeds to test germination next year. Inthe best storage these seeds couldkeep for 4 years.

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April 26 - May 2

May 3 - 9

May 10 - 16

May 17 - 23

May 24 - 30

May 31- June 6

September 13 - 19

September 20 - 26

September 27 - October 3

October 4 - 10

October 11-17

October 18 - 24

Frost dates maps

Last spring killing frost First fall killing frost

Soil preparation

Work beds 7-8 inches deep topromote deep rooting. Never work wetsoil because this can cause soilcompaction. Compacted soils arehard and do not hold enough air.Compacted soils prevent oxygen andwater from reaching roots, and plantsdo not grow as well or produce asmuch.

Raised beds

You can use raised beds to help soildrainage and prevent compaction.Raised beds are usually 4-5 feet wideand 100 feet long. Leave a 1-foot aisleon either side of each bed for a footpath.

Plant spacing

Before you plant into the field, decidewhat type of field equipment you willuse and how you will support thetomato plants. This will determine howfar apart your rows should be. You canplant tomatoes 18-24 inches apart inrows 3-4 feet apart.

Supports for tomatoes

Tomatoes grow best if plants arestaked or grown on a trellis. If yougive the plants support then the fruitis larger, cleaner, earlier, and easierto harvest. Also you can preventsome diseases this way and you canfit more plants in a small area.Farmers who grow indeterminatevarieties (which tend to be tall)usually use a “basket weave” trellissystem. Farmers who growdeterminate varieties can either usethe “basket weave” trellis system or tiethe plants to one stake.

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Basket weave trellis system

Set up the trellis

✤ Choose stakes that are 1 inchsquare and 5-7 feet long (lengthdepends on the height of thetomato variety).

✤ Drive stakes 1 foot into the groundbetween every other plant in therow.

✤ On each end of the row, either usea heavier stake or drive two stakesinto the ground with one at anangle and tied to the first so it cantake more weight.

✤ If your rows are long, leave asection open in the middle so youcan walk between rows at harvesttime.

Weave the trellis

✤ When the plants are about 12inches tall, before they fall over,begin the basket weave at 8-10inches above the ground.

✤ Use strong, durable “tomato twine’which comes in a box thatattaches to your belt.

✤ Tie the twine to an end stake andpass it along one side of the plantsand around each stake.

✤ Pull the twine tight as you go.

✤ At the end of the row, go to theother side of the plants and looptwine around each stake until youare back where you started.

✤ Tie the twine to the first stake.

✤ It is easier to weave the twine ifyou thread the end through a 12-36 inch piece of plastic pipe.

✤ As the plants grow, add twine 6-8inches above the previous twineuntil you have a trellis of 4 strings.

✤ If the plants grow taller than thestakes, guide branches back downinto the trellis.

✤ At the end of the season, you canpull up the stakes and plants andcompost the plants and twine.

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Staking tomato plants

✤ Use wooden or metal stakes 4-6feet long.

✤ Drive a stake into the ground nextto each tomato plant at the sametime as you transplant into thefield.

✤ If the soil is too hard to insert thestake, soak the soil to make yourwork easier. If you wait to stakeplants until they have started togrow in the field you can hurt theroot system.

✤ As the plant grows, tie the plantloosely to the stake with a piece ofcloth or twine. (see drawing, like afigure 8).

Tomato cages

You can make cages for each tomatoplant.

✤ Use the type of wire mesh that issold as “concrete reinforcing wire”.This is very strong and the endscan be sharp.

✤ Wear gloves when you work withthis wire.

✤ Use bolt cutters to cut sections 5feet tall and 6 feet wide.

✤ Form each section into a circle anduse pliers to form hooks on oneside to fasten the sides together(see photo below).

✤ Cut and remove the bottomhorizontal wire to leave wire legsto stick in the ground.

✤ Put the tomato cage around theplant soon after transplanting.

✤ Guide branches back into thecages as the plants grow.

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Pruning tomatoes

You don’t need to prune tomatoesunless you want to create slightlylarger fruit or keep your plants neat. Ifyour plants are determinate youshould not prune them because theywill not produce as much fruit. Do notprune plants growing in tomato cages.

If your plants are indeterminate andyou want to prune them: ✤ Let two or three branches grow

from the base of the plant. Theywill become the main stems.

✤ When a new shoot starts to form atthe base of a branch, snap it offwhen it is about 3-4 inches long(see drawing). These side shootsare sometimes called suckers.

Some tomatoes are a type betweendeterminate and indeterminate. If youwant to prune these types, onlyremove the lower side shoots up tothe one below the first flower cluster.

Preventing plant diseases

while working

✤ Do not smoke cigarettes or usechewing tobacco while you workwith tomato plants becausediseases caused by viruses canspread from tobacco to tomato.

✤ Do not use scissors to prunetomatoes because diseaseorganisms can spread from plantto plant on the scissors.

Season extenders

You can make the growing seasonlonger and harvest tomatoes earlier inspring and later in fall. Protect plantsfrom late spring frosts and early fallfrosts using these methods: ✤ plant on a south-facing slope

✤ cover the soil with black plastic

✤ use floating row covers

✤ place clear plastic tunnels over therows of young plants

✤ plant windbreaks

✤ place young plants in a cold frame

✤ grow tomatoes in a greenhouse orplastic hoop house

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Suckersremoved

Suckers

Black plastic mulch

If you cover the soil with black plastic(“plastic mulch”) you can raise the soiltemperature 4-5°F and harvesttomatoes 1-3 weeks earlier. Theplastic prevents weeds. It also keepsthe crop clean and prevents fungusand bacteria spores in the soil fromsplashing onto the plant, whichprevents diseases. Farmers who useblack plastic mulch often use dripirrigation under the plastic. If moistsoil is covered with plastic the waterstays in the soil and does notevaporate.

If you decide to use black plasticmulch you must apply it correctly.

✤ Lay wide strips of 1.25-1.5 milblack plastic by hand or with amachine attached to a tractor.

✤ Work the soil and hill it up to makea long raised bed that is slightlyhigher in the center so water runsoff to either side.

✤ The bed should be firm.

✤ Lay the plastic tightly over the bedand bury it half way up the sides.

✤ When you plant into the plastic,you can cut holes for the plantswith a scissors or burn holes witha propane torch.

✤ Do not leave a flap of plastic at thehole because when it is windy itcan scrape the plant stem.

Black plastic mulch is expensive,difficult to re-use, and difficult torecycle. Farmers who use blackplastic do so because in theirsituation they can grow better qualitytomatoes earlier with fewer weeds.

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Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, 1328042, Bugwood.org

Floating row covers

Floating row covers are specialsheets of white fabric made of spun-bonded polypropylene which letssunlight and water through the fabricbut stops insects. You can use rowcovers in spring on young tomatoplants to keep them warm.

✤ Row covers protect plants fromfrost and wind.

✤ Row covers come in differentweights and the thicker ones canwarm plants by 4-8°F.

✤ You can plant tomatoes 3-4 weeksearlier in the spring.

✤ You can wash and re-use fabric fortwo to three seasons.

Put the row cover on top of the cropor hold it up with wire hoops. If youuse wire hoops to hold up the rowcover, use 9-guage wire 6 feet apartand buried 1 foot deep on each sideof the row.

If you gather the edges and looselybury them along the crop row, then asthe crop grows it will push up enoughfabric to form a “floating” cover. Youcan also use rocks or heavy posts tohold down the edges.

In early spring, take the row covers offwhen the air is warm enough for thetomatoes to grow. Before this, let theplants harden off for a few days toprevent heat and sun from burningthe crops. Do this by removing coverson cloudy days or for a few hours onsunny days. On very hot days, be

sure to lift the row cover to give plantssome air.

Tunnels and cold frames

Tunnels are large, unheated plasticcovers that make a greenhouse overa row of plants. They can also beused to lengthen the growing seasonfor young plants in spring. Use metalor plastic hoops to hold up clearplastic over young tomato plants. Cutslits in the plastic for air flow. Tunnelsmade of clear plastic with slitsincrease daytime temperatures by 10-30°F and give 1-4°F of frostprotection.

Cold frames are a type of plantingbed made by building wooden sideson each side of a bed on the ground.The back is higher than the front andthe frame holds up a glass top at anangle to the sun facing south. You canuse an old window to make a coldframe. Cold frames also warm thesoil. You can use a cold frame to putyour tomato transplants outsideearlier in the spring before youtransplant them to the field.

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Windbreaks

If the area where you want to growtomatoes is windy you might want tomake a windbreak. Wind blows dustand sand which can make a smallwound in the leaf or fruit. Fungus andbacteria can enter the plant throughthe wounds. A windbreak will helpprevent these diseases. A windbreakwill also help warm the area.

Put the windbreak in a row on theside of the field where most of thewind is coming from. You can plantfast growing trees or shrubs, or put upa fence made of plastic mesh.

A windbreak will help stop wind in anarea 2 ½ times as far as it is tall. Forexample, if the windbreak is 10 feettall then it will help stop wind in anarea up to 25 feet away from thewindbreak. Some farmers plant a tallcover crop such as rye grain betweenrows to act as a windbreak.

Greenhouse and hoop house

production

Tomatoes grow well in greenhouses,plastic hoop houses, or plastictunnels, where you can plant 4-6weeks earlier than outside. You canalso harvest through Novemberbefore sunlight is too weak. You canuse floating row covers on top oftomatoes to give them extra warmthwhen they are growing in agreenhouse or hoop house.

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Soils and Nutrient

Management

Get a soil test before you plant a fieldfor the first time and then at leastonce every 3 years. For informationon how to collect samples and whereto send them for analysis, see UWExtension publication Sampling Soilsfor Testing (A2100).

Most soil tests include pH, organicmatter, phosphorus, and potassium.You can also ask to test for nitrate-nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sulfur,boron, manganese, and zinc. You willreceive the results of your soil testalong with fertilizer recommendationsbased on how you will use your field.You can also test your potting soil andthe soil inside your hoop house orgreenhouse.

Soil pH

Soil pH measures acidity. Soil pHshould be between 6.8 - 7.0 fortomatoes so they can take up themost nutrients from the soil and haveenough minerals. If the pH is below6.0, apply aglime to raise the pH.

Fertilizer needs

Tomatoes need nitrogen, phosphorus,and potassium in large amounts andmany other nutrients in smallamounts. Choose fertilizer fromorganic or inorganic sources. Healthysoil has tiny organisms (microbes)that break down organic matter intonutrients that plants need to grow.Over time, organic fertilizer can buildyour soil and make the soil morehealthy and fluffy which lets plantsgrow more easily. Inorganic fertilizersgive plants nutrients quickly but donot build the soil. Some inorganic

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Annual nitrogen, phosphate, and potash for tomatoes

Nitrogen Phosphate and potash

Organicmatter

Amount to applyaAmount to applya

Phosphate (P2O5) Potash (K2O)

Vegetable % lb/acre oz/100 sq ft Soil testcategories lb/a oz/100 sq ft lb/a oz/100 sq ft

Tomato <2.0 140 5.25 20 -25 40 1.5 180 6.75

2.0 - 4.9 120 4.4

5-10 100 3.75

>10 80 3.0

Table A. - Soils and Nutrients

a Amounts of P2O5 and K2O are for soils that have correct levels for tomatoes. If soil test shows higher P2O5 and K2O than needed, do not apply at all or apply at half this amount. If soil test shows low P2O5 and K2O, add more according to the test results.

fertilizers have a lot of salt which isbad for soil organisms.Organic fertilizers can come frommanure, compost, fish meal, bonemeal, and live compost tea thatincludes oxygen. Recent studies showthat live compost tea helps preventplant diseases and also givesnutrients to plants. Live compost teais made by carefully mixing fungi,bacteria, sugars, water, and a steadystream of air to grow active soil microorganisms.

Table A gives the amount of fertilizertomatoes need. Look at your soil testresults to learn how muchphosphorus and potassium you willneed. Work this into the soil beforeplanting. If your soil is mostly clay ithas small particles and the soilparticle size is called “fine textured”. Ifyour soil is mostly sand it has largeparticles and the soil particle size iscalled “coarse textured”. For fieldswith mostly clay, add nitrogen fertilizerto the soil and work it in beforeplanting.

For fields with mostly sand, add partof the nitrogen fertilizer to the soilbefore planting and add the rest later.Work in 20-40 lbs nitrogen/acre (0.75-1.5 oz /100 square feet) nitrogen peracre before planting. Later, eitheronce or twice after the fruit sets, addthe rest in a strip near the plant roots.

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Irrigation

Tomatoes need water regularlybecause when they do not haveenough water they do not produce asmuch fruit. If leaves begin to wilt in themiddle of the day, plants do not haveenough water. Plants that wilt for ashort time will not produce as big ayield. Plants that wilt often or for along time might die.

Calcium needs water to travel throughthe plant. If tomatoes do not getenough calcium they can developblossom end rot. Prevent blossomend rot by giving tomato plantsenough water.

Tomatoes need one inch of waterevery week.✤ Irrigate every 5-10 days depending

on the soil type and rain.

✤ Soak the soil so roots grow deep.

✤ Use either drip irrigation orsprinkler.

✤ Drip irrigation saves water andhelps prevent leaf diseases.

✤ If you use a sprinkler, water earlyin the day so leaves dry quickly.

✤ Keep the leaves dry to preventdiseases.

Mulch is important for tomato plants. ✤ Mulch can help keep moisture in

the soil.

✤ Mulch also prevents diseasebecause fungus and bacteriaspores from soil cannot splash uponto leaves.

✤ Use straw, shredded leaves, orblack plastic for mulch.

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Harvest, Handling,

and Storage

Pick tomatoes by hand when they aresweet and ripe. Taste your own cropto learn the best time to harvest fromyour field. If you know your own cropwell you can talk about the highquality of your produce withcustomers. People who buy localtomatoes want fresh, vine ripenedfruit with the best possible flavor.Tomatoes that are picked whenmature but not ripe will still ripen offthe vine, but their flavor will not be asgood.

It takes a tomato ten days to go fromthe mature green stage to be tableripe. You can use Table B to estimatewhen your tomatoes will be ripe andto plan for when you will need help toharvest them. This table is from theUSDA and helps create standards todescribe the fruit.

Many farmers wipe tomatoes cleanwith a cloth before sale. Somefarmers put tomatoes in a water bathto remove field heat after harvest. Ifyou use a water bath, do not lettomatoes chill. Once a tomato ischilled it will not ripen further.

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Table B. - Tomato Ripening Stages

USDAClassification Description Days to full color

Green fruit skin is whitish green, gelatin formed around seeds 9-13

Breaker some color on blossom end 8

Turning 10-30% pink starting at blossom end 7

Pink 30-60% pink or red 6

Light red 60-90% pink or red 3

Red/firm ripe >90% red 1

Table ripe ready to eat, fruit somewhat soft 0

Handle tomatoes gently since theybruise easily. ✤ Do not stack tomatoes higher than

two layers.

✤ Pack them in shallow cardboardboxes or trays.

Tomatoes are sensitive to cold. ✤ Do not store tomatoes below 55° F.

✤ Never let ice touch tomatoes.

If tomatoes become too cold or touchice, they can develop poor flavor andirregular ripening. Tomatoes continueto ripen in temperature above 55° F.Tell your customers to store tomatoeson the kitchen counter and not in therefrigerator.

Sell tomatoes within 2-3 days for bestflavor and quality. You can storetomatoes for up to 2 weeks and keepgood quality if you have the rightconditions. The storage area shouldbe cool and humid.✤ Store tomatoes above 55° F.

✤ Store tomatoes at 85-90%humidity.

✤ If tomatoes are mature and greenyou can store them for up to 6weeks in these conditions.

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Preventing Stress

on Your Body

Try to prevent stress on your bodywhen you grow tomatoes.

✤ Try to prevent stooping or bending.

✤ Change your position often.

✤ Sit on a stool or a pail. You can usea stool that you wear as a belt, ora stool on wheels that rolls alongthe row like a cart.

✤ Use garden carts and wagons asoften as you can so you do not liftand carry so much.

✤ If you use a standard plasticcontainer that stacks and is easyto load, unload, and clean, you willsave time.

In the place where you pack yourcrops, try to have a smooth level floorso it is easier to work with carts andwagons. ✤ Set up your

wash and packarea so youwalk, carry,stoop, andbend as littleas possible.

✤ Set up work areas the same heightas a table.

✤ Short people might want to standon a stool to reach the tables morecomfortably.

✤ To move boxes of produce, thereare systems you can use withsmall pallets and hand pallettrucks.

✤ You can also buy roller table tomove heavy boxes of produce.

There are examples of tools thatmake work easier from the Universityof Wisconsin-Madison Department ofBiological Systems Engineering. Goto the department websitehttp://bse.wisc.edu/ and look under‘Department Links’ for the HealthyFarmers, Healthy Profits Project. Clickon Tip Sheets and go to the categoryfor vegetable growers.

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Weed Management

You must control weeds to grow agood crop of tomatoes. Weeds takewater, nutrients, space, and light awayfrom your crop. Also, weeds left in thefield might have diseases or insectsthat can harm tomato plants.

Before you plant, remove perennialand annual weeds. ✤ Do this by hand,

✤ by smothering with a cover crop(such as buckwheat),

✤ by covering the soil with blackplastic to heat it and keep out light,

✤ by using herbicide sprays.

During the growing season, removeperennial and annual weeds.✤ Cultivate or hoe regularly to

remove annual weeds.

✤ If you cultivate early in the seasonyou prevent most weed problems.

✤ If you use weed killers(herbicides), check and follow therules on the label.

✤ Certified organic growers can onlyuse approved organic weed killers.

If you use chemical weed killers, besure you check the label andunderstand that the one you chooseis legal for the crops you sell.Chemicals legal for a home gardenmight not be legal to use if you sellthe crops.

Mulch helps keep weeds down andalso helps prevent diseases andkeeps the soil moist. You can use

black plastic mulch to prevent weeds.Black plastic also helps warm the soilin the spring.

You can also use straw as a mulch. Athick layer of straw blocks sunlightfrom reaching the soil. Weed seedswon’t sprout.

Some growers use red plastic mulchto grow an earlier crop. We do not yetfully understand whether red plastichelps grow earlier tomatoes or helpswarm the soil for earlier tomatoes.

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A thick layer of mulch like thisstraw on strawberries works wellfor tomatoes also.

Pest and Disease

Management

Many insects and diseases affecttomato plants. The best way to controlthese problems are to prevent them.Choose varieties that resist diseases.Plant clean seed that does not carrydiseases. Keep weeds out of the field.Put mulch on the ground so plantsand fruit stay clean. Give the plantsenough water and fertilizer so theygrow well.

Tomato problems caused by

weather and water

Some problems with tomatoes arecaused by weather or soil moisture.These are:✤ Sun scald

✤ Growth cracks

✤ Blotchy ripening

✤ Green shoulder

✤ Catfacing

✤ Large core

✤ Leaf roll

Sun scald looks like white or palesunken tissue on the fruit. If fruit is indirect sunlight sun scald can occur.Sometimes rot-causing organismsenter the fruit at the place where sunscald occurred, and the fruit rots.Tomato plants with fewer leaves aremore likely to get sun scald. If a plantloses leaves from a disease then thetomatoes are more likely to getsunscald.

Growth cracks occur on the stem endof the fruit. They can be circularcracks around the stem end or theycan be lines that spread out from thestem. Cracks appear as the fruitmatures. Growth cracks happen whenweather and moisture changesquickly. If the weather suddenlywarms up, or if you have dry weatherand then heavy rains you are likely tosee growth cracks. Some tomatovarieties are more likely to get growthcracks. You can prevent growth cracksby giving the plants enough water ona regular schedule and also the rightamount of fertilizer on a regularschedule.

Green shoulder looks like theshoulder area of the tomato does notripen and that part stays green. Some

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Sun scaldHoward F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, 5357634,

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varieties get green shoulder andothers do not. If you see this in yourfield for several years, choose avariety that resists green shoulder.

Blotchy ripening happens when partsof the tomato do not ripen because ofpoor fertilization. Yellow or orangeblotches appear on the skin and thetissue inside the fruit is hard andwhite. The blotches usually appear onthe upper part of the fruit near thestem end. Blotchy ripening happensin cool years and is worse if the plantsget too much or too little water.Sometimes plants that have a virusshow blotchy ripening. Some varietiesget blotchy ripening and others donot. It happens more often on oldervarieties.

Catfacing looks like the blossom endof the fruit has areas with deepgrooves. Catfacing happens when thetemperature drops below 50°F duringflowering and fruit set. Sometimes toomuch heat, injury from the weedkiller2,4-D, and uneven soil moisture cancause catfacing. Some varieties getcatfacing and others do not. Tomatoeswith large fruit are more likely to get it.Tomatoes from older varieties aremore likely to get it.

Large core. Tomatoes that are notfully round might have “large core”.Cut open the fruit and look for partsthat did not ripen and are filled withgel. The fruit will look flat near thatpart. These three things can causelarge core: poor pollination, too muchnitrogen, and poor seed development.

Large core can be worse in coldweather.

Leaf roll looks like the leaves curlupward. Leaf roll does not affect fruitproduction. It is worse in years thatare very cold and wet. The leaves curlup because of high water pressure inthe plant. Sometimes leaf roll can looklike damage from leafhopper insects,but with leaf roll the edges of theleaves do not turn brown.

Tomatoes and Black Walnut

trees

Do not grow tomatoes near blackwalnut or butternut trees. These treesmake a chemical called juglone thatwill kill tomato plants. The tree givesoff this chemical from the roots,leaves, wood, and nuts.

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Black WalnutRobert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., 5396389, Bugwood.org

Tomato Diseases

Many tomato diseases are caused byfungus or bacteria spores that infectthe plant. The spores live in the soil oron plants or weeds related to thetomato. Splashes from raindrops orirrigation carry spores up from the soilto the plant. You can prevent mostinfection with these steps: ✤ plant resistant varieties

✤ cover the soil with mulch

✤ control weeds, especially weeds ofplants related to tomato such asnightshade and jimsonweed

✤ use drip irrigation instead ofsprinkler

✤ rotate your crops at least every 3-4years

~ do not plant any plants in thetomato family

~ tomato family includes potatoes,eggplants, peppers, tomatillo,ground cherry

Early blight

Description: A fungus (Alternariasolani) invades the leaves, stems, andfruit. You see brown and black spotson older leaves first. These spotsspread out in rings. Spots can be ¼-1/2 inches in diameter. A yellow halomay surround the spots. When theinfection is really bad, the whole leafmay turn yellow and fall off. Greenfruit gets dark, leathery, sunken spotsnear the stem end. Plants that getearly blight often also get septoria leafspot and sun scald.

Disease cycle: The fungus lives overwinter on infected parts of plants,seed, or in the soil. It can live for 1year on infected parts of plants. If thespring is warm and wet you get moreearly blight. Tomatoes that ripen earlyare more likely to get early blight.

Management: Rotate your cropsevery 3-4 years and in that year donot plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family. Useseed that is sold as “free of earlyblight pathogen”. Choose tomatovarieties that resist early blight. If youwant to use chemicals you can spraya fungicide every 7-10 days to preventearly blight. Certified organic growerscan only use approved organicfungicides.

Late blight

Description: A fungus (Phytophthorainfestans) invades the leaves, stems,and fruit. Early after the diseasestrikes you see water soaked spotsthat grow to cover the whole leaf.Later, leaves turn brown and dry up.These water soaked spots also occur

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Early blightYuan-Min Shen, Taichung District Agricultural Research

and Extension Station, 5393411, Bugwood.org

on the stem. In wet weather you mightsee a white fuzzy growth on theunderneath side of leaves. On thefruit, you see dark olive green greasyspots that can cover the whole fruit.Other fruit rots come and infect thefruit after late blight starts. As vinesdie, the disease makes vines smellvery bad.

Disease cycle: The fungus lives overwinter on infected parts of plants. Incool, wet weather the disease starts.Storms can carry late blight fungusspores very far. In this way thedisease travels over great distances.

Management: Rotate your cropsevery 2-3 years and in that year donot plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family.Destroy infected plants immediately.Destroy other infected plants in theSolanaceae family, such as potatoesand their tubers. Choose tomatovarieties that resist late blight. If youbuy tomato transplants, buy them

from a place where there is no lateblight. If you want to use chemicalsyou can spray a copper fungicide toprevent early blight. Certified organicgrowers can only use approvedorganic fungicides.

Septoria leaf spot

Description: A fungus (Septorialycopersici) invades the leaves. Yousee small round spots on the upperside of older leaves and water-soakedareas on the lower side of the leaves.The infection starts on the lower partof the plant and spreads upwards.Spores from infected leaves splashonto clean leaves with rain orirrigation water. Infection does notstart until after fruit set. As the spotsget bigger the edge of the spot turnsdark brown and the center becomessunken and gray. In the middle ofthese areas, you might see tiny blackfungus with spores. Infected leavesfall off.

Disease cycle: The fungus lives overwinter on infected parts of plants oron infected weeds for up to 3 years.Weeds that sometimes get septoria

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Septorialeaf spot

Late blightRobert Wick, University of Massachusetts, 5333060,

Bugwood.org

William M. Brown Jr., 5357038, Bugwood.org

leaf spot are nightshade andjimsonweed. Ground cherries canalso get the disease. Plants get moreinfection in wet weather. If you work infields when the plants are wet youcan spread spores and disease fromplant to plant. Plants that have lateblight often get septoria leaf spot also.

Management: Rotate your cropsevery 3-4 years and in that year donot plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family.Destroy infected plants immediatelyafter harvest in fall and plow themunder. Do not compost infectedplants. Destroy any other infectedplants in the Solanaceae family, suchas ground cherries. Remove weeds,especially the weeds in theSolanaceae family that can beinfected with septoria leaf blight.Examples of these weeds arenightshade and jimsonweed.

Drip irrigation is better than overheadsprinkler irrigation because less watertouches the leaves. This preventsspores from traveling on splashes ofwater. If you want to use chemicalsyou can spray a copper fungicide onthe developing fruit to preventseptoria leaf spot. Certified organicgrowers can only use approvedorganic fungicides.There are novarieties of tomato that resist septorialeaf spot.

Fusarium wilt and

Verticillium wilt

Two other diseases caused by fungusare fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt.

Description: A fungus invades thetissue inside the stem. Water cannotreach the leaves. Older leaves start toturn yellow. Often the leaves on oneside of the plant start to turn yellow.The infection starts on the lower partof the plant and spreads upwardsuntil much or all of the plant dies. Ifyou cut open a stem where the leaf isattached you see dark brown insidethe stem. If you think you havefusarium or Verticillium wilt, bring asample of the plant to your countyExtension office for diagnosis.

Disease cycle: Fusarium andVerticillium fungi live in the soil formany years. Infection is worse whenthe soil stays wet and the airtemperature is high.

Management: Rotate your cropsevery 3-4 years and in that year donot plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or other

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Fusarium wiltClemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide

Series,1436102, Bugwood.org

crops in the Solanaceae family. If youhave had Fusarium or Verticillium wiltdisease before, choose tomatovarieties that resist the disease.

Bacterial speck and

Bacterial spot

These two diseases often strike thesame plant. They are caused by twodifferent bacteria.

Bacterial speck

Description: A bacteria(Pseudomonas syringae) invades theleaves. You see small (less than 1/8inch diameter), dark round spots onthe leaves. At first there is a yellowhalo around the spots. Later, thespots spread to stems, leaf stems,and flowers. You may also see tinydark spots on the fruit. The spots onfruit are often sunken with a darkergreen halo around the center.

Disease cycle: Bacterial speck isoften carried on infected seed. Sporesfrom infected leaves splash ontoclean leaves with rain or irrigationwater. If you work in fields when theplants are wet you can spread sporesand disease from plant to plant.Plants get more infection in coolweather.

Management: Rotate your crops atleast every 2 years and in that yeardo not plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family. Usetreated seed that does not carry thebacteria. Drip irrigation is better thanoverhead sprinkler irrigation becauseless water touches the leaves. Thisprevents spores from traveling onsplashes of water. If you want to usechemicals you can use a spray thatcontains copper on the developingfruit to prevent bacterial speck.Certified organic growers can onlyuse approved organic fungicides.

Bacterial spot

Description: A bacteria(Xanthomonas campestris) invadesthe leaves. You see water-soakedbrown spots or areas on leaves,stems, and fruit. There is a yellowhalo around the spots. As the diseasegets worse, leaves might start to turnyellow.

Disease cycle: Bacterial spot livesover winter on infected parts of plants.Spores from infected parts of theplant splash onto clean parts with rainor irrigation water. If you work in fields

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Bacterial speck

Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University,5360972, Bugwood.org

when the plants are wet you canspread spores and disease from plantto plant. Plants get more infection inwarm weather.

Management: Rotate your crops atleast every 2 years and in that yeardo not plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family.Remove weeds, especially weeds inthe Solanaceae family that can beinfected with bacterial spot. Mulchand stake the plants so fruit does nottouch the soil. Drip irrigation is betterthan overhead sprinkler irrigationbecause less water touches theleaves. This prevents spores fromtraveling on splashes of water. If youwant to use chemicals you can use aspray that contains copper on thedeveloping fruit to prevent bacterialspot. Certified organic growers canonly use approved organic fungicides.

Anthracnose

Description: A fungus(Colletotrichum coccodes) invadesthe fruit, leaves, and stems. You seesmall round water-soaked sunkenbrown spots on fruit. As the spots get

bigger they can combine into largerareas. The fungus can also invadeleaves and stems. The spots aredarker in the middle and have lighterrings around them.

Disease cycle: Anthracnose livesover winter on infected parts of plantsand in the soil. The first point ofinfection is often fruit that touches theground. Fruit can be infected when itis still green but you don’t see spotsuntil the fruit starts to ripen. Sporesfrom infected parts of the plant splashonto clean parts with rain or irrigationwater. If you work in fields when theplants are wet you can spread sporesand disease from plant to plant.Plants get more infection in warmweather.

Management: Rotate your crops atleast every 2 years and in that yeardo not plant any tomatoes, eggplants,peppers, potatoes, tomatillos, or othercrops in the Solanaceae family.Remove weeds, especially weeds inthe Solanaceae family that can beinfected with anthracnose. Dripirrigation is better than overheadsprinkler irrigation because less watertouches the leaves. This preventsspores from traveling on splashes ofwater. If you want to use chemicalsyou can spray a copper fungicide toprevent anthracnose. Certified organicgrowers can only use approvedorganic fungicides.

Viruses

Three different viruses attack tomatoplants. If your plants are infected by a

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Anthracnose

Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension SlideSeries, 1436107, Bugwood.org

virus they will produce less fruit, thefruit will be poor quality, and theplants will be weak. If you think aplant has a virus, remove it from thefield quickly and destroy it. Milk, soap,and trisodium phosphate (TSP) are allsolutions you can use to clean yourhands and tools against viruses. Youcan use skim milk mixed with water orpowdered milk mixed with water. Usea solution of 3% TSP (trisodiumphosphate).

Virus diseases can travel easily fromseedling to seedling in thegreenhouse. When you work withseedlings, dip your hands into a milksolution often. You can also preventthe virus infection if you wash yourhands with soap often. Clean underyour nails. If you use tools or stakeson plants that are infected you shouldwash them with milk or soap andsoak them for 30 minutes in 3% TSP(trisodium phosphate).

Tobacco mosaic virus

Tobacco mosaic virus causes mottledareas on leaves and fruit. Theseareas can be light green, dark green,or bright yellow. Leaves can also curl,twist, and become narrow and strap-like. These symptoms look like whatyou see on leaves that have beeninjured by 2,4 D herbicide or similarherbicides. Fruit that is infected withtobacco mosaic virus can have brownareas inside. Fruit from plants withtobacco mosaic virus usually ripensunevenly and is small. A plant with thevirus will have fewer fruit.

Disease cycle: Tobacco mosaic virusspreads from infected seed and fromother infected plants including weeds.Since tobacco mosaic virus alsoaffects tobacco, farmers and workerswho use tobacco can spread the virusto tomato plants.

Management: Plant varieties thatresist the virus and use clean virus-free seed. Control weeds since theymight carry and spread the disease.Do not smoke or chew tobacco whileyou work with tobacco plants sinceyou can spread the virus fromtobacco on your hands. Wash yourhands and tools regularly.

Cucumber mosaic virus

A tomato plant with cucumber mosaicvirus has yellow leaves which aresmaller than normal. Leaves canbecome narrow and look like a strap,a string, or a shoelace. Thesesymptoms look like what you see onleaves that have been injured by 2,4D herbicide or similar herbicides. Theplant can look bushy. The oldest andyoungest leaves might showsymptoms and the middle part of theplant might look normal.

Disease cycle: Cucumber mosaicvirus spreads by aphids from otherinfected plants including weeds. Manyother crops can be infected such ascucumbers, carrots, celery, eggplants,legumes, lettuce, pepper, spinach,and squash.

Management: Control weeds sincethey might carry and spread the

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disease, and since aphids might livein them. Wash your hands and toolsoften. In a greenhouse, use screen tohelp keep out aphids.

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Plants with tomato spotted wilt virushave many small dark spots andleaves can be lighter green oryellowish. The young leaves can haveareas that look metallic or bronzed.Shoots can wilt and die. Stems mighthave streaks. Fruit can have spotsthat look like a target.

Disease cycle: Tomato spotted wiltvirus spreads by small flying insectscalled thrips. They carry the virus fromother infected plants including weeds.

Management: Control weeds sincethey might carry and spread thedisease, and since thrips might live inthem. In a greenhouse, use screen tohelp keep out thrips. In a greenhouse,use yellow sticky cards to look for andcount thrips and check whether theyare multiplying. Many ornamentalflowers such as impatiens andbegonias can become infected withtomato spotted wilt virus. If theseplants are near your tomatoes in agreenhouse or field, check theimpatiens or begonias for thrips andvirus symptoms.

Insect Management

Aphids

Description: Aphids are very smallpear-shaped insects with soft bodies.They come in many different colors.They have two “tailpipes” that stick outon the top of their back end. Aphidspierce plant tissue and suck on plantjuices. Aphids secrete a sticky sapcalled honeydew. Look for aphids andhoneydew on the undersides ofleaves.

Management: Usually aphids do notcause problems for tomatoes unlessthey carry the cucumber mosaic virus.Beneficial insects and sprays ofinsecticidal soap control aphids.

Flea beetles

Description: Flea beetles are small(1/10 inch) dark beetles with largeback legs. Flea beetles jump. You will

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AphidsWhitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University,1243127,

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see tiny holes on the leaves whereflea beetles have eaten. If many holesare next to each other they can covera small area. These areas where fleabeetles eat can be scatteredthroughout the leaves.

Life cycle: Flea beetles spend thewinter as adults in plants or plantdebris. When the temperaturereaches 50°F the beetles emerge.This usually happens in late April.Adults begin to lay eggs in the soil atthe base of tomatoes in May. Theyalso lay eggs at the base of otherplants which are related to tomatoes:peppers, eggplant, and potatoes. Theeggs hatch 7-14 days later. Larvaefeed on plants until they are fullygrown. The larvae move below groundto pupate. Then, 11-13 days later, theadult flea beetles emerge from theground.

Management: Damage from fleabeetles is worse on small tomatoseedlings. When tomato plants arelarger the plants are usually strongenough to tolerate flea beetledamage. If you have a lot of fleabeetle damage, remove tomato plantsfrom the field at the end of thegrowing season. You can also usedeep cultivation to bury plants. Thenumber of flea beetles will go downbecause they will not have a place tooverwinter.

Worms or caterpillars

Two different worms or caterpillarssometimes eat tomato plants andfruit. They are the tomato fruitworm

and the tomato hornworm. Bothworms are larva of different types ofmoth.

The tomato fruitworm is also calledthe corn earworm. It is light green tobrown-black with splotches of pink,maroon, green, brown, or tan. Thereare stripes along the body. Tomatofruitworms are 1 ¾ inches long. Theyeat green fruit. They make deep,watery holes in fruit. Fungus andbacteria can enter these holes andcause rot.

Life cycle: Pupa of the tomatofruitworm spends the winter insouthern US. The adult moths emergein spring and fly north. They usuallyarrive in the Midwest in late July. Themoth lays eggs on sweet corn. If thereis no sweet corn the moth lays eggson tomato fruit. Larva, or worms, startto hatch a day later. They eat for twoweeks. Then they fall to the groundand pupate. Tomato fruitworms haveone generation a year.

Management: Tomato fruitwormproblems are worse when you planttomatoes late in the season. Listen tofarm pest reports for sweet corn.When you hear that corn earwormsare eating sweet corn, look for younglarvae on your tomatoes. When yousee many young larva (young worms)on the fruit, you can use a Bt spray ofBacillus thuringiensis to control youngworms.

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Hornworms

Tomato and tobacco hornworms arelarge (3-4 inches) blue-greencaterpillars with a horn on their tailend. They eat tomato leaves andsometimes tomato fruit.

Life cycle: Pupa of the tomatohornworm spends the winter in thesoil. The adult moths emerge in lateJune and mate. The moth lays eggs ina row on the lower surface of tomatoleaves. Larva, or worms, start to hatchand eat. In a month they can be fullgrown. In late summer, full grownlarva fall to the ground and pupate.Tomato hornworms have onegeneration a year.

Management: Look at your plantsoften. If you find more than one or twocaterpillars per two plants it is time forcontrol. You can use a Bt spray of

Bacillus thuringiensis. You can alsorelease a wasp that is a naturalparasite of the hornworm eggs. Thistype of wasp is called trichogrammid.

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Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, 5304010,Bugwood.org

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This publication was developed by the University of Wisconsin-ExtensionEnvironmental Resources Center in collaboration with the WisconsinDepartment of Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection and supported by agrant from the USDA Risk Management Agency.

Text by Astrid Newenhouse, Associate Scientist, University of Wisconsin-Extension Environmental Resources Center. Special thanks to Karen Delahaut.

Layout and design by Laurie Lawrence, Agency Art Director, WisconsinDepartment of Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection.

The publication can also be viewed and printed from pdf format on the web athttp://learningstore.uwex.edu/

Copyright 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.University of Wisconsin-Extension is an EEO/Affirmative Action employer andprovides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and ADA requirements.

UWEX Publication A3904-02 (12/10)

WI DATCP pub#: mk_fc_80.qxp (12/10)