A Post-War Nation on the Move A Post-War Nation on the Move (and the Problems it Created).(and the Problems it Created).

General Works on the Post War Period: General Works on the Post War Period:

Harry Watson, Harry Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America America , 2, 2ndnd edition, 2006. edition, 2006.

Daniel Walker Howe, Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, Oxford, 2007 Oxford, 2007

Sean Wilentz, Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, Lincoln, Norton, 2005.Norton, 2005.

The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. America, 1790-1820, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Charles Sellers, Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution, The Market Revolution, OxfordOxford, , 1989.1989.

American NationalismAmerican Nationalism

Post War SummaryPost War Summary

Economic Boom/ Economic Boom/

1819 Panic 1819 Panic

Population growthPopulation growth

Geographic mobility Geographic mobility

Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution

Role of the Government Role of the Government

Post War BoomPost War Boom

Include gold and silver transfers, from Historical Statistics of the United States, p886.

Rate of Growth: Rate of Growth: WWestern States vs. U.S. Totalestern States vs. U.S. Total

1810 1820%Increase

Ohio: 230,760 581,434152%

Michigan: Terr./Terr. 4,762 8,896

87%

Illinois: Terr./State 12,282 55,211350%

Indiana: Terr./State 24,520 147,178500%

Alabama Terr./State 9,046 127,901 1313%

Mississippi State/State 31,306 73,448 135%

Louisiana (State/State) 76,556 153,407 100%

Total: 7,239,881 9,638,453 33%

U.S. Population, 1820U.S. Population, 1820

9.6 million people9.6 million people 8.1 million Free (225,000 Free Black)8.1 million Free (225,000 Free Black) 1.5 million Slaves1.5 million Slaves

Immigration 7,000 per year to 1820Immigration 7,000 per year to 1820 23,000 in 183023,000 in 1830 84,000 in 184084,000 in 1840

Life Expectancy: 45 years but higher if Life Expectancy: 45 years but higher if you survive infancy. you survive infancy.

58% under age of 20 (compared to 18% 58% under age of 20 (compared to 18% in 1940, 27% in 2010)in 1940, 27% in 2010)

Era of Ambivalent FeelingsEra of Ambivalent Feelings II. Legacy for Native Americans. Legacy for Native Americans

Through what processes did Native Americans lose Through what processes did Native Americans lose their Land? their Land?

II. Land of the Free, Home of the SlaveII. Land of the Free, Home of the Slave How did the War of 1812 impact slaves and help How did the War of 1812 impact slaves and help

reshape the nation’s discussion of slavery and its place reshape the nation’s discussion of slavery and its place within the Union? within the Union?

I. The Indians’ War of 1812: I. The Indians’ War of 1812: Overview and a PostscriptOverview and a Postscript

I. Law and the I. Law and the Owners of Land: Owners of Land: Colonial Context Colonial Context A. Pre-1763: A. Pre-1763:

ContractsContracts B. The B. The

Proclamation of Proclamation of 1763 and Treaty 1763 and Treaty RightsRights

Stuart Banner, How the Indians Lost their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier, Harvard University Press, 2005

Land and Law Cont. Land and Law Cont. II. Revolutionary DebatesII. Revolutionary Debates

Continuities butContinuities but Articles of Confederation: State vs. National Articles of Confederation: State vs. National

US “the sole and exclusive right and power of . . . Regulating and US “the sole and exclusive right and power of . . . Regulating and managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any of the managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any of the states; provided that the legislative right of any State within its own states; provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated.”limits be not infringed or violated.”

Right of Conquest: 1784-86: Right of Conquest: 1784-86: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1784The Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1784

Conquest to Purchase: Civilization theory Conquest to Purchase: Civilization theory Secretary of War Henry Knox: “The doctrine of conquest is so repugnant to their Secretary of War Henry Knox: “The doctrine of conquest is so repugnant to their (Indians) feelings, that rather than submit thereto they would prefer continual war, . . .. (Indians) feelings, that rather than submit thereto they would prefer continual war, . . .. which would be [for the US an] unlimited evil.” 1788which would be [for the US an] unlimited evil.” 1788

Northwest Ordinance, 1787Northwest Ordinance, 1787Constitution, 1788Constitution, 1788Intercourse Act sof 1790 and 1796 and the doctrine of “preemptionIntercourse Act sof 1790 and 1796 and the doctrine of “preemption.” .”

Speculation in Indian LandSpeculation in Indian Land

Law and RealityLaw and Reality

Eastern speculators and western settlersEastern speculators and western settlers

States vs. Federal governmentStates vs. Federal government

Political discussion who Political discussion who ownedowned un- un-purchased land: Indians or the purchased land: Indians or the Government? Government?

Republican Perceptions of Republican Perceptions of Indian activitiesIndian activities

Realities of Indian activitiesRealities of Indian activities

How might the War of 1812 era have How might the War of 1812 era have shifted many whites’ perceptions of Native shifted many whites’ perceptions of Native Americans?Americans?

. . .. and altered perceptions of their rights . . .. and altered perceptions of their rights to land? to land?

War of 1812War of 1812

See Notes from Summer Workshop but to reviewSee Notes from Summer Workshop but to review Taylor: Borderlands to Border. Taylor: Borderlands to Border. Dowd: Myths of Tecumseh’s exoticismDowd: Myths of Tecumseh’s exoticism Sleeper-Smith: Antebellum racial lines more Sleeper-Smith: Antebellum racial lines more

strongly drawnstrongly drawn Cayton: The “final battle” for the heartland of Cayton: The “final battle” for the heartland of

America & Native peoples as a “curiosity”America & Native peoples as a “curiosity” Antel: Indian wartime dependence Antel: Indian wartime dependence

Secretary of War William Secretary of War William Crawford, 1816Crawford, 1816

““A cession of a considerable part of their A cession of a considerable part of their unoccupied lands will diminish the unoccupied lands will diminish the temptation to waste in the chace (sic.), the temptation to waste in the chace (sic.), the time which could be more profitably time which could be more profitably employed in husbandry.” employed in husbandry.”

Monroe’s 1817 Inaugural AddressMonroe’s 1817 Inaugural Address

““The hunter state can exist only in the vast The hunter state can exist only in the vast uncultivated desert. It yields to the more uncultivated desert. It yields to the more dense and compact form and greater force of dense and compact form and greater force of civilized population, and of right it ought to civilized population, and of right it ought to yield, for the earth was given to mankind to yield, for the earth was given to mankind to support the greatest number of which it is support the greatest number of which it is capable, and no tribe or people have aright to capable, and no tribe or people have aright to withhold from the wants of others more than withhold from the wants of others more than is necessary for their own support and is necessary for their own support and comfort.” comfort.”

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823

Supreme Court case dealing Supreme Court case dealing with a group of speculators’ with a group of speculators’ claims to Indian landclaims to Indian land

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823

Supreme Court case dealing Supreme Court case dealing with a group of speculators’ with a group of speculators’ claims to Indian land in claims to Indian land in Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory

Although the case was straight-Although the case was straight-forward (claims were void), Chief forward (claims were void), Chief Justice John Marshall used the Justice John Marshall used the case as an opportunity to case as an opportunity to elaborate Indian property rights elaborate Indian property rights

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823 Claimed that Indian right of Claimed that Indian right of

occupancy of the land (as occupancy of the land (as opposed ownership) had been opposed ownership) had been established as English law since established as English law since the earliest days of colonizationthe earliest days of colonization Accepted by lawyers at that time to Accepted by lawyers at that time to

be truebe true

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823 Claimed that Indian right of Claimed that Indian right of

occupancy of the land (as occupancy of the land (as opposed ownership) had been opposed ownership) had been established as English law since established as English law since the earliest days of colonizationthe earliest days of colonization Accepted by lawyers at that time to Accepted by lawyers at that time to

be truebe true It was not trueIt was not true

Stemmed back to 1790s onlyStemmed back to 1790s only

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823 Claimed that Indian Claimed that Indian “right of “right of

occupancy”occupancy” but not but not ““ownershipownership” ” of the land (as of the land (as opposed ownership) had been opposed ownership) had been established as English law since established as English law since the earliest days of colonization. the earliest days of colonization. Accepted by lawyers at that time to Accepted by lawyers at that time to

be truebe true It was not trueIt was not true

Stemmed back to 1790s onlyStemmed back to 1790s only

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823 ““Conquest gives title which the Conquest gives title which the

Courts of the conqueror cannot Courts of the conqueror cannot deny, whatever the private and deny, whatever the private and speculative opinions of individuals speculative opinions of individuals may be, respecting the original may be, respecting the original justice of the claim.”justice of the claim.”

Government, whether state or Government, whether state or federal, is at the root of all land federal, is at the root of all land titles in the United States, titles in the United States, because the original owner of all because the original owner of all the country's land was the the country's land was the government, not the Indiansgovernment, not the Indians

Johnson v. M’IntoshJohnson v. M’Intosh, 1823, 1823 For Marshall: legal occupancy should For Marshall: legal occupancy should

prevent ejection, a stance he took in prevent ejection, a stance he took in the the Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia case case deeming removal unconstitutional, BUTdeeming removal unconstitutional, BUT

The assumptions within the case, as a The assumptions within the case, as a foundation for property law, reflected foundation for property law, reflected views that justified coerced removal as views that justified coerced removal as a policy in the late 1820s-1830s. That a policy in the late 1820s-1830s. That became even more true after became even more true after Marshall’s death and with Jackson’s Marshall’s death and with Jackson’s appointments dominating the court. appointments dominating the court.

“The Cherokee Removal,” 1890.

Removal and JacksonRemoval and Jackson

II. War and SlaveryII. War and Slavery

Recent BooksRecent Books Alan Taylor, Alan Taylor, The Slave War of 1812, The Slave War of 1812, forthcoming.forthcoming.

Adam Rothman, Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South, the Origins of the Deep South, Harvard, 2007.Harvard, 2007.

Matthew Mason, Matthew Mason, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic, Republic, 2008.2008.

John Hammond and Mason, eds.John Hammond and Mason, eds.The Politics of Bondage The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation, and Freedom in the New American Nation, Virginia, 2011Virginia, 2011

The Wartime SouthThe Wartime South

The story of freedom and slavery inverted. The story of freedom and slavery inverted. Bartlet ShanklynBartlet Shanklyn

3,500 Chesapeake slaves “stole” themselves 3,500 Chesapeake slaves “stole” themselves to British forces.to British forces.

Free black population restricted. Free black population restricted.

The South and the federal government.The South and the federal government.

Cotton and Slavery, Cotton and Slavery, 1811-1821 1811-1821

Spread of Plantation Slavery

Spread of Cotton

The Post-War NorthThe Post-War North Federalists fight back. Federalists fight back. Early Northern Early Northern

emancipation laws (1776-emancipation laws (1776-1807) bearing fruit, even 1807) bearing fruit, even accelerated.accelerated. Emancipation Acts: Emancipation Acts:

New York, 1817; New York, 1817; Pennsylvania 1815; Pennsylvania 1815; Ohio, 1817 Ohio, 1817

American Colonization American Colonization Society founded 1817Society founded 1817

Growth in free black Growth in free black population in Northpopulation in North Unknown artist and

place, Probably New England, c. 1815-1825

The Politics of SlaveryThe Politics of Slavery

National Debates National Debates Fugitive Slave Act of 1818—failed. Fugitive Slave Act of 1818—failed.

Slave Trade Acts of 1819, 1820Slave Trade Acts of 1819, 1820Piracy Piracy

Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821 Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821

See: Robert Forbes, See: Robert Forbes, The Missouri Compromise and The Missouri Compromise and its Aftermath, its Aftermath, North Carolina Press, 2007. North Carolina Press, 2007.

Territorial Expansion: New Territorial Expansion: New StatesStates

By 1803: Vermont, Kentucky, By 1803: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and OhioTennessee, and Ohio

By 1821: Indiana, Mississippi, By 1821: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and MissouriMissouri

New States Added New States Added 14 Vermont March 4, 1791

15 Kentucky June 1, 1792

16 Tennessee June 1, 1796

17 Ohio March 1, 1803

18 Louisiana April 30, 1812

19 Indiana December 11, 1816

20 Mississippi December 10, 1817

21 Illinois December 3, 1818

22 Alabama December 14, 1819

23 Maine March 15, 1820

24 Missouri August 10, 1821

25 Arkansas June 15, 1836

26 Michigan Jan 26, 1837

27 Florida March 3, 1845

28 Texas December 29, 1845

29 Iowa December 28, 1846

30 Wisconsin May 29, 1848

31 California September 9, 1850

Domestic Slave TradeDomestic Slave Trade

African American SeamenAfrican American Seamen

African Americans in the NavyAfrican Americans in the Navy Estimated 15 to 20% of enlisted men in U.S. Estimated 15 to 20% of enlisted men in U.S.

navynavy Others on Privateers and Merchant MarineOthers on Privateers and Merchant Marine

Post 1820s, tainted with “freedom.”Post 1820s, tainted with “freedom.”

Denmark Vesey, 1822Denmark Vesey, 1822

Southern ResponseSouthern Response

Battle to make slavery safe in Battle to make slavery safe in the Unionthe Union

Negro Seamen’s ActsNegro Seamen’s Acts

Nullification Nullification

1830s: anti-abolition mobs1830s: anti-abolition mobs

The Slave’s Friend, 1839

Long Term Ironies of the WarLong Term Ironies of the War American nationalism made manifest culturally and to an extent American nationalism made manifest culturally and to an extent

politically, but also sews the seeds for future sectional conflict. politically, but also sews the seeds for future sectional conflict.

Increased security—especially after 1819—and the expansion it Increased security—especially after 1819—and the expansion it allows generates concern while empowering different regions to allows generates concern while empowering different regions to more assuredly stake their claim to being the “true America.” more assuredly stake their claim to being the “true America.”

Transportation Revolution and Growing national market creates Transportation Revolution and Growing national market creates more trade but also political tensions, culminates in nullification more trade but also political tensions, culminates in nullification crisiscrisis

War opens lands for cotton and slavery’s expansion, ensuring its War opens lands for cotton and slavery’s expansion, ensuring its vibrancy and pointing the way towards what we might see as vibrancy and pointing the way towards what we might see as American’s “Third Civil War,” but easily its bloodiest. American’s “Third Civil War,” but easily its bloodiest.