A Preliminary Report on the SalmonResource and Potential EnhancementOpportunities of the Northern WestCoast of Vancouver Island(Areas 26 and 27)

P.E. Sprout and F.J. Fraser

Department of Fisheries and Oceans1090 W. Pender StreetVancouver, B.C. V6E 2P1

April 1981

Fisheries and Marine ServiceManuscript Report #,1539

Fishe(ies and Marine Se~1ce

~nuscript Report 11539

April 1981

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TIlE SALMON RESOURCE AND

POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF THE NORTIlERN WEST

COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND (AREAS 26 and 27)

P.E. Sprout and F.J. Fraser

Department of Fisheries and Oceans

1090 West Pender St.

Vancouver, B.C. V6E 2Pl

"

@ MInister of Supply and Servteu C"nad.. 1981

IS~N 0106 - 6473

Correct "ltIItIO" for this publication:

Sorout, P.E. and Y.J. Fraser. 1981. A prelIminary report On the salmonre ..our,·~ and potential enhance~nt opportunltl"a of the northernwen co.. t of Van"""""r bland (Ar"u 26 and 27). Fish. Ka;c Servo

!'IS h.p. 1539: vI + 14p.

u,

CONTENTS

Preface _--: _

Abstraet!Res\Jt1)."- _

Introduction _

Description of the study area _

Physical CharacteristicsHuman develop~ent _

SallllOnid resource _

Major streams and speelea _

Area 26 _

Area 27 _

Escapement trends _

SpaW'rling timing _

Marine juvenile rearing area _

Salmonid resource utilization _

Commercial fishery ____

Sport fishery _

Indian food fishery _

Industrial activity _

Logging _

Pulp mills _

Mining ____

1977 Reconnaissance _

Methods _

Physical survey _

Record review _

Reaul U __,,- _

Area 26 _

Artliah RiV;,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Chamis" Creeke'•••,.", e".,Kaouk RiverKaahutl RiverKauwinch River

u

,,,,6

6

6,,""""nn

"u"""""n""""""""

Halksope RIV;~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:"Naspartl River 30Ououklnah River 31Po..er River 32Tahslsh River 34

Area 27Cayeghle CreekColonial CreekEast Creekfisherman RiverGoodap"ecl RiverJlms rrcekKeith RiverKlasklsh Riv"rKeprl"" ReverK..atleo CreekMae Jack RiverMahat ta CreekJoIarh1e ~iver

San J08"f River"ashl",,] is CreekWauk..aas Cre"k

""""39

""""4S

"""5053

""

Waler quality

Conclusions _

Su""""ry and dheusalM --'"

Stream tn,e -'"

lndustrt.. l Impact 57

Factors dffectlng escapement aize 57

Spawning timing 58

Enhance_nt opportunities 58

Colonization 5B

Natural stream improvement ,"

Artificial propagation 63

Factors affecting enhancement potential 65

-------------'"Waler temperature 65

Ease of fish harvesting -'"

Brood stock 66

Manage_nt of enhanced and ..ild stock.' ~"

~ -,57

Ackno..ledgernents ~57

References 68

AppendIces -'"

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

L West coast offishing zones

Vancouver Island, statistical. . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .... ........

2.

3.

Major strea~s in Statistical Area 26

Major streams in Statistical Area 27 .............................4

,4. A 4 year sliding average of chum escapements to Area 26

and 27 atreams •...........•.•.....•....•..•..........•......•.•.. 11

5. A 4 year sliding average of chinook escapements to Area 26and 27 streams •..•...........••••..•.......•........•.......•.••. 11

6. A 2 yesr sliding average of pink escapements to Area 26 and27 stresms ..•...•.........•..••.••..•.••........•.•.••.••.•.....• 12

7. A 3 year sliding average of coho escapements to Area 26 and27 streams ...••••..•..•..•.••.••.••.••.•••••..••••.••••.••...•.•. 12

••,.

Sall1lOn spawning timing in major streams in Area 26

Salmon spawning tIming [n major streams in Area 27

. .

.,

ABSTRACT

SprOUl. P.E.and F.J. Fn..~r. 1981. A pr~11..1nar" ...epan on the ...1.....reSource and potential enhance.ent opportunities of the northern ~.t

co.. t of Vancouver 1000and 'Are•• 26 and 27). Fish. ~r Sf'rv.'lS llep.I~)9:vi + 74p

The 1977 Surve"s of ..1..... ld art"'" in the northern weSl t~.t ofVancouV<' ... Island have provided bawl!,.., physical data and an ••ee.._orof ..l~ntd enhance.ent opportunitIes. Historic aal.an e ..t.~nt••spavninx tl.unR and fish distribution are also ~iveo for __ lor rl.,.. ...""Steoos.

In"tee.,lbllll}. lack of hydro power and low brood slock 11.'1 enhance.entopportunities in the study arc•• Except for .. few larReT """tellS, most8(te... do nor appear capahle of supplving suffIcient surfsee werer for ..... Jor enhancement f.ct11t~ Industrial aCflvHIt''', such as lOIU~lnll. pulpproduction and minIng may ~egrade th~ ~atershed environm~nt and reduceenMnce_nt opportunltle". The slmllsrlty In the tholng of stocks, partic­ularly a"",n" chum, indlcAtea that if ov~r-e"ploltatlon of unenhanced stocksIs to b~ avoided, then ~nl~~nc~ment ~ill have to Includ~ most or all theatocks In the geographic area. Colonization and stream Improvement oppor­tunities are suggested fnr aOOle systems.

Key words: stream survevs, saltlOl\id resource, fish enhsnce..ent, Watcoast Vancouver leland.

RESL'!fE

Sprout. P.E. and r.J. r ....er. 1981. It. prell.lnary report on the ashKlnresource and potentIal enhance.Pnt opportunities of t~ nnrthern ~.t coastof Vaneouver Island (Areu 21. alld 27). Pisb. H..r. ~erv, I't~ Rep. 1~~!):YH74 ...

In.~crlons.faltes en 19J' del tlvleres saI~ld~es .ur la cote nord­ouest de 1'1Ie de "ancoover Oflt fourni Ies donnees phvslllueS de baHpour une evaluation des opportunlt~s pour I 'a.elloratlon du sau.cn.tea donn"es oar rapport ill h re-.oote du ».->n, Ia aynd,onlast1on d..la fraye et Ia repartition de POlsSOD annt aussi fourni ... pour Iesprtnclpaux reseaux fluvial ••

L'opportunlte pour l'a.elloratlon asltlQnldee est Ilmltee d.na I. reMlond·~tude. cause de aon tnacceaslbllit",aon ....nque d'ener~ie hydtauliqueet aa populatIon !alble de nall.aln. A I'exceptlon de 'luellluaS plusgrands r"aeau", la plupart das r1vl~res ne semblent paa avolr la capacite'de foumlt une quantite auffisante d'eau de surface pour repondre au"besolns d'une Installation d'a~lloration majeure. De_ Initiativesindustrlelles romae I'exploitatlon forestl~re, Is production de 10pulpe et I'exploitatlon ~iniere ORt tendance a d~grader l'envlronne...ntdu baa.in et a redu!re la poaalbjlite d'amelioration. ~ sl.llsr!t~de synchronisation de fraye entra les populations, Burtout entre lesS.umons keta, montre la neeasaite d'ameliorer la plupart ou ~~ toutesles populations de la region geo~raphlque pour ~viter Is sur-exploitationdes populations non-amelloree•. Des meaures pour la colonls.tlon etl'am~lloratton de. rlvleres sont propo.~es pour quelques reaeaux.

,

INTRODUCTION

The remoteness and inaccessibility of the northern weat coast of VancouverIsland has prevented intensive fisheries surveys In the past. As a result.baseline physical data 00 salmonid streams in thiS area are largelyinadequate for developing aalmontd enhancement proposals. Consequently,a reconnaissance of aalmonld streams in the northern veat coast of VancouverIsland (Aress 26 and 27) was undertaken tn the summer and fall of 1977 bythe Department of Pisheries and Envlron~nt. Fraser River - West Coaat ofVancouver Island Branch. This study collected baseline physicsl data onaalmontd Streams and provided a general assessment of enhancement oppor­tunities. This report describes the reaults of the reconnaisssnce andsummarizes the data on the sal.anid resource in the study area.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Statistical Area 26 extends from Tatchu Point north to Cape Cook and includeaKyuquot Sound; Statistical Area 27 extends north from Cape Cook to CapeScott and includes Quatsino Sound (Fig. 1). Both atatistical areas aredeeply indented by a number of inleta which receive major rivers.

Landform development varies considerably between the two areaa. Thetopography in Area 26 ia mountainous and the land rises sharply from sealevel to elevations of nearly 1300 m. [n contraat, a aubatant1a1 amountot Area 27 is lowland plateau and is characterized by an undulating terrainwhich does not exceed 700 .. in elevation. The humid coaatal cli..te ofthe northern west coast of Vancouver Island is noted for its narrow annualtemperature range (0 - 16·C) (Table 1) and for an annual precipitation of280 - 660 em, depending on elevation. with maximum precipitation occurringin winter (Krajina, 1969). The majority of rivera have a large runoff framOctober through June, with a peak in December. the July to September runoffia 10% to 20% of the winter rate, with a minimum occurring in Auguat orSeptember (Pickard, 1963).

HU!fAtl DEVELOPMENT

Area 26 is isolated. Only the Kaouk River and the upper reachea of theTahsiah River are acceaaible by roads which lesd to Zeballos (Fig. 2).

The major industries in Area 26 are troll fiahing and logging. Kyuquotprovides services and moorsge for fishing boata during the summer montha.Active logging camps are located at East Bay near Jansen Lake and atChamisa Bay. Fair Harbour, a formet logsing camp located at the mouth ofthe Kaouk River, waa abandoned upon completion of the road to 7~ballos in1971. Other communities in Area 26 include an Indian r"aerve located onAktls laland and a Department of Transport weather station located onSpring Island.

A@

----I

" "

~

0

I IIkm

o NET I:"ISHING

Table 1. •Average monthly air temperatures ("C) at various weather stations In Area 27, 1941-70.

Station Jan. Fcb. r-L~r . Apr. ~, June July Aug. Sept. "'" Nov. Dec.(!'ig. 3)

"'., llarbour J.' U J.J '" '" 11.1 14.4 14.4 13.9 '",., 5.0

'"" Scott '" 5.' 5.' '" ••• 11.7 13 .3 13.8 12.8 l(}. 6 12.2 5.5

Holberg 0.5 '" '" U '" 8.' 11.1 11. 7 11.1 '" U '"Port Alice U '" 5.' ", 11.1 13.9 16. I 16.1 14.4 10.6 '" '"Quataino '" '" 5.0 '" 10.6 13.9 15.0 15.6 13.3 10.0 '" •••

a frOll: Dept. Transport, Heteorologtcal Branch, Houthly Record, 1941 - 1970.

• • •>

CapeCook

,

•

KyuquotSound

"ZebaliOS,

,f•

@~

, • "I I Ikm•

J

Brooks

Penmsula

TatchuPI

~~... ",

CheclesetB,y

"'"<l.

"

c

'"""a-

Fig. 2. Major streams in Statistical Area 26, Vancouverlisted alphabetically belo" and are indicated on map by

Island. Other aires are..... tching circled numbers.

FiX_ 2 (e",,~'d)

1. Cha.lss a..y c...p2. Clann1Dlck CoveJ. Fair Harbour4. Jan""" LakeS. Jan""" Lake c..6. b"hutl Inlet1. Malkso~ Inlet8. Nallpartl lnln9. Ououkln..h Inlet

10. Pawe. Lah11. Tahsi ..h Inlet

,

Area 27 is ~ore accessible than Area 26.H.arbour and Port Alice are all connected

Winter Harbour, Holberg, Coalby gravel roads to Port Hardy (Fig.

The major industries In Area 27 are troll fishing, logging, mining and pulpproduction. Winter Harbour is the lar~est penn,~nent fishing cQmlllunity.Permanent logging camps are situated at Mahatta and Cleaug Creeks and atHolberg and Port Allee. Rayonier Canad.. Ltd. operates a pulp mill at PortAlice on Neroutsos Inlet. A larKe open pit copper mlne run by Utah MinesLtd. is situated on Rupert Inlet. Other communities in Area 27 include CoalHarbout (logging and whaling station) and Quatsino (port of entry, fishingand logging centre). A Canadian Armed Forces base is located near Holberg.The Cape Scott Provincial Park occup!ea the northwestern portion of Area 27and contains several major river systems.

SALMOSID RESOURCf

MAJOR STREA."lS AND SPECIES

Area 26

The principal sal~n species In Area 26 in order of abundance are chum, pink(even year) coho, chinook and sockeve (Appendix l). Twenty-one streamsIn Area 26 are reported bv Fisheries Officers to contain salmon (Appendix2). Nearly all of these support chum, pink and coho populations, whilechinook spawn in 12 stteams and sockeye are reoorted in substantial numbersin only one stream. Th'" T"hahh, Ououkinsh and I1alksope Rivenand Ch...issand Clanniniek Cre"'ks support the I;ngeat chum returns. During the period1973-77, these rivers accounted for 57t of the total chum escapement toArea 26. Approximately 75t of all even-year pink returns spawn in theKaouk River. The Tahsish Riv",. aupported appr-oximately 88% of the Area 26~hlnOok escapement du,lng the period 1973-77. S"",ll numbers of sockeyehave been periodically observed tn several of the larger srre"",s in Area 26.Hovever, only Jansen Creek ~"prort. a population ",hich, from 1951 to 1975,~ver8.ged 2,250 fiah.

Information concerning trout populations in Area 26 is limited. The B.C.Fish and Wildlife Branch reports steelhead runs in the Tahsish, Kaouk,Kashutl and Nasparti Rivers. Both summer and "'inter populations ",ereobserved in each river ",ith respective migration timing of May to Septemberand February to ~rch. During the 1977 reconnaiaaance, cutthroat trout"'ere angled in several of the rivers and are probably present in most ofArea 26.

Area 27

)).

The aajor salmon species in Area 27 in order of abundance are chum, pink(even year), coho, sockeye and chinook (Appendix 3). A total of 61 streamsin Area 27 are reported to contain salmon (Appendix 4). Chum and coho arefound in all streams; pinks are found in 20 streams; chinook are present inseven streams and sockeye ar~ confined to t",o streams. Small to moderatechum returna are experienced to the majority of stresms in Ares 27 ",itl>the Cayeghle .ystem supporting the only ma10r run ",hieh has ave,aged 12,572fish from 1973-77. Over 90~ of the total pink stock in Area 27 returns toVsukwsas, Kwatleo and East Creeks and the Knprino Rlv",r. The Marble Riversupports the largest coho population snd, during the period 1973-77, accountedfor 27% of the totAl coho escape"",nt to Area 27. Chinook escapements are

'"I

~10 Port

Hardy

•! I !

km

•I!

,

Qualsino

Sou""

c

'" • .~

'" ~ • ," +' @0

6"c~~,

"e .~

"-"'" @0- VIC .....,

0"••1 "Brooks c" ",B,y D J

u >,§ ;

S' c'C'pe Bwok,Cook

Pennlnsula

FIg. 3. Major streams in Statistical Area 27, Vancouver I&land.(for explanation see Fig. 2).

•

Fig. J (cont'd)

'- Brink L. ". Mahan. Rtve~-,. Browning Inl~t 75. 'faynard .....,. ele_UI Cra.1t camp ". llernutaos Inlet

,. FOnlard Inlet n. North ".,. Hankin Point ". North Kr.hatta ".6. Hanaen Lagoon ". O'Connell Lake

7 • Holberg Tnlet 'D. ~" C<>~.

•• Kathleen ..... ,'- Rupert Inlet,. Kf,.pson Cr. ". san Josef ~y

". Klasl<tno 101"'t "- Simpson Cr.

H. neath!. tnlet ". Varn..y aay

". ~rt"", HarbouT ". \In It.. Lake

n. Ko.Ir.:L.o So, ". Winter Harbour

voen' 1_ andstudy area.are reported

9

the Marble River supports virtually the entire Teturn to theSmall runs of sockeye, aversRtng less than 500 fiah annually,to the Marble River and the Kahatt. Creek.

Information on trout population 1n Area 27 is limited. B.C. Fish sndWildlife Branch steelhead harvest reports show catches tn nine streams(Table 2). Fisheries Officers report steelhead escaping to additionalstreams including East and Waukwass Creeks and the Klasklsh River. TheMarble River supports the largest steelhead runa in Ares 27 with earlierescapement estimates ranging up to 1500 fish. Rovever, recent surveys bythe B.C. Fish and Wildlife Branch indicste that the Harble River runs aaynot exceed 100 fish. (5. Hay, pers. c,,-.). The ..... jority of steelhe"dthat spawn in the Marble River are summer run fish which enter the riverfrom July to September. A small ~inter steelhesd population which sp"wnsin the lower system is also reported.

ESCAPEM~T TRENDS

TTends in escapement estill.8tes for chum lInd chinook show a sl.lllilar patternin the two statiatical areaa (Figa. 4 and 5), but trends for pinks and cohodiffer markedly bet~een the areas (Figs. 6 and 7).

From comparatively high levels In the early 1950'a chum salaon stocks ioboth Areas 26 and 27 declined to very low levels by the mid sixtiea (Fig. 4).Exceptionally large ch~ escapements to both areas were experienced from1971-73. A net fishing ciosure imposed on the weat coast of Vancouver Islandfor the perIod 1964-1970 contributed to this increase (Roberts, 1970).Escapements have falien off recently necessit"ting a net fishing closureIn 1977 and 1978.

Chinook ese"pements feli off abruptly in both areas duriog the early fiftiesdeclining to very low ievels by the early sixties (Pig. 5). Stocks in bothareas recovered temporarily during rhe perlO<! 1962-67 but have recentlydecreased to extremely low l~vell.

While the pattern of pink salmon escapement varied in Area 26 and 27, atockabundance generally has increased in both areas since the mid sixties(Pig. 6). In Area 26, returns after 1966 ",ere approximately tvo to threetimes pre-1966 levela.

CohO escapement trends differed bet~een the areas, but atocks from bothareas have decreased abruptly from high levels in the mid to late fiftiesre"ching 10'" l~vels by the early sIxties (Fig. 7). Subsequently, sto~ks

strengthened In Area 27 ~here returnS underwent a dramatic Increase toex~eptionally high levels vhich peaked in 1964 and 1965. No such increasewaa observed in Area 26. Following this period, both areas showed decreasingreturns whI~h stabilized brIefly 1n the early seventies but subsequentlyhava been diminishing.

Age composition from scale data ~as available only for chum salmon. Ageof chum caught in Area 26 ~as highly variable: approximately 38% ",erethree year olds, 59% vere four year olds and J% were five yesr olds(Appendix 5).

Tabl" 2. St""lh"ad catch, "ffort, catch p"r unit "ffort and nlJlllberof angler.. , for st""lh"ad streams in Statistical Area 27, Ave 1972_1916. a

Number daysftshed

Numb"r ofanglera

Fhhkept

Fish keptper day

Cayeghle ". 5 , , 0.20

Colonial C<. , 0 0.0

o.,nad Cr. , , 0 0.0

Fhhe"""n •• ", , 0.10

Goodspeed ,,. '" " " O.U

Macjacl< C<. " 5 , 0.18

Mahatca •• ,n 35 " 0.49

Marble R. 1,033 '"' '" 0.11

San Josef •• '" 35 " 0.11

Total 1,940 '" '" 0.20

a ft01l\: B.C. Ftsh and Wtldlife Branch Steelhead Hatvest Analysis.

•

11

'" ChumkUU

~

•0-<- "~• ....... 21~

"" "•DE,z

"

,YEAR

Fig. 4. A 4 yea~ 81iding average of ~hum e8~Apement8 to Area 26 and 27 streams.

,

• "."'.~Chinook

- \.-•0 •<

~•~

" •"•DE, ....... 27Z ,

YEAR

Fig. 5. A 4 year sliding average of rhinook estapementa to Area 26 and 27 streams.

O'n

Pinks

'""""-'..... ~

,. .....

..-1 r• U ,...A.... n•

~ ,-"X UAre. .,.,

"

"

~ 30

E,Z

19&0 1970

YEAR'I~, 6. A 2 year sliding average of pink eseapementa to Area 26 and 27 streams.

Coho

"•0•< " AI.. 2T-••"'0

"-•~5z

" .~ "

YEARFIg 7. A l year sliding average of coho escapements to Area 26 and 27 streams.

SPAIr.>lING TIMING

The spawning timinR for eacb species overlaps considerably among tberiver systems in each statIstical area. In Ares 26 chum spawning pesksin late October to early November In virtually all rivers; coho spawningpeaks from early to mid October, pink and ehinook salmon have a widertimIng range, usually from early September to mid October for pinks andlate septeaber to Iste October for chinook (Fig. 8).

The rangea In peak spawning times in Area 27 are generally greater thanthose In Area 26 streams (Fig. 9). Chum spawninR in Area 27 peaks fromlate Septe.ber to mid November; coho spawn between Sept~ber and November, butthe timinR varies considerably a~g the river systems, pink spawningranl';"s frOll mid-September to late October; chinook spawning period is poorlydocumented but appears to begin in late August to early ~"ptember and tocontinue until late October.

The above spawning timing and escapements should not be tsken absolutely.Due to the inaccessibility of the majority of tbe streams and sdverseweather conditions during spawning time, accurate escapement estimates andspecies timing are difficult to obtsin. Fisheries Officers reports indicatethat this Is particularly true In the case of coho which enter the streamsover lonll periods and Renerally spawn in the upper insccessible SCtea..sectlons.

KARINE JUVENILE REARING AREA

Little information is available on the .... rine rearlnR p;rounds of juvenileaalmonids In the study area. Ares 26 Includes several major inlets andnumerous bays with e~tensive estuaries that appear to provide excellentrearing habitat. Ho_ver, in Area 27, various industrial activities,discussed below, have reaulted in physical changes to inlets and .ay alsohave degraded the rearlng habitat of Quatsino Sound.

SALMO~D R£SOURCE UTILIZATION

CCtiHERCIAL FISHERY

In Area 26, approximately 87~ of the total cemBercial salmon catch madedurinll th~ period 1972-76 was taken by trollers, 8% by seiners andapproxi.... t"ly 5% by gillnetters. (Table 3) Coho formed the major catch,contributing 52% to the total. Chinook, pinks and sockeye contrIbutedapproximately 17%, 14% and 7% reapectively to the total catch. Chumcontributed 10% to the total catch ..ith the majority of the chum caullhtby the Inshore net ftshery. Roberts (1970) reported that Area 26 chumcatch wsa variable; during the period 1934-50 it averaged 8.5% of thetotal west coast of Vancouver Island chum catch, while during 1951-63it contributed 13.7%.

RTVf.R ~VSTF.M-------

'(lI,(fR I.•

"',ll'nS~I, ~.

"IALKSOf'1' R.

CLA!'I!'lllili.K R.

ClWtISS CII.

KA.<;HUTL R.

KA1TVTNOI R.

TAI\Si~H II.

toRTI-ISH R.

KAc:.:K I.'IA$PARn I,

CHUM

7T7

s

COHO

-----­s

.

'" m '" • '" ., • '" .,S£P OCT SEP N(N -•

PINK CHINOOK

P"OWI':R R.OO(K,"l( I!(SH ••"\AUS"'" •.

CU!;1lI!'lICX R.

u..<;1WTL II. S~l'Wl!'ll1l II. ...TAa~I~" I. StoRTLISI! R• -KAon: I.

...,. -NASPA!lTI R.

• '" ., • '" ., • '"., ., • '"

., • '"., • '" .,

SEP OCT N(N SEP OCT N(N

FIR. B. Sal.an spawnlnR tl.lng In -ajor atr~a.. In Ar~a 26 during period 197(1-77{Fla~ri~a Offirera Il~portal. Shad~d ar~a Indicatea peak spawnlnR period; linean ~Ith~r aIde of ahaded ar~a ahows TanKe In [1_lnll froM start [0 end of spawnlnR.

RIVER SYSTEM

FI SHERMAN R.

SAo'! JOSEF R.

MACJACK R.

GOODSPEED R.

KWAHEO CR.

KOPRINO R.

CHUM COHO~~

~

I~

MARBLE R.

CAYEGHLE CR.

MAHAliA CR.

KEITli CR.

JIMs CR.

KUSKISII R.

EAST CR.

~

I ~

•

I.'.••

10/01

. '"OCT

CHINOOK

~~ ?

Ares 27 during period 1970-77Fig. 8).

30 • '"SEP

PINK

I ¢ffi'

~I

'"SEP

20 10 2lJ 10 20 (I 10 20SEP OCT r¥:N AUG

Fig. 9. Salmon spswnlng timing In major streams In(fisheries Offiters Rtports). (for exphnatlon see

FISHERMAN R.

KWAnEO CR.

KOPRINO R.

MARBLE R.

CAYEGHL" CR.

MAllATTA CR.

KUSKISH R.

EAST CR.

16

Table 3 ~n annual eo..erct,l catch by .~cle. and ~thod for Statistical A~. 26.1912-16,'

..,..... Sockeye Coho Chinook Pink Stulhead ToUI loftotal

Cllinet '" '" '" " 2,611 13,447 "seln., '" 1 .100 "" 4,267 16,358 23,410 "Troll 20,472 148.366 47,297 36,785 '" ~53.464 '"Totl/.' 21, US lSO.85'.l 48.260 41,071 29,313 290,661

, .r total 7t m m '" w, W,,,• fre-: Dept. FIBberie. and Ocean... B.C. catch 8rathtice.

T.bl" ~ Mean annual ca..ercl.t cat,h by .~cle. and .ethod for ~l.tl.[lc.l Area 27,1912-~6 •

.Macho<! Sockeye Coho C1>tnool< Pink Chum S[eelh.~d Total , .f

toul

Clllner 77,908 30.774 2,680 14.335 11,286 '" 137,176 '"Seine 19,237 1,491 '" to,I80 1,694 O. , 33,037 7t

Troll 31.702 05,982 26,023 105,)4) 1. ]22 ,. 306,446 ..,Total 1l4.841 168,241 29,111 129,858 1'.302 '" 476,659

, of 28t m " 27t " H'O'total

• froa: Dept. Flaher!es and Oceana, I.e. catch .t~t1stic•.

H

Tn Ar~a 27. approx!aAtaly two-third. of the total •• l-on tatch ...de durin~

1972-76.w•• troll c.uRnt; the re.atnins c.te~. wete taken by a.inersand gillnettera. (Table 6) Coho, sockeye and pink •• l-on fo~d theda.tnanc catch and contributed }}T. 28%. and 271 to the total catch~.~ctt~ly. Chinook contributed approau.ately 6% to tha total. vhilecnu. catches vere only II of the total. Roberta (1970) reported that tbec~ catch tn Area 27 historically .~r.Red 8% of the total velt co••t ofVancouver Island chua catch. The larSt difference in the sockeye catch••• ~rcPnt of the total apecie. catch be~eD Area 26 (71) and Ar~ 27(28t) 1. due to the f.~t that Area 21 ta a landf.ll and .lllloR Sroundfor socbye [ecuminS to the vest [0".[ of Van"oorv.,r bland, .Joh,uton..Strait and the central co-at of B.C. Socbye aaking landfall tn Ar~a 27are r~ported to r~slde for a short ti~ in thta area and are heavilyflsh~d during this period.

SPOIlT fISH£RY

Area 26 aupports a _tnor tidal sport fis~ry vith no catch or effortatatiatlea available. Hovev~r, Fisheriea Officera reporta indicate that,with the opening of the road to Zeballoa in 1971, ftahing pr~aaur~ par­ticularly on chinook aalmon, has incr~ased. Virtually no Intormation iaavaUable on ateelhead cat thea or effort in Area 26. ""gllnll for vinte.­fun ateelhead occurs durIng February throullh 'larch on the Kaouk and TahaiahRivera; summer run fiah are taken during the May to Septe.ber period Inthe lower Tahalah River.

Area 27 supports a .arlerate ai~ed tidal aport fiahery (Tabla 5). Fiahing~ffort ia larRely concentrated on coho and chinook. During the period1971-75, an average of 1,026 coho and 520 chinook were caullht annually.Theae catch figurea are conaldered conservative and receot atudiea haveauggeated that aport catch atatiattca ~y range up to three ti..a leaathan actual catches (Ar~ue et. al.,1977). Sport fiahlnll in Varoey Bay andt~ lover Harble Rtver has reaulted in escessive e~loitatton of t~

Harble River chinook aal.an and aporta [iahinl cloaurea in both areashave been enacted In recant yeara to prevent overftah1nl of ~hoolinll

atocka •

Steel~ad catch atatiatica are avatlable for several ayat... tn Area 27(Table 2). The ~rble Ri .... r haa the greateat ftahtnl preaaure andprovtdea the lerseat catchea. but the Mahatta River. Vhich providea theaec~d largeat catchea haa by rar the ht~eat catch per unIt effort.Goodapeed lind the San JOIIeph R.Ivera alao provide 1arlte aeeelhead "atchea.

U.1lIA.~ fOOD FISHERY

Area 26 lIupportll a sasll nlltlv~ food fishery. Fiah p~n.tta ar~ relularlyiallued to Kyuquot nlltives lind a.. ll nu.berll of chum ar. gillnetted inChamlaa and Clanninick Creaka. Sockeye are taken In Janaen Ray Bnd up to250 chinook have been troll·cau~ht In Tahllillh ijay in aarller years.

18

Table 5. Sport catch effort and ~alch per unit effort for Statiatical Area 27,1972-16 a

Year Chinook JacKs Coho Chinook "'"0 ~:;~::"Total Effort Mean catch

grUa" gtH"" boat day" '" boatday

1971 '" '" '" W " '" 1,307 '" '"'197J 300 no '" 1,185 1,144 LO

1974 m no 2,118 1,412 4,443 1,683 '-'

1975 1,191 m 1,537 '" '" " 1,983 1,510 '-'1976 '" " '" " '" " '" m '-'

a from: Salmon Sport Fishing Cat,n StatIstIcs for B.C. Tidal Waters, 1972-1976.

"

INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

LOGGING

Logging i~ the d~lnant industrial activity tn both Area 26 and 27watersheds. The major operator 1n Area 26 is the Tahsis Company Ltd.However, timber licences are held by Canadian Forest Products Ltd.,McMillan Bloedel Ltd. snd Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd. as well ss severalindependent contractors.

Logging in Ares 26 has been less extensive than in Area 27. Large scalelogging of Kyuquot Sound watersheds began in 1960 (Envircon. 1977).PreViously. logging vas confined to the sea coastal areas; loggingroads beginning at tide water and extending along the lover reaches ofseveral major river systems are evidence of this. At present, virtuallyall the Major rivers In Area 26, except the Nasparti and Ououkinsh Rivers,have undergone logging or are supporting logging operations. Recentiogging operations have been confined to head~ater and tributary sressand generally are reported by fisheries Officers not to have reaulted 1nmajor damage to the stre~ env1ron~nt. However, both Chamlss Creekand Malksope River have been heavily togged, resulting in unstable banks,tog jams and the absence of ~treamside cover. Logging operations in theKaouk River valley are reported to have resulted in unstable flows sndabnormally high Silt levela following rains. It is noteworthy that,although logging has been particularly severe on Chamiss Creek, chum runsthere have remained stable or Incressed.

In Area 27, Rayonier Canada Ltd. is the malor 10.o:I'\ing operator and holdstimber licences or is logging in many of the river systems in the area.Mci'\111an Sloedel Ltd. and Csnadian Forest Products Ltd. aho hold timberlicences as do also several smaller independent and salvage loggers.

Logging in the early 1900's In Area 27 ~aS confined largely to the NeroutsosInlet area and was connected with the development of the Rayonier pulp milllocated at Port Alice. Activities expanded until at present nearly allwatersheds have been logged or are supporting logging. Exceptlona sre afew lso1ated systelll.'l flowlng lnto 8rooks Bay, the west side of HeroutsosInlet, and the area within the Cape Scott Provincial Park.

Thls logging activity has resulted in same fisheries related problems ofwhich the most notable ~oncerns the Marble River. During the 1940's and1950's, the middle reaches of the Marble River (vicinity of Victoria andAUce Lakes) ..-ere clear cut. Con~urrently, a mining operation on Bensonlake (which flows into the Marble River) discharged heavy metal tailingsinto the lake. These two activities may have caused the dramatic decline,observed concurrently, ln the chinook and coho stocks from the Marble River.Salmon run reductions related to Jo~ging have been also reported by thefisheries Officers in the Goodspeed River.

20

Logging operatIons 1n both Area 26 and 27 ~ill continue. The five yearplana in Area 26 include additional logging in the headwater and loveraress of virtually all streams including the Ououkinsh River. Simtlarly,Area 27 logging proposals call for further activities In streams enteringthe weat side of Nerout8os Inlet and in watersheds draining into Brooks Bay.

PULP MILLS

No pulp .ills exist In Area 26. In Area 27, the Rayon!er Pulp Hill,located at Port A.lice on Ileroutaoa Tnler (Fig. 3). began operation [n 1917.~eanogr.phlc surveys conducted during the operation of the mtl1 haveshown a dramatic decrease tn dissolved oxygen levels in the Neroutaoa Inlet.In 1973, zero oxygen values vere recorded in surface waters of the inletover a distance of 3 kill fr"'" the mill. In the same study, the avera~e

percent oxygen saturation in the upper 20 meter water depth did not exceed50~ until at the entrance to Quatsino Sound, apprOXimately 34 km {rom themill sire.

Numerous flsh kills, usually· Involvlnl'; herrinI';, have been reported In theNerouts08 Inlet-Quatslno Sound area. The cause of fish kills has not beenfirmly establiShed because they were not reported until several days afterthe incident.

MINING

There are no mtning operations tn Area 26.have been undertaken in Area 27 and severaloperated tn the Harble River system.

However, numerous mining venturesoperations, now closed, have

Utah Mines Ltd. operates an open pit copper mine situated on the northwestside of Rupert Inlet in Area 27 (Fig_ 3). The mine dumps overburden intothe inlet and discharges a tailing-seawater slurry st the SO meter depth.It waS originally thought that the slurry would flow down the sloping bedto the deeper areas of the inlet and remain below the 100 meter level.Recently, however, frequent surface and sub-surface turbidity was observed,and the deposition of tailings was noticeable at the 20-30 meter depth invariouS areaS of the inlet. Apparently, flood currents at Quatsino narrows,~auaed by violent tidal mixing occurring in Quatsino Sound, scour the bottomand re-introduce the ta11ings into the surface layers. It ia suspe.cted thatif this trend In tailing redistribution continues, serious ecologicaldamage will occur tn the more biologically productIve areaS of Rupert andHolbert Inlets and possibly in Quatsino narrowS. Tn another study, minetailings were linked to a significant reduction in primary production at a~amp\ing station loc~ted near Hawkin Point in Rupert Inlet (Stephens andSibert, 1976). However, the speciftc effects of the tailings on salmonld~urvival and behaviour remain unclear and require. further study.

"1977 UCOKllAlSSA..'1CE

Ph,deal au!'!!}'

Survey. of .elected streaAa 10 Are•• 26 and 27 weta ".r[led out in the._r and fall of 1977. Aa detef'ln"d fT.. Fisherl.. Offl"ers annualspawnln~ report•• onIY those .rt.... supporting the 1arleat ••1.an eacape­menta were examined. Of the salDOn .upportinR atreaml, 11 of a total of21 .[reAft' In Area 26.and 22 ot • total of 61 rlver .y.t~. In Ares 27were surveyed. t1l1s paper reports the results frolll 27 of the l"rgearstream" surveyed.

Stre..... were surveyed on foot froco their outlets to aa rar as could bereached uplttea. In a sIngle day (uI""lly 3 - 6.5 ka). Kate dlstantupstream are•• vete later surveyed by helicopter. Phyai"al characteristicsof each .yare. were recorded on individual stre•• fona. (Appendix 6); • photolnventory va. alao .... 1nt.. lned. Cradt_t v,'" deter-ined ...Ith a Mnd-h«ldclina.eter (Suunto ~-5) and dlacharge ..... e.t~ted using the float_thad. Hin........ traps. baIted ...Ith ..1ted ctoo.. rO<!, vere aet in sa.e atre_to deter-Ine the presence of juveniles. Sport fiah vere also angled ill"",",rsl stre_.

Record ...vl...

Escape_nt abundance, spavolng tu.tna, sp&wni~ disertbution, and ob.tructiondescrlptlona and their locatIon. vere taken fro- the Fisheries Officer.snnu.o.l apaW'l1ing reports. Sp."",lnjt ti.ing information ..... largely ince-pl.. t ..and r ..quirsd g..n..r.1iz.tion. Honthly timing w.a divld..d Into thr ....cat ..gories, early (Ist to 10th day), /Ilid (11th to 20th day) .nd late(21st to 1.1t day) _ Information on watershed development was obtainedfroa the Fisheries Officers r ..porta and B.C. For..st Service records.Inforaation on togKing activities In atrea.s enterIng Kyuquot Sound waataken prilUrHy frOlS the report "Kyuquot Sound SalDOnid Enhancement Study"by Envlrocon (1911). Streaoo 1enlltha, and wateuhed and take areaa .... recalculated fre- 1,150,000 acale topoKraphical ..pa using a Kevlett-racker98-20 digitizer computer.

RESL"Ll'S

Are. 26

Artlbh River ,Location' Artl1ah River (2 • /aec, AUI. 13/17) drainaand flova in a ""sterly directIon for 25.5 ka e"terlnKKyuquot Sound (Fig_ 2).

of 96 b?Inlet In

"Stresm Type: The Artlilllt River novs through a relativel~ wide floodplain for ~st of its length. At moderate flow, extensive exposed gravelbars characterize this rive,· for the first 10 to 12 km upstream. In the1977 reconnaissance the lower 6.5 km of the river were surveyed. Thisarea has low gradient snd has an equal percentage of runs, pools andriffles. Spawning potential appears hIgh, judlling by the extensive graveldeposits. The side channels and the mainsre.. river in this area are wellprotected by heavy deciduous bank I\ro",th, Aerial surveys indicated thatthe gradient lncreases further upstream resulting in increased riffle andrapid development.

Obstructions: Numerous wind fallS are regularly flushed out and do notpose passage problems to salmonids.

Watershed development: Logging operations began In the ext~eme headwate~s

in 1971; howeve~, less than 5% of the watershed has been Jogged to date.~ 5 year plan by Canadian forest Products shows further logging in the upperwatershed. Crown Zellerbach holds timber licences in the lower Artlishsyscem, but apparently logging in thia area haR been postponed indefinitelyfor economic reasons.

Pisheries resource:

Mean annual salmon escapement to Artlish River, 1960-77.

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77Chinook '" '" m""0 >40 '" no'"= '" ,9> 1 ,120

1960~64 1966-70 1972-76Pink (even vear) 388" 83 5,215

a Two years only

Mean annual spawning timing in Artliah River, 1970-77.

Start Peak

Chin""k

""0PinkChum

Mid Sept. r.arly-Mid Oct.Early-Mid Oct.Late Sept.

Early-Late C\.L. Late Oct.

Late Oet.Late Oet.

Mid-Late Nov.

A summer run of steelhead enter the Artlish River from May to Septembe~.

t.tltthrost trout have also been reported in this system.

Spawning distributions are not well documented. Chinook and coho salmonhave been observed apawning up to 6.5 km upstream of the mouth: pink andchum spawning appeats to be ~onfined to the lower 3 km. An aerial surveyof this system indicated that upper sections of the river may be capable

of supporting fish and, according to Fisheries Officers reports, the riveris accessible to fish for approximateiy 20 km upstream.

Enhancement opportunities: The Artlhh River is not accessible by road. Thismedium sized system csn probably supply sufficient water for .ajor enhancemenrfacilities based on surface fiow aione. The bench area of the lower valleycan provide potential construction sitea. The Artlish River ia not s steepgradient system and probably would require a long pipeline to develop suff­icient hesd for" gravity feed system. Ilased on stream length snd availablehabitat, the Artlish River appears to be underutilized by salmon ids. Furtherstudies are required to determine what factors, if any, are limiting thefiah returns.

Chamiss Creek

Location:and flows

3 ,Chamisa Creek (0.7 m Isec, Aug. 10/77) drains an area of 8.g km

southeast for 3.8 klI entering Chamhs Ilay in Kyuquot Sound (Fig. 2).

Strea. type: Chamiss Creek in its lower reaches haa iow gradient (approx­baateiy 0.5%) and la characterized by a pool-run strea. fo~. Gravel depositsin thia area can provide chum apawnlng altes. Approximately 0.5 Kg upstream,Chamiss Creek forks. In the west fork, the gradient increases to approx­i"",-tely 1%. and the substrate is boulder and rubble with intermittent grsvelpatches. Banks are very unstable in thla "rea. The east fork, the larger ofthe tWO channela, has a steep gradient (1% - 2%) and contains pockets ofgravel which can provide spawning sites.

Obstructiona: Log jams located in the west fork were reported as impassable,but juvenile coho were observed above the jams in the 1977 reconnaissance.

Watershed development: Logging In the Chamiss Creek watershed began In the1950's, but the IIISjor portion was logged from 1964-1967. By 1975, appro,,­~tely 40% of the watershed had been logged. At present, a small areaalong the upper reaches of the east fork is being logged by the East BayLogging ~pany who are subcontracting for the Tahsis Logging COmpany.

Fisheries resource:

Mean annual salmon escapements to Chamiss Creek, 1963-77.

Chum

1963-67

2,880

1968-72

8,900

1973-77

6,200

Small numbers of coho and chinook are also supported. Periodically, evenyear pinka are reported and, In 1976, a sOiall nwnber of sockeye wereobserved. Chum and coho spawning timing overlap. Spswning begins inesrly October and peaks by the end of October or early Novembet. Chumand pink spawning i8 concentrated in the lower 2.5 K.. while coho spawnupatream to the jam in the west fork and upstream to 4 K. above theestuary in the eaat fork.

Enbancement opportunities: Chamiss Creek is a small sized system and probsblywould not supply sufficient surface ~ater for a &ajor enhancement fscility.The low gradient of tbis system limits a potential gravity feed vater system.There ia no road access to the strea•.

Location:and flova

Clanninick Creek

Clanninick Creek (1 mJ/sec,southwest for 12 km entering

Aug. 9177) drains an area of 24 km1

Clanninick Cove in Kyuquot Sound (Fig.

Sue... type: Clanninick Creek is Udal fr(>lll its 1IlOuth to approxi1aately 1 kmupstre... where tbe cr....k enters a canyon area and steep rock banks borderdeep pools. Above this area, the creek has a riffle-run stream form and arubble substrate interspersed vith gravel. Approximately 4 km upstreamthe creek enters a second canyon area.

Obstructions,and 310and 5

Approxi-ately 4 ka upstream,tvo vaterfallsm in height, prevent further fish passage.

In close succession

Watershed development' Kando logglng, sub-contractors for Bay Forest Products,began logging in the upper vatershed srea in 1974. Kyuquot nativea possessfish food permits and regularly harv~at up to 500 chum In the ClanninickCreek estuary.

Fisheries resource:

:iean annual salmon estape_nts to Clanninick Creek, 1960-77.

1963-67 1968-73 1973-77

8,850 4,700 4,0053S0

a

'" 392s

1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

'" '.000 1,183Pink (even year)

.. Four years only

Mesn annual spa"",ing timing ~n Clanninitk Creek, 1970-77.

Start Peak '"'Chum0>00Pink

Early-Mid Oct.Early Oct.Late A"g~Mid

Sept.

Late Oct~Early Hov.Mid-Late Oct.Hid Sept.-Early Ott.

Mid Nov.Early-Mid Nov.LatP Sept.-Early Nov.

Small n~bera of chinook (lesa than 25 fish) have been reported periodically inchis system. Steelhead also utilize the stream and apparently a vinter run entersthe civer from Januacy to Fehcuary while a summer cun enters in August.F.scape~nt is not knove.

Ch~ .al~n spawning i. confined largely to the lover river to sppro~~tely

2.5 ka upstre.. of the .outh. Pink. have been observed anawninA upatre.. toka ).5. Chinook aDd coho s~vnin~ is concentrated tn the area upatrea. ofthe l~r caoyon. Rearlo. POtenttal appeara good, judllng by the nu.erouaveIl protected poola and riffle areaa, hut t~ creek latk. a vide floodplain area and side channels are abaent.

Enhanceaent opPOrtunitlaa: Clannlnlck Creek is a ...11 isolated atre.. whichprobably would not aupplv sufficient vater for a "lor enhanc~t facility.Kovaver, vater flov and .radient are aulLable for develop Inc a lravity feedwater supply. Fiaherlea Offlcera reports Indicate that an additional) kaof apawning and rearins ar.. e"tat above tbe obatructiOCl. An aerial .urveyof thl. upper a~a In the fall oC 1977 indicated that stre.. sradlent vasexce••tve for tdeal apawnln. and rearlns. A ground reconnal ...nce Is requiredto detec.lne the potent tal of thia upper area.

Kaouk River

location: KaoukRlver (4 ..)/.ec,flows In a westerly dir~ctlon forSound (Fig. 2).

,Ott. 8/71) drains an area of 102 km and21 km,enterlng Fair ll.arbour In Kyuquot

Stream type: The Kaouk River dropa abruptly from an elevation of 1130 m tnthe ftrat 5 km from Ita ~ourc.. The 6-2 k~ upstream of rtver outlet have alow Iradtent (0.51 - 11) and are charactertred by a pool-run atream form.Extensive Iravel depo.lt. tn this lover area nrovlde important spawntnRaltea. Further upnrea-, th. flood plain width decreases allll.htly and thegradient increases to apnroxl=ately 1%. this srea contain. abundant gravel.nd denae overhangtnlt veltetatlon; sl.ck vater areaa provlde fair re.rlngpotential. This rtver fa apparently aubject tn n.sh floods .nd ...01 r-.olnI\tllh and turbid lDOIt .feer rivera i" the ........ area have cleared. A ....lortrlbut.ry, ~wland Creek, enter. the rtver 9 kB up.tre.. of the "'OUth.

Ob.tructions: Appr~l.. tely 17 kB un.t~ ... of the south .n 1"'F....ble "'.terfallprevent. further fish .cc•••.

Waterahed develo~t: T.h.h Loulng Cmo.l"'ny ha" built. road alonll thel~r Kaouk River tn 1958 and 1000AtnS beaan tn tbe l~r valley In 1960.Subsequent Iogzlns onerations have been very e"eeo.ive .nd both the lowerriver and Rowland Cra.k h.ve been loltlt'"d. A IOSRtnlt c.1lp .t the south ofKaouk RIver, active tn the 1960'., va••bandoned tn 1910 upon coapletion ofthe road to zeb.lIo.. At pre..nt, the upper ...aterabed i, beina loltRed andthe T.hsi. Loggtnlt eo.p.ny h•• developed a 5 year pl.n for the head "'aterareaa. Th. c~letton of the road to 7~b.llo. hs. ailowed acc.s. to therlvar .nd has re"ulted in an Incre.sed .nort fiahery on the rlver.

26

Mean annual saI.m e ..c.~t. to hauk River. 1960-77.

Pink (even year)

1963-61 1968-72 1913-71

1,240 '" '"'" 900 60S

'" 4.700 ..""1960-64 1966-70 1912-16

." 10,000 41,667

Hedn annual spawning tl.toR In Kanak River, 1970-77.

ChinookCohoChullPink

Start

Late Sept.Mid Sapt.Early Oct.Sept

puk

Early Oct.Early OctEarly Nov.

MId Sepe.Early Oct

""l.ate Oct."lId Nov.Late Nov,Mid Oct.

Sockeye have been reported (1976 only) tn thl" "yate. and .. wInter run ofsteelhead t. angled from February to Marth. Spawning occurs to 12 ~up.tre.. of the estuary. ChUII spawning Is confined mAinly to the lower 5 kawhile pink" have ~en obse~d apawnlDS above the Rowland Creek. Chinookand coho apawn lhroulhane ell the act••• tble area.. of the eyace. with thelergeat concentration of chinook lpawning 10 the l~r 5~. SM811 n~er.

ur coho aho epawn In the lower ltovland Cr....k.

~ruance.ent opportuniti : Thll riv.. r Can pro~bly provld~ lufflci..nt wat.. r(IUr(ac.. only) and lit (or a ..jor enhanc~nt facility. Th.. ri~r il~cceSlible by gravel road fro- leballol. The lover river hal I low gradient~d the potentLsl for gravity feed vater lupply ..y be l~t..d. Fo~r ,id..channels in the l~r rlv~r ..y varrant further InveAtizationl vlth re,ardto ra-oPftllng .1 spavning and lor r ..ari... chann..ls. With th. raported floodingIn thll .y.t.... the ••tabllabaent nf rearing channell ..y he particularlybeneficial to coho.

...'.,Stream type: The Kaahutl Rivlr flow. through a narrOV .tlep .Ided valleyfor mo.t of its length. Fro.. ita .0urCI to 8.5 km dovn.tr ..... the river.\rope eharply from 75011 to 30 III in eie.varion. Thil ar... 1. ch.racterizedby II rapid-fall stream form and. bould ... r-rubble lub.tr.t.... The lower

27

1.5 km of the ~reek has a lower ~radient (1%) and Is characteri~ed by ariffle-run form with isolated poola. Gravel deposita can provide spawningsites in this area. Recent logging activities 1n this are .. have r""o\fedstream al~e cover and increased bank sloughing.

Obstructions: Three t. upstream fr~ the estuary, two successive rock fallsprevent further fish access. At both obstructions the rivet channel Isseverely constricted snd drops vertically 4 .. and 2.5. at the lower andupper fall respectively.

Watershed development: Tahsis logging coapany began road construction alongthe river In 1975. In 1976 a 1011 d","p "ss buUt on the east side of theestuary and 10ggln began in the lower watershed area 1n 1977. It Isproposed that up to 10% of t~e yatershed yill be logged by 1980.

Fisheriea resource:

Mean annual salmon escapementa to Kashutl River, 1960-77.

1963-67 1968-i12 1973-77

,,' ,,'" " "3,900 3, no 2,660

1960--64 1966-70 1972-77

'" '" '"

Chinook

""0"'0"

Fink (even year)

a One year only

!'lean annual spawning Uming '0 K.~shut1 River, 1970-77.

Start Peak '0'---""0 Early Oct. Mid Oct. Early Nov.Chulll Mid Oct. Early Nov. '" '00

Pink Mid Sept. Early Oct. '" ."Small nUlllbers of winter steelhead are also reported for this system. Salmonutilize the lo~r 3 km of the creek. Chum spawning is concentrated in thelower reaches snd extends to approximately 1.5 km upstream of the mouth.Pink s"awninJli is confined to the l"",er 2.5 b, while coho spawn upstreamto the fall 3 kill above the estuary. Chinook spawning is apparentlyconfined to the lower reaches.

Enhancement opportunities: The Kashut1 River is not accessible by roadand, based on surface flows alone, would probably not supply adequateamounts of water for a major enhancement facility. A gravity feed watersupply could be established in the vicinity of the obstruction 3 ka upstream.Recent 10RRIng has resulted in slltlnR and could reduce water quality inthis syne...

"

Lluv1neh I.1wr

location' K8uv1nch _het f] .l'Ne, Aug. U/77) dralna an .rea of 73.8t. and fl~ southwest for 17.S t.. enterlog lA.hurl lolet In KyuquotSound (Fig. 2).

Stream typ.: The lower river. which contalna nu~rou. ~ll protectedbackwater and Iide channels, ha•• low aradlent (1%) and I riffle-poolaCreslI fo.... Extenatv" ~ravel deposita In this lower are. can providespawning altel. Roughly 8 ~ upsersall, the river entera • canyon areawhere steep aided rock banks confine the thannel. Upatrea.. of the canyonthe gradient Incre•••a slightly and the atrcall fona beca.e. rapid-riffle.

Oblltrualona, Constriction pointe In the canyon are•• , l.,,-aced 8 ...upatte••,lct •• v.l~lty barrler. to IIlacarlng pinks under certain highwater conditione. Log j.-s on the Lover river occaaionally block fi.hpa.5IIg...

Wat.. r.hed de... lop.ent, n... _tflnhed vaa .,"ten.lvely 10Ued fr_ 1968 to1912 by Tahsls lolling to.pany, aod lt ls e.tlaated that 20% of the totalwat .. r.hed vaa 10&&ed off durlng thla period. The -ajorlty of the l~ln&

waS cancentrated alon~ the river vall.y bott_. The ttaber licence. held bythe Tahsh Loll&ln~ to-pany have r ..verted to the Crown end there h nosctlve log8ln~ In the wat ..r.h..d at thlll ti.... However, a Crown Zell.. rbachproposal to 10& • lower s ..ctlon alons the river has b..en atcepted.

Flsherie. r...ource,

Hean annual salmon escapement. to Kauvlnth River, 1960-71.

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

" " 114 b

m '" 4381>

1,680 5,030 ',500

1963-61 1966-10 1972-76

950· 43,333 19,500Fink (ev..n year)

~ !eau oolyFour )"!.rs onlY

Chinook

""0"'~

~.n annual apawnlng tinlng in lauvinch Siver, 1970-11.

Start P.Ak---Chlnook Lm S..pt.-Mld "" .Coho Early Oct. Mid Oct,rink LAt.. Aug. Early Sept.Chu," 'F:>Irly Oa Lata Oct.

""Mid Oct.Mtd-Late Nov.

"Chum ~almon spawning (s confined mainly to the lower 5 km while the majorcoho and chinook spawning aites occur above the canyon area upstreAm toapproximately t. 14. Pinks are well diotributed throughout the river;however, 1n years of large returns, pink spawning haa been concentratedin the upper reaches. Juvenile coho were observed throughout the surveyedarea and reaTing potential appeued high, judp:lng by the "",11 protecc"daide channels and malnate••

Enhance.ent opportunities: There is no road access to Kauwinch River.This medium sized river would probably supply sufficient water for a majorenhancement facility. The e~tenaive benchland area along the lover rivetcan provide potential construction aites.

MaIks"?" RiveT

locatIon'and flowsChecleset

Malksope River (0.6southwest for 11 km,Bay (fiR. 2).

,II Isec, Aug.entering the

16/77) drains an areanorth end of Malksope

of 36Inlet

",,'

'"Stream t~, The Malksope River flows through a relatively wide, exposedflood plain for the lIajorlty of lca lengch. The lower rIver has e pool­run stream form and a substrate COllprised of rubble and gravel overlain bysand. ApproxillStely 4 kll upstream, the river enters a canyon area wherevertical rotk banks conflne deep pools. The area upscream of the canyonis sillilar in character to the lower area. Extensive lo~lng throughoutthe river valley has relloved streamalde cover and resulted in unstable banks.

Obstructions' Log jams in the upper river are considered passable tosalmonids.

Watershed develop1lent' LogginR in the Malkaope watershed bellen in 1968.Operations have been extensive and FisherIes Officers reports in 1975eatimated that 80% of the valley bottom foreat COV&T have been logged.Apparently, lORging operationa "ill continue in the Halksope River valleyuntil 1980.

Fisheries resOuTce'

Mean annual aal~n eacapements cO Malksope River, 1960-77.

Chinook

"'"""'=

Pink (even year)

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

,,' m Ina

'" '" '"5,100 17,100 6,100

1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

300" 1,483 1,308

• Two years only

Stert Puk ""---Ulinook Kid Sept. Ln. Sept. hrly ~.."'.. r..te Sept. Kid Oct. E-.rly "".."n' Lan. Sept. Early Oct. EArly Nov.

"'.. Early 0" . Late (kt. '" Nov.

During the 1977 re~onnallllnce. cutthroat trout were angled in poola in thelower river. In thia eurvey Baall n_ber. of sockeye and chuID were oblervedholding in the ~anyon poDia during August. Chinook and coho spawning iswell dietributed throughout the ayat.. and eatends to 6.S k- ebove the river..,.,th. Ch.. Ipawning b confined to the lDOl'er J kII. J ...venUe reeringpoteotul II not considered high due to the ebllence of nre-ide cover aru:lthe epperent uneteble flows, e. indlceted by the eatr... dlfferenee invetted and .tre..bed widths.

Enhance.ttnt opportunities: The K81~pe River Ie not ecceeetble by road.Surface flow Seeaa to be Inedequate for a ..Jor enhance.eot facflity sndwater quslity i. queetionsble due to e~ten.ive logging operstions in thewaterehed.

Nuparti River

Loc:stion: Hasparti River (l .3/ _ c , Ao.l&. 6/77) drains sn -.rean ...... in a southerly direction for IS k- entering the ItOrthernInlet in O>eeles..tBsy (Ftg. 2).

2of 6S kII endend of Nalpert I

Stre.. type' The Naeparti River drope abruptly frae ite IOUree for the ftret9.5 b then "re gndually (nIIer the hst 5.7 laI. The lowe.. 6.5 laI of riververe eutv.yed In the 1977 retounaf.eane. and this eree la divided by a steep­walled eanyon Into two diatinct section.. The lower 3.2 kII section hae a.aGer.te gradient (approxi~tely ll) end flows th"ouah e "tde flood plein.Long, deep rune containin/l pockets of gravel eharacterlse thi. are••Upstream of the canyon arel the gradient Increases (appro~imately 2%)resulting in more rapidl and a coarser lub.trate. Roth areas have wellestabllihed lide channell "ith good reartn~ potential.

Obstructionl' Log jual nlar the .auth .nd canyon pOle no paseaae probl...to eat.".,tdl.

ltatenhed deve1op.rnt'there Ire no t-diate

t i ..hertel resource,

No development hiS taken piece tn thi. vater.hed andplana to log thtl area.

~an annuel Ipawnlng ti.ing in NIIspartt Rtver, 1970-77.

Stlrf !!!!. ..,-(;oho LaU Sept. Early-Mid Oct. Early Nov.Pink '" Sept. '-'" Sept.,,~ Mid (kc. Early Nov. Hid Nov.

n

Due to access difficulty, this system has not been well surveyed ande8tape~nt e8t~ate8 are incomplete. Chum escapement Is reported to varyfrom 2$-500, while coho and even-year pink returns range from 25 to750 flah. Periodic siRhtinga of chinook ace reported. During the 1977reconnaissance. an e8t~ated 25 summer ateelhead were observed holding inthe canyon area.

Rearing areas, although not extensive. ace well distributed particularlyin the lower area downstream of the canyon. Chu= spawning 1s concentratedin this lower area, while coho and probably aceelhead apawninR Is confinedto the area above the canyon.

Enhanc""",nt opportunities: 111" Ilaaparti River probably would not supplysufficient Burfa"" water for a "",jOt enhancement facility. It is anisolated syst~~ and is accessible only by boat. Transportation by boatcould be.severely impeded by the exposed nature at the inlet snd byadverse ~esther.

Ououkinsh River3Location: Ououkinsh River (0.7 m Isec, Aug 17/77) drains an area of

37 km and flows in a southerly direction for 13 km. entering the easternend of Ououkinsh Inlet in Checleset Bay (Fig. 2).

Stream type: The lower 5 km of this aystem vere surveyed during the1977 reconnaissance. This area has lo~ gradient and is characterizedby ~ide, shallo~ runs. Banks are heavily vegetated by alder and hemlock.Substrate is largely rubble; ho~ever, sections of gravel can prOVidespawning sites. Approximately 3 km upstream the river enters the firstof two canyon areas. The lower canyon extends for 200 .. and rock banksconfine the channel. A similar canyon area exists 0.2 km further upstream.

Obstructions: Apparently, constriction points ~ithin the canyon act asvelocity barriers to .. Igrating pink and chum.

Watershed development: The lower areas at the Ououkinsh valley are datedfor logging by the Tahsis Logging Company In 1980.

Fisheries resource:

Mean annual sa1~n escapements to Ououkinsh River, 1960-77.

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

Chinook "b ,,' 166a

"',. "0 3>0 '""'= 1,380 3,680 4,880

Pink (even yesr)

•b Three years onlyTva years only

1960-64

""

32

1966-70

1,550

1972-76

3, SOD

Mean annual spawning timing in Ououklnsh River, 1970-77.

Chinook

~'oPink,,=

Start

Early Oct.Late Sept.Early Oct.

Peak

Mid Oct.Late OCt.Early Oct.tate Ocr.

Early Nov.'ltd Oct.Mid-Lare Nov.

Chum spawning is confined to the lo~er 3 km downstream ~f the canyonarea. Chinook and coho apparently spawn above the canyon areas. However,the upstream spawnln,o: lillit is unlrnown. In the 1977 reconnaissancenumerous coho luveniles were observed in the lower 3.2 km and rearingpotential appeared high, judlng by well prote"ted back waters and sidechannels in this area.

Enhancement opportunities:supply sufficient watet fatflow alone. This syste~ is

This small si.ed system would probably notmajor enhancement facilities, "'ased on surfaceisolated and accessible only by boat.

Powet River

3Location: Power River (0.9 m Isec, Aug. 17/77)and flows in a southeasterly direction for 12.7and then flows 0.6 km before entering Ououkinsh(Fig. 2).

,drains an area of 44 kmkm, entering Power LakeInlet in Checlest Bay

Stream type: The lower river from Power Lake downstream has a steep~radient and a riffle-rapid stream form. This area lacks Stream sidecover and substrate is tOo coarse for ideal spawning. Power Lake, with asurface area of 0.6 sq. km, is densely bordered by conifera. The upperPower River has good pool-riffle development and contains extensivegravel deposits. Banks throughout the section surveyed (approximately1.5 km upstream of the lake) are unstable and frequently slough intothe channel. The wide difference in wetted and streambed widths indicatesthat this river is subject to severe fluctuations in Stream flow.

Obstructions: Numerous lo~ jama in the upper river are apparently passableto Mlmonids.

Watershed development: Logging alonR the upper Power River began in 1942.At this time, large amounts of debris entered the channel resulting innumerous jsms. At the present time the lower Power River along the westbank is being logged. Proposed logging in the upper reaches by the Tahsis

33

Logging Company has been postponed pending & Fish and Wildlife areaasses"""'o t •

Fisheries resource:

Mean annual salaon escapements to Power River, 1960-77.

SockeyeChinookCoho

'"~

Pink (even year)

1963-67 1968-12 1973-71

1,500 1,8508 ,,'

'" '" "1,094 '" '"'" '" '"1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

2,125 '" 1,789

•b Two years onlyThree years only

Mean annual apawninK timing in Po~r River, 1970-77.

SockeyeChinookCoooPink

"'om

Start

Early Aug.Late Sept.-EarlyLate Sept.-EarlyMid Sept.

Peak

Late Aug.OCt. Hid-L,He Oct.O<:t. Late Oct.

Mid-Late Sept.Mid-a.:. to-Earl y

Nov.

""EarlyEarlyEarly

Sept.Nov.Nov.

Spawning distributions at.. poorly documented. ChaO', coho and chinookapparently spawn in both the lower and upper reaches. Sockeye have beenobserved spawning along the lake shore and in the upper river. The upperriver is subjea to severe flash floods which have resulted in heavysiltinK and scouring of spaliOing beds,

Enhancement opportunities; Power River is a medium sized system whichprobably would not provide sufficient surface water for a major enhancementfacility. It 18 an i""lated syStem and is accessible only by boat. ChannelKradient on the lower river does not appear sufficient for a Kravity reedWater supply. Due to the small lake slz~ a potential increased sockeyesmelt production through lake fertilizatioo i8 not expected to be high.

Tahsish River

Lo~ation: Tahslsh River (1km and flo,"", in a southerlyof Tahsish Inlet in Kyuquot

,m /sec. Aug. 13/77) drains sn dreadirection for 27.5 km.entering theSound (Fig. 2).

of 257northern

Stream type: The lover Tahslsh River has a lo~ gradient (0.5% - II) andforms a meandering channel through a ~ide flood plain area. The pool-runform of the river and its extensive gravel deposits can provide this lowerarea with high spawnin~ potential. Above the confluence with Kwois Creek.S km upstream. the river enters a canyon area which extends for 2.5 km.Above the canyon the flood plain area widens and the gradient Increasesslightly. resulting in more riffle-rapid development.

Obstructions:roughly 8.5 kmsalmonids .

A series ofupstream of

rapids andthe mouth,

falls, beginning In the canyon areaare reported to be Impassable to

Watershed develupment: LollgLng activity on the Tahslsh River has beenconfined mainly to the upper watershed areas. Major operations. carriedout by Canadian Forest Products during the period 1962 to 1969, removedapproximately 5% of the watershed forest cover. Plans have been madeto log the headwater area~ of the mainstem during 1976-1980. McMillanBloedel appsrently is consIdering logging sections of the lo~er rIver sndalong Kwols Creek. The upper sections of this river are sccessible bylogging roads from Zeballos.

Fisheries resource:

Mean annual salmon escapements to Tahsish River, 1960-77.

Chinook

"'"0Chum

Pink (even year)

1961-67 1968-72 1973-77

1,455 1,050 '"'" 7 ,505 '"5,700 14 ,000 5,000

1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

2 ,833 '"~ean annual spawning timing In Tahslsh River, 1970-77.

Start Peak '"'Chinook '" Sept Early Oct. I.ate Ott,Coho Early Oct, Mid Ott. Early Nov.

'"= Early Oct. Late Oct. Mid Nov.Pink '" Sept. 'm Sept. llid Ott.

[n 1976, an escapement of 25 sockeye was reported for [hi~ river.runs of steelhead enter the river during May to September, while a

Sumerwinter

"

run ente.rll fro-. r"br"lIry through KaTeh; eseap..-nt 18 not t .."",,_ Plnkand en...p ...... !ng 1s confined to eh.. l .....,r (, til downlltre_ of the canyon.Tbe ujority of the eh.. sp..... lna ...,,,urll 10 the I ......... J b with ....llpa_ing oc:<:urrlnl in the upper intertidal zone. Pink .pavaing h distrib­uted over the lOVO!r 4 boo loth chinook ..-.I ,,-000 hay. Kllttotred spawningthroughout eN. .'fllte- upltn_ to 1 bI above tbe ... t .... ..,.. Sooall ntabenof coho sp.."" ill tho! lover end of "(""is er...,k. In tbe 1971 recoanllissanc"LIIrge n"""''' of cobo juvenU". _re observed in the tOOle ... 6 Ita.

Enhanc-..t opport... itl".: ....ed on lIurfa"e flov. 1l1one. thl••y.t_would probably aupp!y sufficient WBcer for II ..jOt enhanc.-enr racility.The extensive benchland area of the l.-r dver would provide II conn.....,tlonlitll. Devrlop.ent of II 8rayle1 f ....d vllter supply ..y be reasibie lit tberaIl. locllted tn the canyon section 7 ka "pstr"... Additionsl 14 bo of.pawnlng and ..." ... 10£ area were e.euaaeed above the canyon area duringan aerial aurvey In 1977. funher ground surveya >Ire required to dete~lne

the potential of ehi. upper ara••

Area 27

Cayeghle Creek

Location: Cayeghle Creek Dnd ita lIla10r trIbutary Colonial Creek (1 ...3/aec ,Ausuat 23/77) drain an area of 59 lui. cayeghle Creek flo..... north....utfor 11 lui and entera ehe extreme .outhern eod of Neroutlo. Inlet (fig. 3).

Stream type' The lower reache. of Cayeghle Creek flo.... through a wideflood plaIn vhere the rhaonel hal low gradient (lea. chan 0.5%). Tidalinfluence extend. to above the confluence with Colonial Creek, 0.5 1uIup.tre.. of tbe e.tuary. Excell~e gravel depo.it. in the vicinity ofthe Cayeghle Creek confluence can provide spawning site.. Proceedingup.tr.... the gradient incre.... ~erately and [he channel bec~• .areconfined and ia occa.lonally entrenched. The ..jorlty of spawning Iravella located in the lower 0.8 ~ while above thi_ point aubatrate t. largelyboulder-rubble with neca.lonal gravel pockets. rtluh Creek. a turbulent,.teep gradient tributary. enter. Cayeghle Creek 3 ~ up.tr... of the .oucb.

Ob.tructiona: NJ. b.p••aable fall located 5 ... up.tre_ of l:tluh Creekprevent. furCher ••I~td pa•••ge.

Waterahed dev"lopooent' With thol develo~nt of the RaYOlller pulpa1l1located >It Port Alire on Neroucaoa Inlet,the lover areas of the Cayeahleand the Colonial Creek. ",acer.hed. vere logged fros 1917 eo 1927. tn1977 Rayonier began rO<ld conatruction along ('cluh Creek In preparationfor logging 10 1978.

Fisheries resourCe:

Mesn annual escapements to CayeKhle Creek, 1962-77.

•b Three yesrs onlyOne year only

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

10,200no

Mean snnusl spawning timing in Csyeghle Creek, 1970-77.

Start---Mid O<:tMid O<:t.

Pesk

Early Nov·Early-Mid Nov.

~nd

Mid-NovEnd Nov.

Chinook salmon have been previously reported with the last sighC1ng in1965. Steelhead are also reported and apparently enter the creek InOccober. Chum spawning Is confined to the area below the bridge crossinI';,approximately 0.8 km upstream of river mouth. Coho spawn in all accessiblereaches of the system. No fish ",ere caught in lIinnow traps set in Utluhereek during the 1977 reconnaissance.

Enhancement opporlunities: Excluding Colonial Creek this system does noCappear capable of providing sufficient "'ater for a major enhancementfacility. The lo"'er area of the creek is no", accessible by road from PortAlice,and Rayonler Is excending a logging road along Urluh Creek. Gradienton lo",er reaches of the creek appears inadequate to develop a gravityfeed water supply.

Enhancement considerations for che Cayeghle system may be seriouslyjeopard iced by the operations of the Rayonler pulp mill on Neroutsos Inlet.Discharge entering che inlet from the mill has contributed to a drasticreduction in oxygen levels of surface ",ater and has been linked to fIshkIlls in the inlet. The effects of the discharge on Cayeghle Creek fishstocks are unclear and enhancement opportunities in this system shouldprobably be postponed pendin~ additional studies.

Colonial Creek

Location: Colonial Creek (0.6 mJisec, August 23/77) drains an area of30 km and flows northeast for 11 km, entering Cayeghle Creek 0.5 kmabove its mouth (Fig. 3).

37

Ser",.. type: Colonial Creek wa••ur~yed to approxr..taly 2.S ~ aboveIts _tho The creek fo..... _.aring channel with. 1_ Stadtellt(approIiaately O.St) throughout the .u~yed area. &an~ are flush vtthtbe channel -.l. den_ aldar ..,d '-lock provid" uceU.. t oveThana1og cover.Crav.! 1. abundant and tbere Is an eq.... l perc~Ule of pooh. rUfles andruns. The gradient loer••sea 111&ht11 In tbe upatrea. sections and thechannel 1. ~re confined. Substrate 18 largely boulder-rubble With Inter­.ltt~t poc~t. of Ir.~l.

Wat.n~ d"vel0P-f\[: Sea C.yeghle Creek.

Mean annual escapeaenra to COlonial Creek. 1963-77.

•b Four years onlyThree years only,Two years only

1963-1967

1, 806a

25'

1968-12 1973-77

2,430

'"

Mean annual spawning [Ialng In COlonial Creek. 1970-77.

SUrt

'Hd-O::t.'1ld-ekt.

Peak

Early Nov·Eady Nov.

..d

5_11 n~n of "htnook ..u.on .....re ["""ned prior to 19&0. StMlh_dare .laD reported .nd .pparently enter t~ creek io Octo~r. The "jorcl>_ .p• ...,lnlJ occur. io the lower I b, .... Ue coho .p..... up.tre_ to thel.,....ble fall.. Side channel. in the lower creek pro~lda ra.rin& areasfor coho juvenile. and, judl1nl by the veIl protected pool., re.r1nlpotential appear. hilh.

Enhante.ent opport...1(laa: a...,d 011 aurface ..ater fl_ .lone, thla .y.t_prob.bly 1. not c.pable of .upplyin••ufficient ...ter for ...jor enhance­.ent f.cl11ty. The creek la not ac"ea.ible by ro.d .nd Iradient I. notllUfflcient for. gravtty feed "ater supply.

Eoost Creek

Location:.nd flo..sIn Brooks

, ,Eallt Creek (I • I.ac, July 26111) drllins an area of 53 ka

In • southwestarly direction for 11 ke, entering Kla.kt.h InletB.~y (FIR. 3).

J8

Strea~ type: East Creek forms a meandering channel through a vide floodplatn heavily vegetated by alder and hemlock. This lower area haa a lowgradient (appro~l-ately O.5l) and a riffle-pool strea. fOrD. Gravel isabundant and would provide spawnIng sites for pink and thUII. A IMjortributary enters the m&lnsrem approximately 1.5 km upstream. Upstream ofthis lover area. the gradient increases and the channel beco~8 more cOn­fined. The creek enter" a _jot canyon area approximately 6.5 !un upstream.East Creek Is apparently subject to flash flooding causing scouring andshifting of gravel beds.

Obstructions: An impassable waterfall, apptoxipately 6.5 km upstream onEast Creek, prevents further fish passage. Several log jams were observedon the mainstem duting the 1977 re~onnaissance: ho~ever, fish passage didnot sppear impeded.

Watershed development: This area has not been logged.posed by Rayonier Csnads Ltd., but plans are indefiniteibillty of the area.

FisherIes resource,

Mean annual sal.an eacapeaenta to EaSt Creek, 1960-77.

Logging haa been pro­due to the inaccess-

Pink (even year)

1961-67 1968-72 1973-77

" " ,eom "" m

'" '" 1 ,119

1 964-70 1970-66 1976-72

1 ,067 2,300 15,000

Mean annual apawnlng tl.in~ in East Creek, 1970-77.

Stllrt

O<LLate Sept.Hid Sept.E:arly Oct.

Peak

O<L!.at" Ck.t.Early Oct.!.ate Oct.

'"'unkn"""unknownIUd Oct.Early Nov.

Chum and pink spawning is concentrated in the lower 4 km, while coho andchinook llr" reported to spawn throughout the system, Small numbers ofsteelhead hsve been observed in this system and their spswning distributionoverlaps ~ith chinook and coho. Numerous coho juvenil"a vere obs"rv"dthroughout the lower 4 km in th" 1977 reconnaisaanc".

Enhancement opp<>rtunitiea: East Cteek is a medIum sized system whichappears capable of supplyIng sufficient surface water for a major enhance­....nt facility. It 18 not arcessible by road. E>;~ept for the prote~ted

mouth area, the creek 1S exposed to the open Pac1f1~ Ocean and adveraeweather throughout most of the year can impede boat acceas. There 1sno nearby hydro sour~e and only the steep ~radient upper area appears~apable of supplying a graVity feed water supply.

Fisheries Officers report that, bssed on available spawn ina area, thia syste.ia uoderutilized by fish. It is speculated that low saL~n returna aay bethe reault of exeessive c~rcis1 fishinR.

Fisher.ao Iliver ,Location: Fi.he~n Ilver (0.8 • laec, July 21/77) drainl an area of 79and flove in a nort~sterly direction fnr 22 ~, enterlnl tbs DOrth endRansen Lagoon in the Pacific Ocean (Fil. l).

",,'0'

Str... t~: Froa its sourca at Willi.. and Brink Lakaa. the river flOYSin ••anderioR channel throulh a l ..... -lylnR sv..-py aru. Seepase frc.borderins a_a baa I.-parted a t ••-coloured appearance to the wac.r. The,radient ia 1..... (0.5%) and the channel ia heavily choked by debrts. OCcas­ional patches of sravel were observed in the .iddle and upper r.aches of theayst.. during an nerial aurvey. Both Willis. and Brink Lakee are ...11,with heavy reed and Illy pad ,rowth.

Obstructions: None are reDOrtad and coho have been observed upstrea. ofWlll1all Lake In sOfIa yeau.

Wacershed development: The majority of this SysteM llea wlchin Cape ScottProvincial l'ark and therefore la not subject to 10gglnl<. The area aboveBrink Lake was partially logled by Rayonier in 1975 and tbere are plans toextend logging to Willia. Lake.

Fisheries reaource,

Mean annual sat.on e.cape.ent to Fisherman River. 1970-77.

Pink (IN.... year)

196]-67 1968-72 1973-71

592b 25t,'" '00'.., 467· '00

19610-60 1970-66 1976-72

'",,,0 000'

Hean annual spawntng tulln, '" F1aller-n River. 1970-77.

Stan Peak "',"''''' Early Sept. "", . em ,~.

"'"" Early OCt. OCt. -Mid Nov. em ,~.

Pink Late AUf/:. Sept. em ""..

In addition to the above "pecieB, sockeye have been periodically observedand apparently a large resident trout population is supported. Theinaccessibility and high ~ater turbidity restricts fish si~htings. Pinksalmon have been observed spawning upstream to J km,white chum are COncen­trated in the lo""r 2 km. Coho have been sighted throughout the systemto upstream of Ikink Lake. The slow moving, ~ell sheltered areas, typicalof much of this system, apnear to provide excellent rearing habitat for coho.

Enhancement opnortunities: The fishetman River is a medium sized systemwhich does not appear capable of supplying sufficient surface water for amajor enhancement facility. Except for its uopet reaches, the river is notaccessible by road. Part of this system lies ~ithin Cape Scott ProvincialPark and may not be open to any kind of development.

Goodopeed River

Location: Goodsoeed River (14 m3isec, Sept. 20{77) drains an area of 100 km2

and flo~s in a southerly direction for 25 km, entering the extreme northernend of Holberg Inlet in ~uatsino Sound (fig. J).

Stream type: The iower river has moderate gradient (approxi~tely IX) and[s characterized by a regularly meandering, frequently braided channel whichflows over a wide gravel flood plain. At 6 km upstream the river enters aLanyon ~here ateep rock ~alls confine the channel. The river enters aBecond canyon 11 km upstream. Above the canyons the river forks and is joinedby several tributaries. Sections of moderate gradient in these upstreamareaS contain gravel deposits. The Goodspeed River is reported to be very..nstable and subject to ~courlng and flooding.

Obstructions: Approximately 8 km upstreamfurther chum pass~ge. Approximately 11 kmprevents all fish passage.

seriesupstream

of smali faiis preventa 9 ~ high ~aterfall

Watershed development: The watershed has undergone extensive loggingbeginning in the 1920's with the development of Port Alice nulp mill. Log)l:ingis conducted in the headwater area at present and is exnected to continueuntil 1985. "ayonler holds timber Ucenc"S and has a permanent logging camp~stablished at Holberg. Removal of the streamside forest cover haa resuitedin very unstable fiows which are reported to be stabilizin~ in recent years.

Fisheries resourre:

Mean ann..al salmon escapements to Goodspeed River, 1963-77

~oho

Chum

• four years only

1961-67 i968-72

1700,,,1973-77

1,195m

Location:and flo""

Mean annual "pawning llloing h, wodgpeed Rb,er, 1970-77.

~tart Peak '"'---Coho llid Oct. Late Oct. Early Nov."'C" Early Oct. Mid Oct. '" "'''.Pink salmon leven yellr) have also been irregularly sil';hted .,ith up to400 flah reported. Pri", to 1964 chinook were occasi""ally observed.Chum spawnIng ia confined t .. the 10wer 6.5 kIll, "hUe coho have beenobse,ved upstrea.. to th~ I,arder falla, II bI abeve the mouth. Duringthe IQ77 reconnaissance hIgh flo"s Interferred "ith an aasessment of rearing,Weaa.

J:.nhanc=ent oppon<lIlitie". '[lie (;oodspeed River is a " .. JluOl sized system.mlch ""'uld probablv supply aufficient "ater (surface tlo" aione) for 11major enhancement facility. A grl1vity feed "ater supply could be devel­oped in the canyon area. The river Is accessible by logging roads through­out Itg length and hydrc po"er is available in the vlclnity. This system,however, Is subject to extre..e flo"s and heavy siltinl'; "hich may reduce itsenhancement potentIal. A. preliminary survey of the area above the barrierfalls indicates that a suitable coho habitat exists there. further studiesare neCeSSary to deter~lne the potential of the upstream area.

JI..s Cr"ek

.11.." Creel< (0.3 .3 /sec , July 26/77) drains a" area uf 12 k",2.....st for 4 kill, entering Kiaskino Inlet in Brooks !lay (fig. 3)

Stream type: Dropping abruptly from its source at 750 m, the upper 2 kmof Jims Creek are characterized by a rapid-fall stream form "ith a sub­atrat" largely of boulder and rubble. The gradient decreases in the lower2 km to approximately 0.5%. The pool-run stream form of this lo"er areacontatns extensive gravel deposits.

Obstructions: Windfalls throughout the stream length are consideredpassabie. Approximately 2 km upstream from the mouth, a rock fall preventsfurther pink and churn pauage. A second fall located in a canyon area J k..upstream blocks further coho passal';e.

Watershed dev~lopment: The Klaskino Inlet has supportcJ a hpavy commercialfishery prior to 1950 and, according to Fishery Officers reports, this hssresulted in the d"creased returns of pink and chum stocks. McMillanBloedel hold the timber licences in the "atershed; however, due to theinaccessibility of the system,logl';ing has been postponed indefinitely.

Fish~rles resource;

Mean annual s"lmon escap",...nts to Jims Creel<, 1963-77.

Cohor:h"..

oh Feur year" ,,"ly

Three years only,d Two years only

One year only

196J-67 1968-72

,,'3,375

1971-77

M"an annual spawning elm',,!! In Jims Creek, 1970-77.

"'00Chum

Stan---~ept.

Late Sept.

Peak

Hid-Late Oct,Hid Oct.

Early Nov.Early Nov.

Prior to 1964, pink sal.cn escapement varied fro. 50 to 100 fish; noescapement has been reported since 1964. Pinl< and chum salmon spawnlatgely In the lo~er rivet to the falls 2 km upstteam. Coho 9pawningiB confine,\ latgely to areas above the lo~er falls. Coh" juveniles~ere observed throullhout the surveyed area bele~ the second fall sandrearing potential appeared high. judging by the well pretected sidechannels.

Enhancement opportunIties, JIIDS Creel< would probably,,,,, supply sufficient~ater fnr a mRJor enhancement facility based on surface rlo~ alone. Thissysr~ is not accessible by road; boat access would be resttirted byadverse weather conditions and by the e~posed nature of Klaskino Inlet.Fisheries Offi~ers reports suggest that,based on available gravel, JimsCreek Is underutilized by pink and chum salmon.

Keith River

Location: Keitt' River (0.0and n""s soutb for 6.4 luD.the Pacific O<.ean (fig. ·1).

,II Isec, Julyentering the

227171) drains all area of 60 kmnorthern end of ~rOOl<8 Bay in

Suea.. type: !Juck Creek, ~ ...... jor trtb"tary,~nters kilh Creek appro~imately

2 kllI upstream of its mouth. The 10ll'er 3 km of Keith Ri.v"r and ~ km ofBuck Creek wer" survey~d in the 1977 reconnaissance. The lower sectionsof both systems are characterized by a lo~ ~tadlent (O.S!), meanderIngchannel and a pool-riffle stream form. Crave) depoaitB are abundantand rearing potential appears high, judging by the side channel developmentand in-stream and overhanging cover.

Obstructions:ss passable to

Windfall~ throughoutsallDOnids.

Keith River and Bu~k Creek are reported

Watetshed development' Prior to the extension of fishing boundaries andincrease in fisheries patrols, excessive commercial fishing in Brooks Baywas reported by fisheries Officers to have resulted in overexploitationand reduction in salllKln stocks. Logllln!! in the head"ater areas of BuckCreek t><.gan in 1975. MacDonald and Bay forest Products hold the timberlicences in the area while the O'COnnor Logging Company is contracted todo togging. Future plans include 101llling along Keith River, but theptoposal remains tentative pending approval by the Department of ftsheries.

Fisheries t~source,

Mean annual sal~n ~scap~ment to Keith River, 1963-77.

1963-67

• Three years only,Two years only

o One year only

197J-77---47S

b

38Sb

Mean annusl spawnlnS lu.ing in Keith River, 1970-76.

Start

Early-Mid Oct.Early Oct.

Peak

Mid-Late Oct.Late Oct.

End

~arly lio\".

Chum spawning is confined to the 10<rer 2 kIn of Buck Cr""k and) m of )(eithRiver. Coho spawn in the lo~r 6.5 km of Keith River and in the upstreamareas of Burk Creek. In the 1977 reconnaissance coho Juveniles wereobserved throughout the sutveyed area and rearing potential was consideredhigh, 1udging by the well protected side channels and lIldinste",.

Enhancemenl opportunities' This syatem "ould ptobably not supply suffldentwater for a majot enhancement facility,based on surfae" flow alone. Therevet is isolated and accessible only bv hoat .• logging road system llnkingPort Alice to ~ahatta (reek logging camp is proposed h~ 1990 and thiSwould ptovld~ access to Buck Creek. Fisheries Officers reports note thalKeith River system is underutllized since It is capable of supporting aApawnfng population of ,ilUrn many times the present ea~apement.

Klasklsh River

Lo~atlon: Klasklsh River (2 ,,3/sec , July 28/77) draIns an area of 45km and flows southwest for 15 km, entering Klaskish Inlet in BrooksRay (Fill. 3).

Strea" type: Klaskish River drops sbruptly from an elevation of 490 m atits source to less than 50 .. in the first 9 km. The lower 4.5 km have a~derate gradient (0.5-1%) and are charllcteri~ed by II pool-riffle streamform. This lower section has numerous side channels and containsabundant gravel deposits. The river is reported to be subject to very highwinter flows vhich scou, spawnlnll beds.

Obstructions: Appro~imat~ly 4.5 km upstream a 20 m cascading drop preventsfurther fish passage.

Watershed development: An excessive commercial fishery conducted in theKlaskiah Inlet hss been linked to the poor salmon returns to this river.Returns re..ain depressed foUowin;: an extension of the fhhing boundariestn 1958. The lo"",r 5 km of the Klsskish River "",re logged in 1966 an<lsecond l!rowth timber has stabilized this lower area. Additional 101\~in.o:

haa been proposed by Ray<>nter but, due to acce"a dHfj~"ltles, plana areindefinite.

Fisheries re~ource:

Mean annual salmon escdpemcnts to Klaskish River, 19~O_lh

Pink

1962-66 1967-71 1972-76----

"",,>

275bjJl~ m

'" '" 2 OOOa•

1960-64 1966-70 1972-76---,,, 2,750 "'",

;·1""" annual "p~wninll; timjn~ in Klaakish River, 1910-7b.

Stdrt Peak lnll~

Chi no'" Early AUH· Early 5el't-1..at" Oct, HId Nov,

""0 Early Sept. "',. "m Nov.Chum Early Sept. "',. "m Nov.

PInk Early Sept. Sept.-Mid "". U" "',

"

Steelhea<! have been periodically reported in this ayu_ .,Hh ...c.a~nt8of 400 Ush. Ch.. and pink apavnins is coneenented In tbe lover 4 lao....n. chinook, coho and ueelhead .p...., upstre_ to the l..,......bh fall 4.5 ...Ul'.tr~ of tbe _nth

I:nhanc-.>t oppoH_ttt•• , 'nle Unlt.ish Ri"",r ta " _e1h. ahed .yllt,.which could probably supply .Dfficient ..ater for " ..jOt enhanc~t f~illt)l.

to.aed <XI surt.". flow .1000s. There i. no mad ."ces. and plana are indefiniteracardina construction of logaing roads into tbe .yare.. 't.berl•• Officer.reports indicate that additional .pa...,ln& and re"tin, habitat .atats .boY.the ""'trier fall. ~W!r. the potential of this upper area Is unltnovn.

\(optlll<> River

Location: Kopdno RIver (l .3tHc , July 23/71) dratnsand flows In a southwest direction for 11 bo, enter tn.Quatdno Sound (Ftg_ 3)

an are.Koptinn

of 60 g2

Harbour in

Strea.. type: The Koprlon River ..as a"rveyed for 8ppro"i"""t.ly 4 kll upstrea..of ita mouth The riv.r meand.r. widely in thia lower ar••• lta moderategradient (It - 1.5t) reaultlng in runa with fr.quent well develop.d pools.Gravel is abundant throughout thl. ar..... The three lUJOr trlbue ...rl•• ta theI(oprlna River - the Kt!IOp.on, North and S1J.psan Creel•• are all acc:(!aalbleta fi.h In their lower .nd. and pravide patentlal rearina and .pawning sltea.

nbs truc:tions:are listed aa

Lapa••able barrier fall. on the matnat~.

follow.,and trlbuearl.a

I. a seri.5 of 6 • to 30. hiah vat.rf...lla. 6 t. up.tr..... on Koprlno R1~r;

2. an 8. high vat.rfall gn "-Peon Creek. 300. upatr•• of itl "onfluen"evith the ..lnat_;

3. a fall on North Creel, 3.5 t. upatrea. of Ita "onfluea"e;4. a 25 • high wat.rf.ll on SL.paon Cre.l, 2.4 t. upetr... of It. "onfluen"••

\IIt....hed d.~lop-:nt: Ii U.h unnery loc...ted In KoprlflO Harbour ""at ofthe Inprlno River ....th vaa .band....ed In the l t. 19)0'". The l ...... r KoprlnoI.hoer v..... IOBged In ehe 1920'.. In 1977 by 1er c:ooopleted a road tr..Holberg to the I..-r koprlno l.1~r. It is tid... ted tluo~ the .... t ....hedvii t be logged over a 45 year period itb bout 210 000. of t£.berbarveated annu...lly. La"tnl plana r in [entative aubJece to the Depare..eotof Plaherte. approval.

Mean annu...l .... Loon ••"a~nt. to InpTlno River, 1960-17.

CohoChm.

1963-61..,"0

1968-71

'"2 ,200

191)-77

225a

m

1900-04 1966-70 1972-76

Pink (even year) 9, HJ 17,000 3,733

• Four years only

Mean annual spawning timing ,. Ropdno River, 1970-77.

Stan Peak ""---"'," em vet. Nov. Nov.

"'= Early Ikt. "" "" > Ear Iy Nov.PInk Earl}' ~ept. Mid-Late Sept. "" ~,>

Both resIdent cutthroar and Dolly Varden trout are preaent in this system.Pink and chum spawn in the lIainstem river up to 5 kll upstream. Coho havebeen observed lO the barrIer ralls" km upstream and in all tributariesup to the impassable obstru~tions. North Creek, in particulsr, appearsto be heavily utilized by coho.

Enhance_nt opportunities: 'nle Koptino RIvet is a modetate sized systemwhich probsbly ~ould not supply sufficient surface water for a majorenhancement facility. However, falls located on the mafnstem and tribu­tarie~ ~an provide the ne~essary gradient for a gravity reed water supply.

Kwatleo Creek

Location, Kwatleo Creek (1 113/sec, July 15/77) drains"nd Hows south for 7 km, entering Browning Inlet nearForward Inlet and Quatsino Sound (Fig. 3).

,an area of 17 kmthe junellon of

Stream tyPe: Rwatleo Creek flows for most of its length through a lowlying area. Several major swamps drain into the creek and impart" tea­coloured appearance to the water. A pool-tiffle stream form generallycharacterizes this creek. Extensive gravel deposits in the middle andupper reaches .;an provide 1mportant apawning aites. Approxi...ately I kmupstream of the mouth the ~reek forks and both the easl and west branchesdrain large swamps.

ObstruClion~. No major ~Lstructions aTe repotted but numerous w1ndfallsand debris jfrm~ are found throughout the system.

Watershed development' Logging began in the watershed j" 1970. ~ore

Logging Company. sub-contractots for Rayonier Ltd., have logged the easterodrainage of the rreek. There are plans to leg the western drainagebeginning in 197Q.

"

Fisheries r~sourCe:

Mean annual salmon escapements " Kwstleo Creel<, 1960-77.

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

Coho I ,981 30' 450Om. 3,/'50 2,305 500

1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

Pink (even year) 900 29,332 1,800.... annual spawning timing ,. K..stleo Creek, 1970-77.

Start Peak End

"", ~,. 'm Oct.-Mid Nov. Late Nov.Om. Sept. Hid-Late Oct. Mid Nov.Pink Mid-Sept. Late Sept. '" ""LKwatleo is a relatively stable system which provides excellent spawningand rearing habitat. Chum and pink spawning is confined largely to thelower 3 km; however, pInks have been observed spawning to 6.5 km upstreamof the mouth Coho spa"", throu~hout the system. and have been observed inheadwater areas of both forks. Recent reports suggest that the west fork1$ the ma10r coho producer.

Enhancement upportunities: Kwatleo Creek Is accessible in its upperreaches by logging road from Winter Harbour. Stream tlow does not appearsufficient for a ~jor enhancement facility and the low gradient of thecreek limits the possible use of gravity feed Incubation boxes. Thepotentially highly acidic bog waters which drain into the creek ma~e

seriously reducing water quality In this system.

Maclac1< River

Locat~on:

99 klI and(l'ig. 3).

~c.lack River Is a Moderate sized ayste.. which drains an area offlowa west for 32 km, entering Raft Cove in the Pacific ~ean

Stream type: The lower reaches of the 1'lacja,,-k River are characterized bya low gradient (0.5%), regularly meandering channel. The flow is sluggishlind water turbid froll vegetative seepage. Ronning Creek, a ..ajortributary, enters the Macjack River 5 kin upstream of the outlet. Approx­iMately 11 km upstream the river enters a canyon area. Above this areathe river forks snd is joined by a number of tributaries. This upstreamsection has a moderate gradient (1%) and a riffle-pool stream form.

'~ua~~3u~qu~ qSl} ~O} A1ITlqslins s~1 ~ul~~lap O~ P~21\~U~

3q PTnotts ~~l'''\' ~""lll '13"{"~W "4' '"8"d",,s ""ll"'''S"" o~ "f\(] '"a~" s141}O T"P"",Od "'P ""l""''''''P 01 p"~lnba~ "~,, S"fP"lS .."qUll" p"" ,"'lq"'l8Ul'....."d8 pUS S",.."".. "Tq"nn8 ~pp.o..d UOn3"",sqo "q~ "iI.Oqll S""l" "'U

'A,ddns ""'''~ P"'" AllA,,~8 " 8uJP1"0..d }O "Tq"dv" "q A"~ ~vd",sdn W'I TT IT~j

"lq"ss"d~, "'U "P"'J~Jl vJ s"4"""~ ""ACT Sll 01 SS"""V "Sl"ql"R mol} sp"""8u,8801 Aq s~q""~" ~"..~sdn s~, Uf "14'S8"""" ~l ~"", .. "'U -A~'l,,,eJ lU~

_"3US4U~ ~Of~ " "OJ ..,,~~~ ",,,,~IlS ~U"13J,}OS SUJATddns JO "Iq~d"" s ..""ddll'pJ"" """SAS P"ZlS ~IlJP"'" " SJ l""JlI "I3"{3"W "'ll 'S"Plunlloddo lu"~",,,equa

'II". "lqllSS"d~, "41 01P3A.l3SqO uaaq """4 oqo" "TI"" '~'1 ( la~o, "4' ul 8uJ~sds p3"l3SqO U33q a,,~

UIlllJ;) 'SUJ14lj:rs 4sH ~p~dtll:r A1IPJq..O~ In''''' 4S'4 pu" s"4"""" ""Ap ~""oT

"4' JO A1JTlqJSS""""UI "41 "TIV} "TqvssvdtllJ "4~ "A~" s"~..,, U, p"dd"l~

_~oUUltll "lal'l ,no", "lJ""An{ pue saq"s"l l"~Ol 341 UJ lju~ISu" Aq ~4Snel

"l"~ '00", ~"0"4n"" '''''UllSS'llUUO''''l Ll61 "lp llupna 'l961 Ul lU","~d""s"

P"pl01~" lS"1 "ql 4n~ ~a~sAS S'41 IIJ pn.. od~.. u""'l 0"1" "A"'I "A"'100S

"AO!! AP"l"AON ",.,.,

po,

.''''"F'Q-'ld"S

'1""d

"PO All"'il"ld"f; Al""3

U"'S

""'4:J°40'l

'LL-Ol61 '~"AJlI "I3Sr3eW ul SUltllJ~ 8Ul~"ds l""uu" US~

AIUU S;U"A ""..~AtUO s~"aA o~ "

AT"O ~e~A "llQ ~

~oU'Iun

qrlll

LL-U6T

-s00lJO~~

U-B96T

",",O"'1un

" ~~Q

L9-r961

-"0"'"

'/I-r961 '~"Alij "I""~""k o~ G1U"w"rls3sa SUI"""ds [enuus ue~w

:",.. nOS"l S"l;"~SIJ

'OB61 TJlun pa4s;",u", "4l ul 8uJSSo\ ;"~~ln} ~01

11"" GUSTd SUJSS01 "4.now "~l ,0 m"";lsdll ~'1 ~"9 ATalum~~o~dd~ ~3er""W

~,,"sulem a41 BUIBSOI sl l"JUOA"E 'lu"s,,;d lV "S,O~61 ,,~~ uJ us834paqs..als", ,,~~ JO se3~S ;a~"~p"s"4 "ql ul SUISB01 :~uaWdoT""~P p,,~s~als~

""4~;nJ s~u"A"~d ms"..~sdn W'I 11 AT~lsm;xo.. dd" Il"} "130;o~ alqsssed a~" sa~"sa~ """"'1 al\~ ln04S00~4~ sIT"JPUJI'\

"

'allvss~d 'iSl}It "Spl"o"'les:suop 3n..~s'IO

Mahatta Creek

Location: Mahana Creek drains an area of 130 km2 and flows north for30.5 km, entering Koskimo Bay in QuatBino Sound (Fig. 3).

Stream type: From its source at O'Connell Lake, the lo.... r Mahatta CreekflO\ls for 18 km before enrering Quatsino Sound. The lower 3 km form anentrenched channel that flows thtough a natrow, confining valley. Atseveral locations steep rock walls have constricted the channel resultingin falls and chutes. Further upstrea"" the valley widens slightly and thechannel is mote meandering. The North Mahatta, a major tributary, entersthe malnstem approxi.mately 10 km upstream. The upper Mahatta enters O'ConnelllAke at its extreme southern end. The upper Mahatta has moderate gradientand forms a meandering channel characterized by pool-rtffle development andexcellent gravel deposits.

Obstructions: A small rock fall 1 km upstream and a log jam 5 km upstreamof the creek mouth impede fish paasage at low water conditions. A rockfallon the upper Mahatta Creek, 4 km upstream of its outlet, preventsfurther fish passage.

Watershed develop....nt: The Quatsino Cannery, locsted on Koskimo BayapproxLnately 1.5 km west of the Mahatta Creek mouth, waS abandoned in thelate 30's. Logging began in the Mahatta Creek watershed in the mid-50's.At present, virtually the entire watershed, except for sections near thecreek mouth, has been logged. Rayonier, the major logging company, hasestablished a permanent logging camp in the adjacent valley to the eastof Mahatta Creek.

Fisheries resource:

Mean annual salmon escapements to the Mahatta River, 1.960-77.

"',.ChumSockeye

Pink (even year)

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

6,080b 2,210 1,000

'" 17Sc

120a

1,630 '"' '"1960-64 1966-70 1972-76

750c 3,762b 2.000c

•b Three years onlyTwo years only,One year only

50

""'-an annual "v"wnlng t1.".ng in Mahar'8 River, 1970-77.

Stan Peak '"'---"'," Early Sept. """ Mid Nov."m" Early OCt.

~" """ Early Nov.Pink Mid Sept.

~'" Sept < '" "",.Sockeye July ~,. "", . Nov.

In addttion to the ahove 6pecies, the Mahatta Creek supports wintersteelhead which are angled in late OCtober and November. Ch~ and pinkspawning [s confined largely to the are downstream of th~ lower fall,1 km upstream of the mouth.. However, when water conditions allo.. passageover the fall. these speetes have been observed up to 5 km above themouth.. Coho and ateelhead spawn throughout the ayatem utilizing thenumerous 31M11 feeder "Creams entering O'Connell l.ake, the North MahansCreek and the upper Malians Creek. Sockeye spawn in the upper MahattaCreek to the battler fall <l1\d alao along the shore of O'Connell Lake.

The Mahatta Creek system is extenaive and provides exeeilent apawning andrearing habitat. particularly in the head"atet and 9II1all feeder atreamareaa. However, logging activitiea have contributed to unstable flo"s andhigh turbidities. Low summer flows and high stream temperatures have beenr~ported previously.

Enhancement ~pportunities. Mahatta Creek is a medium al~~d aystem "hichwould probably supply sufficient surface "a tel' for a maJu, enhancementfacility. The strea", Is Isolated but acceaaible by boat to Mahatta Riverlogging camp where logging roada provide acceas throughout the ~yate",.

Gradient on the lower river appeara adequate to develop a gravity feedwater aupply. However, Mahatta Creek is apparently aubject to extre_flows and heavy silting which may reduce lta enhancement potential.

Marble River

Locati2n: Marble River.512 km and flo"a for 40of lakes into Varney BayQuato1no Sound (Fig. 3).1925-71. record~d at the

the largeat system in Area 27, drains an are" ofkm in a northwesterly direction through a seriesat the junction of Rupert and

3Holberg Inlets in

Mpan monthly discharges in m laec for the periodoutlet of Alice Lake (Water Sur""y of Canada) were:

J,,,,. Feb. 'l8.r Apr. i1av J"ne July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

49 ',.', 32 19 13 20 53 61 84

Stre"m~ /\arbie River Jraina the north and weat SlOPCH of Merry Widowmountain and flu"s into VI lorla and Benson Lakes2via the upper Marble andRa81ng Rivers lespe~tlvely. Victoria Lake (1.6 ~ ) conne~ts with AliceLak" by the Li,,~ River, a Bieep gradient tributary. The Benson River

syste.. drains Benson and Kathleen Lakes lind enters the extre"", sourhernend of Alice Lake. This syste. contains abundant gra~el and would provideiJlportant spawning dtes for "-oho. Allc.e Lake (11 kID ) is drained by thelower Harble River which flows through interaittent canyon se,,-tions.Barnett Creek, 8 small tributsry, enters the ..ainstem in this area.

Obstructions:River and its

Several asjor ohatru"-tions exist on the mainste. Marbletributsries and are listed below:

1. Twio ralls are two fall" in clo"e "uccesaion, each with a verticaldrop of 2 ., located on the lower Harble River approxi.... tely 3 ItIIupatream of the mouth. These falls .ark the upstream limIt of pinkand chum salROll and under high water conditions impede "-oho, "-hinook,sockeye and steelllead a"-cess. Recent Fisheries Officers reportsindicste tllst access past Twin Falls has ~proved.

2. Bear ralls are lorated On the lower Marble River ~ kID upstream of theoutlet. The falls with a vertical drop of 3.5 m, are divided intoseveral channels and passage is severely iapeded at low water.

3. Lake Outlet 'aIls are located approximately 350 .. downstrea. of theAli"-e Lake outlet and consist of a series of falls with a totalvertical drop of 12 • in a horizontal distance of 200 m. Fish accessvia channels sround the main falls is feaSible at intermediate flows.

4. Upper Marble River Falls, located at the Victoria Lake outlet, consistof a series of falls with a Il8xillUll vertical drop of 10 .. and areimpassable to fish.

5. Benson River ralls are located approximately 1.5 kID upstream on theBenson River from Alice Lake and consist of s 2 m vertical drop.The fslls are passable tn coho and steelhead at moderate waterconditions. Above these fall, the Benson River is passable to nearits headwaters. A fall at the outlet of Maynard Lake prevents fishpassage into a IlSjor tributary, the Raging River.

Watershed development: The Marble River ..atershed has undergone extensiveindustrial development. The Alice Lak~ area ..as heavily logged by Rayonierand ""'Millan Bloedel Ltd. in the aid 1940's. The Victotia Lake drainage..as extensively logged ptior to the aid sixties. The aiddle and upperllenson and upper Marbl" Rivers aTe pteaently being logged by McMillanBloedel Ltd. The lo.... r Karble River, except for sasll private holdings,has not been logged and there are planl to asintain this area as arecreational site.

Numerous mining ventureH have operated in the watershed, principallyin the Benson River area. In 1959, ..aste from Mannix Iron Mines wasreported entering the Benson River. Th" tailings frDll Coainco's BensonLake copper operstion .... re dumped into BensOR Lake until its closure in1972. Water, for this operation, "as stored in Maynsrd Lake and usedfor power generation. The facility closed with the aining operationa.

A largeaystem.

number of water licences have been granted in the ~arble RiverRsyonier Ltd. was licensed to divert up to 9.9 m3'sec and store

") ) ,

1.8 ~ x 10 • In Victoria Lake; l,g. /aee haa heen diverted tu [heltoperat~Oft At Po.t Alice au ~rout.a. Inlet. Utah Klft41 divert. 0.9. I ..~fr_ the outlet of Aliee l.ake to lU60F1ratl""" <>D Rupert Inlet. lhe aineal-o hal • licence to .tore 1.4 x 10 • on Allee t.ke. Utah Kines,an open pit _Ine, I, .Ituat~d on the north ahore of Rupert Inlet. approx­~tely 6.$ ka north of the Marble River .auth (Pig_ )). Dl.ch.~ {t_tailing Rettllng ponds and vaata du.plnSI entering the Inlet fr_ the.1nlng operation hIve caused phy.I",l and biological chan". In the Inlet.The iapact of the... changea on .,l.cnlda t, unci...... and require. furtherstudies.

Fisheries resource,

liesn annual .,1""", ...cap"""'n[ to Iolarbl. River. 1963-71.

: Four y onlvThree yea only

19&3-67

8008.9S0

HU'm

1968-72

'008.000

820b,,,

197)-77

.. 10~.JOO

1.40520'

Mean annual lpawnlng r"ln~ in !'larble R.!yer, 1916-17.

Stan Puk ~,

Chinook Mid~Sepl , Late Oct.-Nov. .... t .. De,.Coho Mid~Sept , Kid OCt.-Nov. !lov,~Ja"

Chum IUd-Oct. Late OCt. -Nov. Late NovSockeye Euly ~ept Sept.-OCt. Sept.-oct

A ~li ~teelh..aJ eacapement ia reported to thia ayate~. riaherlea Officerahave reported up to 1500 flah in prey!oua yeara, but recent surveys by theFlah ..."d IUldlHe Sranch indicate thet runa lilly oot exceed 100 fish. Iteppeera that the ..jotity of ateelhead are a~r runa which enter tberiver £r_ July to Sept"""r. A _ll wloter popuhtl... whlc.h spa""l1 lnthe lower ayne. fa .1110 reported.

o.u. "1'".... in tbe 10"'!'r 'l.!.rbl" U_r bel.... l'Vt.n Pall. aDd 111 th.. &arnettCreek tributary. Piolul are " ...flll"d '0 tM lover !larble bel.... 'lVin F.n•.Ol1oook sp."" In the lover ltJorble l.1ver up to tM Lake Outlet ralls.S«keye .pavn I" the fk,naon River juat .bove Ali"e Lake and In the upperi'tlIrbI" Iliy"r Vlrh _ poSSibility of be."h apa_"" in Ailee L.k,,_ Coho"P."" In all .,,,easlbI,, porti"". of lh. ay.te. Inclodins the Sen",," River.ySt.... ,.nd the lower Link Riyer

Enhancement oppurtunlties: ~ Marbl. River Is "apable of aupplylnl auff­l"fent aurfa"e water for a aajor enhance.ent facility. Nuaeroua ro ...dsprovtde ac"ese Into the Marble River watershed and a ~Jnr highway,connecting Port Alice to Port Mardy, "rosaea the Marble River at the AliceLake outlet. Mydro power is located in the vicinity.

A ~oho, ~hinook and ateelhead hat~hery has been propo~d for the M.rbleRiver. It la pl~ned to Incubate egga 10 Heath traya aod aub~quently

rear fry 10 ponda to rel ..se al&e. The produ~tion oblectlvea are toIncrea.e the ~oho, chinook and ateelhead populationa by 100,000, SO,OOOsod 2,>00 adulta respectively.

Colooiz.stloo. of loacl;:.aaible lak.ea with I;:abo fry appean to ha". appltl;:ationin the M.rble lli .... r a"ate.. Vil;:torla _d MayT1ard Lakea an both lo.a~l;:ess­

ibl. and provide potent1al nuraery ateaa for coho. Further studiea arerequired to deteralne the auitability of this type of enhenc..-nt.

Soebeye returns to tlW Marble a,..tell are lOW". further atudlea are oe~eaaary

to deteraine the ll~tationa 00 eo~keye prod~tion and the potential forenhan~...nt of atock.a through Lake fertilization.

l.o~ation:

and flows

San Jnaer Il1ver ,Jnaef RIver (2 • lae~,

for 42 k. entering San

,July 20/77) drains an area of 121 kmJosef Bay in the Pacific ~e.n (fig. 3).

Strea. tyPe: The lo_r San Jon.f River ia tidal for 1 km upatream andfon-s a meandering channel ..hich flows sluggishly through a lowlyiogundulating terrain. Vegetative seepage entering the channel in thislower area baa h,psrted a tea .::oloured appear"".::.. to the ..ater. Approx-i...tely 17 ItfIl upatre... the river forks and i" joined by .everal tributaries.n... gradient in~rease. In theae upatr... atea....d the Rtre.. fo .... la largelypool-riffle. Crave I In this river aection can provide apawnlng aitea.

Obattu~tions: No ob.tructiona .re reported 00 thiS ayst...

Watershed d.....elop.ent: n... Ssn Josef watershed ..as heavily lOMed In the1940'a by llayoftier and M.c~lll_ lloedel and pl~s call for additionalloggiog in the headwater area. in 1978. The l ..... r 6 las of the tber are.a.... ted in tbe Cape Scon Provincial !'ark and r_In unlossed. A reforest­atioo prog._ w" undertaken ttl the logged are.. of the vatershed In the196O'a. Fisheriea Officers reporta have sp~ulated that e~~e.. iYe ca.­_rcLa] fishing In San Josef as,. is re.sponll1ble for declining ..1_ runs.

fisheries resOtlr~e:

"'''''"'~Chinook

1963-67 1968-72 1973-77

1 ,410

"

Meau annual spawning tim.lll~ In San JoseI' River, 1970-}/,

CoIIOChulll

~tart

Early Sept.Early Sept.

Peak

End Nov.End Nov.

The turbid waters make observations of spawning adults diffitult. Chumspawn in the lower 3 km while toho have been observed throughout the system.The upstream areas appear to prOVide an excellent coho rearing habitat.

Enhancemen~-2pportunities; The San Josef River is " medium aized systemwhich would probably supply sufficient water for" major enhancelllcntfadlity. The system is s"cesstble by road virtually throughout itslength except for the lower 6 km which are aituated in Cape ScottProvincial Park. Gradient fs low throu~hout the system and a gravityfeed water supply seems "nl ikely. Hydro power is available in Holberg.Watel' quality, particularl" in tbe lower parts of the aY8te,. wherevegetative seepage enters {he river, may be unsuitable for enhancementpurposes.

Washlawlls Creek

Lu~at~on: Washlawl1s Creek (0.1, a,J/sec, August 22/77) drains "u area of24 km and flo ...s in a southwesterly direction for 6.5 km. entering RupertInlet in Quatsino Sound (Fig. 3).

Stream type: Washlawlis Creek arises entirely in a lowland swampy area.It forms a meandering channel bordered by dense alder and hemlo~k, andempties [nt~ a 8l1lal1 salt ...ater lagoon. The lower 3 km of this creek havea riffle-run fort'll and contai.n good deposits of gravel. Further upstreamthe gradient decreases and the stream flow is sluggish. Roughly 5 kmupstream the creek enters a swampy area where the channel Is not consol­Idated. Seepage from the hordering swamps has imparted a tea-colouredappearance to the ...ater.

Obstructions, Beaver dams, windfalls, and log jams occur throughout thesystem but apparently all are passable to salmonids.

'..aterahed development: The entire ""tershed was logged by 19l10's andsubsequently has been replaced by secondary gro...tb Iihieh provides a atablcforeat cover. The only road accesa is a gravelled road from POtt Alleewhich ~roSaes the lagoon area of Washla...lis Creek. Concern has beenexpressed over the potential effects on the Washla...lis Creek fish stocksof an open pit copper mine located on Rupert Inlet. However, th.. effectof the mine on salmon Ids r ..mains unclear and requires further study.

fIsheries resource' The turbidity of the ...ater bas restricted flahsi'lhtings. Escapement esti_tes of 2,500 chum and 7,500 coho have been

reported p.lo~ to 19&0. lecently. esca~t. for both .petle. have notu"eeded 100 fl.h. o.u. .p...... over the lower 3 b or thoR "ree". ""'He "obohe"" been reported sp.""ln. up to 5 b .bove tbe est.... ry. An aerhl su"eyof the upper river In 1911 Indi".ted that habitat there il suit.ble foreobo rear1ng

Enban"eant opport... ttiel' \Ia.hl.vlla Cree" la • _11 .Ylt_ whicb isacee88ibl. at III lover end only. Surf."e flow .pppearl Inad~.... te for a_jar enba""....... t fa<:ll1t.,. Potentially highly addi" ....etathe _epageenterins lhoR cree" ..., ~edoce vater q....lit., in thia Iy.tea.

w.uk....... t:reek--- ,l.olation,~ wau....aa. C~...'k (0.2. /.e", August 22/17) drain. a tot.l areaof 1~0 ka and flow. nurthwest for 16 ka. entering Rupert Inlet in QuatsinoSound (Hg. i)

Stre~ type: Waukwsas t:reck II an extensive system which tarNs a ..snderlngchannel through" 10.,\,lnd .wallpy area for approxllllntely 10 ktll up.tream ofthe !IOuth. Above chle area the terrain becomes !IOr~ lIOuncalnoul and che~hannel forks and 18 joined by .everal cributaries. The lower ares ischaracterized by a riffle-run fOrN and contain8 extenaive srlvel depoaits,while the upper seet Ion he. a steeper gradient and I rlpld-dffle develop­ment. Relring areal in the lower reaches are well protected by in-streamdebrll and undercut banka. further up.tre__,the incr~lled Itre.. gradientreaultl in rearing habitat .are auitable to trout. S11ght to .aderateero.ion of ban"l and .iltlng of .treaabed 1a reported for th1a ay.tell.

Ob.truetlona, A 1.5 • hilb roe" f.ll. 1 Ir.a upstre.. of (he .stuary, restrictsfiah palsag.. Bl••tln. wor" undert.ken io 1968 and 19ain 1913 to alleviatethe obatruction ba. not .ubatantially l.aproved acc••s. At pre.."t, tbe fallfO~1 a partial bloc" to plnlr.a and coho.

Watershed develor-nt: The l.-r 10 b of the "r_1< vert loUed by 19~5.

LouiDf; a~ this paiM besall In tbe 60's and at pre_ot acti"", IllgginSis coodueted in tbe headwater area. of tbe trfbullrl.... Conc..rn has beene"Prelsed o..er d,e pountl&1 eHeer. on Waukwaaa fiah stocks of an openpit "opper .tae loc:.ued (M'\ bpe.rt inlet. HOUO!ver. tbe eHe.-n of tbe .ineOft sal....idl are unel..r and require further Itudy.

Hean annual a.I.nn ..a".,...nts to Waukwaaa River. 1960-77.

1963-67 196R-72

2,590

'"

1913-17

1,6924'"

1960-&4 1966-70 1972-n- -.'{nk (even yecr) 1, J50 25,833 11,333

"'00 annual spawning timing '0 Waukwaas Creek, 1970-77 •

Stan Peak fud

""" Mid-SepL. -Oct. Late Oct. Nov. -Jan."'0. Mid OCt em Oct. Mid Nov.Pink Sept. "m Sept. <kL

Chum spawn uv toJ 5 km upstream "f the estuary, >lhile pinks have been observedup to the obstruction, 7 km upstream. Coho and steelhead, which ascend thefalls, spawn throughout the "pper system. Resring coho ar" >lell distrib­uted throughout the creek an,l, ln the 1917 reconnahsance study, cohojuvenites wer., trapped up to 14 km "pstre"m of the estuary.

Enhancement opportunities; Waukwaas Creek i" a small synem which does notprovtde sufficient surface water for a major enhancement facility. Theaystem is accessible by road and hydro power is available In the vicinity.A potential gravity feed wster supply may be feasible at the falls 7 kmupatream.

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

fh" available baseline phy~i,",.1 and hiologb-al data on str.,""'S I" thenorthern west Loast of Vanu",ver Ialand are largely {nadequale fur identifying;>otenUal enhanLement opportunttiea. The reconnaissance undertaken in 19ron major salmonid atreams In Area 26 and 27 provides additional baselinephysical data which allow a preliminary assessment of enhancement oppor­tunities In tll" study area. The results of the survey are discussed belo...

STREAM TYPE

Streams in the study area are influenced largely by topog,aphy and can be broadlyclassifie~ into two distin~r srream types - the steep gradi~nt and the low~radient streams. Those stresms originating in the mountainous terrain,charact~riattc of Area 26 and southern parta of Area 27, have ateep gradIentand In their uppcr areas are generallY fast flOWing in cnnfln~d ,-hannels;"id~ channels a .." lacking and the streams are accessible [0 flsh for onlyshort distances (I<"uaily l<"ss than 10 m upatream). Due to steep sur-r""nding terrain "nd laclt of reservoir hltea, these stream~ are suscepUbleto flooding and ,Iramatlc Increases in flow. Periods of high ~urbld1ty 3refreq"..ntlv oh,,~rved followi"g heavy rains. Obstructions ,,~cur in most ofthese river systems but gen~rally little or ne additional ,.,aring or spawntngarea exists above the obstruction.

In contrast, those strem.s arising in the lowland plateau area in thenorthern parts of Area 27 generally have a low gradient and a widelymeandering channel. In the lower reaches of .any of these streams, flowis sluggish and the stream form slough-like. Spawning sites are usuallyconfined to the middle and upper reachea of these syStems. Severalstreama in the area flow through bogs where vegetative leachate enteringthe streams has imparted a tea-coloured appearance to the water. Severalrivers have ~ut deep rock canyons through lower terraces forming impassableobstructions sbove which additional spawning and rearlng areas are present.

INDUSTRIAL IMPACT

Logging is the dominant industry in both Areas 26 and 27. Logging has beenparticularly severe in Area 27. Although logging has heen extensive inArea 26, it Is confined there largely to tributarie~ ~nd headwater areas.Previous studies documenting the effects of logging on streams have reportedincreased stream temperatures, sedimentatIon and decreased dissolved oxygen(Hall & Lantz, 1968). These changes can have serious detrimental effectson salmonid populations. Logging activities in the study area have in someinstances been linked to declines in salmon returns.

An open pit copper mIne and a pulp mIll, located respectively in Rupertand Neroutsos Inlets in Area 27, have resulted in physical changes in theinlets. These activities may have degraded juvenile salmonid rearingareas, and the survival of future enhanced stocks from Oustsino Sound maybe adversely affected by the reduction in suitable rearIng areaa. Furtherstudiea are required tn determine the effect" of thio deterIorated habItaton rearing populations of enhanced salmonlds.

FACTORS AFFECTING ESCAPEMENT SIZE

Escapement trends show s similar pattern of abundance for chum salmon inthe tWO study areaS. This suggests that a cOlllllK>n .,echani"m is regulatingadult returns. Wickett (1958), in an analysis of factors affecting thechum stocks of Vancouver Island, found that during the period 1926-38stock size varied Inversely with November river discharge; however,foliowing excessive floods In the early forties, stock size varied dIrectlywith the number of spawners. More recent studies (Wickett. in prep) hsveconcluded that the size of chum stocks on the west coast of VancouverIsland Is affected larKely by the level of escapement and by the sbsenceof exce"sive rainfall from November to March after the ~gg" sre deposited.

SPAWNING TIMING

Salmon spawning ttming 1n Areas 26 and 27 indicates that differencesin peak spawning tillles for the "ame species are limited and that someoverlap exIsts among the different specIes. Coho timing coincides to acertain extent with that of chum timing. Coho timin8 and escapementsare diffIcult to estimate due to the more extensive and delayed ti"'ing ofthe runs and the general inaccessibUity of the spawning areas. Chinookalso show extensive overlaps in spawning ttming and pesk spawning withpink sal"'on and to a lesser extent with chum and coho

"ENHANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

....han~..""'nt upportunitles "' ehe study aC~& are ""parae"" tUlo Ulr""..... :lor categories: (1) c"lonl~atf<:>n. (2) natural stre/ill ,"",rovement,and (3) "ttiflc!al propagation. Enhancement opportunltt.." are deter­mined primarily by stream character, estimated surface vater flow andland """lIability. Other fa~tots such as water quality, slz~ ofbrood nock,harvest potentIal and stock interactIon will be discussedlater. The site feasibility criteria for each river syarem ate summarizedin Tables 6 and 7.

Colonization

The transplanting of fish into InacLesstbl" barren aredS appears to havesome potential tn Area 21 but has limited opportunity In Area 26. Therelative shortness of Area 26 streams suitable for fish, itmita the~otential benefits of ~olonizlng such aress through obstru~tlon removaland/or trans~lantlng of fish. However, the Tahslah River and ClanninickCreek ha"" an "ddltional II, kll and J knI res~ectively of r"aring ands~awning area above Impassable obstru~tlons. further Investigations arerequired to dete...ine the potential for colonizing these two upstrea.. areas.

Several colonization o~portllnlties in Area 27 have been identified, Theseinclude the Macjack, Goodspeed and Ko~rino Rivers which have cut steeprock canyons through lower terraces resulting in impassable obstructions,Preliminary surveys indicate that seve tal kllometerB of potential spawningand rearing are~ ~xist above each of these obstructions. Pue to the sizeof these barriers, their re~val or modification to fa~ilitate fish paBsag~

does not se... practIcal. However, the introduction of adults, fry or eyes..gga into inaccessible ateas, may substantially increase "dult returns tothese systems. This technique has been tried ..,ith 1i"ited su~cess intransplants from Big Qualicu" hatchery to atreams on the east coast ofVancouver hland (Fraser et aI, in prep). Other aimUar transplants,Bovever, have prnven successful; for ex~ple, the introduction of steel­head fry abov" an obstrnction on the O'C<lnner Creek located Oil thenorthern Vancouver Ialand (P. Slaney, peril. tOllllll.). and the introductionof coho fry into WOodhus and Bevan Creeks, both 00 Vancouver Island(D. Marshall, pers. eomm.). It is spparent that If substantial gains areto be made with ~ran ..plants, careful conside~ation ~ill have to be given'0 the spleetion of donor 8rocka, their Interaetion ..,ith tesident species~d the tilling of transplants.

[n Area ??, upp"rtunities ,""V exist to use Inaccessible lakea as cohofr~-tu smo]t stage nursery ,reas. ralls located near the "utlets or'JlctOrla and Maynard Lakes n" the Marble River system are ll11pass••blel" fish. Vp( these lakes mav provide potential rearing lIites, if planted..,ith coho fr~, a"d thiS mav ..lIrkpdly IncreSlle coho SIIlOlt produetion Inthe Marble River system. However, care must be taken agaln~t the[ndiscrl..inate planting of fry frOG a single hatchery stock into lakesover a broad gpographlc area and the fry Bource for any potential lake~st origfn9t~ from nearby anadromous stocks.

hole 6 S"""",rv of elllmn<'£'D<'nt c~~teri .. ror ~urvn<' r1~'r- I" Are... 26.

Stream Water quantltv \Jater b Waterghed IIroodc Road Hydro Ene of Hahand Q"al1tvD. gupply development atocl<. acceaa ,I<"'er harveatino;

>Artl1ah R. 2 .. -/ae< ~lJIIIp/lonli logllinll-heaowaters ':;'-,h" 0" 0" !lood

pipeline =2,O1ami .... Cr. 0.' III)/aec pump/long exteng1ve logging Chum M 0" '"'"'pipeline thr'-'Ullhout

Clanninick Cr. , ...l/sec gravirv logginll-upper "'= M 0" goodwaterahed only Coho

Kaouk R. 4 III)/sec pump-lower extenaive logg1ng Chinook ". 0" ."",silting reache.. thTOUghout Coho,

•Kashutl •• , III /aec gravity loltR1ng began "'= M 0" ."", •1n 1977

Kauwinch R. , mJ/sec gravi tY-Cllnyon logged 1968-72 Chum M M ."",

..ection? Coho,Malksooe R. 0.6 ,. 'sec pump-lower extensively "'= M 0" poor

unstahle flowa reaches lOllged

Nasparti •• llll3/ sec gTavity-above "nlogged 0" 0" poorcanyon

Ouou1<tnsh R. 0.2 ..3'gec unkno,", unlogged "'= 0" 0" poor

Power R. 0.' mJ'aec gravity-from. logged upper river: M 0" 'M'lake 10gg 1nll lo",er river, 0"'Tah.. 19h R. J m 'alOe gravity logged upper water· Chinook yea. '0 M good

shed only """ upperChu.. sectiona

labl.

1 1.ee te",1. f"T

OT gT.ater • T gravity feel)

c Brood stock list speele. wnnse eseaoe.ent ~111 ~t the brood stock requirements of a .edi~ sized faellity.Eac.pe-enta were averaged for perIod 1973-77 snd this figure compared with the proposed Chilliwack Hatcherybrnod stock Tequlrem.ents which are lhted all follow~_ with figur,u In brackeu "r"dletlng adult .."t'HlIS' c~"n

2_0_000.000), ehino"k I}) (IO.orIO). aDd .hUll ,650 \~<_."OO;

J Ease of fbh h"rv"sUnll r"f"u to 10eatlo1l of Btn"", outl"t and ttle eaBe "f f_...tI~ng enhanced stock. raturnlnll tothiitraam. t,,, "poor" If outlet area IS poorly sh"lt"red (open to PaelHr Ocean). HahlnR restricted; "good"if outlet area 18 wll proteet"d (".g. flOW1l Into Kyuquot Sound In Area 26, or (luaU!"O Sound in Area 27).eastly fllhed. ~

S..-o.rv f ~ha.n~'""'~t ~rlterla fer ourv"yed river.. In Are.. ,­-,

Stren .ter 'Iuant~t..and 'I".alleY

Hydro,.... Eo.. t of fi3hharvening

,c.y.ph Cr. 1 • -:s..~ IU"'ItY""'UPP"r trIb"tart .... •• "'~

,.. ....reacbe. only M loged

Colonial Cr. 0.6 .3,...~ ...., logll;t.... planned - •• ••

Ea.e Cr. 1 .3'..ec .......1ty unloped .0 .. ....'!'lIhenun R. 0.8 .3'se~ ,.., logged headwater "'... upper .. ,...

vegetatIve Beep.ge "" reaches

"" •14 m3/se~,.iltinll;. -Good.peed R. lI;r&vlty e"t,"".ively logged "',. ,.. ,n .000unstable flow•

Jl..s Cr. O. , ..3/se~ gravity unlossed .. .. poor

Kt!lth Cr. 0.6 ..3'.ec ,.., logging of he.d- •• .. "......ater .re•• beg.n

.,3/oeeIn 1975

n.sklah R. , lI;r&vley logged tn 1966 .. •• ,...,

Itoprlno R. 1 • 'sec ,nvU,. logging to bell;In ,.. .000

Kvaeleo Cr.,

logged e••tern1 • I ..ec - "'... .. ....dr.in.-ge

!'lahatU Cr. "",cr_ f i ....... cr·.,le, ""'tendve lOUin, "'... .. .. ....• Uting. high.UlllleC tellpec.tur••

•Warer "ua;ui"ant 'lWltH"

\lm:",r~h~

j~t()p_n.

aroodStocl< "'''a<:".....

Ea... of dH"h harv.."t1njt

M..c leek l v~..ta[h~ _~1> ",., l!r~' j n kqir~ •• "' "~,

,--,ati.nues

lb.rlob R. annual di8charg,,) gravity 10ltSed upper O>lnook ,.. 'U ....records, IJ-Sk • lsec _ter~"" "'''''

Soon Jo_ • ,~,e"f i"... '.- ''''' ,..108R"'-

W""hh,vU. Cr 0.< .1,s", logged ,.. ".. ....v....,tative _page pr"v:lOl.~l'-,

Waubl"•• Cr. 0.2. /""" ll<evity extensively Cohe_ ,.. ••• ....10lged •"

a,b,e,d. (see Table 6 for explanations)

Nal~ral strean improvement

The modification of stream habitat to increase the salmonid carryingcapacity has potential in Area 26 where the general la~k of extensiveside channels may be limiting to fish production. Side channels provideimportant rearing areas for coho juveniles and serv~ aa escape sitesfor fish during high water (Bustard, 1973; D. Marshall, pers. camm.).In addition, aide channels can offer relatively important spawning areasand are used by pinks and in particular chum (D. Marshall, pers. c~.).

Consequently, effort a may be directed towards establishing andlor reopeningside channels in some of these streamS. For instance, this technique maybe suitable for the Kaouk River ",hlch h apparently subject to high flowsand has ll",lted side .'hannel development.

Stream improvement opportunities in Area 27 appear to b~ confined largelytu in-stream debris removal, bank stabilization and revegetation. The Good­speed River In particular, has very unstable banks in its lower end whicherode and slough into the ch3Ilnel resulting in heavy siltation of water.

In~stream engineering enhancement such as the addition of wing deflectors,gab ions and stream cover has very wide application and could be applied tovirtually all systems in the study areas. However, the results of in-streammodifications still remain inconclusive and at present have been conductedonly on a research basls.

Artificial propagation

Ttle majority of stresms In Areas 26 and 27 are small til moderate in sizeand except for the largest streams, do not appear capahle of supplying suff­icient water for ..... jor enhancement facilities. In a previous study (Envirocon,1977), the maximum water requirements of ~uinsam hatchery were compared withthe estimated annual flsws of Kyuquot Sonnd streams. Based on a maximum waterflow require~nt of 1 m Isec, occurring in late April-Hay, it was concludedthat only the four largest systems in Area 26, the Artlish, Kaouk, Kauwinchand Tahslsh Rivera, could meet hatchery water requirements at all times.Construction sites for the facilities could be located on the lower bench-land areas of these rivers. The K80uk River is the only river in Area 26accessible by road. Hydro po..er for this river is available in Zeballos.The ground water potential of the above rivers Is unknown, but a gravityfeed aurface water supply seems feasible for all. The Artlish River wouldprohably require a long pipeline to develop sufficient head for a gravity supply.

For Area ii, annual discharge data are available for the Marble River only.During the 1977 reconnaisaance, surface fl"",s of Area 27 stream were estimatedunder low flow conditions. The estimates were compared with the water require­ments of d iarge acale hatchery, and it was concluded that in addition to theMarblp River, the Macjack, San Josef, Goodspeed and Klaskiah Rivers andMaharta and East Creeks are capable of meeting hatcher" water demanda at alltimes. Benclt areas along the lower parta of these rivers can provide potentialsites for facilities, Except for the Klaskish River and Mahatta and EastCreeks,tbe above rivers are accessible by road. Hydro Is located in the

imm~diate vicinity vi the Ma[bl~ and Goodspeed Rivera.availability b unknown. tlouever, d gravity feed waterl'''asible in all rrvers e""ept for th.. ~an losef.

waterseems

Smaller enhancement facil j ties requiring less flow would I,ave wide,­application In the study area. For example, the Department of FIsheriesand Oceans, Conuma Creek chum facility, located In Nootka Sound onVancouver Island, is a Japanese style hatchery which has a production"apaclty of 22,000,000 chum fry and 3,090,000 chinook fingerlings andrequires a maximum water tlow of 0.23 m Isec in ~~y (D. Bailey, pers.comm.) Hany of the surveyed streams In the study area appear capableof meeting this type of water demand. However, inaccessibility limitsmany potential sites. The Cayeghle River whi"h enters the extreme southernend of Nerouts05 Inlet can probably supply s"Hi"ient water for a Jspsnesestyle facility of the above Hlze and is accessible by road from Port Alice.waates from the Rayonier Pulp Mill, located at Port Alice, discharged intothis Inlet hav" resulted in ~rastic reductions in o"ygen ievels of theInlet waters. fhe specific effects on Cayeghlp fish stocks 1s unclear but,pending addit;onal studies. enhancement at this time is nol ,eco~nded.

The use of up-welling gravity feed incubation boxes could aLso have wideapplication in Areas 26 and 27. Based on a channei gradient of 41:, whlch is~ufflcient to develop a head for a g,avity feed system (C. Campbell. pers.comm.) and an adequate wateT supply of 1 litre/min. per 2000 incubatedcgga (Barns and Simpson, 1977), most surveyed streams in Area 26 and severalin Area 27 provide suitable sites. However, few of the potential sites are~aslly accesslh1 ... In Are~ 21, several small "rream" in Winter Harbour are..ccesslble by road; h",.ever, these stream" generally lad. gradient and~ gravity feed system may not be feasible. In Area 26, opportunities areeven 1lIOr" limited and, except for trJ"utaries of the Kaouk Rlver, no other~ltes are a(·cesslble bv road.

!1le small shed streams of \) e,l 26 "nd 27 ,10 not appear ~~p"b.e oi supplyingsufficient water for a m"jOl spawning channel. For example, [he QualicumRiver spawning channel suppo~ts a chum spawning population o[ 25,000 adult~

nnd r~qulres a flow of 2.8 m Isec during November and s flushing rate of4-8 m Isec during May (T. Perry, pers. comm.). Given the estimated annualsurface flows, Area 26 and 2~ streams are probably not capabie of supplyingsufficient wate, for a spawning channel of thls size. HOlrever, smallerQpawn1ng cbannel;] requiring less flow can be suitable in the surveyed rivers~or example, the International Pacific Salmon Pisheries Commission operatesa socl<eye spawning channel on Weaver Greel< tn the Lowe~ Fraser Valley whichhas supported up to 27,000 adults wllh a flow of 0.6 m Is", (Cooper, 1977).The fIn•• requi,ements of thl~ ,·hann.. ] are more auired to "re" 26 and 27,tre(llll flows.

;)ue to 1Il< lad of lakes .l1IJ sockeye pOpUldlio'lS tn the study ar"",opportunitie~ for sockeye e"hancement through lake f~rtili~:lllon "re U ..it&J.However, sockey~ escapem"nts ro the Marble Rive" and Hahand Cree, In Area

27 appear b~low the CApAcity of the systems.returns are unknown and data are insufficientof local lakes to fertilization.

FACIORS AFFECIING ENHA>;CEMENT POTa<TIAL

Water quality

Factora limiting theto .asess the suitability

Potential flooding anI!. high sl1t lev"ts may r"duee th" suitability ofcertain streams to enhancesent. The st""p grsdi"nt and lack of reservoirlAkes in virtually all streams in Area 26 and in .....nv atre...." in Area 27do little to moderate the effects of heavy ratns on stre.... flow. Conse­quently, s"veral str"....s in th" study ar"as ar" subj"tt to dramaticincreases in water flow and high silt l"vels following heavy rains.ThJs situation is further aggravated by logging operal Ions which removeforest cover, resulting in increased soil erosion and flooding. Parkinsonand Slaney (1975) suggest that the major cause of sediment load tranAportin 8ritiAh Coiumbia stresus is due to logging and road constructions. Highsilt loads in the water supply may cause extensive mortality in incubatingeggs, damaged fish gills and seriously reduced fish growth Tates (Phillips,1970). Stability of th.. ground cover within the watershed is essentialto maintain water quality. Enhancement projects slated for th"se riverswill have to ensure that Forest service logging guidelines are closelyadhered.

In ~rea 27 several .ajor atreams arising in the lowland plateau area aredrained by swamps where vegetative leachate haa imparted a tea-colouredappearance to the water. This colour Is generally associated with thepresence of humic acids. The potentially highly acidic bog waters areusually poorly buffered and as a result can aore easily acquire toxiclevela of heavy metala (~Seil & Bailey, 1975). These water sources willhave to be carefully tested to determine theit auitability fot use in fishenhance.....ut

Expected low water temperatures in Area 26 and 27 streams may necessitatethe use of alternative, warmer wat"r sources such as ground water and lakes,tn order to accelerate egg incubation and initiate early fry rearing.Suitable stream teaperatures for enhancement facilities range frOft 5-13 ·c(Bams and Simpson, 1977) Yet the Carnation Creek, located tn BarkleySound on the weSt coaat of Vancouver Island, haa an annual temperaturerange of onl~ TOC - 13·C (Scrivener. 1975). Likewise, the Conuaa Creekchum facility located in Nootka Sound, has low stream te.peratures andrequires that waTII>Cr groundwater be used during early fry rearing (D. Balley,pera. <00lllIII. \.

Ease uf fish harvest ina

The location of facilities In areas where returninR surplus fish can beeasily and efficiently harvested by a selective terminal fishery is aprerequisite for any enhancement project. Therefore, potential enhance.....nt

fadUties should ~~ l(Jcat"j preferably on streams flowIng into [heKyuquot and Quat"t"" Sounds. ""-lor streams in the study arca that flowdire[tly into the P.,df1[ ikean, provIde ..lni..al or no shelter frOll theopen ocean. Attempts to fish enhanced stocks returnlnll: in Illte fall tothese streams may be seriously impeded by stOntlS and heavy surf.

Brood stock

I1le m.,ber of fIsh require,! lor brood stock wIll vary, depending on the~fze of the enhancement fa~lllty and its total Juvenile productioncapacity For example, a moderate sIzed facility such as che hatcheryon the ChIlliwack River will require a brood stock of 132 ~hinook, 200~oho and 16S0 chtJIII to produce respectively 10,000, SO,0I10 and 75,000 chinook,~oho and chum adults (11. Wilson, peu. COlllll.). The majority of sUea..sIn the study area have a limited brood stock and would require severalI'roducl!on cycles before output could reach the sbove leveLs. In Area 26,chinook stocks In particular, are severely li.. ited and onlv the Artlish,Kaouk and Tahsish Rivers contain sufficient brood stock for a moderatesized facility. Chum an" coho returns are relatively strong in Area 26and brood stock would be a"aliable In several rivers. In Ares 27, onlythe Marble River contains ~ufficlent chinook br<>od stock for a .,ediUlllslzed facllfty; coho brood stock Is available in many of the rivers whilechum brood stock potentIal Is ]l.,itert to a few systems only.

Management of enhanced and 'Hid stocks

The ~illdlarlty 1~ the spawLllng tlm1ng of stocks in the stud) are",particularlyamong ~hu.. , indIcates that, if over-exploitation of wild st"c"-s is to beavoided, the enhan~ement will have to include tlIOst of the stocks 1n the~eoRraphjcal area. 11Ils approach Is being implelllented in the C<Jnuma Creek~nhancetDent facility. In the multi-stock enhan~ement appro,,~h, the eggsare ~ol1e~ted from variolls strealllS in the geographi~al area and Incubatedat a central f~cility. fyed eggs or fry are Subsequently transferred tothe origillal Streams for ftnal rearIng to e"tablIsh the homing response.

A multi-stock enhancement approa~h appears to have some appLIcation In thestudy area. In Area 26, the Artl1sh, Kaouk, Kashutl, Kauwinch and TahaishRivers flow int" the Kyuquot Sound. These rivers support substantIal chumand coho and all. except for the K8.shutl and Kauwlnch Rivers, have sufficient~hlnook escapeTllClI1 fot brood stock. The Kaouk River is a~cesslble by roadfrom Zeballos and ~an provIde a potential site for a celltral enhance..,ntfadUty.

Tn Area 27, WInter Harhour u)ntains lleveral small streams with chum runs andhas also been su~gested as ~ possIble ~andldate for muitl-sto~k enhancement.However, rtata ate presently (nsufflcient to assess adequately this oppor­tunity. The Streams are small in sIte alld lack the ~radlent necessary forA gravity feed water supply Severai streams are dralned by bogs and thesuItability of water for enhdn~ement fa~ilities Is questIonable.

"co.'«:LlJSlmlS

1. lnacceallibllity. 1.... 1< of hydro p..-r and low brood atock nuabenli-.1t enhance.ent OI'P'Ortunitt ..a in At...... 26 and 2'.

2. Srr_ lIl. the stud_ area are _ll and, "J:cqt for .. rev ..jOtrl~r•• do not .ppear "apable of aupplylng tufficlenr autraCe vaterfor ....jOt enha~..ent facility.

3. Flooding. high silt levai.. and vegetative leachate ..y reduce vaterquality _k1nl •.- .rt.... unaulUbl" for enhlmc-..t.

4. Industrial activities In the watershed such as 101.lnl. pulp productionand .tnlng ..y degradH the physical habitat and reduce the enhanc~nt

Suitability of ao-e ~.te.•.

S. Low artea.. te.perat"r"••y nece.altate that varooer lIatar "'urc".(e.g. lake, RTound "arer) be used to accelerate esg Incubation andInitiate early fry tearlna_

6. SlI.lIller cohancClOen! facilities, requiring leu flow (e.g. Japaneseatyle hatchery, Incnbatlon boxes) are more aulted to Ares 26 and 27atreslI flows.

7. Proposed enhancement fscilltles .hould be located on streams flowinginto sheltered areaa uf Ouatsino and Kyuquot Sounds to ensure rhatreturning enhanced stocks can be ea.ily and efficiently harve.ted.

8. ColoniEaLion of areaS .bove iJlpas ....ble obstr=tiona ha. potentialin Area 27 but opportuoitie. are li.ited in Area 26.

9. Katursl atre.. tlIprov...mt. such as bank stabillEatlon In SOlIe Ares 27atrellllS and reopening and!or establishing of .Ide channel. in severalArea 26 stre..... appears to have potential.

10. The a1llilarity In the ti.ink of stocks, particularly 8lIOftk chua,indicates that tf overflshin. of unenhanced stocks I. to be avoided,then enh,onc...,.. t vtll have to I..dude .,st or all of stocks In theaeographtr area.

fhe suthors wish to tha..k Phil &urns and Paul Preston for their capablefletd .s.lstaoce. and Brian Rlchllan for sharing ht. knowledg_ of the study"rea. 'Thanks ara extended to Paul Starr for criticalll' revleving the report,to All~e redorento fnr reviewing and preparing the lIanuscrlpt for publtc­stion, to Linda Thies..an for typing and to Mary Macdonnelle for drsftingthe figures.

REFERENCES

A...~ue, A.W., .1, Cou ...sley, and G.D. Ha ... ris, 1977Preliminary revision of Georgia Strait and Juan de Fuca St ...alt tidalaalmon sport catch statistics, 1972 to 1976, based on Georgia St ...aitHead Recovery Prog... am data. Fish and Env. Canada, Tech. Rep. SeriesPAC/T - 77 - 16: 68 p.

Ilams, R.A. and K.S. Simpson. 1977. Subst ...ate incubators wo ...kshop _ 1976.Report on cu... rent state-of-the-a...t. Fish Ma.... Serv., Tech. Rep.689: 68p.

Bustard, n.R. 1973. Some aspects of the winte ... ecology of juvenile salmonidswith ...efe ... ence to possible hahitat alteration by logging in CarnationCreek, Vancouver Island. Nanalmo, B.C., Fish. Res. Hoard, MS Rep.1277: 85 p.

Coope ... , A.C. 1971. Evaluation of the production of sockey" and pinkat spawning and incubation channels in the Fraser River system.Pac. Fish. CO"""., Progress Rep. 36: 80 p.

salmonIntern.

Envi ...ocon Ltd. 1977. Kyuquot Sound Salmonid Enhsncement Study. Fo ... : Dept.Fisheries and Environment, Vancouver, B.G.

Hall, J.D., and Lantz, R.I .. 1968. Effects of logging Oncoho salmon and cutthroat t ...out in coastal streams.T.G. Northcote (ed.), S~posium on salmon and troutH.R. MacMillan Lecturea in Fisheries, Unlv. Brttish22 - 21" 1968.

the habitat ofp. 155. In:

In streams,Columbia, Feb.

Krajina, V.J. 1969.Vancouver, II. C.

Ecology of Western North America.Vo1.2(l): 147p.

Dept. Botany, U.B.C.,

McNeil, W.'/"., and Y.E. Ba11e~

Fisheries Centre Auke lIay1975. Salmon Rancher's Manual. Northwest

Pisheries Lab., Nat. Mar. Fish. Servo 87 p.

Parkinson, E.A., and Slaney, P.A. 1975. A review of enhancement techniquesapplicable to anadromous gamefi,.he,.. Victoria, II.C. Dept. Fishand Wildlife, Fisheries Management Rep. 66:100 p.

Phillip"', R.W. 1970. Effects of sediment on the gravel environment andfish production. In: Forest, land and stream environment .~posium,

Oct. 19 21, Oregon Hate Unlv., 64 - 71, p.

Pickard, G.L. i9b3.Island, British

OceanographicColumbia. J.

characteristics of inlets of VancouverFish. Res. Board Can. 10(5): 1109 - 111,4.

Roberrs, M.E.L. 1970. The status of ~hum salmon stocks of the West Coastof Vancouver Island, 1934 - 1968, statisti~al areas 22 27, !lept.Fisheries and Forestry, Tech. Rep. 3:31 p.

Scrivene... , J.G. \975.dissolved ions in1971 - May 1974.

Wate ... , water chemistry and hydrochemical balance ofCarnation Creek watershed, Vancouver Island, JulyF1sh. Mar. Serv .. Tech. Rep. 564: 141 p.

Stephens, K., and J. Sibert. 1977. Biolo~ical oceanographic observations,Rupert Inlet, Holberg Inlet and Quatsino Sound, B.C., 1975. Fish.Mar. Serv. Data Rep. 28: 14 p. (1).

Wickett, W.P. 1958. Review of certain environmental factors affectingth", production of pink and chulD salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can15(5): 1103 - 1126.

70

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Estimated total annual salmon escapement by species to Area26 streams, 1950 - 1977 ~

Year Plnl<: Coho ChInook Sockeye

1950 116,900 1,800 5,500 2.900 I,ZOO

" 56,900 '"' 11,000 6,000 5,000

" 104,200 9,700 15,000 II< ,500 4,300

" 77,400 11 , 1DO 7,800 ",300

" 63.700 8,600 16,600 5,900 3,900

" 26,100 29,600 5,700 j,OOO

" 40,000 19,500 37,300 5,900 60057 74,400 16,500 6,100 3.100

" 109,800 40,200 t6,300 6,100 2,000

" 53,700 3, 'i00 7,200 000 '001960 62,600 l5,900 6,100 2,400 2,000

61 20,400 4,900 1 ,700 6,00061 35,800 6,700 7,100 1,700 3,500

" 10,700 WO 9,500 4.900 6,000

" J6,JOO 4.500 5,200 4.600 4,000

" 31,300 600 2,600 1,200 6,500

" 7J.500 IH,800 4,300 9,000 3,000

" 35,200 60 1,300 1,300 4,500

" JS,OOO 30,400 I ,100 3,200 5,50069 46,100 WO 1 ,800 2,500 2,OOlH-

1970 108,500 46,700 8,300 3,200 1,50Otn 67,700 " 12,300 2,000 1,20072 113,100 157,600 8,100 1,900 ,73 99,900 WO 4,100 3,900 ," 53,600 20,400 5,200 2,100 ,73 33,500 " 2,300 '00 1,50076 14,000 67,100 3,100 '00 ,77 16,900 '" 1,500 '00 3,00Ot

---,FrOlll: Fisheries Officers ~eports; nu~bers are rounded to nearest 100.

Append 1>: 2. Sslmonld streams in Area 26. ~ indicates pre~ence of a species.

Species

Streall Chum Pink Coho Chinook Sockeye

Amal Cr. , ,Art1ish R. , , , ,Battle Cr. , , , (feli)

Cachalot Cr. , ,Chlln'llss Cr , , , (feli)

n

Stre_"'~ Pink """" Chinook So<:k.eye

Clanninick • • • • •!.bine Cr. • • (fev)Jan...., Utke <•. • • •book Il. • • • • (f"v)~h"tl R. • • • •ltauvin"b J.. • • • •liouk It. • • • (fev)lIal....ope R. • • • •lIcJ:ay Cove R. • • • •MaITowgul Cr • • • (fev)Ma~a...tl It. • • • •Ououl<1uh a.. • • • •Power R. • • • • •Tah.btl R. • • • • (fev)Tuetlu Cr. • • •Vak" Bay Cr. • •

App_dl,. 3. E8tl_te~ total pnnu.l .al~n escape_nc by apaci•• to Area 27at ...".OIS. 1950 - l'J77.

Year "'~ ?lnk "'0" Chinook Sockeye

1950 40,600 22.300 20,800 1,500 '00

" ll7 ,900 '00 69,900 7.700 4,200

"" 42,200 38,800 '00 11,000

" 50,100 116,400 29,300 '.300 13,000

" 10,300 10,100 3.000 5.800

" 69,900 11,700 20,000 5,300 '.000

" ".600 " 12,600 4.000 2,700

" )0,200 u,aoo 15,000 '00 '00

" 22.300 300 n,lOO ."., 1,900

"60 12,200 ,",00 2,800 40 '00

" 20,800 '00 7.300 '00 '00

" IO,SOO 6,500 10,200 >,600 1.400

" 10,700 100 _.300 '00 1.10044 H ,800 11.100 46,600 3,800 4.000

" 15,100 '.... 45.100 300 3,500

" ')0.700 44.300 1<1,900 '00 '00

" II ,600 " 4,200 '00 1.200

" ".000 96,400 26,700 300 1.100

" 20,800 '00 11,700 '00 l,SOO1970 40,000 90,100 32 ,800 '00 .00

n 18,000 '.000 14,200 '00 '00

" 76,700 H,600 14,000 '00 300

" 61,200 21,600 200 I,SOO

" 67,100 5,300 16.200 400 '0075 11.100 100 10,700 400 750

" 20,200 23,300 11,200 '00 '00n 20,300 1,700 19,700 1,000

8FrOll , Fisheries Officers Reports; numbers are rounded '" nearest 100.

"

Appendix ,. Salmonid 8t.."ama " Area 27. • lndic"te~ presence of aspecies; '" - ell""" PK - pink, CO - coho, " - chinook, SO - sockeye.

Species Spe,,-iesStream '" " " " " Stres.. '" " " " "w_< Alwhich- • , Kewquodie R. • • •saIto Cr. Klaskish R. " • • •Upper Alwhich- • • Klayina Cr. • •aolto Cr. Klootchlimmia •• • • •Ilear Cr. • • Koprino R. • • •!luck Cr. • • K",,,k,,esla ". • •Canoe C<. • • • K"stleo Gr. • • •Cape Cook Cr. • • I.eeson Ct. • •Cape Scott C< • • • Lewjs Cr. • •Cayeghle C<. • • • M8.cjack R. • •Cayuse Cr. • • ~"'~na R. • • • XClesgh Cr. • • Marble R. • • • • •t.les1<lagh c<. • • McNiff.. Ct. • •{;o.,tk"aus Cr. • • Monkey Cr. • • •ColonIal Cr. • • • Montgomery Cr. • •Colony ". • • Nequlltpaalis Cr. • •Culleer ". • • Nuknbish Cr. , •Denad C< . • • , regatt".. Cr. • •DoIlIinic C< . • • Quashtln R. , •F.ast ". • • • • (Jul ian Cr. ) • •Fisherman R. • • • (~~i.g51 (SkIdlne Cr.) , •r.alato Cr. • • (Smith Cr. ) • •GJerup Cr. :: • -Quat sino Sound CreeksGoadspeed R. , • • • Ronning Cr. • •Hathaway Cr. • • • San Josef •• • • • •Hawfsnakwi C< . • • Stephens R. • • •Head Cr. • • • Teeta Cr. • •Hushamu ". , • Utluh Cr. , •Ild9ud Cr. • • Wanokana C<. • •J1m$ Cr. , • • Waahlawl19 C< • • • •Johnny Cr. • • Waukwaas C< . • • •Keith R. • • Yoghpan C<. • •

"

Appendix j. Ag~ ca.poattion of ChuM. ~'l CcalC of V~couver taland,~. 26,·

Year No. Icales , % Age, ,

195'1 >0, 56.9 40.8 ,.,"... m 63.4 35.9 O. ,

1961 ". 16 .1 84.8 LO1962 '" >a.' 48.2 Ll

"" '" 46.9 52.0 Ll

1912 102 14.7 83.3 '"1915 16.5 69.4 16,11976 ,.. 84.0 •••---

"". '" '" "~ Dept tIBbet!.S and ~~.n. (unpubtl.hed data).

Appendt~ 6. srre.. de•• ctPlion par...tera.

Sur_y t~0,,"Sae.. n_ la)sere_ locationSection locationSection lengthCode for photosSurvey ..ethodGr.dlentAlr te.per,aure (·C) (Tl_)Water t ..perature (·C)DI ••olved oxygen\later _1", code n..-be.loround... t",r ob.... rve'UTurbidUyColourln.?Av",rage eae_ kd vldtlAveng'" .... tted vidthAvenge depthIIand-dr."" .....p (with poines of

intere.t-spa""ing are.a,ob.t ruet ion s-noted)

Waeer velocity (~et",[.J.cc)

Ob..,"~ l!l..,iwIr&"Croll._erl.... tYP"FrltCrion of section which I.:

riffles, rapids, chutel, fall ...poola.

Rearing potentialFraction of alream cover which Is:

coniferous. deciduous, deciduousshrub., Rr...... s, ~"'II1Ip, barren.

List of .']0'- IOp""i". of (',wetStre_ typeFraction of trea. ~d which 1.:~drock. boulder. cobble. pebble,Icanlta, ..ad, silt aDd clay. other,

Dl>8c..., of U le_ ~ " .....ct Ion..........._( of pollutants in atre_

lIlN:t1...

Spa""lna potentialAce"••Fraction of atre.... bank which la:

bedrock, boulder, gl.ct.l eill,sand and gravel, silt .nd aand,day and ailt.

Appendix 6. lcont'd)

~ight of atte.. hankCol>dition of stre.. hankPresence of rooted aquatiesPre."once of flCHIti..g aquatic.Pre.eroce of attaehed ..lg_ObstruuiOftsEvidence of fl.h diseaaefish specIes pr9sentSeale book nu.beta applicable to this ..ctionSalllOnidm observedAddition,.l c...-ents