a project report on car safety system

8/2/2019 A Project Report on Car Safety System

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

A

Project report on

CAR SAFETY SYSTEM

Submitted by

AMIT KISHOR POL T-3445

MANOJ SURESH SHINDE T-3450

PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

DHANKAWADI, PUNE 411043

2011-2012


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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

DHANKAWADI, PUNE 411043

2011-2012

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

CAR SAFETY SYSTEM

Submitted by

AMIT KISHOR POL T-3445

MANOJ SURESH SHINDE T-3450

Is a bonafide work carried out by them under the supervision of and it is approved for the partialfulfillment of the requirement of ESD & MP Third Year of Engineering University of Pune.

Internal Guide H.O.D,E&TC Dept.

(Prof. S.S. Dudam) (Prof.Y.Ravinder)

Place: PuneDate:


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who, in some way or the other

have lent us a helping hand in the successful completion of the project. Their contribution

to the project has made our task much simpler.

We thank our internal guide, Prof. S.S. Dudam for his guidance and assistance in

times of need. Without their inspiration, the mammoth task of the completion of the

project was impossible.

We extend a token of thanks to all our friends who have helped us to make this

project a success. Last, but not the least, we thank the laboratory stafffor providing us

all the books we needed to refer.


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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

Fig 1 Block Diagram 8

Fig 2 Circuit Diagram of gas and

IR sensor

10

Fig 3 Circuit Diagram of grip

sensor

11

Fig 4 IR obstacle section 12

Fig 5 IR sensor circuit 13

Fig 6 Gas interface section 14

Fig 7 Grip sensor 15

Fig 8 Power supply 17

Fig 9 Implementation of circuit on

Bread board

21

Fig 10 Schematic of PCB of IR and

Gas Sensor

22

Fig 11 Schematic of PCB of Grip

Sensor

23

Fig 12 PCB Design 24


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction7

1.1Aim &Project definition ....7

1.2Brief History. 7

1.3Recent trends and developments in

field... .7

2 Block Diagram......8

2.1 Block Diagram ....8

2.2 Block Diagram description.9

3 System Design .10

3.1 Understanding the system.11

3.2IR obstacle section...12

3.3 Gas interface .......14

3.4 Grip sensor.15

3.5Power Supply17

4 Circuit Operation.....20


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5 Implementation,Testing And

Debugging ...21

5.1 First Phase .21

5.2 Second Phase.. ...21

5.3 Third Phase...22

5.6 Final Phase....23

6 List of Components..24

7 Results and conclusion.. .25

8 Future enhancements....26

9 Applications....27

10 References....28

11 Datasheets...29


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1. INTRODUCTION1.1 AIM & PROJECT DEFINITON:

The project is aimed to provide a circuit for gas leakage alert, grip sensor alert ,parking

sensor alert for which the input will be given to sensors.

It will give more safety to car which will be useful for all those low priced vehicles which

do not come fitted with gas leakage alert and grip control alert system. This circuit with

some slight modification can give more services in low cost.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY:

Speed has been an important and dangerous issue in vehicles. Over the years, most of the

accident and life lost are due to losing a control on steering-wheel of vehicles. On

highways, while having a long drive, the driver will come to sleep, so he will loosen the

grip on steering-wheel. Which will leads to mishap. For low cost vehicles such system

wont be there to alert driver from sleep.

Also now a days as most of the vehicles are coming on LPG, CNG .To detect the gas

leakage from such vehicle will avoids hazardous accidents.

So there is need for equipment which can alert the driver well in advance audio

indication for losing a control on vehicle.

1.3 RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD:

High end vehicles are equipped with much more advanced hardware in which

Distributed Sensor for Steering Wheel Grip Force Measurement in Driver Fatigue

Detection automatically alert driver. There are cameras which implanted on back of

vehicle a through image processing technique driver will be able to park vehicle without

seeing back.

Also gas leakage sensors were implemented in vehicle, which avoids accidents

But such equipment cost more and cant be fitted in low cost vehicles. Considering the

safety issue these low cost vehicles should be provided with low cost without altering the

parts of the vehicle.

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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Block Diagram

8

GAS

SENSOROP-AMP

COMPARATOR

IR

SENSOR

GRIP

SENSOR LOGIC

CIRCUIT

BUZZER


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2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

The block diagram shows operation of our system which we will be implementing. As

shown in block diagram when the IR led will detect the obstacle and gas sensor will

detect gas ,then output

of both sensor will be compare using op-amp comparator .Then buzzer will get on in sink

mode.

For grip sensor ,when all switches will be off then the buzzer will get on

SENSORS USED:-

Gas : MQ6

Obstacle : IR sensor

Grip : ON/OFF s/w

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3. SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig 2circuit dig of Gas and IR sensor

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VCC

5V

J1AKey = A

J1BKey = B

J1CKey = C

U1A

74LS02N

U1B

74LS02N

U1C

74LS02N

1

5

6

R3100

R1100

R2100

VCC

0

4

3

2

U2

BUZZER

200 Hz

0

Fig 3 circuit dig of Grip sensor

3.1 UNDERSTANDING THE SYSTEM:

Buzzer is in sink mode so

Buzzer = ON when comparator output is 0

Buzzer = OFF when comparator output is 1

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3.2 IR Obstacle section:

Fig 4 IR sensor interface

As shown in the circuit diagram the IR sensor is at 5v when there is no obstacle. The IR

sensor is connected to the non inverting terminal of OPAMP the inverting terminal is

having a voltage of 2.5v.

So Initially

Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 5v

Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v

So, at the output we get 5v which turns off the buzzer

As soon as the obstacle is detected, the voltage of non inverting drops to 0v


Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the

buzzer

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Fig 5 IR sensor

Here we are connecting a IR based obstacle sensor. The 50 ohm resistor is for current

limiting. The current through the LED is 5v / 50 ohm = 100mamp, which is high for an

LED. But to increase the range of the obstacle sensor we are using a lower range resistor

(50 ohm).

On the receiver side we have connected the IR receiver in reverse bias. So as soon as the

light falls in the IR receiver, the anode voltage increases and when the anode voltage is

more than the cathode voltage then the LED is in forward bias mode and start conducting.

So when obstacle is:

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3.3 Gas interface section:

Fig 6 gas sensor interface

The gas sensor is connected to the inverting terminal of OPAMP the inverting terminal is

having a voltage of 2.5v via pot. As shown in the circuit diagram the GAS sensor is at 0v

when there is no GAS

So Initially,

Inverting terminal has a voltage = 0v

Non Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v


As soon as the GAS is detected, the voltage of inverting goes to 5v

Non inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v

Inverting terminal has a voltage = 5v

So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the buzzer

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3.4 Grip sensor

VCC

5V

J1A

Key = A

J1B

Key = B

J1C

Key = C

U1A

74LS02N

U1B

74LS02N

U1C

74LS02N

1

5

6

R3100

R1100

R2100

VCC

0

4

3

2

U2

BUZZER

200 Hz

0

Fig 7 grip sensor design

As shown in the circuit diagram all the 3 switches are at 5v which is connected to the non

inverting terminal of opamp the inverting terminal is having a voltage of 2.5v.

So Initially


Inverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v


As soon as the key is pressed, the voltage of non inverting drops to 0v

Non inverting terminal has a voltage = ovInverting terminal has a voltage = 2.5v

So, at the output we get 0v which turns on the buzzer

Here we are using three switches as an input to circuit; the switches will be work as grip

sensors.

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Initially all the switches will be on as driver will hold the grip that is input to logic circuit

will be logical 1 so output is 0.as buzzer is used in normal mode, buzzer will off

Even if one of the switch will be ON that is driver will drive using one hand output of

logic circuit will be 0 hence buzzer will remains off.

When driver loses his grip, then all the switches will be off that is input to logic circuit

will be 0. Hence output will be logic 1, so buzzer will get ON.

So above all the conditions will be understood by given logic table.

Logic Table:

INPUT FROM SWITCH OUTPUT

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Therefore, when all inputs are zero then and then only buzzer will get on. For all other

cases buzzer will off.

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POWER SUPPLY

The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply required

for that system. The steps involved in the designing of the power supply are as follows,

1) Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.

2) Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.

Fig 8.power supply design

The bridge rectifier and capacitor i/p filter produce an unregulated DC voltage which is

applied at the I/P of 7805.As the minimum dropout voltage is 2v for IC 7805, the voltage

applied at the input terminal should be at least 7 volts .C1 (1000 f / 65v)is the filter

capacitor and C2 and C3 (0.1 pf) is to be connected across the regulator to improve the

transient response of the regulator.

Assuming the drop out voltage to be 2 volts, the minimum DV voltage across the

capacitor C1 should be equal to 7volts (atleast).

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Power supply design of the Project :

The average voltage at the output of a bridge rectifier capacitor filter combination is

given by

Vin(DC) = VmIdc / 4 f C1

Where, Vm=2 Vs and Vs = rms secondary voltage

Assuming Idc to be equal to max. Load current, say 100mA

C = 1000 Gf / 65v, f=50hHz

19 = Vm0.1 / 4*50*1000*10 6

19= Vm0.1 / 0.2

Vm=19.5 volts

Hence the RMS secondary Voltage

Vrms = vm / 2

= 19.5 / 2

=19,5 / 1.4421

=13.5 volts

So we can select a 15v secondary Voltage

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In our system most of the components used require 5 V as operating voltage such

as micro controller, MAX 232, MCT2E etc. The total current, which our circuit

Sinks from the power supply, is not more than 100 mA. We have used Regulator

IC 7805 that gives output voltage of 5V.The minimum input voltage required

for the 7805 is near about 7 v. Therefore we have used the transformer with the voltage

rating 230v-10v and current rating 500 mA. The output of the transformer is 12 V AC.

This Ac voltage is converted into 12 V DC by Bridge rectifier circuit.

The reasons for choosing the bridge rectifier are:

The TUF is increased to 0.812 as compared the full wave rectifier.

The PIV across each diode is the peak voltage across the load =Vm, not 2Vm as in the

two diode rectifier

Output of the bridge rectifier is not pure DC and contains some AC some AC ripples in it.

To remove these ripples we have used capacitive filter, which smoothens the rippled out

put that we apply to 7805 regulators IC that gives 5V DC. We preferred to choose

capacitor filters since it is cost effective, readily available and not too bulky.

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1. CIRCUIT OPERATION

Grip Sensor:

When all switches of the grip sensor are off then the output of first NOR gate will be 1, it

is inverted by NOT gate and given to input of second NOR gate. Then the output of

second NOR gate will be 1 and Buzzer will get on.

Gas Sensor:

Initially output of comparator is high. Because threshold voltage is greater than the output

voltage of the gas sensor .When gas or alcohol is sensed by MQ6 Gas sensor, the coil

inside the gas sensor will get heated and the output voltage of gas sensor will increase. It

is compared by threshold voltage of comparator and if it is more than that output of

comparator will be zero and Buzzer will get on in sink mode.

IR Sensor:

Initially output of comparator is high. Because threshold voltage is greater than the output

voltage of the gas sensor .When obstacle is detected by IR sensor, the output voltage of

IR sensor will increase. It is compared by threshold voltage of comparator and if it is

more than that output of comparator will be zero and Buzzer will get on in sink mode.

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2. IMPLEMENTATION , TESTING AND DEBUGGING5.1 FIRST PHASE:

First we implemented the 1st

phase of our circuit in which we tested each sensor

individually to know actual working of the sensors. We also implemented circuit on

MULTISIM and we get desired outputs. So we decided to move on Bread Board to check

the response of circuit.

5.2 SECOND PHASE:

In this phase of our project we purchased the components and implemented it on BreadBoard and check the output with the help of Buzzer.

The way we implemented is as shown below:

Fig. 9 Implementation of circuit on Bread board

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5.3 THIRD PHASE:

After confirming the necessary result we decided to move on PCB designing.

We started to build schematic of the circuit on Protel 2004, the software which we used

to create PCB layout.

Our PCB schematic layout looked like this:

8

1

4

3

2

1

U?A

LM358N

8

4

7

5

6

2

U?B

LM358N

1

2

3

JP1

Gas Sensor

1

2

3

JP2

IR Sensor

VCC

VCC

4.7K

R1

Res

10K

R2

RPot

LS1

Buzze

VCC

Fig 10Schematic of PCB of IR and Gas Sensor

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2

3

1

U1A

DM7402N

5

6

4

U1B

DM7402N

8

9

10

U1C

DM7402N

1

2

3

JP1

switch1

1

2

3

JP3

switch3

1

2

3

JP2

switch2

1

2

JP4

LED

VCC

1

2

JP6

Header 2

100

R1

Res1

100

R2

Res1

100

R3

Res1

LS2

Buzzer

Fig. 11 Schematic of PCB of Grip Sensor

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5.4 FINAL PHASE:

Here we designed the PCB layout with the help of above schematic

Fig 12 PCB Design

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3. LIST OF COMPONENTS

R1, R2, R3__________________________________________________ 100 1/4WResistorsR4______________________________________________________50 1/4WR5______________________________________________________10K 1/4W

R11 ____________________________________________________4.7K POT

R22_____________________________________________________10K POT

R8______________________________________________________50K 1/2W

IC1___________________________________________________________LM358 Op-

amp IC

IC2______________________________________________________74LS02 IC

IC3______________________________________________________ Regulator7805

SW1,SW2, SW3___________________________________________ S/W

GAS Sensor _______________________________________________ MQ6

Buzzer_____________________________________________________J211

IR led_____________________________________________________MXB79D

D5,D6,D7

D8 diode___________________________________________________1N4007

Heat sink_______________________________________________________To220

C5_____________________________________________________________1000uf`

C6______________________________________________________________0.1uf

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4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The system we have designed and implemented which can be used in any of the car

without using pressure sensors, it can be implemented by simple logic circuit without

using controller.

Both alcohol and gas can be detected using MQ6 effectively.

IR sensor can be used as a parking sensor to some extent in very low cost.

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5. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

We can use a controller to add a delay in output of grip sensor, so it will workeffectively.

With microcontroller interface we can start or stop the engine of the vehicle ifdriver is drunk or gas is leaked.

We can also use an ultrasonic sensor to increase a range of obstacle detectorand control speed accordingly with the help of microcontroller.

We can use a gsm to send the messages to the remote locations in case ofemergency.

We can also use a radar system to increase the range.

We are also exploring and thinking for any other future scope and anysuggestion will be appreciated too.

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6. APPLICATIONS

Main advantage of our project is that we can implement it with very less cost.In its current form our project can be use in low budget cars.

We can use IR sensor as parking sensor. Now a days many of cars are on LPG or CNG so we can use gas sensor in it

to detect leakage of the gas.

It can also be used in commercial cars to check whether driver is drunk or not. We can use Grip sensor on steering of the car to alert the driver from

drowsiness.

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7. REFERENCES

BOOKS:

1. Analog Integrated circuits and design by U A Bakshi and A P Godse

2. Op-amps and linear integrated circuitsRamakant A Gaikwad

3. CircuitsA Bruce Carlson4. Electronic circuit analysis and designDonald Neamen5. Integrated electronicsJacob milliman,Christos C Halkias

MAGZINES:

1. Electronics for you5th edition

INTERNET:

1. Google

2. http://www.alldatasheets.com

3. http://www.discovercircuits.com

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APPENDIX 1


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APPENDIX 2

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a project report on car safety system

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