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06www.researchlinejournal.comISSN 2321-2993

February 2020 - April 2020

INDEX

w

01- 08

An Analytical Study

Meenakshi Gupta Dr. Durga Prasad

02- Library Automation: A Case Study of Dr Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 20

Neelam Chauhan Dr. Sanjay Kr. Sharma

w HOME SCIENCE

01- Assessment of Anthropometric Parameters and Vital Signs in Adolescent Girls with 25

reference to their Hemoglobin Status

Zeba Qureshi Dr. Charu Katare

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LIBRARY SCIENCE

Techno stress of University Library professionals in Himachal Pradesh :

.



Library Science

Techno stress of University Library professionals in Himachal Pradesh: An Analytical Study

Meenakshi Gupta* Dr. Durga Prasad**

Abstract

A survey is conducted to identify the techno stress among Government and Private

University library professional in Himachal Pradesh. A questionnaire was distributed to

University Library Professionals which consists of demographical details, causes of techno

stress measurement scale, symptoms of techno stress and coping Mechanism. It is found that the

frequency of age group of respondents in respect of this research study is tabulated. Out of 122

respondents, the maximum number of respondents is pertaining to the age group in between 25-35

years by attaining the percentage of 33%. It is highlighted that 65.573% are from urban area

professionals. This study highlights the results that maximum numbers of library professionals..

Keywords : Techno stress



* Deputy Librarian, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, H.P. India

** Associate Professor, Deptt. of Library & Information Science, Mewar University, Rajasthan, India

IntroductionTechno stress comprised of two words - Technology and Stress. Before defining techno stress

it is mandatory to define technology and stress separately.

Technology

The Word “Technology” can also be used to submit to a assemblage of techniques. In this

perspective, it is the present state of humanity's information of how to associate resources to produce

preferred products, to solve problems, satisfy needs, it is comprises of technical methods, skills,

processes, techniques tools and raw materials.

Technology means structure of knowledge dedicated to constructing tools, handling actions

and the extracting of materials. The term 'Technology' is broad, and each one has their own way of

understanding its meaning. We all use 'technology' to undertake various tasks in our daily lives, in

brief, we describe technology to complete different tasks in our daily lives, and in a nutshell we can

explain technology as processes and products used to simplify our daily lives.

We use technology to encompass our abilities, building people the most vital part of any

technological structure. Also technology is an application of science used to solve problems. But it is

essential to know that technology and science are different subjects which work hand-in-hand to

achieve specific tasks or solve problems. We make use of technology in for everything we do in our

daily lives; it is used technology at work, technology for communication, learning, manufacturing,

transportation, securing data, surmounting business and so much more. Tech. is human knowledge

which implicates tools, materials, and systems. The application of technology typically results in

products. If tech. is well applied, it benefits humans, and the reverse is true, if used for malicious

reasons.

Information Age. The information age is a quite different work environment, and this has helped


small businesses to improve their position in highly competitive markets.

Stress

Stress is a necessary part of today's fast life. In the age of globalization, mechanization,

liberalization of economy, competition between organizations has increased. Managers, workers

attempt to overtake from one another to reach the peak. Therefore, modern organization is facing the

problem of organization role stress (executive and employee) and burnout. Individual and

organizations have to pay heavy economic and human cost due to these problems. Stress is the order of

day and it is impossible to be entirely without stress in any organization including library. The word

Stress used in different ways.

It can refer to the challenges of everyday life, which do not always cause us problems. But the

statement is also used for the feeling inside us if they cannot respond to the challenge. The word

'STRESS' is emerged out from the Latin term 'STRINGERS' which means “to draw tight”. Some define

stress as the non-specific reaction of body to a demands made on it. When the demands on an

individual go beyond his competency and adjustment resources, stress occurs. Some consider that

stress and anxiety both are similar terms. But stress is dissimilar from anxiety both are state of

uncertainty. It is also different from nervousness which is the physical part of anxiety.

Stress is differs from frustration which is obstructed goal attainment. Stress is the pressure

condition causing hardship. It is an interior phenomenon and a mental attitude. Stress is usually

assumed to have an injurious effect on health and performance. But certain minimum amount of stress

is a necessary for effective functioning and peak performance. It is the individual's reaction to stress

makes all the difference. Whether something is felt to be stress or not depends on the individual's point

of view. Stress is a mental, emotional or physical reaction resulting from an individual's response to

environmental pressure and similar stimuli. It refers to pressure that a person felt in life. Hans Selye-

called father of stress considers that stress is the flavor of life and lack of stress is death.

Different persons respond to stressful situation in different ways. Much of the investigation

on stress in the part of OB and industrial psychology have investigated its association with psychology

symptoms such as job satisfaction, job involvement, self-esteem, tension, anxiety, depression,

boredom, psychological fatigue.

Stress is defined as an excessive force which acts upon the individual causing him to respond

to it and cope with it in such ways that strain ensures. Osler (1910) associated stress with working too

hard and strain with fear. His concern was that these conditions if allowed to continue unchecked

would result in physical or mental illness for the individual

Causes (Sources) of Stress :

The sources of stress can be classified into two main categories as follows:

1. Organizational stressors

2. Individual stressors

Organizational Sources Outcome Individual Stressors

1. Job Quality variables 1. Bibliographical

2. Physical Environment Job Stress 2. Need & Values

3. Roles in the Organization 3. Life Stages

4. Relationship Behavior Stress outcomes 4. Types A/B

5. Carrier Development eustress or distress 5. Locus of Control

6. Change 6. Flexibility/Rigidity

7. Introversion




Types of Stress in Digital Libraries:

Technological Stress : The expansion and application of information tech. in libraries is the chief stress

for Library and library information science Professionals. There is quick change in computer hardware

and software. Use of existing hardware and software is a normal phenomenon in almost all libraries.

Job Security Stress: The application of ICT has constrained the LIS professionals to attain new

knowledge along with the traditional library functions and services. On the opposition, there is

restricted scope for them to undergo in service training programme, higher studies, refresher courses

etc., those are increased a significant amount of stress among library professionals.

Physical Stress : The Digital library environment has altered the physical structure of the job

environment. Due to sitting in front of computers for a long hour, working in air conditioned

environment etc. have also give rise to the physical stress and illness. Stress is necessary to generate

eagerness, creativity and productivity. Stress could be beneficial or detrimental. A beneficial stress

encourages the employees. Such type of stress is called eustress.

Reasons of Stress in Libraries

Stress can be the result of three sources i.e. as physical, situational; mental, Physical stress

may be brought through overwork, poor diet. Lack of rest, mental stress can be sketched to a person's

mental condition of mind, which involves expectations, fears, regrets etc and Situational stress can be

the result of the interaction with the external world like interaction with modern technologies, role as a

library manager etc. In the course of the past many years, libraries, like many other institutions, have

been experiencing change at an accelerating rate.

The digital library atmosphere has exhibited an extreme change in the function & services of

libraries. Accordingly professionals of the library & information science have exposed to a significant

amount of stress in their day-to-day work. Techno stress is a modern ailment of adaptation caused by

an inability to manage with the new computer/IT technologies in a healthy manner. It reveals itself in

two distinct ways: in the struggle to admit computer technology, and in the further specified form of

over identification with computer/IT technology. Stress arises when a librarian is called upon to

search new online or CD-ROM system on which he/she has not been adequately trained or older

systems which are used only infrequently.

Change in the Work Culture in workplace or Cave to Space

The Nature of Library work has changed dramatically in the past twenty years, largely

because of technology. Changes are apparent in role definitions, talks, organizational structures, user

anticipations, vendor relations, and campus awareness of library/learning resources personnel.

Techno stress

World is fast rotating to a global town and this is as the result of the preface of the use of

various technological tools in moving functions/activities that initially were done manually. The

present age is mentioned as the information age or the digital age or we can say the information era

today is faced with diverse challenges & issues. Most of the issues are connected to the practice of

information tech. tools in carrying out various activities. Library and information facilities delivery

and improved to a large extent as a consequence of the make use of technology for library activities

such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, reference, and serials control.

The librarians in the progression of carrying out their duties/assign tasks interact with the

computer and other information tech. tools. The job of library professionals is mostly sitting and

therefore, they spend most of the time in front of the computer monitor in order to achieve

productivity. This nonstop and uninterrupted contact for a long time in front of the computer system

could affect the person.

In other words techno stress is a new ailment of adjustment caused by the lack of ability to



deal with the new technology in a big manner. It evidences itself in two related ways: Firstly, the fight

to receive computer technology, and secondly, the more particular type of over-identification with

computer/IT technology.

Craog Brod the author who first coined the term 'techno stress' defines the phenomenon as

“A modern illness of adaptation caused by an incapability to cope with latest technologies in a well

manner” otherwise techno stress known as

· Technophobia Cyber Phobia

· Computer Phobia

· Computer Anxiety

Techno-Overload : When Technology users are forced to work for longer hours and be fast in their

works, it is termed as “Techno-Overload” in their so called technology environment.

Techno stress is the undesirable psychological association among people and the

introduction of new tech. technological stress is the result of transformed routine habits of work and

association those are being carried out about due to the use of modern information tech. at office and

homesituations. People experience techno stress when peoples cannot adjust to or cope with

information techn. In a strong manner. They suffer irrational about being connected and sharing

endless new updates and feel forced to react to job-related information in immediate, and participate

in almost habitual of multi-tasking. They experience bound to work quicker because information

flows faster, and have small time to spend on persistent thoughts and creative analysis.

Some of the earliest techno stress studies in the field of management information systems

and show that techno stress is an unwanted phenomenon germinated by the use of computing and

communication devices such as laptop/desktop, tablets and smart phones. It is dependent on gender,

age and computer knowledge. Women experience lower techno stress than men, old age people

experience less techno stress at work than younger ones and those with larger computer literacy

experience lower technological stress than having no experience5, 6, 7, 8

Symptoms of techno stress

There are many symptoms of techno stress. The anxiety conveyed by those experiencing

techno stresses: sleeplessness, loss of temper, irritability, obstruction in success and can increase errors

in judgment and poor job performance in not dealt with. In the 21st century, human being equipped

with technology at their workplace are mainly those experiencing techno stresses. People are sitting

and fronting computer screen for a long time which results in physical/mental strain. In the 21st

century work culture, people devote hours in a day at work because it is necessity to their Job security

and job satisfaction. However, these demands are becoming more and more dangerous to their health.

In a technological world, providing to people suitable and safe physical as well as mental environment

is a necessity. Too much exposure to computer screens brings association with emotional stress that's

why people are emotionally affected by such techno stress in their job places.

Technological skills for employees are essential to regularly update their new technological

skills. Institutions, different organizations, companies, and agencies are needed to employ IT

professionals and specialists.

Four Facets of Techno stress

· Physical facets are eye strain, backache, headaches, stiff shoulders, joint pain, neck pain, dry throat

and mouth, muscle tension, stomach discomfort, keyboard related injuries, rapid heart rate, chest

pain, irritable bowel syndrome, increased blood pressure and difficulty in breathing.

· Emotional Aspects like irritability, loss of temper, having a high state of anxiety, frustration, lack of

appreciation, depression, guilt, feeling fearful.

· Behavioral aspects consist of feeling overly comfortable with computers, overspending on



computers etc.

· Psychological aspects are composed of information overload in order to find, analyze, evaluate, and

apply it in the right context with resources, under work and routine jobs lead to frustrations.

Techno stress In Libraries :

With the introduction of the internet, Library professionals were among the initial adopters

in refining users about the resources existing on the internet. However, with the advent of adjusting to

the more and more complex technologies, more new users and employee have been experiencing

emotional and physical which gives result to higher levels of non-attendance and turnover, higher

cost for retraining to new staff and add to process costs related to job place stress.

Different issues which are responsible for techno stress factors are as discussed below:

· Technological Change : The information and communication tech. (ICT) is a fast changing

phenomena. Therefore the application of Information and Tech. (ICT) in libraries is also altering at

an alarming speed, which creates stress among concerned library professionals.

· Changing Library Environment : Many traditional libraries have transferred from older library

manual system to library automated systems and recently to newer additional sophisticated digital

library system. Staff members must try to unlearn their traditional habits and procedures and learn to

understand the new system.

· Change in Type of document: In addition to print material, most of libraries are now gaining at least

few materials in other formats, such as CD-ROM, digital format and electronic documents. Such type

of material, which was once handled on a temporary basis, must now be merged into the regular

acquisitions workflow.

· Changing in Library Physical facility: Problems or changes in physical facilities have become a vital

problem in today's libraries with the increased use of electronic formats. The library head are

unwilling to spend facilities to cope with increasing space needs. Now libraries are essentially

moving into latest facilities with less space or dropping space to other library functions.

· Changing Users Demand: With the development of various micro subjects, information, time bound

academic programs etc. users attitude towards pin pointed information have changed. Accordingly

the acquisition, organization and stress in the mind of library professionals.

· Reduce staff strength: Like other organizations rearranging, layoffs, loss of staff positions, and

taking more work more with fewer people have become increasingly common in libraries, which has

becoming a cause of stress through the increasing workload. Further problems such as illness,

disability, or death of a member of the library community have a growing impact on co-worker.

Techno stress and Librarianship

The Techno stress is more and more competitive and this demands high work load from

employees. In this changing environment working hours have gone beyond the limits marking work

more challenging for the staff. In order to continue competitive businessman are regularly focusing on

innovation and new manufactured goods development. Techno stress (computer based) is a common

problem for library professionals especially for non-savvy computer personnel.

Technology changes the way people work and learn. Now the status of technology is being

defined and is constantly being improved. Change is inevitable .As a result those involved in higher

education have to find ways to familiarize to such technological change. Administrators, faculty,

librarians, and students using libraries should identify the main role of technology for the purposes of:

4Sharing innovative techniques and ideas for teaching and learning;

4Innovativeness, Encouraging enthusiasm

4 Learning about challenges and opportunities

4Way to deal with technology.



The move to technology, with its changes and need for adaptation to technology, has been rapid and

stressful for many people. While, many people have increased their usage of technology and they are

comfortable in using technology. For those who are not amenable to change, who find it difficult to

adapt, there are often a variety of responses or results. This type of reaction is called techno stress.

Techno stress is the incapability to cope with new computer/IT technologies which exposes itself in

one of two ways: Computer users struggle to accept the technologies. Computer users over-identify

with technological problem.

Objectives of the Study :

4To find out the reasons of techno stress, University Library Professionals in Himachal Pradesh.

4To find out the symptoms and coping mechanism of techno stress in University Library

Professionals of Himachal Pradesh.

4To understand how techno stress affect the work of library professionals.

4To identify the physical and psychological symptoms of techno stress among the Library

Professionals.

Scope of the Study :

In order to realize the above objectives, the scope of the proposed study shall be limited to the

Professionals of Govt. and Private Universities of Himachal Pradesh.

Delimitations of Study :

The research was delimited to Himachal Pradesh State only.

The research was delimited to Library Professionals of Himachal Pradesh only.

The research was delimited to Govt. and Private Universities of Himachal Pradesh Only.

1. Methodology :

2. Review of Literature

Mahalakshmi & Sornam (2012) found that the library professionals or librarian of Engineering

Colleges of Anna University suffer from body ache and symptoms/sign of techno stress such as sleep

disturbance and back ache and other muscular problems.

Ofua and Pereware (2011) research on the effect and measures of techno stress among the library

professionals in university libraries in Nigeria. It was concluded that techno stress can be avoided by

university librarians by purchasing user friendly interface, regular training on ICT, and developing

positive approach toward technology.

Wang, Shu, and Tu (2008) study techno stress as a mirror of one's, fear, discomposure, anxiety and

tenseness when one is learning and using IT technology indirectly or directly that ultimately ends in

psychological and emotional standoff and keep one for more learning or using IT technology

Haridasan and Sultan (2002) find out that the concerned professionals of library of the Gorakhpur

University to show the role of different dimension of stress experienced by the all library professional

working in different positions in the organization, and to study the personal factors causing the stress

among library staff. The findings show that the library professionals are under stress as they are

affected by role conflict, role overload unreasonable group, political pressure, and under

participation. The library professional also experience high levels of stress with the emotional

debilitation dimension

Data Analysis

Table 1 . Gender wise distributions of the respondents

S. No. Gender Frequency Percentage

1 Male 61 50%

2 Female 61 50%

Total 122 100%



Table 1 shows the gender wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total sample was of 122, out

of which 61 are males and another 61 are females which comprised of 50-50% of the total respondents.

This shows that the investigator received the equal number of questionnaires from both males and

females library professionals.

Table 2. Location wise distribution of respondents

Table 2 shows the location wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total sample was

of 122, out of which 80 belongs to urban area which comprised of 65.573% of the total respondent. And

another 42 belongs to rural area which comprised of 34.426% of the total respondents.34.42% of the

total respondents. This shows that respondents of urban area are more than the rural area library

professionals.

Table 3 Age wise distribution of respondents

Table 3 Shows the age wise distribution of sample The table shows that total sample was of

122, out of which 40 belongs to the age group of 25-35 years which comprises of 32.786% of the total

respondents. Next 32 belong to the age group of 31-45 years which comprises of 26.229% of the total

respondents. Another 23 belong to the age group of 46-55 years and last 27 belong to the age group of

56-above which comprises of 18.852% and 22.131% of the total respondents respectively. This shows

that the respondents of age group 25-35 are highest in number than other age group library

professionals.

Table 4. Designation wise distribution of respondents

Table.4. shows the designation wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total sample

was of 122, out of which 9 were librarians and 13 were deputy librarians which comprise of 7.377% and

10.655% of the total respondents respectively. Also 28 were assistant librarians /professional

assistants which are 22.950% of the total respondents. Another 29 and 43 were junior/ senior library

assistants and library assistants respectively which comprise of 23.770% and 32.245% of the total

respondents respectively. This shows that the library assistants are highest in respondents than other

library professionals.

S.No. Respondent Frequency Percentage

1 25-35 40 32.79%

2 31-45 32 26.23%

3 46-55 23 18.85%

4 56-Above 27 22.13%

Total 122 100%

S. No. Location Frequency Percentage

1 Urban 80 65.573

2 Rural 42 34.426

Total 122 100%

S. No. Designation Frequency Percentage

1 Librarian 9 7.38%

2 Deputy Librarian 13 10.66%

3Assistant Librarian/

Professional Assistants28 22.95%

4Junior/ Senior Library

Assistant29 23.77%

5 Library Assistant 43 32.25%

Total 122 100%



Table-5 Status wise distribution of respondents (Universities)

Table 5 shows the status wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total sample was of 122, out

of which 81 were from private universities which comprises of 66.393% of the total respondents. While

another 41 were from the government universities which comprise of 33.606% of the total respondents.

This shows that library professionals of private universities are greater than government universities.

Table-6 Professional qualification wise distribution of respondents

Table 6. above shows professional qualification wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total

sample was of 122, out of which 45 were C.Lib which comprise of 36.885% of the total respondents.

Also 25 were B.Lib and 28 were M.Lib with Isc which comprise of 20.491% and 22.950% of the total

respondents respectively. Another 15 were M.Phil and 9 were Ph.D. in library science which comprise

of 12.295% and 7.377% of the total respondents respectively. This shows that the highest percentage of

respondents were those having C.Lib as their professional qualification.

Table- 7. Experience wise distribution of respondents

Table 7. Shows the experience wise distribution of respondents. The table shows that total sample was

of 122, out of which 14 were having experience below 5 years and 18 were having experience of 6-15

years which comprises of 11.475% and 14.754% of the total respondents respectively. Highest

percentage comprised of having 61.475% which is about 75 in number was having an experience of 16-

25 years. Another 12 were having experience of 26-35 years and 3 were having highest experience of

about 36-45 years which comprises of 9.836% and 2.459% of the total respondents. This shows that the

library professionals having an experience of 16-25 years were highest in number than other library

professionals and the persons having highest experience of 36-45 years were least in number.

Table- 8. Marital status wise distribution of respondents

Table 8. Shows the marital status wise distribution of sample. The table shows that total

sample was of 122, out of which 89 were married which comprise of 72.950% of the total respondents.

Another 33 were unmarried which comprise of 27.049% of the total respondents. This shows that

S. No. Status Frequency Percentage

1 Private 81 66.39%

2 Government 41 33.61%

Total 122 100%

S. No. Qualification Frequency Percentage

1 C.Lib 45 36.89%

2 B.Lib & Isc 25 20.49%

3 M.Lib & I Sc 28 22.95%

4 M.Phil 15 12.30%

5 Ph.D 9 7.38%

Total 122 100%

S. No. Experience Frequency Percentage

1 Below 5 Year 14 11.48%

2 6 – 15 Years 18 14.75%

3 16 -25 Years 75 61.48%

4 26-35 years 12 9.84%

5 36-45 years 3 2.46%

Total 122 100%

S. No. Status Frequency Percent

1 Married 89 72.95%

2 Unmarried 33 27.05%

Total 122 100%



married respondents are more than the unmarried respondents.

Table 9. Showing the causes of techno stress by library professionals

Table 9 Shows that a total of 122 library professionals act as the sample for our study having

an experience of about 1-20 years. The table also shows the different causes of techno stress felt by

S.

No Causes of Techno stress

Very

HighHigh Average Low

Very

Low

un

definedPercentage

1 Inadequate Training 18.05 23.88 24.71 18.09 10.55 4.72 100

2 Network Problem 10.833 25 23.333 20.84 10.83 9.163 100

3 Hard Ware Problems 9.3 21.8 22.64 33.49 9.3 3.47 100

4 Introduction of New Technology 16.195 29.6 29.595 15.02 9.595 nil 100

5 Change in Library Software 15.28 26.94 23.61 16.36 10.53 7.28 100

6 Poor Sitting Position 10.003 20 25.833 21.67 14.16 8.333 100

7 Apprehension fear 7.58 16.74 26.74 26.79 15.91 6.24 100

8 Poor computer proficiency skills 13.6 15.27 22.76 35.6 12.77 nil 100

9 Use of out dated technology 10.69 16.52 29.02 19.89 14.86 9.02 100

10 Built fear for technology 12.78 13.6 26.94 21.13 16.11 9.44 100

11Sitting In front of computer

system for long periods17.64 15.14 23.47 15.97 20.97 6.81 100

12 Poorly designs workstation 12.36 19.02 24.02 17.38 17.36 9.86 100

13 Electric Power Fluctuation 14.86 21.52 23.19 15.38 11.52 13.53 100

14 Poor technical support 15.968 19.31 27.638 21.95 15.14 nil 100

15Stress due to anxiety over badly

designed computer software15.83 22.5 21.68 12.16 14.16 13.67 100

16 Information overloaded 18.971 21.55 19.871 24.88 9.031 5.701 100

17 Lack of Manpower 12.03 28.69 24.03 14.53 15.36 5.36 100

18 Security Issues 11.723 27.55 25.893 23.06 7.553 4.223 100

19Online Public Access

Catalogue(OPAC)10.693 27.36 19.863 19.03 14.86 8.193 100

20 Library website 14.023 23.19 30.693 15.7 9.863 6.533 100

21 Information Sources 20.693 25.69 25.693 15.03 7.363 5.533 100

22 E-Mail 20.831 22.5 28.331 13.34 7.501 7.501 100

23Public Printer Problem Through

Network9.333 20.16 26.833 25.01 14.33 4.333 100

24 Online Subscription 12.785 28.12 28.115 16.42 8.115 6.455 100

25 Lack of Support of Management 10.001 13.33 35.001 21.67 12.5 7.501 100

26Lack of Support from the IT

Department15.555 19.73 21.385 19.73 16.39 7.225 100

27

Lack of Knowledge about the

working condition of Digital

Software and In house

development Package

13.331 23.33 20.831 23.34 11.67 7.501 100

28 Responsibility for Loss of Books 13.555 15.23 26.885 27.23 11.06 6.055 100

Techno stress



library professionals due to advancement in libraries. The intensity of causes of techno stress is further

divided into six point scale i.e. very high, high, average, low, very low and undefined.

The table reveals that maximum causes of techno stress are lying in the category of average.

some of the causes are inadequate training, introduction of new technology, poor sitting position, use

of out dated technology, built fear for technology, sitting in front of computer system for long periods,

poorly designs workstation, electric power punctuation, poor technical support, stress due to anxiety

over badly designed computer software, library website, information sources, public printer problem

through network, online subscription, lack of support of management-,lack of support from IT

department – above are such causes of techno stress which are felt by maximum percentage of library

professionals and they felt these causes as average causes, nor too high and nor too low.

The table also reveals that some of the professionals felt network problem, Introduction of new

technology, change in library software, lack of manpower, security issues, online public access

catalogue (OPAC), information sources, online subscription as high causes of techno stress.

It was also noted that hardware problems, apprehension fear, poor computer proficiency skills,

information overloaded, lack of knowledge about working condition of digital software and in-house

development package and responsibility for loss of books are the causes of techno stress felt by

maximum percentage of library professionals and they considered these as low causes of techno

stress. The table shows that above are some of the different causes of techno stress felt by different

library professionals.

Table 10. showing the coping mechanism from techno stress by library professionals

The above table 10 Shows that a total of 122 library professionals made up the population of

respondents. Most of the respondents were between the ages brackets of 20-60 years. And it was seen

that most of the library professional had the experience lying between 1-20 years in the field of library.

As we know techno stress is increasing due to advancement and digitization in the library resources.

Every library professional tries to cope with this stress and use different coping mechanism to come

out of this state of stress.

It was noted that 74.17% of professional use efficient and friendly computer network system

while 25.83 % of professional does not make any use of such network system. Table also reveals that

52.5% of library professionals use regular tracing mechanism to cope with techno stress while 47.5% of

Sr. No. Questions YES NO Percentage

1Efficient and Friendly Computer

Network System74.17 25.83 100

2 Regular Training 52.5 47.5 100

3Regular Breaks during working

Hours65 35 100

4Revert to Manual system of Library

Operation60 40 100

5Maintain the use of old technology

and equipment65.415 34.585 100

6 Use of good office furniture 57.09 42.91 100

7 Better Ergonomics Practice 56.665 43.335 100

8 Reliable Technical Support 56.665 43.335 100

487.505/8= 312.495/8=

60.938 39.0618

COPING MECHANISM

Overall percentage



professionals do not make use of such mechanism.

From table it was also noted that 65% of the professionals uses regular breaks during their

working hours while 35% of professionals does not take any regular breaks during their working

hours. It was also noted that 60% of the library professionals revert to manual system of library

operation to cope with techno stress, while 40% of the professionals does not use such type of revert

mechanism to cope with techno stress.

The tables also reveals that 65.415% of total professional of library maintain the use of old

technology and equipment to remove stress where as 34.584% of the professionals does not uses any

such type of mechanism to cope with stress. It was also noted that 57.09% of the library professionals

make use of good office furniture to cope with techno stress but 42.91% of the professionals does not

make use of such furniture.

The table also reveals that 56.665% of library professionals use better ergonomics practice and

reliable technical support to cope with techno stress in libraries while 43.335% of library professionals

do not use such type of coping mechanisms.

Overall 60.938% of library professionals use coping mechanism while 39.0618% of library

professionals did not use any kind of coping mechanism. Thus above are some of the coping

mechanisms used by library professionals to come out of the state of techno stress.

Major Findings Of The Study

w The study shows that the investigator received the equal number of questionnaires from both males

and females library professionals.

w The study shows that respondents of urban area are more than the rural area library professionals.

w The study shows that the respondents of age group 25-35 are highest in number than other age

group library professionals.

w The study shows that the library assistants are highest in respondents than other library

professionals.

w The study shows that library professionals of private universities are greater than government

universities.

w The study shows that the highest percentages of respondents were those having C.Lib as their

professional qualification.

w The study shows that the library professionals having an experience of 16-25 years were highest in

number than other library professionals and the persons having highest experience of 36-45 years

were least in number.

w The study shows that married respondents are more than the unmarried respondents.

w Overall 43.95% of library professionals experienced techno stress while 56.0425% of library

professionals did not experience any kind of techno stress.

w Overall 21.23% of males library professionals experience techno stress while 22.72% of females

library professionals experience techno stress. Overall females experience more techno stress than

males.

w Overall 21.71% of urban area professionals experience techno stress while 22.353% of rural area

professionals experience techno stress. This shows that there is slight difference in urban and rural

area professionals in experiencing techno stress.

w Some of the professionals felt network problem, Introduction of new technology, change in library

software, lack of manpower, security issues, on-line public access catalogue (OPAC), information

sources, online subscription as high causes of technostress. It was also noted that hardware

problems, apprehension fear, poor computer proficiency skills, information overloaded, lack of

knowledge about working condition of digital software and in-house development package and



responsibility for loss of books are the causes of techno stress felt by maximum percentage of library

professionals and they considered these as low causes of techno stress.

· Overall 60.938% of library professionals use coping mechanism while 39.0618% of library

professionals did not use any kind of coping mechanism.

REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology

2. https://www.useoftechnology.com/what-is-technology/

3. Larry R. Oberg, “Library Support Staff Deployment and Utilization: Achieving Clarity in an Age of Change,

Journal of Academic Librarianship 23, no. 1 (Jan. 1997): 42–43.

4. Singla, Dimple (2007). Organizational role stress: A comparative study among the library Professionals in

Schools, Colleges and University of Patiala city (Master of Philosophy Dissertation), Department of Library and

information Science, Algappa University, Karaikudi..

5. Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu, Q., The Impact of Technostress on Productivity,

Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer 2007.

6. 27.Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. and Tu, Q., Consequence of Technostress in End Users:

Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation, Information Systems Research, December 2008

7. Tarafdar, M, Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T.S and Ragu-Nathan, B.S. Crossing over to the “Dark Side”: Examining

Creators, Inhibitors and Outcomes of Technostress, Communications of the ACM (Contributed Research Article)

September 2011.

8. Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A., and Weitzel, T. Giving too much Social Support: Social Overload on Social

Networking Sites, European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS). doi: 10.1057/ejis.2014.3.

9. Routry, Bijalaxmi. Satpathy, Sunil(2007). Strss Management of Library & Information science professionals in

digital environment. Retrieved from WWW.//http://eprints.rclis.org/8152/1/stress_management.pdf

10. Mahalakshmi, K., Sornam, S. Ally. (2012). Technostress among library professionals of Anna University of

Technology, Coimbatore. PERL- A Journal of Library and Information Science, 5(3), 9-12.

11. Ofua, Owajeme Justice., Pereware, TiemoAghwata. (2011). Technostress: effects and measures among librarians

in University libraries in Nigeria. International journals of Digital Library System, 2(4), 23-33.

12. Wang, K.;Shu, Q,& Tu, Q. (2008). Technostress under different Organizational environments: An empirical

investigation.Computers in Human empirical Investigation Computers in Human Behaviour, 24, 3002-3013.

13. Haridasan, S., & Sultan, T. (2002). Occupational stress and burnout among the library staff of Gorakhpur

University: A Survey. Journal of Library and Information Science, 27(1), 41-52.

Eternal University, Baru Sahib(H.P)

9817614914

Library Science

Library Automation: A Case Study of Dr Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Neelam Chauhan* Dr. Sanjay Kr. Sharma**

Abstract

In this research paper researchers investigated library automation position in

engineering college libraries and also determined services though the same. Library automation

is very important in engineering college libraries. Engineering college libraries playing a vital

role in providing quality based services to their users with using technology. In this research

paper researcher also highlighted on importance and need of library automation..

Keywords : Computerization, Library Automation, Engineering, IT, Software.



* Research Scholar (LIS), MONAD University, Hapur , U.P. India** H.O.D Central Library, KIET Group of Institutions NCR , Ghaziabad , U.P. India

Introduction

Today's era is information technology era. We can't live without technology, now technology

becomes our daily life's part. Now in every field use of computer is general. Library and information

science how can live behind IT. Now libraries also use computer for their daily routine work. In this

research paper researcher investigated computerized engineering college libraries. Following

engineering college are affiliated to AKTU , Lucknow.

Concept and Meaning of Library Automation

The word “automation” has been derived from Greek word “automose” means something,

which has power of spontaneous motion or self-movement. The term “automation” was first

introduced by D.S. Harder in 1936, who was then with General Motor Company in the U.S. He used the

term automation to mean automatic handling of parts between

progressive production processes.

According to Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, “automation is the

technology concerned with the design and development of process and system that minimize the

necessity of human intervention in operation” (Kent,1977). According to McGraw Hill Encyclopedia

of Science and Technology automation as “a coined word having no precise generally accepted

technical meaning but widely used to imply the concept, development, or use of highly automatic

machinery or control systems” (McGraw, 1982). Webster's Third new International Dictionary of

English Language Automation is defined as “automatically controlled operation of an apparatus,

process or system by mechanical or electronic device that takes place of human organs of observation,

effort and decision”. (Gove, 1966)

According to the Oxford English Dictionary automation as “Application of automatic control

to any branch of industry or science by extension, the use of electronic or mechanical devices to replace



human labour”. (Simpson & Weiner, 1989).Library automation, stated in single term, is the application

of computers and utilization of computer based product and services in the performance of different

library operations and functions in provision of various services and production of output

products.Library automation may be defined as the application of automatic and semiautomatic data

processing machines

What to be Automated ?

All routine works and services of the library can be automated through library automation.

Besides in some automation software packages there are provisions for article indexing, abstracting

etc. Basically these followings works of library are automated :-

Online public access catalogue

1. Circulation

2. Acquisition

3. Serial control

4. Intranet

5. Internet

6. Digital Libraries

Automated Library Services

There are various types of automated services provided by the automated library. The

automated services are:

1. Current awareness Service (CAS)

2. Online Search Service

3. Printed Indexes

4. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI)

5. Inter Library Loan

6. Stock Verification

7. Reference service

Colleges of AKTU Lucknow

Sl. No. Name of the Colleges

1. KIET Group of Institutions Ghaziabad, U.P.

2. R.D. Engineering College Ghaziabad, U.P.

3. IMS Engineering College Ghaziabad, U.P.

4. ABES Engineering College

5. Krishna Engineering College, Ghaziabad, U.P.

6. K.N.Modi Institute of Engineering & Technology–Modinagar , U.P.

7. RKGIT Ghaziabad,U.P.

8. MIET Meerut , U.P.

9. Graeter Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology Greater Noida , U.P.

10. ITS Engineering College , Greater Noida

Need of Computerization :

Following are some points will clear that the need of library computerization.

w Save the time of the users and library staff (4th law of library science)

w Explosion of information.

w Reduce human resources / Use proper human resources



w Save printing cost (Registers, Borrow Cards, book Cads etc).

w Number of users can access at a time (OPAC)

w Error free services

w Control library circulation

w Keep up to date records

w Give modern IT bases services to the users like (Web OPAC/Use of Barcode Technology)

Objectives of the Study :

w To find out the current situation of the libraries.

w To ascertain how may libraries undertaken library automation

w To Know barriers to library automation faced by library staff.

Review of Literature :

Dhani. (2013) in his study entitled ―Automation in Libraries in India and Role of

Library Association‖ defines automation and explains its use in libraries particularly in India. It also

discusses role of library association for finding out measures to protect future employment situation

arising form automation suggests need to resist the delay in its introduction by including spirit of

selfless hard work. It also stresses the need for training in machine handling, publicizing new

automatic devices.

Kimber, (2014) in his document entitled ―An Introduction to Computer based Library

Systems‖ Provide and understanding of what automated systems can do in libraries and has

highlighted library housekeeping operations for automation and how librarians can develop their

won automated systems in their own libraries.

Singh, (2016) in ―Automation in Libraries‖ explains concepts use and impact of automation

on libraries including data processing equipment. It also describes the state of automation in number

of libraries and information centers in several countries and serves as an introduction to subject of

automation and application as viewed from working of modern library.

Sengupta, & Chatterjee, (2018) in ―Documentation and Information Retrieval‖ gives

the basic aspect of information retrieval, function and information retrieval systems, traditional and

modern indexing systems and the different types of indexes and how computer can be used to produce

different types of indexes

Methodology :

In this research paper the questionnaire based survey method was used for data collection.

List of questions were formulated keeping in view of the objectives of the study and the same was

distributed to 10 institute's librarians and the researcher obtains 12 (80%) response from librarian and

further required information was collected from internet and college prospectus.

Data Analysis :

Table No. 1 Status of Library

Sl. No. Status Yes Percentage

1 Library Automated 07 70%

2 Legal License Copy of Lib. Software 07 70%

3 Computer trained library staff 06 60%

The table No. 1 show that 07 (70%) engineering college libraries are automated and providing

services with using library software's 07 (70%) libraries have a license copy of library software. 60%

libraries have computer trained library staff.



Table No. 2 Library Software

Sl. No. Software Yes Percentage

1. Autolib 02 20%

2. Netlib 01 10%

3. KOHA 02 20%

4. In house developed 02 20%

The table no. 2 show that 02 (20%) engineering college libraries used Auto Lib. Library

software for circulation and library management, 01 (10%) libraries used Netlib software and 2 (20%)

libraries used KOHA library software 02 (20%) libraries used in house developed library software's.

Table No. 3 Areas of Library Automation

Areas Yes Percentage

Acquisition 07 70%

Cataloguing 07 70%

Circulation 07 70%

Serial Control 03 30%

Budget 0 0%

Administration 0 0%

OPAC 07 70%

The table no. 3 show that 07 (70%) engineering college libraries use library software for

acquisition of library materials, 07 (70%) libraries also search / prepared catalogue on software, 07

(70%) libraries used software for circulation of library materials, 03 (30%) libraries also use library

software for serial control, not a single library use library software for budget control and

administration, 07 (70%) libraries used software for OPAC.

Table No. 4 Barrie in Library Automation

Sl. No. Software Yes Percentage

1 Finance 05 50%

2 Human Resource 05 50%

3 Lack of Training 03 30%

4 Lack of Infrastructure 02 20%

5 Lack of IT knowledge 02 20%

Table No. 4 show that 05 (50%) engineering college libraries are not done library automation

due to lack of finance 05 (50%) libraries are facing trained human resource for library automation, 03

(30%) libraries facing problem for training of library automation, 02 (20%) college libraries provide

good infrastructure for library automation, 02 (20%) library personnel feel that they have not

knowledge about library automation and information technology.

Conclusion :

In the conclusion we can say that KIET Group of Institution libraries affiliated to AKTU ,

Lucknow is good. Some institute facing problem with trained human resource and finance, some of

institutes also faces the problem of good infrastructure for library automation. As per the researchers

view finance is not a problem to do the computerization, now a days so many open source software's

are available on internet like. (KOHA, Dspace) Govt of India, department of NIC (National

Information Center) provides free of cost software i.e. E-granthalya.



REFERENCES

w Bhardwaj, R. & Shukala, R.K., 2014, A Practical Approach to Library Automation, Library Progress, 20 (1).

w Dhani, Ram., (2016). Automation in Libraries in India and role of Library Associations. Herald of Library Science.

w Kimber, Richard.T., (2016). Automation in Libraries. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 64-90.

w Kanamadi, S. & Kumbhar, B.D., 2017, Impact of Information Technology Innovations on Resources and Services

of Management Institute Libraries in Mumbai: Librarian's Approach, Electronic Journal of Academic and Special

Librarianship, 8 (1)

w Kimber, Richard.T., (2018). Automation in Libraries. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 64-90.

w P.S.G. Kumar, A Students manual of Library and information science, B.R. Publication, New Delhi.

w Sadanand Y. Bansode, A survey of Library Automation in College Libraries in Goa State, India, Library

Philosophy and Practice 2008.

w Sengupta, B., and Chatterjee, M., (2018). Documentation and Information Retrieval.

w Calcutta: World Press. 32-35.

w Singh, S.P., (2019). Automation in Libraries, Delhi: Metropolitan Book Company. 87-88.

w Singh, D.K. Nazim, 2018 Impact of Information Technology and Role of Libraries in the Age of Information and

Knowledge Societies in CLIBER 2008, Allahabad 28-29 March 2008.

G-289, Govind Puram,

Ghaziabaad, U.P. 201013

[email protected]

HOME SCIENCE

Assessment of Anthropometric Parameters and Vital Signs in Adolescent Girls with

reference to their Hemoglobin StatusZeba Qureshi* Dr. Charu Katare**

Abstract

Adolescents are the young people aged between 10 to 19 years. Adolescents form a

socially important segment of the population. Adolescent nutrition is therefore important for

supporting the physical growth of the body and for preventing future health problems. This

Study was conducted on 75 Adolescent girls in the age group of 17-19 years in Gwalior city.

Adolescent girls were divided in three categories based on the Hb status estimated by Sahli's

method. Group I, II and III represented adolescents with normal Hb range, adolescents with mild

anemia and moderate anemia respectively .Anemia was detected by ICMR (Indian Council of

Medical Research) classification. The results show comparison of anthropometric and vital

parameters of adolescent girls with reference to the three categories of anemia. Comparison of

mean percent difference of anthropometric and vital parameters in adolescents with normal Hb

range and adolescents in moderate category of anemia indicated a considerable change was seen

in weight, MUAC, W/H ratio, Hb, Pulse and RR was seen which was statistically insignificant.

This results show that mild and moderate anemia did not have major impact on anthropometric

and vital parameters of the adolescent girls and there is need that this age group should be made

aware of could be a major health risk if could not be prevented.

Keywords : Adolescents, Anemia, Hemoglobin, Nutritional status.



* Research Scholar, Deptt. of Home Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P. India** Professor, Dept. of Home Science, Govt. K.R.G. P.G. Autonomous College, Gwalior, M.P. India

Introduction

Adolescents aged 10–19 years constitute around one sixth of the world's population and

account for 6% of the global burden of disease and injury, and suffer over 1.2 million deaths each year

(World Health Organization 2015) . Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood,

a time when many important social, cultural, economic and biological events take place which set the

stage for adulthood. Adolescents comprise almost 22% of India's population. Poor health or risky

behaviors during adolescence can have negative impacts on health in adult life. (Patton GC et al. 2016)

Adolescents are at high risk of iron deficiency and anemia. The reason for this is rapid pubertal growth

with sharp increase in lean body mass, blood volume, and red cell mass, which increases iron

requirements for Hb in the blood.

Anemia is an unhealthy condition that develops in human beings when hemoglobin (Hb)

level in their blood is below the normal level of the blood. This drop in the Hb level in blood can be due



to the deficiency of iron, vitaminB12 or folic acid. Anemia is a formidable public health problem among

children and women worldwide, specially, among developing countries like India. According to

WHO 'anemia is the decreased ability of the red blood cells to provide adequate oxygen to body

tissues. It may be due to a decreased number of red blood cells, a decreased amount of a substance in

red blood cells which transports oxygen (hemoglobin) or a decreased volume of red blood cells'

(WHO, 2011)Globally, iron-deficiency anemia contributes to maximum disability adjusted life years

(DALYs) among adolescents, followed by skin diseases, road injuries and depressive disorders.

(Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration 2016).

Anemia is classified according to Indian council of Medical Research (ICMR) criteria. (R.G.

Vivekiet et al.2012, Mayang Sari et al. 2001).

Mild Anemia 10-10.9 gm %

Moderate anemia 7.1-10 gm %

Severe anemia <7 gm %

Adolescent health is most important issue as they constitute large group of population hence

the study was conducted with the objective to find out how anthropometric parameters and vital signs

of adolescent girls are influenced by hemoglobin status of adolescent girls in Gwalior city”

The specific objectives of the study were:

w Assessment of hemoglobin status.

w Measurement of anthropometry parameters.

w Examination of vital sign.

METHODOLOGY :

The Present study was conducted on a sample of 75 Adolescent girls in the age group of 17-19

years. The sample was derived using purposive random sampling method from 4 Govt.Girls Colleges

of Gwalior city representing there major areas of the city. A written consent of voluntary participation

was obtained from each girl and parents were also informed about the same. Adolescent girls were

divided in three categories based on the Hb status estimated by Sahli's method. Hb estimation was

done with the help of a technician from a pathology lab. Each category was comprised of 25

adolescents. Group I, II and III represented adolescents with normal Hb range, adolescents with mild

anemia and moderate anemia respectively. (ICMR grading)

Nutritional status was assessed by measuring anthropometric parameters like Weight,

Height, BMI (body mass index), W/H ratio (waist/Hip ratio), and MUAC (mid upper arm

circumference). These measurements were recorded following standard protocol and instruments.

Vital signs are measurements of the body's most basic functions. Selected vital signs like BP (blood

pressure), RR (respiratory rate, counts /minutes), Pulse rate (counts /minutes), Spo2 (oxygen

saturation of blood) were also observed and recorded using standard methods. Mean values of the

parameters were computed and tabulated to see whether these parameters differed among three

categories of hemoglobin.

RESULTS

The results of this study show comparison of anthropometric and vital parameters of

adolescent girls in the age group of 17-19 years with reference to the three categories Hb range viz.

normal, mild grade of anemia and moderate grade of anemia.



Table 1

Mean Values of Anthropometric Parameters and Vital Signs in Three Categories of Hb

Parameters Normal range of Hb Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia

Weight 45.84 46.12 43.32

BMI 19.0344 19.6468 18.5256

W/H ratio 0.752 0.7424 0.7272

MUAC 23.52 23 22.28

Hb1 2.08 10.296 8.88

Systolic BP 107.2 106.4 104.4

Diastolic BP 64.8 67.2 65.6

Pulse 84.92 89.36 88.12

RR 23.72 26.68 22.84

Spo2 97.84 98.08 98.32

The table above depicts data of selected anthropometric measurements and examined vital

signs in the adolescent girls in three categories of Hb

Table : 2

Mean Difference (%) of Various Parameters of Adolescents having Normal Hb and Mild Anemia

Parameter's Normal Hb Mild anemia % difference

Weight 45.84 46.12 0.60

BMI 19.0344 19.6468 3.15

W/H ratio 0.752 0.7424 1.35

MUAC 23.52 23 2.23

Hb 12.08 10.296 16.01

Systolic BP 107.2 106.4 0.74


Pulse 84.92 89.36 5.09

RR 23.72 26.68 11.74

Spo2 97.84 98.08 0.24

Table: 3

Mean Difference (%) of Various Parameters of Adolescents having Normal Hb and Moderate Anemia

Parameter's Normal Hb Moderate Anemia % difference

Weight 45.84 43.32 5.65

BMI 19.0344 18.5256 2.71

W/H Ratio 0.752 0.7272 4.10

MUAC 23.52 22.28 5.41

Hb 12.08 8.88 30.53

Systolic BP 107.2 104.4 2.64


Pulse 84.92 88.12 3.69

RR 23.72 22.84 3.78

Spo2 97.84 98.32 0.48

The table 2 and 3 indicate the output of the mean percent difference of anthropometric

parameters and vital signs between adolescents having normal Hb and mild and moderate anemic



adolescent girls. It was seen that that there was marginal difference between weight(60 %), W/H ratio

(1.35%), MUAC (2.23%), Systolic blood pressure(0.74%), SpO2(0.24%) in mild anemic group as

compared to adolescents having normal Hb range, however BMI ,Hb ,diastolic blood pressure, pulse

and RR values showed considerable difference which was statistically insignificant.

Comparison of mean values of anthropometric and vital parameters in adolescents with

normal Hb range and adolescents in moderate category of anemia revealed a minor difference in BMI

(2.71%), systolic (2.64%) and diastolic blood pressure (1.22%). A substantial change was seen in weight,

MUAC, W/H ratio, Hb, Pulse and RR was seen which was statistically insignificant.

Discussion

Anthropometry is the measurement of body parameters to indicate nutritional status.

Anthropometry can be used to measure an individual to determine if he or she needs nutrition

intervention or it can be used to measure many individuals to determine if malnutrition is a problem in

a population. Vital signs are often considered to be the baseline indicators of a patient's health status.

There are studies which report that anemia often affects nutritional status and some of the vital

parameters thus affecting health and physical capacities of individuals. Taking this into consideration

the present study was conducted on total 75 adolescent girls aged 17-19 years with the aim to measure

anthropometric parameters and examine vital sign with reference to their Hb status.

As shown in the results a comparison of these parameters in the three groups' viz.non anemic

and anemic girls showed that there was insignificant difference in the anthropometric parameters and

vital signs indicating that mild and moderate degree of anemia does not have major impact on

nutritional status and vital signs of adolescent girls. Findings of a study are in accordance with our

results which conclude lower correlation between Hb and weight and height and BMI in the study

population (Acharya S, 2018). The results of yet another study show no correlation between BMI and

BFP on the hemoglobin level (p>0.05). (Dita Maria, 2017) This also indicates that the girls having mild

and moderate anemia should be given counseling regarding anemia prevention strategies like taking

nutritious diet, iron folic acid supplementation, undertaking physical activity and maintaining good

health and hygiene. This will be an effort towards prevention of mild and moderate from progressing

to severe anemia which is likely to be a health hazard.

CONCLUSION

Nutritional status of adolescent girls contributes to the nutritional status of the community

therefore it becomes important that their nutritional status indicators should be monitored.

Adolescent girls who are the future 'mothers-to-be, hence there is need to create awareness among

adolescents and their family about nutrition and health so they maintain good helath and be able to

prevent anemia.

REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization: The global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016–2030):

survive, thrive, transform.; 2015.

2. Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, Ross DA, Afifi R, Allen NB, Arora M, Azzopardi P, Baldwin W, Bonell C, et al.

Our future: a lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016;387(10036):2423–78

3. WHO. Hemoglobin concentration for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin Mineral

Nutrition Information System, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2011

4. Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration. Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries among

children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013. Findings from the Global Burden



of Disease 2013 Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170(3):267–28

5. R.G. Viveki, A.B.Halappanavar, P.R.Viveki, S.B.Halki, V.S.Maled,, P.S. Deshpande Prevalence of anemia & its

epidemiology determinants in pregnant woman. AJMS 2012;5(3):216-223.

6. Mayang Sari , Saskia de Pee , Elviyanti Martin , Susilowatiherman , Sugiatm , Martin W.Bloem , & Ray Yip

Estimating the prevalence of anemia: a comparison of three methods.Bulletin of the WHO,2001;79:506-511.

7. Acharya S, Patnaik M, Mishra SP, Panigrahi AK. Correlation of hemoglobin versus body mass index and body fat

in young adult female medical students. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018;8(10) :1371-1373.

8. Dita Maria Virginia*), Fenty Correlation between Anthropometric Measurements and Risk of Anemia among

Rural Community in Cangkringan, Sleman Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Komunitas, November 2017, 112-119

C.P. Colony Aditya Nagar, Mall Road

Morar Gwalior (M.P) 474006

8819024289

[email protected]

HOME SCIENCE

tSfod m|kudh dh uohu rduhd'kkyw ;kno* MkW- pjuthr dkSj**

Abstract

Keywords : tSfod m|ku dh A

gekjs ns’k dh vkcknh fujrj c<rh tk jgh gS vkSj vc ,d vjc dh lhaek ikj dj pqdh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lHkh

ds fy;s HkjisV Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djus dk nkf;Ro gekjs ns’k ds d`f"k oSKkfudks ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vf/kd mRiknu izkIr djus

ds fy;s gekjh m|kfudh iw.kZr;k% jklk;fud moZjdkas] dhVukf’k;kas ,oa [kjirokj uk’kh nokvksa ij fuHkZj gks xbZ gSA blls

[kkn~;&mRiknu esa rks ge vkRefuHkZj gq, ijaarq ogha nwljh vksj gekjh e`nk] ty ,oa ok;q iznwf"kr gks jgh gS rFkk buds vo’sk"k gekjs

[kkn~; inkFkksZ esa ig¡qp dj gekjs LokLF; dks dqizHkkfor djus yxs gSaA



* Research Scholar, Dept. of Home Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P. India* Professor, Dept. of Home Science, Govt. K.R.G. P.G. Autonomous College, Gwalior, M.P. India

izLrkouk- dhVukf”k;ksa ds :Ik esa izfro’kZ jlk;uks dh yxHkx 1]00]000 esfVªd Vu ek=k [ksr esa iz;qDr dh tk jgh gSA

bldk iz;ksx eq[;r;k Qlyksa] lfCt;ksa ,oa Qyks ds dhVksa dks ekjus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bu tSouk”kdks esa eq[; :Ik ls dhVuk”kh ¼77 izfr-½ [kjirokjuk”kh ¼13 izfr-½ QQawnhuka”kh ¼8-6 izfr-½ rFkk pwgsekj nok,a ¼1izfr-½ ”kkfey gSaA vf/kdka”k dhVuk”kh ikuh esa de gksrs gSaA blds dkj.k ;s dhVuka”kh Hkwfe esa dkQh le; rd mifLFkr cus jgrs gSaAm|kuksaa esa iz;qDr ubZ rduhdsa1- Lksfefdr dhV izca/ku ¼IPM½ % Lksfefdr dhV izca/ku ;k Lksfefdr jksx izca/ku (Integrated pest management

(IPM), Integrated Pest Control (IPC)) dh /kkj.kk fVdkÅ [ksrh dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA blds varxZr dhV fu;a=.k ds fy, jklk;fud ,oa tSfod nokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk “kY; ,oa ;kaf=d fof/k;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls Ik;kZoj.k LoPN jgs ,oa mRiknu c<s blesa dhVukaf”k;ksa o O;kf/kukaf”k;ksa dk de ls de iz;ksx rFkk lkFk gh gekjs fe= dhVksa dk m|ku ds fy;s gkfudkj.k dhVksa ds fo:) iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA2- tSfod m|kudh ¼Organic garding ½ % orZeku ifjos”k dks ns[krs gq, tSfod m|kudh vFkok ns”kh m|ku dh dk mUur rjhdk orZeku le; esa m|kuksaa esa fo’kSys jlk;uksa ,oa dhVuka”kdksaa dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k muesa mRiUu Qy] Qwy ,oa lfCt;kW fo’kkDr gks tkrs gSa] mudh xq.koŸkk esa Hkh deh vkrh tk jgh gSA m|kuksa esa jlk;uks ,oa dhVuka”kdksa ds cgqrk;r esa iz;ksx gksus ds dkj.k ck;q] Hkwfe ,oa Ik;kZoj.k iznw’k.k esa fujarj o`f) gks jgh gS] lkFk gh Hkwfe dh moZjk “kfDr dk fujarj gzkl gks jgk gSA bu lHkh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa tSfod m|kfudh dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA tSfod m|kfudh ls rkRi;Z mRiknu dh ml fof/k ls gS tgka jklk;fud moZjdksa ,oe~ dhVuka”kdksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS cfYd buds LFkku ij Ik”kqvksa dk xkscj] eyew=] gjh [kkn] m|kuksa ds vo”ks’k] uhae dh iŸkh o ?kksy vkfn dk mi;ksx m|kuksa esa moZjk”kfDr cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh rEckdw dk ikuh] uhe dh ifŸk;ks dk ?kksy vkfn dk iz;ksx dhVuka”kdksa ds :Ik esa m|kuka dh moZjk”kfDr dks cuk;s j[kdj m|kuksa esa mRiUu Qy] Qwy ,oa lfCt;ksa ds iks’kd rRoksa esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA vkt ns”k esa tSfod m|kfudh dk izpyu fnu&izfrfnu c<rk tk jgk gSA bl fof/k ls ty o moZjd ikS/kksa ds e/; u ig¡qpdj lh/ks ikS/kksa dh tM+ks esa igq¡prk gS] ftlds dkj.k [kjirokj Hkh de iuirs gSaA3- lasfefdr ty izca/ku ¼IWM½ % lsfefdr ty izca/ku ¼ Integrated water management ½ fof/k og fof/k gS ftlesa ty dk izca/ku lksp le>dj fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd ty ,d izkd`frd lk/ku gS vkSj bls lksp le> dj [kpZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ugha rks Hkfo’; ds fy, ty dh deh ,d xaHkhj leL;k gksxhA vkt Hkh ns”k esa gksusokyh



flapkbZ dk cMk Hkkx o’kkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gS rFkk uxjksa esa Hkwfexr ty dk va/kk/kqa/k mi;ksx ds dkj.k Hkwfexr ty dk Lrj Hkh rsth ls fxjrk tk jgk gSA ftlds dkj.k dqvksa dk ikuh lw[kuk] ty vkiwfrZ dh deh] ty dh fo’kkDrrk] yo.khdj.k vkSj ifEiaxlsV yxokus dh ykxr c<uk tSlh leL;k,a mRiUu gks jgh gSaA vr% mijksDr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, o’kkZ ds ty dk vf/kd ls vf/kd laj{k.k dj vkSj o’kkZ ds ty dks mfpr LFkku ij bdV~Bk djds bldk mi;ksx m|kfudh ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA4 m|kuksa esa flapkbZ dh ubZ rduhdsa % orZeku esa m|kuksa esa flapkbZ dh ubZ&ubZ rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS tks fuEukfdar gS&1- voHkwfe ;k fM~zi flapkbZ % bl fof/k esa ikuh dks ikS/kksa dh tM+kas esa cw¡n&cw¡n djds Vidk;k tkrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, cksYo] ikbi ukafy;ka rFkk ,feVj yxkuk iM+rk gSaA bls Vid flapkbZ ;k cw¡ncw¡n flapkbZ Hkh dgrs gSaA bl fof/k ls ty dh 30 ls 60 izfr”kr rd cpr gksrh gSA2- QqCckjk flapkbZ % bl fof/k esa ikuh dks uksty }kjk gok esa Lizs fd;k tkrk gS tks Hkwfe dh lrg ij leku :Ik ls fxjrk gS rFkk /khjs&/khjs ikS/kksa dh tM+kas esa izos”k djrk gSA5 gkbMªksikWfuDl rduhd % “kgjksa dk foLrkj rsth ls gksus ds dkj.k gkbMªksikWfuDl rduhd dk izpyu c<+rk tk jgk gSA bl fof/k dk mi;ksx djds ?kjksa esa dgha Hkh m|ku dks yxk;k tk ldrk gSA fQj pkgs og Nr gks ;k ckyduh] ikfdZax gks ;k fQj dgha Hkh lhfear LFkku dk mi;ksx m|kfudh ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fof/k dh [kkl ckr ;g gS fd bles feV~Vh dk mi;ksx fcYdqy Hkh ugha gksrkA blesa ikS/kksa ds fy;s t:jh iks’kd rRoksa dks ikuh ds lgkjs lh/ks ikS/kksa dh tM+ksa rd ig¡qpk;k tkrk gSA rduhdh Hkk’kk esa bls gkbMªksikfuDl fof/k dgrs gSA6 IykfLVd cSx rduhd % bl fof/k dk mi;ksx m|kuksa esa yxus okys dhM+ksa tSls %& ¼ekstsd] ckowl] lQsn eD[kh] ePNj] ekgw½vkfn dks jksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa IykfLVd oSx ij xksan yxkdj m|kuksa esa yxk fn, tkrs gSA /khjs&/khjs bu IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ksa ij ePNj]lQsn eD[kh] ekgw vkfn fpid tkrs gSaA blls fdlh izdkj ds dhVuka”kd dk iz;ksx ugha djuk iM+rkA ;g ,d dhV fu;a=.k dk vPNk rjhdk gSA7- m|kfudh ds vk/kqfud midj.k % ?kj ds vanj cuk;s x, m|kuksa dks lqnj cukus ds fy, gesa fu;fer rkSj ij mldh ns[kHkky djuh iM+rh gSaA lkQ lQkbZ ds fy, T;knkrj yksx iqjkus vkStkjkas o midj.kksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA ysfdu vc dbZ vR;k/kqfud midj.k cktkj esa miyC/k gaS] tks bl dke dks cMh vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA8- fctyh ls pyus okys midj.k % ?kjksa esa m|kuksa ls dVkbZ&NVkbZ]lqj{kk lkSUn;Z vkfn ds fy;s fctyh okys midj.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls& ?kkl dkVus dh e”khu] isM&ikS/kksa dh Vgfu;ks dks dkVus ds fy;s fVªej] fVªfeax djus o feV~Vh dks iyVus okyk fVªej&Iyl&dYVhosVj] m|kuksa dks taxyh tkuojksa] fxygjh rFkk dqrjus okys Ik”kq if{k;ks ls cpkus ds fy;s vYVªklksfud jksMsV dh m|kuksa esa jks”kuh o Lkqanj cukus ds fy;s lkSj mtkZ ls pyus okyh ykbV] lksyj ikoj LikbDl] V~ohVfjax IykV~l xStsV vkfnA xkMZu VSDuksykWth esa lcls baVsfLVax xStsV lksyj ikoj LikbDl gSA ;g xkMZu esaVsusal Vwy gS blls ikS/ks dks feV~Vh esa nokus vkSj fQj ikS/ks dh lsgr dh iwjh tkudkjh tSls& iks’k.k dk Lrj] ikS/kksa dks fdruh ueh dk Lrj] fdruh ykbV o rkieku dh vko”;drk gS dk irk vklkuh ls gks tkrk gSA blh midj.k dh rjg g~ohVfjax IykaV~l xStsV Hkh ikS/kksa dks lks”ky ehfM;k ls tksMus okyk ,d egRoiw.kZ midj.k gSA blds tfj, ikS/ks fdlh Hkh le; V~ohVj ij vkids lkFk tqM+ ldrs gSaA ;g ,d cksVsfudy IykaV fdV gSA blesa yxs lsalj ls feV~Vh esa ek”pj ysoy dk irk yxkdj VªaklehVj ds ek/;e ls ;g tkudkjh vki rd igq¡pkrk gSA blls vkidks irk py tkrk gS fd dc ikS/ks dks ikuh dh vko”;drk gSAfu"d"kZ % mijksDr rF;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjh ;a=ksa dh vis{kk gesa izd`fr ds lkFk vius ikjaifjd Kku dk rknkRE; cukrs gq, m|kfudh esa dk;Z djus pkfg,A jklk;fud dhVuk”kh ,oa “kkduk”kh ds fodYi ds rkSj ij vkt gekjs ikl <sj lkjs tSfod dhVuk”kh ,oa “kkduk”kh miyC/k gSaA tSfod dhVukf”k;ksa esa rackdw] uhae]yglqu] ,dhjsUFkht]ySUVkuk] tLVsfl;k dusj] xqynkmnh dk mi;ksx loZfofnr gSA buds mi;ksx ls izHkkoh dhV fu;a=.k rks fd;k gh tk ldrk gS] lkFk gh ;s dhVuka”kh Lo;a gh u’V gksus okys gksrs gSA vr% buds mi;ksx ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dk fo’kSyk izHkko ugha iMrk gSA tSfod dhVukaf”k;ks ds lkFk&lkFk ijHk{kh dhVks esa >haxqj] edM+h] dkbysdksul] fØIVksysful] lks;kel vkfn izeq[k gSA var esa ;g dguk mfpr gksxk fd izkd`frd fof/k vkus okys le; esa d`f’k ,oa m|kfudh txr ij iw.kZ :Ik ls izHkkoh gksxhA bl fof/k esa euq’; ,oa izzd`fr ds chp larqyu



cuk, j[kuas dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS blls euq’; dks xq.koŸkk ;qDr ,oa fo’kkDrrk jfgr Qy ,oa lfCt;ka izkIr gks ldsaxhAlq>ko %w m|ku esa jklk;fud moZjdksa ds LFkku ij gjh [kkn ds iz;ksx dks c<kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rFkk gjh[kkn dks

rS;kj djus dh ubZ rduhdksaa ds izfr yksxksa esa tkx:drk mRiUu djuh gksxhAw dhVuka”kdksa dk iz;ksx de ls de djuk pkfg,] vfirq blds LFkku ij ,sls rjhdksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,

ftlls dhV u yx ik;sa tSls& uhae]rEckdw]bR;kfnA w m|ku esa jlksbZ ?kj ls fudyus okys vof”k"V inkFkksZ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls&lfCt;ksa ds

fNyds] bR;kfnA w i;kZoj.k LoPNrk laca/kh tkx:drk ,oa vuqla/kkuksa esa vkSj vf/kd o`f) dh vko';drk gSA w m|ku ds egRo dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, le;≤ ij m|ku ls lacaf/kr izf”k{k.k ,oa tkx:drk dk;ZØe

vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg,A lUnHkZ %1. https://thefarmtime.com/drip-irrigation-and-fertigation/

2. https://www.gaonconnection.com

3. http://kisanhelp.in/node/1070

4. https://hi.wikipedia.org/

5. https://agriculturestudyy.blogspot.com/2019/07/Organic-farming.html?

6. http://mpkrishi.mp.gov.in/hindisite/gudwatta_Jaivik_Kheti.aspx

7. https://khetigyan.in/hydroponics-farming/

8. http://gardenclub.homedepot.com/t

9. https://getbusygardening.com/easy-drip-irrigation-system/

10. https://www.dhgate.com/store/product/garden-sprinklers-greenhouse-automatic-360/408553876.html

11- “kekZ] vfiZrk % 21oha lnh gsrq d`f"k ds pgq¡eq[kh fodkl ds fy, lq>ko” midkj izdk”ku] (twu 2015

G-10, Commisnor Colony

Morena 476001 M.P.

99931-60009

MUSICOLOGY

Abstract

Keywords : dkO; esa jlkuqHkwfr

yfyr dyk esa dkO; dks Js"B ekuk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; vkSj ik’pkR; jl&fl)kUroknh rFkk lkSUn;Z ’kkL= eeZKksa us Hkh

dkO; esa jlkuqHkwfr dks vf/kd egRo fn;k gSA ân; ds eeZLFky ij Li’kZ rHkh gksrk gS tc txr~ ;k thou dk dksbZ lqUnj :Ik

ekfeZd n’kk ;k rF; eu esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA ,slh n’kk ;k rF; dh psruk ls eu esa dksbZ Hkko tkxrk gS] tks ml n’kk ;k rF; dh

ekfeZdrk dk iw.kZ vuqHko djus vkSj djkus ds fy, mlds dqN pqus gq, C;ksjksa dh ewrZ Hkkouk,¡ [kM+h djrk gSA dYiuk dk ;g

iz;ksx foHko i{k esa vkrk gSaA J`axkj] jkSnz] ohj] d:.kk vkfn jlksa ds vkyEcu vkSj mn~nhiuks ds o.kZu] izkd`frd n`’;ksa ds o.kZu

lc blh foHkko&i{k ds vUrxZr gSaA



* Research Scholar, Vanasthali Vidyapeeth, Jaipur, Rajasthan India

** Asst. Professor, Dept. of Dance, Vanasthali Vidyapeeth, Jaipur, Rajasthan India

izLrkouk- vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh dh okfXoykl iqLrd ds ^fuosnu* 'kh"kZd esa vkbZ gqbZa iafDr;ksa dks mn~/k`r

djrs gSaA euq"; dk ân; vusd fodkjksa dk vkxkj gS] ;ksa rks os lqIr voLFkk esa jgrs gSa] ij dkj.k mifLFkr gksrs gh tkxzr gks mBrs gSaA muds tkxj.k ls euq"; rnuqdwy O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA ;g tkxj.k ftruk gh izcy gksrk gS& ekuo O;ogkj Hkh mruk gh dBksj gks tkrk gSA bu tkx`r fodkjksa dk gh uke jl* gSA dkO; 'kkL= esa bUgha dh laKk jl gSA budh izsj.kk ls tks dke gksrs gSaA muds dqN fpUg Hkh euq"; esa izdV gks tkrs gSaA pkgs rks vki bUgha dks vuqHkko dg ldrs gSaA

jl lEcU/kh ;g foospuk 'kkL=h; 'kCnkoyh esa vfHkO;Dr u gksdj Hkh uohu gSA ijUrq f}osnh th vkuUn dk mruk vkxzg ugha djrs ftruk dkO;kLokn ds i'pkr~ gksus okys ekuoh; O;ogkj dk djrs gSaA Li"V gS fd dkO; dh vkSj mlds ewyrRo jl dh ;g foospuk okLrfod ugha gS] dsoy O;ogkjkfJr gSA jl dh ;g mi;ksfxrkoknh O;k[;k f}osnhth ls gh vkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj vkxs pydj ;g vusdkusd :iksa esa ifj.kr gksrh gSaA

jl&fl)kUr vkSj lkSUn;Z 'kkL= esa nksuksa rqyuh; ?kVd fdafpr~ O;k[;k lkis{; gSaA lkekU;r% jl fl)kUr Hkh Hkkjrh; euh"kk }kjk fufeZr vkSj fodflr lkSan;Z 'kkL= gh gS] ftlesa ukV~; ds C;kt ds dkO; laxhr] u`R;] fp=] oLrq vkfn lHkh dykvksa ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr rRoksa dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS] fdUrq vUrr% bldk pje fodkl eq[; :i ls dkO; ds gh lanHkZ esa gqvkA

vkpk;Z Hkjr us foHkko] vuqHkko vkSj lapkjh Hkkoksa ds la;ksx ls jl dh fu"ifŸk ekuh gSA eEeV ds vuqlkj Hkh bUgha rhuksa ls O;Dr LFkk;h Hkko dk uke jl gSA LFkk;h Hkko tc vkLoknu ;ksX; voLFkk dks igqa¡p tkrs gSa rks os jl dgykrs gS&

foHkkok vuqHkkok Lrr~ dF;Urs O;fHkpkfj.k%A

O;Dr% l rS foZHkkok|S% LFkk;h Hkkoks jlkser%AA

LFkk;h Hkko okluk :i ls fpŸk esa lnk fo|eku jgrs gSa vkSj os mi;qDr rhuksa dss }kjk mn~/k`r gksdj O;Dr gks tkrs gSaA

fo'oukFk dk Hkh dFku gS&foHkkosukuqHkkosu O;Dr% lapkfj.kk rFkkA

jlrkesfr bR;kfn% LFkkf;Hkko% lapsrlke~AA

dkO; esa jlkuqHkwfrlR;thr nscukFk* MkW- ds- ek/koh**



bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd LFkk;h fpŸk o`fŸk;ksa ds O;DRk djus esa foHkko] vuqHkko vkSj lapkjh Hkko dkj.k gksrs gSaA rhuksa dh ,d lkFk mifLFkfr gks rks cgqr vPNk] fdUrq ;fn rhuksa esa dksbZ nks ;k dsoy ,d Hkh vlk/kkj.k :i ls fufnZ"V gks rks 'ks"k dk vk{ksi gks tkrk gS vkSj jl fu"ifŸk gks tkrh gSA

dkO;ksi;ksxh LFkk;h fpŸk o`fŸk;k¡ gSa & jfr] âkL;] 'kksd] Øks/k] mRlkg] Hk;] tqxqIlk vkSj foLe;A fuosZn Hkh LFkk;h o`fŸk gSA buls ftu jlksa dh fu"ifŸk gksrh gS] os gS& Ükàxkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl] vn~Hkqr vkSj 'kkarA

rka oh{; oksiFkqerha ljlkax;f"Va

fu{ksi.kk;ineqn~/k`req}gUrhe~A

ekxkZpy&O;frdjkdqfyrso flU/kq%

'kSykf/kjtru;k u ;;kS u rLFkkSAA

izLrqr 'yksd esa f'ko ds izfrdwy jgus ij Hkh tUekUrj ds laLdkj ds dkj.k muds izfr ikoZrh Hkh jfr loZdykfofPNUu gSa] Hkys gh f'ko muls fo;qDr gks vkSj og jfr nq'pj ri }kjk vkSj mn~hIr gqbZ ,oa f'ko ds vkdfLed n'kZu us mlesa vkSj mŸkstuk dks tUe fn;kA blls ikoZrh esa rqjUr lkfRod Losn] LrEHk vkSj osiFkq dk tUe gqvk ftuls g"kZ] /k`fr] Le`fr] vkosx] lk/ol vkfn O;fHkpkfj&Hkko miyf{kr gq, vkSsj bl izdkj jfr ds infu{ksi :i 'kjhjkuqHkko dk mi;qZDr lapkjh Hkkoksa ds lkFk lalxZ gqvkA ifj.kker% ;gka¡ foHkkokuqHkko lapkjh Hkkoksa ds la;ksx ls jfr }kjk Ükàxkj jl dh fu"ifŸk gqbZ gSA

ukVd esa rks n'kZd izR;{k :i ls viuh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ik=ksa dks ns[krk] mudh ok.kh lqurk vkSj ps"Vkvksa dk lEizs"k.k djrk gS] fdUrq dkO; esa ikBd ;k Jksrk izR;{k ns[kus ds cnys bu ik=ksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk ps"Vkvksa vkSj ok.kh }kjk O;Dr Hkkoksa dk ekul&izR;{khdj.k djrk gSA bl n`f"V ls dkO; ls ikBd ;k Jksrk ds ân; esa jl dh vuqHkwfr gks ldrh gSA vr% dkO; esa rks Hkk"kk dh dfBukbZ ds dkj.k jlkuqHkwfr esa ck/kk iM+ Hkh ldrh gS] fdUrq n`'; gksus ds dkj.k ukVd esa jlkuqHkwfr gksrh gh gS jlkuqHkwfr vusd izdkj dh gksrh gSA dkO; esa jl&

/ofuoknh vkpk;kZsa us dkO; esa jl dk fo'ks"k egRo ekuk gSA mUgksaus rhu izdkj dh /ofu;k¡ ekuh gSa&1- oLrq&/ofu 2- vyadkj&/ofu 3- jl&/ofu

bu rhuksa esa mUgksaus jl&/ofu dks gh loZJs"B crk;k gSA Hkkstjkt us lEiw.kZ ok³~e; dks gh rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡V fn;k gS&

d- LoHkkoksfDr [k- oØksfDr x- jlksfDr

ftuesa ls os jlksfDr dks gh loZJs"B ekurs gSa vkSj Ükàxkj dks gh iz/kku jl ¼JàxkjSd&jl%½ ekurs gSaA fo'oukFk dfojkt us rks jl dks dkO; dk vkRek ekurs gq, dkO; dk y{k.k gh crk;k gSa&

^ôkD;a jlkReda dkO;e **

^^jL;rs bfr jl%**

vFkkZr~ tks vkuan ns og jl gSA :nzV us Hkh Hkjr dh O;k[;k ekurs gq, jl dks gh dkO; dk vkRek ekuk gSA vfXu iqjk.k esa dkO; esa

oØksfDr ls mRiUu peRdkj dks iz/kku ekuk gS fdUrq lkFk gh dkO; dk izk.k mlesa jl gh ekuk x;k gSA ^ôkXoSnX/;iz/kkus·fi jl ,ok= thfore~A**

jkt'ks[kj us Hkh viuh dkO;ehekalk esa jl dks dkO; dh vkRek ekuk gS tks 'kkS)kSnfu dks Hkh Lohdk;Z gS&^^vadkjLrq 'kksHkk;ka jl vkRek ijSeZr%**

'kksHkk esa vyadkj gksrk gS fdUrq vkRek esa jl ghA bl izdkj ;g jl lEiznk; O;kid :i ls vkt rd ekU; fl)kaar jgk gSAjkt'ks[kj us dkO; ehekalk esa ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd czãk ds dgus ls uafnds'oj us loZizFke jl dk fu:i.k

fd;k FkkA ;fn ;g uafnds'oj vfHku; niZ.k dk jpf;rk gh gS rks mUgksaus ukV~; dh mRifŸk ds o.kZu esa dgk gS fd ^^vfi czãkijk uUnkfnneH;f/kda ere~A**

vFkkZr~ ukVd dk vkuan ijekuan ls Hkh c<+dj gSA ;g vkuan jl gh gS] ftls czãk th us vFkoZosn ls ysdj



iape osn ukV~; esa izfrf"Br fd;k Fkk vkSj ftldh ppkZ Hkjr us Hkh vius ukV~;'kkL= esa dh gS&ikB~;a tkxzg _Xosnkr~ lkeE;ks xhreso pA

;tqosZnknfeu;ku~ jlkukFkZo.kknfiAA

_Xosn ls ikB~; va'k fy;k] leosn ls xhr] ;tqosZn ls vfHku; vkSj vFkoZosn ls jlA vjLrw us dkO; ds lc :iksa esa ukVd dks gh loZJs"B ekuk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; if.Mrksa us Hkh &

^^dkO;s"kq ukVda jE;e~A**

dkO;ksa esa ukVd gh lcls lqanj crk;k gS blfy, ukVd ds vkuan dks Hkh mUgksaus ukV~; jl dgk gSA dkfynkl dh jpukvksa esa buesa ls vusd jlksa vkSj muds vaxksa ds mnkgj.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA lkjk

_rqlagkj] dqekjlaHko dk v"VelxZ vkSj j?kqoa'k dk mUuhloka lxZ laHkksx J`axkj ds o.kZu ls vksr izksr gSA buds vfrfjDRk Hkh ukVdksa vkSj j?kqoa'k ds vusd LFkyksa esa J`axkj dk jE; ifjikd feyrk gSA foizyEHk Ja`xkj dk dkO; es?knwr izfl) gh gSA vfHkKku 'kkdqUry dk fonw"kd ;= r= gkL; dh l`f"V djrk pyrk gSA ;ksa gkL; dk iqV bu jpukvkas esa LoYi gh gSA dqekj laHko dk jfrfoyki lqizfl) gSA bl izdkj LFkku ij jl dh fu"ifRr gksrh gSA

dkO; ds lc :iksa esa ukVd gh lcls vf/kd je.kh; gS vkSj mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ukVd esa dkO; ds vfrfjDRk xhr] ok|] u`R;] u`Ÿk] vkys[;] os'k&foU;kl] n`';] vfHku; vkfn vusd dykvksa dk ,d lkFk jl feyus ds vfrfjDRk dkO;kuaan Hkh izkIr gksrk pyrk gSA

egkdfo dkfynkl us vius ekyfodkfXufe=] ukVd ds izFke vad esa ukV~;kpk;Z x.knkl ls ukVd dh iz'kalk esa dgyk;k gS&

ukV~;a fHkUu:pstZuL; cgq/kkI;sda lekjk/kue~A

fHkUu :fp okys yksxksa ds fy, izk;% ukVd gh ,slk euksjatu gS ftlesa lcdks leku :i ls vkuan feyrk gSA

fu"d"kZ

fu’d’kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd bldh vf/kd vuqHkwfr ukVdksa esa gksrh gSA fo}ku Hkh ;g ekurs gSa fd dkO; ds leLr :iksa esa ukVd gh vf/kd je.kh; gksrk gS] D;ksafd ukVdksa esa jlkuqHkwfr ds leLr dkjd mifLFkr gksrs gSaA muesa dFkk] vfHku;] xhr] ok|] u`R;] lkSUn;Z] rFkk vkd'kZd os”kHkw’kk] izdk”k lTtk bR;kfn dk lfEeJ.k mlds jl esa o`f+) djrk gS rFkk n”kZdksa dks vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr djkrk gSA

lUnHkZ %

1- oktis;h ] vkpk;Z uUn nqykjs % jl lEcU/kh vk/kqfud fparu % izdk”ku laLFkku] ubZ fuYyhA

2- prqosZnh] ia- lhrkjke % Hkkjrh; rFkk ik'pkR; jaxeap % fgUnh lfefr] lwpuk foHkkx] y[kuÅA

3- vfXugks=h] MkW- izHkq n;ky % egkdfo dkfynkl % f}rh; [k.M] bZLVuZ cqd fyadlZ] ubZ fnYyh A

[email protected]

MUSICOLOGY/DANCE

dFkd u`R; esa xr dk egRo vkSj mldh mi;ksfxrkizfeyk ik.Ms;*

Abstract

Keywords : dFkd u`R; vkSj xfrA

uR;&dyk y;kRed :Ik ls vaxksa ds gyu&pyu dh dyk gSA bldk mn~ns’; laxhr ds lkFk fdlh Hkko ;k fopkj dh

vfHkO;fDr gSA bl ds ek/;e i`Fkd&i`Fkd gks ldrs gSa fdUrq mldk ewy mn~ns’; Jksrk ;k n’kZd dks vkuUnkuqHkwfr djuk gSA

l`f"V dh mRifŸk ds i’pkr~ tc ekuo tkfr dk mn; gqvk rc mlds ikl Hkk"kk ugha FkhA og vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkfO;fDr ds fy,

lakdsfrd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk FkkA [kq’kh ds {k.kksa esa mldh lkadsfrd Hkk"kk mlds 'kjhj esa xfr dk lapkj dj nsrh FkhA lEHkor%

u`R; dh mRifŸk dk ;gh izFke lksiku gksxkA dkykUrj esa ;gh u`R; bZ’oj vkjk/kuk ls lEi`Dr gks x;kA bl rjg u`R; esa /kkfeZd

Hkkouk,¡ lekfgr gqbZa ogha tu leqnk; Hkh u`R; ls tqMu+s yxkA euq"; esa xfr izkjEHk ls gh FkhA og xfr }kjk gh vius y{; dh

izkfIr djrk gSA ;gh xfr u`R; dk ewyk/kkj cuhA



* Research Scholar, Dance, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., India

IzkLrkouk- u`R;&”kSyh esa xfr “kCn viHkza”k gksdj xr* “kCn ds :Ik esa izpfyr gqvkA lEHkor% ;gha ls bl “kCn dk

iz;ksx xk;u&oknu esa Hkh gqvkA fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu izkd`frd voLFkkvksa dk u`R; }kjk vuqdj.k djuk] Hkkoksa ds ek/;e ls vfHku; djuk xrdkjh* dgykrk gSaA vkpk;Z Hkjr us vius ukV~;“kkL= ds 13 osa v/;k; esa xr dk mn~ns”;] mldh mi;ksfxrk ij foLrkj ls izdk”k Mkyk gSA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj 16oha lnh esa yxHkx 360 xrksa ds izpyu FkkA dkykUrj esa budh la[;k ?kVrh xbZ vkSj dsoy 21 xrsa gh izpyu esa jg ldhaA laxhr eqDrkoyh] laxhredjUn rFkk 16oha lnh esa jfpr laxhr niZ.k esa Hkh xrksa dk mYys[k gSA

bu 21 xrksa dk fooj.k 18oha&19oha lnh esa fy[ks x, u`R; xzUFkksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA y[kuÅ ds uokc okftn vyh “kkg ds njckjh urZd izdk”k th us viuh iqLrd iksFkh izdk”k* esa xrksa ds egRo ij izdk”k Mkyk gSA mudh bl iqLrd dk mYys[k uokc tkuh us viuh iqLrd uxekrqyfgUn* esa fd;k gSA uokc tkuh us Hkh izdk”k th ds er dks Lohdkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd izdk”k th dh iqLrd esa Hkko vkSj xrksa ij foLr`r izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA uokc okftn vyh “kkg us viuh iqLrdksa lkSr&my&eqckjd xqapk&,&jax* esa 14 izeq[k xrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA bUgha xrksa dks uxekrqy fgUn esa LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

“kjhj }kjk dh xbZ fØ;k xfr dgykrh gS] xfr dk vFkZ gS pyukA iSjksa dh pky xfr dgykrh gSA xfr ls gh u`R; dk loZkax izn”kZu fd;k tkrk gSA bldh nks voLFkk,¡ gksrh gSaA izFke voLFkk pfyr dgykrh gS vkSj f}rh; fLFkr dgykrh gSA bu nksuksa voLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx urZd@urZfd;k¡ viuh izLrqfr esa djrs gSaA tSls dksbZ urZd vius LFkku dks NksM+ dj fdlh Hkh fn”kk esa pyrk gS] rks ,slh xfr pfyr xfr dgykrh gSA nwljh vkSj ;fn urZd vius LFkku ij [kM+k jg dj vax lapkyu djrk gS rks ,slh xfr fLFkr xfr dgykrh gSA fLFkr xfr esa urZd vius LFkku ij gh [kMk+ jgrk gS fdUrq mlds vax&izR;kax esa xfr gksrh jgrh gS] vFkkZr~ urZd ds vax u`R;jr jgrs gSaA fLFkr xfr dk nsork vkdk”k dks ekuk tkrk gSA

pfyr xfr esa urZd jaxeap dk lEiw.kZ iz;ksx djrk gS] ogha fLFkr xfr esa urZd vius LFkku ls Ms<+ QqV ds ?ksjs dk gh iz;ksx djrk gSA fLFkr xfr esa iSjksa dk rhoz xfr ls lapkyu gksrs gq, Hkh urZd vius LFkku ij [kMk+ jgrk gSA pfyr xfr pkj izdkj ls dh tkrh gSA ;s gS & papy] izokg [k.M vkSj HkzejA “kjhj ds oØksa dks Hkax dj rsth ls pyuk papy xfr dgykrh gSA ikuh dh /kkj ds leku “kjhj dk pyuk izokg xfr dgykrh gSA [k.M xfr esa vkjksg&vojksg fn[kkrs gq, “kjhj dks >Vds ds lkFk vkdk”k dh vksj ys tkuk [k.M xfr dk |ksrd gSA ?kwerh gqbZ



pØnkj pky ls vkxs c<+uk Hkzej xfr dgykrh gS bldh miek i`fFkoh ls nh xbZ gS blds nsork dkenso gSaA xfr ds pkj :Ik gksrs gSaA ;s gS xeu] vkxeu] ØhMk vkSj pØA urZd tc ukprs gq, vkxs c<+rk gS rks og

xeu dgykrk gS] ihNs ykSVus dks vkxeu dgk tkrk gSA pkjksa vksj fn[kus okyh xfr ØhMk dgykrh gSA tc urZd vius LFkku ij gh ?kwerk gS rks ;g xfr pØ dgykrh gSA bu :iksa esa nks LoHkko dke djrs gS&mŸkky vkSj yfyr mŸkky ;k m)r rk.Mo dk LoHkko gS vkSj yfyr ykL; dkA xeu] vkxeu] ØhM+k vkSj pØ esa mŸkky ;k yfyr LOkHkko dks iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA pØ:i dh xfr ds pkj Hksn gSa& pØ] foijhr pØ] v/kZpØ] rFkk v/kZ foijhr pØA pØ ?kwers jgus dh izfØ;k dgykrh gSA foijhr pØ esa nk,¡& ck,¡ fy, x, pØ dks foijhr pØ dgk tkrk gSA v/kZ&pØ esa urZd ,d vkSj ls ?kwedj ihNs igq¡prk gS vkSj fcuk pDdj iwjk fd, myVk ykSVrk gS rks ;g v/kZpØ dgykrk gSA v/kZ pØ okyh fØ;k dks ;fn nksuksa vkSj fd;k tk, rks bls v/kZ foijhr pØ dgk tkrk gSA

vkpk;Z Hkjr us ukV~;”kkL= esa izkphu “kkL=ksDr xfr izdkjksa dk foLr`r mYys[k fd;k gSA lEHkor% 16 oha lnh esa bUgha xfr;ksa ls izsj.kk ysdj “kkL=dkjksa us 360 xrksa dk vfo’dkj fd;kA orZeku esa Hkys gh budh la[;k lhfer gksdj dsoy 21 xbZ gks fdUrq bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd “kjhj :ih ;a= esa lHkh 360 xrsa lekfgr gksrh gaSA ftudk iz;ksx urZd izR;{k&vizR;{k :Ik ls djrk gSA u`R; “kkfL=;ksa us viuh lqfo/kk dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa [kkstus dk dk;Z ugha fd;kA eqxydky ds u`R; eas gq, ifjorZu dks gh orZeku u`R;kpk;ksZ us Lohdkj dj fy;kA os 21 xrksa dks gh dFkd dk ewy rRo ekuus yxsA eqxydkyhu u`R;kpk;ksZa us viuh Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx u djrs gq, xrksa ds uke Hkh rRdkyhu izpfyr mnwZ] Qkjlh vkfn Hkk’kkvksa esa dj fn,A vkt Hkh bUgha ukeksa dk izpyu gks jgk gSA gkykfd jk;x<+ ?kjkus ds laLFkkid jktk pØ/kj flag us vius xzUFk esa buds izkphu ukeksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] fdUrq mnwZ&Qkjlh ukeksa dh yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k vkt Hkh ogh uke izpyu esa gSaA

uokc okftn vyh “kkg us xrksa es ftu ukeksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS os gSa& d`'.k xr] ijh xr lykeh xr] Qfj;knh xr] eqdqV xr vk¡py xr] QUnk xr] eqvkn~fnc xr] gqLu xr] ?kw¡?kV xr] egcwc xr] ukt+ xr] xetk xr] vnk xr] usd xr] dfj”ek xr] nksnLrh xr] tknw xr] egcwck xr] rFkk cdZ xrA okftn vyh us xrksa ds tks uke j[ks gSa] muesa ls Hkh dbZ xrsa ,slh gSa ftudk iz;ksx urZd ugha djrkA dkj.k Li'V gS fd buds ukeksa ls ;g Li'V ugha gksrk fd bu xrksa esa fdl Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr djuh gSA uokc okftn vyh “kkg dh iqLrd cuh* esa ftu xrksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS os gSa& nkfguk gLrxr] ck;k¡ gLrxr] fi”kokt xr] y[kukSvk ?kw¡?kV xr] jk/kk ?kw¡?kV xr] caxky ?kw¡?kV xr] cU/kh lykeh xr nkfguh ck¡dh xr] ckbZ ckWdh xr] I;kjh xr] eNyh xr] Hkaxk xr] Busxk xr] yg¡xk xr] ia[k xr] Qfj;knh xr] lykeh xr] eqvkn~fnc xr] ukt xr] eqdqV xr vkSj xetk xrA

if.Mr nkeksnj us vius xzUFk laxhr niZ.k ds u`R;k/;k; esa lkr xrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSa ;s xrsa & Hkkuoh] eSuoh] xtyhyk] rqjafx.kh] galh] e`xh vkSj [katjhVh gSaA Hkkuoh] xtxkfeuh vkSj galuh xrksa dk iz;ksx ykL; esa gksrk gSA eSuoh] [katjhVh vksj rqjafx.kh xrksa dk iz;ksx rk.Mo u`R; esa gksrk gSA e`xh xr u`R; ds lHkh izdkjksa esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA vU; u`R;kpk;ksZa us gal] e;wj] g; dq¡stj] frŸkj] dqDdqV vkSj ehu xrksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZ %

vkpk;Z Hkjr us vius ukV~;“kk= esa u`R; xfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, mudh mi;ksfxrk ds egRo dks izfrikfnr fd;k gSA muds ijorhZ vkpk;ksZa us Hkh xfr ds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA xfr ;k xr u`R; dk og egRoiw.kZ rRo gS ftlds fcuk u`R; dh dYiuk gh ugha dh tk ldrhA fdlh Hkh urZd ds “kjhj esa tc rd xfr ugha gksxh rc rd og u`R; dj gh ugha ldrkA ;fn ge cSBdh Hkko dh ckr djsa] blesa Hkys gh xfr u gks fdUrq “kjhj ds ftu vaxksa ls HkkokfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gS& mu vxkas esa Hkh xfr gksrh gSA u`R; esa xfr ,d vfuok;Z rRo gSA

lUnHkZ

1- “kkg] uokc okftn vyh % cuh 2- nk/khp] MkW- iq# % dFkd u`R; f”k{kk% Hkkx ,d%3- O;kl] if.Mr Jh/kj % dFkd 4- ukxj] fof/k % dFkd urZu% Hkkx nks%

5- xxZ] MkW- y{eh ukjk;.k % dFkd u`R; 6- vktkn] rhjFk jke % dRFkd niZ.k

lSfud dkWyksuh fi.Vks ikdZ] xksys dk efUnj] Xokfy;j 474005

7024400992

MUSICOLOGY

vo/kh yksd laxhr esa jkx fo/kkuçxfr jkBkSj*

Abstract

Keywords : yksd laxhr esa jkx fo/kku A

fdlh Hkh {ks=h; yksdxhrksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls iwoZ mlds ewyHkwr rF;ksa ij fopkj djuk visf{kr gksxk D;ksafd Hkkjr dk

yksdlaxhr O;kid gSA mldk ,d fo'kky HkaMkj gS] blfy, muds ewyHkwr fl)karksa ij –f"Vikr djuk ;gk¡ ij okafNr gSA yksd ds

vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd yksd 'kCn laL—r ds yksd ¼n'kZu½ /kkrq ls ?k¥* çR;; ls mRiUu gqvk gSA bl /kkrq dk

vFkZ gS ns[kuk* bl çdkj yksd 'kCn dk vFkZ gS *ns[kus okyk* vFkkZr og leqnk; tks bl dk;Z dks djrk gS *yksd* dgykrk gSA



* Research Scholar, Dept. of Music, R.M.T. Music & Art University, Gwalior, M.P., India

izLrkouk- Hkjr ds vuqlkj yksd vusd ns'kksa esa foHkä gSA muds os'k] Hkk"kk vkSj vkpkj fHkUu gSA eeZLi'khZ –f"V

lEiw.kZ yksd ij iM+rh gSA vFkkZr~ n'kZu ds fo"k; dks yksd dgrs gSA yksd dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vuar gSa] blhfy, Hkjr dk dFku gS fd Þvius xzUFk esa eSaus tks dqN ugha dgk gS og cqf)ekuks dks yksd ls xzg.k dj ysuk pkfg,A eqfu dk ;g okD; fl) djrk gS fd yksd xq#vksa dk xq# gSA

lqfe=k vkuUn iky flag ds dFkukuqlkj] Þyksd #fp ds çokg dks ck¡/kk ugha tk ldrkA euLoh fpUrd yksd #fp fd uohure /kkjk dk v/;;u djrs gSa vkSj uohu O;oLFkk nsrs gSAß yksd ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds erksa dk voyksdu djus ds i'pkr~ ;gk¡ ij yksd laxhr ij Hkh ,d –f"V Mkyuh visf{kr gSA bl fo"k; esa ;g dgk x;k gS fd ik'pkR; ls f'kf{kr vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; us Hkkjrh; dykvksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj foospu Hkh ik'pkR; –f"Vdks.k ls djus dh ps"Vk dh gSA yksdxhr 'kCn vaxzsth ds Folk Song* 'kCn dk vuqokn gSA pSEclZ fMD'kujh esa 'Folk Song' dk vFkZ& Any song or ballad originating among the people of traditionally handed down by them ,slk dksbZ xhr ftldk mn~xe yksd esa gks vkSj ijEijkxr :i ls i'pknofrZ;ksa dks feyk gks½ gSAß

Hkkjr esa yksdxhrksa dk vlhe HkaMkj gSA vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu vapykas esa bldk xk;u gksrk gS] ijUrq foMEcuk ;g gS fd vkt ds nkSj esa tks laxhr dk Lo:i ik'P;krh tkek igudj mifLFkr gqvk gS] mlus fdlh u fdlh :i esa Hkkjrh; yksdlaxhr dks {kfr igq¡pkbZ gSA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h dks tks /kjksgj fojklr esa feyh gS og mldh vuns[kh dj jgh gSA vko';drk gS fd foyqIr gksrs gq, yksdlaxhr dks iqu% laxhr txr~ ds le{k yk;k tk, rkfd viuh çkphu /kjksgj ls vkt dh ih<+h voxr gks ldsA mlesa fdruh e/kqjrk] ljyrk] cks/kxE;rk] ân; dks LifUnr dj nsus okyh lgt jl dh vuqHkwfr ls ifjiw.kZ djus dh {kerk gS] ;g tku ldsaA blds laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu dk nkf;Ro vkt dh ;qok ih<+h ij gSA blds egRo ds vkdyu djrs gq, laxhr ekrZ.M if.Mr vksadkj ukFk Bkdqj dk ;g dFku yksd&laxhr ds lEcU/k esa –"VO; gS& Þns'kh laxhr dh fodkl dh i`"BHkwfe yksdlaxhr gSA ftl ns'k] tkfr dk laosnu'khy ekuo ftl le; vius ân; ds Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;ä djus ds fy, mUeq[k gqvk] mlh volj ij Lo;EHkw ] Loj] y;] ç—R;k mlds eq[k ls mnHkwr gq, vkSj mUgh Loj ] xhr vkSj y; dks fu;ec) dj mudk tks 'kkL=h; fodkl fd;k] ogh ns'kh laxhr cukA

erax jfpr c`gn~ns'kh* xzUFk ns'kh laxhr dk çekf.kd vkSj iqjkru xzUFk gSA esjh /kkj.kk gS fd vkt Hkh ;fn 'kks/k fd;k tk;s rks çpkj esa xk;s tkus okys jkxksa dk mRiknd yksdlaxhr* gh fl) gksxkA yksdlaxhr esa çse] Hkfä ]vuqjkx] /keZ vkfn ekuo thou ds lHkh vo;oksa dk lfUuos'k gSA

vk/kqfud çpfyr xqtZjh] lksjB] lkSjk"Vd] xka/kkjh] Hkksikyh] eqYrkuh cax] HkSjo] dUuM+ vkfn jkx vius uke vk[;k&Hksn ds vuqlkj rÙTtuinksa vkSj ns'kks ds yksdlaxhr dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA ;fn gekjk tura=



jkT;&'kklu yksdlaxhr ds lHkh vaxksa ds fodkl dk ,d ,slk vuq'khyu ç/kku bfrgkl fufeZr gks tk,] ftlls leLr ekuo tkfr dks çsj.kk o yksdksÙkj vkuUn çkIr gks ldsxkAß

'kkL=h; laxhr dh tuuh yksdlaxhr gh gSA ftl çdkj ek¡ ls cPpksa dks vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk Bhd mlh çdkj 'kkL=h; laxhr dks fdlh Hkh n'kk esa yksdlaxhr ls i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl lUnHkZ esa laxhrK ^dqekj xU/koZ* dk dFku bl ckr dh iqf"V djrk gS fd Þ;fn okLro esa fdlh çdkj dh çxfr laxhr {ks= esa visf{kr gS rks yksd&/kquksa ds lgkjs u;k l`tu gksuk pkfg,A ;g ckr loZfofnr gS fd gekjs 'kkL=h; laxhr dh mRifÙk blh yksdlaxhr ls gqbZ gSA dSls gqbZ\ bl lEcU/k eas vktrd fdlh us tkuus dk ç;Ru ugha fd;kA ;fn bl ftKklk dh iwfrZ igys dh xbZ gksrh] rks vkt gekjk laxhr vkxs c<+k gqvk gksrkA gekjs ikl ;g tkuus ds fy, lk/ku Hkh ugha fd ge fu'p;iwoZd dg ldsa fd tks dqN xk;k tkrk gS og çekf.kr gSA bu jkxksa ds fo"k; esa vusd erHksn çpfyr gSa] bu lc ckrksa dks lgh&lgh tkuus ds fy, yksdlaxhr ds lEcU/k esa ifjfpr gksuk vko';d gSA yksdlaxhr ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ 'kks/k vHkh ;gh gS fd ;g tkuk tk, fd mlls 'kkL=h; jkxksa dh mRifÙk dSls gqbZA

yksd&Hkk"kkvksa dk mnkgj.k yhft,A os vusd gSaA mUgsa fdlh us cuk;k ughaA muds gksrs gq, laL—r* Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k gqvk] tks vf/kd fu;ec)] 'kq) vkSj ifjiw.kZ gSA Bhd mlh çdkj yksdlaxhr vkSj 'kkL=h; laxhr dh fLFkfr gSA yksd&Hkk"kk,¡ ftl çdkj Lo;a cuh gSa] mlh çdkj yksd&/kqusa Hkh curh jgha vkSj curh tk,¡xhA bUgha /kquksa ls 'kkL=h; jkxksa dk fodkl gqvk gSaAß vr% Li"V gS fd vkt ds 'kkL=h; jkxksa dk mn~xe lzksr yksd&laxhr gh gS] tks Hkh jkx vkt laxhr txr esa 'kkL=h; ekU;rk çkIr dj pqds gSa oks dHkh u dHkh vrhr esa yksdlaxhr vFkkZr yksd&/kqu gh jgs gksaxsA oks yksd&/kqu dgha le; ds cgko esa cg u tk, bl ç;kstu ls lEHkor% laxhrkpk;ksZa us mUgsa laxhr 'kkL= ds ca/ku esa ck¡/k dj mudk Lo:i lnk ds fy, lqjf{kr dj fn;kA ;|fi ;g dk;Z ljkguh; vo'; gS ijUrq ;g fodkl ;k=k vHkh Fkeh ugha cfYd bls vHkh vkSj fo}kuksa }kjk vkxs ys tkuk gS] ftlls vkSj jkxksa ds uohu Lo:i laxhr txr esa Qfyr gksa] tks blds jkxdks"k dks le`f) çnku dj ldsaA

bl lEcU/k esa dqekj xa/koZ dk ,d vU; er vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS] Þ[kkst djrs le; eq>s vusd çpfyr dbZ NksVs cM+s jkxksa dh yksd/kqus çkIr gqbZ gSA muls 'kkL=h;rk dk Kku gksrk gSA dqN ubZa /kqusa Hkh ,slh feyh gS] ftuds }kjk uohu jkxksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr,o yksd/kquks dks ,d= djus ds lkFk&lkFk gekjk ;g –f"Vdks.k gksuk pkfg, fd ewy dks vk/kkj ekudj vkxs fuekZ.k fd;k tk;sAß vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksd/kquksa dk vUos"k.k dj mUgsa 'kkL=h; vkoj.k igukdj uohu jkxksa dk l`tu lEHko gSA bl fn'kk esa vU; Hkkjrh; yksdxhrksa dh Hkk¡fr vo/kh ikjEifjd /kquksa esa Nqis gq, jkxksa ds Lo:i dks xzg.k dj uohu jkx l`ftr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

vo/kh yksdxhrksa ds uk;d Jhjke gksus ds dkj.k jke dFkk ij vk/kkfjr vf/kdka'k yksdxhr ik, tkrs gSa] ftuesa Jhjke ds tUe ls lEcfU/kr yksd&xhr lksgj ds :i esa yksdxk;dksa }kjk lk/kkj.k tu lewg }kj ,oa xzkeh.k efgykvksa }kjk xk;s tkrs gSaA buds vfrfjä yksdxzaFkksa esa budk fofo/k ç;ksx i<+us ,oa lquus dks feyrk gSA ftl çdkj czt esa Jh—".k ij vk/kkfjr vusd yksdxhr czt yksd&xk;dksa }kjk rFkk lkfgR;dkjksa }kjk çkIr gksrs gSa] blh çdkj vo/k esa xk;s tkus okys yksdxhrksa esa Jhjke ds tUe ls lEcfU/kr yxHkx lHkh laLdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr yksdxhr çpqj ek=k esa çkIr gksrs gSa] vkt ds nkSj esa laxhr dk tks Lo:i lkeus mifLFkr gqvk gS mlds dkj.k vo/kh yksdxhrksa dk le`) HkaMkj [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA mldh lqj{kk vko';d gSA tks vo/kh yksdxhr dHkh O;ogkj esa yk;s tkrs Fks] og vc lquus dks ugha feyrsA vkt vko';drk gS fd ge viuh ml iqjkuh fojklr dks iquthZfor dj laxhr txr~ ds lkeus çLrqr djsa rkfd mudk laj{k.k o lao/kZu gks ldsA blh i{k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, eSaus viuk 'kks/k&fo"k; ÞjkedFkk ij vk/kkfjr vo/kh yksdxhrksa dk lkaxhfrd Lo:iß pquk gSA

çLrqr 'kks/k i= esa Jhjke ds tUe ls lEcfU/kr dqN yksd xhr mnkgj.k Lo:i çLrqr gSa] tks vR;ar Hkwys& fcljs xhrksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaaA bu yksd&xhrksa esa tks yksd&/kqusa çkIr gqbZ gaS muesa fNis Hkko] jl vkSj xkS.k :i ls jkx laxhr txr~ dks ,d ubZ fn'kk çnku djsaxsA tUe laLdkj xhrksa dh Js.kh esa loZçFke çLrqr gS&



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