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~..J.,""rI(B '10 SBIJCrID PAPFaS (It HlILIPPIBB
IfABIRE FTSRRRTIlS ~.tCES (1947-1986)&)
by
V.L. Aprietob), J. Saegerc) and D. Paulyd)
Abstract
A reader comprising 29 reprinted contributions on demersal,pelagic and coral reef fisheries of the Rlilippines and on theirsocioeconanic and management aspects is presented to compensate forthe absence of a textbook relevant to teaching and research on themarine fishery resource of the country. Some aspects of training andresearch, as viewed from the perspective of a Philippine researcher/teacher, the team leader of a bilateral aid project, and that of astaff member of an international research organization are given,along with supplementary references pertinent to Rlilippine marinefisheries .
a) IClARM Contribution No. 318
b) Department of Marine Fisheries, College of Fisheries,University of the Philippines in the Visayas, DUiman,Quemn City 3004, Philippines
C) Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusanmenarbei t (GTZ)6236 Fschbom, Federal Republic of Germany
d) International Center for Living Aquatic Resources ManagelOOnt(IClABM), ~ P.O. Box 1501 J Makati, Metro-Manila, Philippines
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Introduct1m
A Philippine view of the need for appropriate teaching material on
marine fisheries
The first fishery school in the Philippines, the Philippine
Institute of Fisheries Technology, opened in the quiet seaside town
of Navotas, Rizal just after World War II in 1947. The first lecture
notes, IOOStly gleaned fran personal experience and knowledge of the
local fishery, a few prewar fishery publications, and fran scarce
foreign fishery textbooks used in the United States, Japan and Europe
were compiled by the first batch of fishery instructors who were
IOOstly alumni of the University of the Philippine with majors in
agriculture, zoology, botany and chemistry. Those instructors who
qualified through an examination were then sent for further education
to the United States as Part of the postwar rehabilitation program.
Their experience and training in the American fishery centers
hastened the modernization of education relevant to capture
fisheries, aquaculture and fish processing.
For nearly four decades the Philippines was the recipient of
numerous foreign assistance programs in the form of fishery training
and research facilities, faculty and technician studies, observation
fellowships and research grants. In the same period, 73 fishery
schools including 25 universities, colleges, postsecondary SChools,
40 fishery high schools and some 100 fishery research centers and
stations were established. However, no fisheries textbook with an
emphasis on the Philippines has been produced to date, in spite of
the role of fish in the food resource system of Filipinos - the
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source of over 50% of their protein - and in spite of the signifi-
cance of the fishing industry in the Philippine econany as a source
of livelihood for over a million Filipinos and its importance as a
source of foreign exchange.
That material for such a textbook would be available is evi-
denced by the bibliographieS of Vicente (1980), Ganez (1980), and
Ronquillo and Gabral-Uana (1985) on Philippine fisheries, marine
studies and on research conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources, respectively.
This reader is an attempt to canpensate for this dearth of
textbook material. It compiles in a single volume what are consi-
dered to be significant publications on marine resources, which pro-
vide the basis of the biggest sector in Philippine fisheries. The
reader gives information canpiled by active fishery s.cientists on the
state of exploitation of demersal and pelagic fisheries and the re-
source management efforts of the government on coomercial and small-
scale fisheries.
Fisheries education in the Philippines: an example of a contribution
by a bilateral aid agency.
The Philippine~erman Fisheries Project, a project of tech-
nical cooperation between the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
based at the College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines,
started in 1978 with the target of upgrading the standards in both
academic teaching and research at the College's Department of Marine
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Fisheries (DMF) and the Department of Fish Processing Technology
(DFPT). The project involved, on the Philippine side, staff of the
two Departments and on the German side a number of experts and
consul tants, with one of us (J. S.) as team leader.
An early analysis of the problems pertaining to the Philip-
pine marine capture fishery (Baasch et ale 1976) revealed that effec-
ti ve resource management would not be achieved in the absence of a
sufficiently high number of qualified scientists. It was for this
reason that the project focused on improved teaching standards at DMF
by implementing an M.S. course in fisheries, with emIDasis on
fisheries resource management. The course was offered for the first
time in the academic year 1980/81. Research conducted by project
staff and consultants has been published in the Technical Reports of
the Department of Marine- Fisheries, a series that was revived for
this purpose after a lapse of sane nine years (~ back cover for a
list to date). Some other contributions of this project are Saeger
(1981, see p. 137-140 of this document) as well as a number of IRpers
covering fish processing, which is not covered by this reader.
The "world history of fisheries management" as one may call
it, is a long and frustrating succession of scientists proposing
methods of optimizing utilization of resources and of politicians
ignoring this advice or implementing half-hearted measures for con-
servation of the resources when the resources are, in fact, already
depleted. Thus, the herring stock in the North Sea had first to
collapse (in the early seventies) before it attracted sufficient
attention to warrant effective management measures. In this case, a
complete ban was promulgated and enforced, which led, after a few
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years, to a stunning recovery and an herring bounty no fisherman
dared to. dream of ten years ago. This is only one of the roore faroous
examples wherein the importance of proper fisheries management was
evident.
Canpared to the problems facing fishery management in
temperate waters, the management of tropical fish stocks is made roore
difficult by factors some of which are listed here:
tropical fishery science is a rather young subdiscipline
of applied biology, and the emphasis of researchers tends
to remain concentrated on PUrely biological approaches,
in roost tropical countries, fishermen operate a multitude
of gears with high degrees of seasonality which does not
allow for easy estimation of plrameters. such as fishing
effort or catch per unit effort;
Fishery statistics, if available at all, often prove
unreliable to the extent of being completely useless;
unlike the situation in temperate waters, JOOSt of the
fishing activity is on multispecies stock;
the di versi ty of coomercially important fish species is
about ten times that of temperate waters;
the classical approaches in fish population dynamics were
develoPed for temperate waters. Only in few instances the
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methods developed proved to be applicable for e.g. assess-
ment of tropical stocks;
methods of age determination on which almost all of the
classical fisheries models rely are either not applicable
or not practicable for tropical fish.
Aside from these problems that make it difficult to suggest
straightforward improvements of the situation, academic teachers who
are working in tropical countries suffer from various constraints in
their research work as well as in their academic teaching, notably in
that literature that is relevant to their needs is, in JOOStcases,
not easily accessible or not available at all. Although for example
the library of the College of Fisheries at the University of the
Philippines is one of the best units of its kind in the country,
teachers and students oftentimeS find it next to impossible to find
certain references, especially those dating back more than a decade.
One easily can imagine how much worse the situation in other state
colleges and provincial universities must be.
It is for these reasons that the editors of this volume
decided to collate papers which, in their opinion, can be turned into
important tools for teachers, researchers and students alike.
Marine fishery research and training in the Philippines: the inter-
national dimension
The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-
ment (ICLARM), although an international center has by virtue of its
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location in Manila, conducted a large nUDi>er of projects in the
Philippines, many of them, in cooperation with the University of the
Philippines. Among others, they involved the country-wide study of
Philippine municipal fisheries (Smith et ale 1980) and the San Miguel
Bay Project (~e Pauly and Mines 1982; Smith and Mines 1982; Bailey
1982a ,b ; Smith et al. 1983). Another significant project has been
the "Philippine lOOdule" of IClARM's Management Oriented Fishery
Research Project (1981-1985) which led to several papers, notably by
Pauly and Ingles (1981), Navaluna and Pauly (1983), Ingles and Pauly
(1984), as well as a number of others included or mentioned in this
reader, or presently in press.
The FAO-DANIDATraining Course in Tropical Fish Stock Assess-
ment held in January/February 1984 in UP Campus (at which two of us
lectured) brought an additional international dimension to fishery
research in the Phi lippines. The impact of this course should turn
out to be considerable although it is too early for a critical
evaluation (see Venem. and Pauly, 1982). last, but not least, one
should mention here the significant role on Philippine fishery
research and training of the now canpleted South China Sea Fisheries
Developnent and Coordinating Programne (SCSP) Vthich, through its
regular activities, but also by virtue of its location in Manila
greatly contributed to the assessment of Philippine marine resources
and to marine fishery research, especially on tuna. We have
therefore included, for the sake of canpleteness, a selected list of
publications by the SCSP as an appendix to this reader.
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Structure of the reader and suggestions for its use
This reader includes 29 reprinted pipers, ranging in length
fran one to fifty piges. They have been reprinted with their
original pigination, with a new, continuous pigination being added
in bold characters.
For each contribution, a correct, canplete citation is given,
along with a brief introduction (always less than one pige) outlining
the main thrust of the piper, and providing some additional recent
references were appropriate. The pipers are arranged in four groups,
covering demersal fisheries, pelagic fisheries, coral reefs and their
exploitation, and socioeconanic and managaoont aspects of Philippine
marine fisheries. A balance was sought between contributions by
Filipino and non-Filipino authors, selected publications by the
FAO/UNDPSouth China Sea Fisheries Developnent and coordinating
Programne, and authors' and taxonanic indices are appended to make
the retrieval of detailed infonnation easier.
With regards to research, we would recoomend that users of
this reader focus on the issues raised by the various contributions,
but also go beyond these papers by attempting to apply analytical 100-
dels and rigorous tests of hypotheses when conducting their studies,
rather than staying at descriptive level (necessary as it might be in.
a first phase) as illustrated by a number of contributions reprinted
here.
With regard to education, we recoomend that instructors,
rather than basing their course on a single copy of this doc\.1lOOnt
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(theirs), should attempt to secure a large number of copies and to
make them available to students (on a loan OO5is) at the beginning of
a course. Students may then be asked to report on one or the other
aspect of Philippine marine fisheries, using one or several of the
papers included in this document, as well as more widely available
papers to which we give numerous references.
A~ledgemeDts
We wish to express our thanks to Mr. Victor Sambilay, Jr.
(Philippine-<Jerman Fisheries Project) for his invaluable assistance
in assembling, paginating, indexing and printing the papers included
here. The input of Mr. lnnocencio Ronquillo and Ms. E. IJ.ana (Re-
search Division, BFAR)in identifying material suitable for inclusion
in this reader is greatfully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to
Dr. J. McManus (UP Marine Science Institute) and loR. Smith (IClARM)
for contributing brief introductions to several of the papers re-
printed here. last but not the least, we wish to thank the publish-
ers of papers included here for their pennission to reprint them.
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References
Baasch, H., P. Jarchau, H.V. Westernhagen and M. Zureck (1976).Fischerei auf den Philippinen und MOglichkei ten ihrerForderung. projekt Nr. 7425127~00603, Fed. Min. Econ.Coop. (BMZ)Bonn. (unpublished report).
Bailey, C., Em tor (1982a). Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay,Philippines: social aspects of production and marketing.ICIARMTechnical Report 9, 57 p. Insti tute of FisheriesDevelopnent and Research, College of Fisheries, Universi tyof the Philippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philip-pines; International Center for Living Aquatic ResourcesManagement, Manila, Philippines; and the United NationsUniversi ty, Tokyo, Japtn.
Bailey, C. (1982b). Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philip-pines: occupational and geographic IOObility. IClARMTech-nical Reports 10, 57 p. Institute of Fisheries Develop-ment and Research, College of Fisheries, Universi ty of thePhilippines in the Visayas, Quezon City , Philippines;International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Manage-ment, Manila, Philippines; and the United Nations Univer-sity, Tokyo, Japan.
Ganez" E.D. (1980). Bibliography of Philippine marine science.Filipinas Foundation, Makati, Metro Manila, 178 p.
Ingles, J. and D. Pauly (1984). An atlas of the growth, IOOrtali tyand recruitment of Philippine fishes. IClARMTechnicalReports 13, 127 p. Insti tute of Fisheries Developnentand Research, College of Fisheries, Universi ty of thePhilippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philippines andInternational Center for living Aquatic Resources Manage-ment, Manila, Philippines.
Pauly, D. and A.N. Mines, Editors (1982). Small-scale fisheries ofSan Miguel Bay, Philippines: biology and stock asses.sment.IClARM Technical Reports 7, 124 p. Insti tute of FisheriesDevelopnent and Research, College of Fisheries, Uni versi tyof the Philippines in the Visayas, Quezon City, Philip-pines; International Center for living Aquatic ResourcesManagement, Manila, Philippines; and the United NationsUniversity, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pauly, D. and J. Ingles (1981). Aspects of the growth and naturalmortali ty of exploited coral reef fishes. Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila,1981, (1) :89-97.0
Pauly, D. and N. Navaluna (1983). Monsoon-induced seasonality in therecrui tment of Philippine fishes. In G.D. Sharp and J.Csirke (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation toexamine changes in abundance and species canposi tion ofneri tic fish resources, San Jose, Costa Rica, 18-29 April1983. FAOFish. Rep. No. 291, Vol. 3 (1984).
Ronquillo, LA. and M.A. Gabral-Llana (1985). A bibliography ofBFAR's researches and popular writings (1947-1984).Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Tech. Pap.Sere Vol. 8(1):1-104.
Smith, 1.R. and D. Pauly (1983). Small-scale fisheries of San MiguelBay, Philippines. Resolving roultigear competition in near-shore fisheries. IClARMNewsletter 6(4) :11-18.
Smith, 1.R. and A.N. Mines (1982). Small-scale fisheries of SanMiguel Bay, Philippines: economics of production andmarketing. IC~1 Technical Report 8. 143 p. Institute ofFisheries Developnent and Research, College of Fisheries,University of the Philippines; International Center forLiving Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines;and the United Nations Universi ty, 'l'okyo, Japan.
Smith, 1.R., D. Pauly and A.N. Mines (1983). Small-scale fisheriesof San Miguel Bay, Philippines: options for management andresearch. IClARMTechnical Reports II, 80 p. Insti tute ofFisheries Developnent and Research, College of _ Fisheries,University of the Philippines; International Center forLiving Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines;and the United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan.
Venema, S. and D. Pauly (1982). Training courses in fish stockassessment: The past and the future. IClARMNewsletter5(4) :13-14.
Vicente, D.A. (1980). Fisheries research in the Philippines: anannotated preliminary bibliography of bibliographies. J.Fish. Aquacult. Mindanao State Univ. 1(2) :1-218.
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