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aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo

dawesebuleba – saarqivo sammarTvelo

Sub-department of Ajara Autonomous Republic Government – Archives Administration

a r x e i o n i

A R C H E I O N I

baTumi 2011 Batumi

2

winamdebare JurnalSi qveyndeba saarqivo sammarTvelos, sa-

qarTvelosa da bulgarTis samecniero dawesebulebebis Tanam-

SromelTa Sromebi, saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi sabuTsa-

cavebis istoriis amsaxveli pirvelxarisxovani dokumentebi.

In the following magazine works of achieve staff, documents protected in archives administration, first-rate documents describing religious life of Ajara citizens were published.

saredaqcio sabWo Tamaz futkaraZe (redaqtor-Semdgeneli), Teona iaSvili,

sandro beriZe, nargiz basilaZe, mariana piskova, merab kezevaZe,

nurie muratova

Editorial Board Tamaz Putkaradze (volume editor), Teona Iashvili, Sandro Beridze, Nargiz

Basiladze, Mariana piskova, Merab Kezevadze, Nurie Muratova

© aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba – saarqivo sammarTvelo 2011 w gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-345-5

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winaTqma

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawese-

buleba – saarqivo sammarTvelos Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis saukuno-

vani istoriis miuxedavad ar gaaCnda perioduli gamocema. marTalia,

arsebobda Jurnalis gamocemis survili, magram bolo dromde ver

xerxdeboda Canafiqris realizacia. 2010 wlis dasawyisSi gaaqtiurda

Jurnalis gamocemis idea, saarqivo sammarTvelos samecniero sabWos

2010 wlis 8 ivlisis sxdomaze miRebuli iqna Sesabamisi gadawyveti-

leba. samecniero sabWos unda gadaewyvita Jurnalis saxelwodebac.

iyo ramodenime SemoTavazeba (,,saarqivo macne”, ,,arxeioni”), magram sa-

bolood Cveni yuradReba SeCerda dokumentsacavebis Zvel berZnul

saxelwodeba ,,arxeion”-ze, radgan igi srulyofilad gamoxatavs Jur-

nalis arss, mizansa da daniSnulebas. aRniSnuli saxelwodeba sxva

mxrivac poulobs gamarTlebas. igi esadageba Savi zRvis auzis qvey-

nebis regionaluri arqivebis TanamSromlobis perspeqtivasac. SesaZ-

loa igi Savi zRvis qveynebis regionaluri arqivebis asociaciis or-

ganodac iqces. am mxriv muSaoba aqtiur fazaSi Sevida. xeli moewera

urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandums blagoevgradisa (2010 w, 1 noem-

beri) da odesis 2010 w. 24 dekemberi) samxareo-saxelmwifo arqiveb-

Tan. mimdinareobs muSaoba TurqeTis regionalur arqivebTan analo-

giuri xasiaTis memorandumis xelmoweris mizniT.

winamdebare Jurnalis - ,,arxeonis” pirveli nomeri moicavs aWa-

ris da sruliad saqarTvelos saarqivo dawesebulebebis TanamSro-

melTa naSromebs. JurnalSi qveyndeba aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTve-

los, bulgareTis, quTaisis, saqarTvelos erovnul arqivebSi dacu-

li dokumenturi wyaroebi, sabuTsacavebis daarsebis istoriasTan

dakavSirebuli werilobiTi monacemebi, JurnalSi mkiTxveli gaecno-

ba dekrets saarqivo saqmis reorganizaciisa da saarqivo sammarTve-

los daarsebis Sesaxeb. aqvea warmodgenili ganaTlebis saxalxo ko-

misariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmebi, baTumSi saarqivo aparatis Seq-

mnis gegma, JurnalSi warmodgenilia agreTve im RonisZiebebis nusxa,

romlebic Catarda saarqivo sammarTveloSi 2008-2010 ww.

saarqivo da saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebaTa TanamSromle-

bis (T. futkaraZe, m. megreliSvili, S. maxaraZe, m. sioriZe, o. gogo-

liSvili, g. belova (bulgareTi), n. muratova (bulgareTi), e. Caganava,

x. ServaSiZe, r. surmaniZe, m. rurua, T. qaTamaZe, n. mirianaSvili, T.

jabadari, f. qardava, qeTevan futkaraZe, kaxa futkaraZe) mier war-

modgenil naSromebSi daxasiaTebulia saarqivo pirvelwyaroebis

mniSvneloba samecniero kvleva-ZiebaSi, ganxilulia aWaris ar saar-

qivo sammarTveloSi daculi dokumentebis safuZvelze damuSavebuli

samecniero Sromebi, baTumis aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis taZris

istoriis, saqarTvelos okupaciis, sagamomcemlo saqmianobis, baTum-

Si arsebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis, san-remos konferen-

ciaze baTumTan dakavSirebuli problemebis, 1880-1910-iani ww. saganma-

naTleblo centrebis, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis konfliqtisa da za-

qaTalis problemis, 1921-1924 ww. ajanyebebSi svaneTis monawileobis,

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saqarTvelo-ungreTis urTierTobaTa istoriis, baTumisaTvis brZo-

laSi daRupuli mebrZolebis, baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis saxel-

mwifo mowyobisa da savayufo miwebis, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo-

sadmi Sardenis damokidebulebis, damsaxurebuli arqivistebis, saar-

qivo dawesebulebaTa istoriis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi (avtorTa

stili daculia).

amdenad, Jurnali ,,arxeioni” aris saqarTvelos sxva saarqivo da

saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebebTan aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuw-

yebo dawesebuleba – saarqivo sammarTvelos SemoqmedebiTi da mecni-

eruli TanamSromlobis Sedegi. msgavsi samuSaoebis erToblivi Ses-

ruleba kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels aRniSnul samecniero dawesebu-

lebaTa Semdgom daaxloebas. ufro metic, miznad visaxavT Tanam-

Sromlobis gaRrmavebas Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis regionalur arqi-

vebTan.

Jurnalis gamocema garkveul sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

TavisTavad Sromatevad samuSaos arTulebda isic, rom dokumentebis

nawili Sedgenilia ucxo (rusul) enaze. maTi nawili cudad ikiTxe-

ba.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom winamdebare Jurnali aris saar-

qivo sammarTvelos pirveli perioduli gamocema, werilobiTi doku-

mentebisa da samecniero Sromebis erTiani formiT Sedgenisa da sa-

zogadoebis winaSe warmoCenis pirveli cda.

Jurnalis gamoqveyneba saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromlebis:

nato qiqavas, qeTevan xalvaSis, madona cxadaZis, elguja Caganavas,

dodo SuSaniZis, Tengiz saluqvaZis, qeTevan iakobaZis, fridon qarda-

vas, zeinab asaniZis Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegia. saredaqcio sabWo

madlobas uxdis elguja Caganavas, sevili kakabaZes, maia ruruas, na-

to qiqavas, romlebmac ikisres dokumentebis Targmnis mTeli simZime.

saredaqcio sabWo madlobas uxdis agreTve qeTevan iakobaZes, Tengiz

iremaZes, nato qiqavas, zeinab asaniZes da qeTevan xalvaSs sxvadasxva

teqnikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebasa da kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofis

saqmeSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

winamdebare krebuli araa dazRveuli xarvezebisagan, nebismier

safuZvlian SeniSvnasa da mosazrebas saredaqcio sabWo gaiTvaliswi-

nebs Jurnalis morigi nomris gamoqveynebisas.

Tamaz futkaraZe

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Cven, TbilisSi momuSave arqivistebi, mudam didi interesiT va-

devnebT Tvals baTumeli kolegebis saqmianobas da gvaxarebs Tqveni

yoveli warmateba.

usazRvro sixaruli mogvaniWa informaciam imis Sesaxeb, rom aWa-

ris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba sa-

arqivo sammarTvelo iwyebs samecniero xasiaTis Jurnalis ,,arxeionis”

gamocemas. simarTle giTxraT, arqivs gamocema aqamdec unda hqonoda.

Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom es Jurnali xels Seuwyobs saarqivo saq-

mis Semdgom ganviTarebas, saqarTvelos saarqivo dawesebulebebis ur-

TierT TanamSromlobas, ganamtkicebs arqivistTa kavSirs cxovrebasTan,

xalxTan.

imedi gvaqvs, rom ,,arxeioni” Tavis umTavres amocanad daisaxavs

xeli Seuwyos mecnierebas, mklevarebs - ufro farTod, profesiona-

lurad warmoaCinon Cveni qveynis warsuli da Tanamedroveoba.

suliTa da guliT mivesalmebi Jurnal ,,arxeionis” dabadebas da

vusurveb gamocdil muSakebs, saarqivo sammarTvelos yvela TanamSro-

mels warmatebebs samecniero muSaobis rTul gzaze.

Teona iaSvili,

erovnuli arqivis generaluri

direqtori

aRtacebiTA da sixaruliT vegebebi Jurnal ,,arxeionis” gamos-

vlas. amgvari Jurnali aWaraSi arqivistebis didi xnis ocneba iyo. es

ocnebac asrulda. Jurnals bevri eqneba gasakeTebeli samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos ……mravalsaukunovani istoriis Seswavlisa da

warmoCenis rTul gzaze, Rirseuli muSakebic hyavs - saarqivo sammar-

Tvelos TanamSromelTa saxiT. gisurvebT warmatebebs.

mixeil maxaraZe,

aWaris ar umaRlesi sabWos

Tavmjdomare

suliTa da guliT mivesalmebi aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo

dawesebuleba saarqivo sammarTvelos Jurnal ,,arxeionis” dabadebas.

es didi movlenaa arqivistebis da sruliad saqarTvelos kulturul

cxovrebaSi. vusurveb axal Jurnals, Rirseuli wvlili Seitanos Cve-

ni qveynis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi. malxaz sioriZe,

profesori

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Cemi salami da locva Jurnal ,,arxeions”. Mmorgebuli saxelic

SegirCeviaT. Jurnalis saxeelwodeba srulyofilad gamoxatavs mis

azrs, funqciasa da daniSnulebas. es Jurnali CvenTan erTad gaiz-

rdeba, CvenTan erTad icocxlebs. moveferoT, movuaroT, vamdidroT

da valamazod Cveni Jurnali, qarTveli arqivistebis organo - ,,arxei-

oni”

merab kezevaZe,

quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo

arqivis direqtori

Cveni erovnuli kulturis akvani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo

iyo. istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamo es mxare saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi mowyvetili iyo samSoblos. me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi

eris mTlianoba aRdga da regioni aRorZinebis gzas daadga.

misasalmebelia, rom aWaraSi arsebuli saarqivo dawesebuleba,

romelic inaxavs eris warsulsa da mexsierebas, afuZnebs Jurnals,

romelSic aisaxeba Cveni istoriis mniSvnelovani movlenebi. darwmu-

nebuli var, rom JurnalSi daibeWdeba mkiTxvelisaTvis adre miuw-

vdomeli dokumenturi wyaroebic.

gisurvebT axal-axal warmatebebs erovnuli mecnierebis sake-

TildReod.

roland TofCiSvili,

Tsu-s profesori

blagoevgradis samxareo arqivis yvela muSaki, mTeli sazogado-

eba moxarulia, rom baTumSi gamosvlas iwyebs samecniero Jurnali

,,arxeioni”.

piradad me didad maxarebs es mniSvnelovani samecniero movle-

na. suliT da guliT vusurveb axal Jurnals Rirseulad ganagrZos

erovnuli mecnierebis saukeTeso tradiciebi da Tavisi wvlili Sei-

tanos saarqivo saqmis Semdgom srulyofasa da ganviTarebaSi, saqar-

Tvelosa da bulgareTis saarqivo dawesebulebebis Semdgom daaxlo-

ebaSi.

mariana piskova,

blagoevgradis (bulgareTi) neofit-

rilskis universitetis profesori

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mivesalmebi axali qarTuli samecniero Jurnalis ,,arxeionis”

gamosvlas. vusurveb yofiliyos erovnuli mecnierebis didi tradi-

ciebis Rirseuli gamgrZelebeli. mecnieruli obieqturoboT aesaxos

saqarTvelo-ukrainis urTierTobis mravalsaukunovani istoria, yofi-

liyos iseTi mravalferovani, rogoricaa es SesaniSnavi kuTxe, sadac

es Jurnali gamodis.

ivane nitoCko,

odesis samxareo saxelmwifo

arqivis direqtori

axali Jurnalis daarseba didmniSvnelovani movlenaa Cveni qvey-

nis samecniero cxovrebaSi. es faqti adasturebs qarTuli kulturis

uZvelesi keris – aWaris did kulturul aRorZinebaze. amieridan ba-

Tumel mecnierebs, arqivistebs eqnebaT sakuTari samecniero gamocema,

romelic xels Seuwyobs samamulo mecnierebis ganviTarebas, axali,

niWieri mecnierebis gamovlenas da davaJkacebas. mis furclebze yve-

la mecnieri siamovnebiT dabeWdavs Tavis saukeTeso naSromebs.

sulxan kupraSvili,

quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis

profesori, departamentis ufrosi

8

Tamaz futkaraZe

saarqivo dokumenturi pirvelwyaroebi mkvlevarTa

samecniero SromebSi

qveynis warsulis, mis mier ganvlili gzis, sulieri da kultu-

ruli memkvidreobis srulyofili Seswavla SeuZlebelia werilobiT

wyaroebis gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulia saarqivo doku-

mentebis mniSvneloba. Cvenma winaprebma adridanve izrunes, rom qvey-

nis istoria aRebeWdaT rogorc qvis filebze, ise qaRaldis folian-

tebze, raTa momavali TaobebisTvis daetovebinaT maT dros momxdari

mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis amsaxveli dokumentebi. Cveni

saxelmwifoebriobis aTaswlovani istoriis, misi umdidresi materia-

luri, sulieri da kulturuli memkvidreobis amsaxveli aseulaTaso-

biT werilobiTi dokumenti Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos arqivebSi, mu-

zeumebsa da wignTsacavebSi. am TvalsazrisiT fasdaudebelia aWaris

ar centralur da mis teritoriul organoebSi – raionul arqivebSi

daculi dokumentebis mniSvneloba. aRniSnul saarqivo dawesebule-

bebSi daculi dokumentebis gamovlenisa da Seswavlis Sedegad dai-

wera araerTi sakanditato Tu sadoqtoro disertacia, gamoqveynda

uamravi samecniero naSromi, romlebic nawilobriv warmodgenilia

saarqivo saqmis cnobili specialistis, saarqivo fondis dokumente-

bis dacvis, uzrunvelyofis, saxelmwifo aRricxvisa da samecniero –

sacnobaro aparatis ganyofilebis gamgis nunu skamkoCaiSvilis naS-

ronSi `arqivis pirveli wyaroebi mkvlevarTa samecniero SromebSi~

(xelnabeWdi).

aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammar-

TveloSi daculia dokumentebi, romlebSic asaxulia 1878 wlis Sem-

dgomi periodis istoria, manamde arsebuli dokumentebis nawili

cnobili politikuri movlenebis gamo aRmoCnda TurqeTis arqivebSi.

am mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli osmalobamdeli wyaroebis simwire,

ramac SeuZlebeli gaxada saqarTvelos am uZvelesi regionis istori-

is Sesaxeb srulyofili naSromis Seqmna, Tumca aRniSvnis Rirsia is

faqti, rom bolo wlebSi regionis samecniero dawesbilebebSi gaZ-

lierda interesi aWaris istoriis srulyofili Sewavlis mizniT, ra-

mac dabada `aWaris istoriis narkvevebis” Seqmnis idea. SoTa rusTa-

velis saxelmwifo universitetis, arqeologiuri muzeumis, n. berZe-

niSvilis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis istorikosTa Tavdauzoga-

vi Sromis Sedegad daiwera oTxtomeuli, romlis sami tomi ukve ga-

moqveynebulia. male dRis sinaTles ixilavs meoTxe tomi. ,,aWaris is-

toriis narkvevebi~-s mesame da meoTxe tomebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili

rogorc erovnuli, ise aWaris ar arqivSi daculi werilobiTi doku-

mentebi. am ideis realizaciaSi fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitanes aw-

gansvenebulma profesorebma – daviT xaxutaiSvilma, (saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr korespondenti), ab. surgulaZem (m/doqto-

ri, profesori), aseve profesorebma a. kaxiZem, m. sioriZem, o. Turma-

niZem, n. kaxiZem da sxvebma. cxadia am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebu-

9

li mniSvnloba eniWeba osmalobamdel wyaroebs, romelTa mniSvnelo-

vani nawili Tavmoyrilia ankaris, stambolis, trapizonis arqivebSi.

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb uamravi osmaluri dokumenti aRmoCnda sofiaSi,

kirilesa da meTodes saxelobis biblioTekis aRmosavlur gan-

yofilebaSi. aqve mikvleulia XVI-XIX ss. aWaris istoriis amsaxveli

pirvelwyaroebi (axvlediani x., 1956:32), romelTa qseroaslebi male

binas daidebs aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTveloSi.

osmaluri mmarTvelobis dros iqmneboda mravali tipis dokumen-

ti samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. dgeboda xalxis aRwere-

bisa da sxvadasxva saxis osmaluri sareestro wigni, davTari, fir-

mani, beraTi, arzuhali, huqmi da sxva xasiaTis masala. am dokumente-

bis gadmotana metad saSuri saqmea. bulgareTis saarqivo da samecni-

ero dawesebulebebTan arsebuli seriozuli urTierTobebi iZleva

aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas.

Tavisi arsebobis manZilze aWaris centralur saxelmwifo ar-

qivs asobiT mkvlevari, aspiranti, samecniero xarisxis maZiebeli miu-

Ria, romelTa muxlCauxreli SromiT bevri mtverwayrili dokumeti

gamovlinda da moeqca samecniero brunvaSi. am TvalsazrisiT fasda-

udebelia iseTi mdidari biografiis mqone mkvlevarTa Rvawli, rogo-

rebic arian: xariton axvlediani, parmen cqvitaria, abel surgulaZe,

parmen pataraia, vladimer qemxaZe, oTar TurmaniZe, nodar cecxlaZe,

sergo dumbaZe, SoTa jafariZe, aleqsandre CavleiSvili, aleqsandre

bauJaZe, murad CavleiSvili, vladimer siWinava, ramaz surmaniZe, eTer

civaZe, meri gociriZe, marika quriZe, malxaz sioriZe, merab megre-

liSvili, nugzar CxaiZe, levan kalandariSvili, grigol babiloZe,

suliko araqelovi, SoTa quriZe, uCa oqropiriZe, oTar gogoliSvi-

li, sergo gersamia, nazi noRaideli, grigol Caganava, sergo taba-

Rua, Teimuraz komaxiZe, nani gugunava, nugzar zosiZe, revaz uzunaZe,

SoTa cecxlaZe, SoTa TodaZe, vaxtang makaraZe, Salva varSaniZe, io-

seb beqiriSvili, irakli baramiZe, fridon sixaruliZe, jemal kara-

liZe, jemal miqelaZe, ioseb sanikiZe, xaTuna managaZe, inga diasamiZe,

meri diasamiZe, zaur gogitiZe, omar megreliSvili, vladimir mamula-

Ze, nato cecxlaZe, irina mazilkina, Temur ustiaSvili, nino SuSani-

Ze, giorgi maxaraSvili, merab futkaraZe, nodar basilaZe, laSa as-

laniSvili, oleg teifi, daviT tuRuSi, irakli manveliZe, guram Ca-

ganava, aleqsandre jayeli, anzor cicxvaia, maTeas helkmansi (holan-

dia), mamia berZeniSvili, arCil varSalomiZe, lamara bolqvaZe, ermi-

le mesxia, simon gogitiZe, pirimze rurua, Tamaz beraZe, ineza zoiZe,

maia WiWileiSvili, nodar kaxiZe, alqsandre dauSvili, mariana pisko-

va, nurie muratova, anastasia paSova, milena angelova, qristina po-

pova (bulgareTi) da sxvebi. dasaxelebulma da sxva mkvlevarebma,

wlebis manZilze Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegad moiZies da gamoavli-

nes aTasobiT saarqivo dokumenti, romelTa safuZvlze Seiqmna sayu-

radRebo samecniero gamokvlevebi. yvela maTganis CamoTvla ver mo-

xerxdeba, miT umetes ver moxerxdeba TiToeuli maTganis naSromebisa

da masSi gamoyenebuli saarqivo wyaroebis mimoxilva. Cven zogierTi

maTganis samecniero gamokvlvevis safuZvelze SevecdebiT warmovaCi-

10

noT saarqivo wyaroebis roli da mniSvneloba qvynisa da Cveni mxa-

ris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.

xariton axvlediani im mkvlevarTa Sorisaa, romlebmac mTeli

Tavisi Segnebuli cxovreba Sromasa da garjaSi gaatares. igi wlebis

ganmavlobaSi muSaobda aWaris mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumis direqto-

rad. misi iniciativiTa da mondomebiT muzeumi gamdidrda araerTi eq-

sponantiT, xelnawerTa fondi ki Seivso axali dokumentebiT. misi

kvlevis sfero aWaris istoriis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs Seexebo-

da. qarTul istoriografiaSi Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra xariton

axvledianis monografiam `narkvevebi aWaris istoriidan~, romelic

gamoica 1944 wels. naSromSi mTavar saistorio sabuTebze dayrdno-

biT gaanalizebulia aWaris istoriis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi.

faqtobrivad es iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, sakuTriv aWa-

ris istoriis pirveli mecnieruli gamokvleva. mogvianebiT, 1956 w. x.

axvledianma gamosca aseve metad sayuradRebo naSromi `saxalxo-gan-

maTavisuflebeli brZolis istoriidan samxreT saqarTveloSi~, ro-

melSic dasabuTebulia saxalxo ajanybis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-

li motivebi. mdidari monacemebis safuZvelze avtori asabuTebs mTi-

an regionebSi osmalTa batonobis nominalur xasiaTs. am mizniT iS-

veliebs erT-erTi mTielis metad sagulisxmo gamonaTqvams: ,,rasa

iqs kaci Tvara, am abdal TaTrebs Tavs rava gavaJletinebT, aq arian

didgulai, dedagaquculebi, Tvara aWaraSi, mTaSi rava mogvekarebao~.

misive naSromi `sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba aWaraSi~ (1917-1921)

mTlianad saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiTaa Seqmnili (fondi i-81, i-

82, r-1), rac kidev ufro zrdis naSromis mecnierul Rirebulebas

(axvlediani x., 1956:32). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom avtoris zogierTi

mosazreba Sorsaa WeSmaritebisagan. magaliTad: aWaraSi mejlisis

Seqmnisa da misi saqmianobis ZiriTad miznad sabWoTa xelisuflebis

gamarjvebisaTvis brZolis avtoriseuli interpretacia aSkarad ewi-

naaRmdegeba realobas. saarqivo monacemebidan naTlad Cans mejlisis

erT-erTi mizani - saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Semadgen-

lobaSi aWaris dabruneba.

Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis naxevarze meti arqivebSi gaatara

da uamravi axali dokumenti gaxada sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili

gamoCenilma qarTvelma istorikosma, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis sa-

xelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis profesorma parmen cqvitariam. mi-

si sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertaciebi ZiriTadad aWaris cen-

tralur arqivSi moZiebuli da gamovlenili dokumentebis safuZvel-

ze Seiqmna. Pp. cqvitarias gamokvlevebis erTi nawili 1905-1917 wlebis

revoluciis Temas exeba. maTSi gaanalizebulia XIX-XX saukuneTa

mijnaze aWaraSi mimdinare politikuri procesebi, revoluciuri si-

tuaciis winapirobebi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa monografia `aWa-

raSi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriis narkvevebi (1890-1914)”, romel-

Sic originaluradaa gaazrebuli aRniSnuli istoriuli movlena

(fondi i-82, i-81, r-1, r-4). marTalia, naSroms etyoba sabWouri ideo-

logiuri wnexis kvali, magram masSi motanili da gaanalizebulia

bevri iseTi sayuradRebo dokumenti, romlebic sainteresod warmoa-

11

Cenen imdroindel sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas. p. cqvitari-

as naSromebSi ufro obieqturadaa gaSuqebuli ekonomikuri procese-

bi. misi naSromebis absoluturi umravlesoba aWaris centralur ar-

qivSi dacul dokumentebs efuZneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mis gamok-

vlevaze - `aWaris komunisturi moZraobis istoriidan~. naSromSi ga-

tarebuli ideebi SesaZloa vinmes TanamedroveobisaTvis Seusabamod

moeCvenos, magram Cveni istoriisaTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovania ro-

gorc warmatebebisa da winsvlis, ise warumateblobis, Secdomebisa

da Ralatis istoriis warmoCenac. komunisturi reJimi 70 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi saTaveSi edga sabWoTa imperias da misi ideologiuri gav-

lenisgan gaTavisufleba ar iyo advili. albaT es iyo naSromSi ga-

tarebuli zogierTi mcdari Sexedulebis ZiriTadi mizezi. kerZod,

avtori aralegalur diskusiebSi gamarjvebulad yovelTvis miiCnevda

bolSevikebs, maSin roca saarqivo monacemebi sapirispiro mosazrebis

dasabuTebis SesaZlebobas iZleva. aseve miuRebelia k. CxeiZisa da i.

ramiSvilis mimarT avtoris uaryofiTi pizicia mxolod imis gamo,

rom maT bolSevikbisagan gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT. miuxedavad

amisa, profesor p. cqvitaias am naSromebs dResac ar daukargavT Ta-

visi mniSvneloba.

qalaqebis istoriis Seswavlas qarTul istoriografiaSi yo-

velTvis eqceoda gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. es arcaa gasakviri. qa-

laqebi warmoadgenen ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli cxov-

rebis centrebs.

baTumis, rogorc sazRvao karibWis mdidari da saintereso isto-

riis mecnieruli Seswavla daisaxa miznad cnobilma qarTvelma is-

torikosma, docentma vladimer siWinavam. am sakiTxze (iseve rogorc

sxva problemebze) muSaobisas avtori waawyda seriozul dabrkole-

bas, rac osmalebis mier 1878 wels baTumidan dokumentebis gatanas-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. am sirTuleebis miuxedavad vl. siWinavam SeZ-

lo dasaxuli miznis ganxorcieleba da xangrZlivi, dauRalavi mec-

nieruli Sromis Sedegad 1958 wels gamoaqveyna SesaniSnavi monogra-

fia (siWinava v. 1958). qalaqis istoriis warmoCenis paralelurad av-

tori exeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebsac.

naSromSi sagangebo yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli baTumisaTvis mezobe-

li saxelmwifoebis brZolis, aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis,

rusuli marTva-gamgeobis damyarebis, carizmis agrarul-koloniuri

politikis, porto-frankos, muhajirobis, qalaqis socialur-ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis ricxovnobis, erovnuli da religiu-

ri Semadgenlobis sakiTxebze. dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis

avtors uxvad aqvs gamoyenebuli leningradis (exlandeli peterbur-

gis), saqarTvelos eronuli, aWaris centraluri arqivis monacemebi

(f. 6, f. 7, f.13, f. 64, f. 13, f.1, f.3 da a.S.). SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iT-

qvas: baTumis Sesaxeb am pirveli fundamentaluri gamokvleviT vl.

siWinavam fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos qalaqebis is-

toriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. monografiaSi warmoCenilia baTumis mniS-

vneloba rogorc TurqeTis, ise ruseTisa da sxva qveynebisaTvis. gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnlovani iyo qalaqis gamoyeneba imperiis koloniuri

12

miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. aq imperiisaTvis `saimedo~ elemente-

bis Camosaxleba iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amas garda baTumi porto-

frankos pirobebSi iyo Ria bazari dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis. qa-

laqSi Semosuli iafi saqoneli imperiis bazrebisaken miemarTeboda,

rac abrkolebda ruseTis mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. amitomac ruseT-

ma 1886 wels calmxrivad gaauqma porto-frankos reJimi. monografia-

Si avtori am sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas uxvad iyenebs saarqivo dokumen-

tebs.

1960 wels mkiTxvel sazogadoebas mieca SesaZlebloba gacnobo-

da sergo gersamias gamokvlevas, romelSic warmoCenilia didi qar-

Tveli mamuliSvilis memed abaSiZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba (gersa-

mia s., 1960). avtors wignze muSaobisas gamoyenebuli aqvs uamravi do-

kumenti, maT Soris Cvens arqivSi, aseve, Tavad memed abaSiZis saojaxo

arqivSi daculi werilobiTi wyaroebi, romelTa safuZvlze warmoCe-

nilia is didi wvlili, romelic Seitana memed abaSiZem qristian da

musliman qarTvlTa Soris `Catexili xidis~ gamrTelebisaTvis, erov-

nuli siamayisa da TviTSegnebis amaRlebis, qveynis teritoriuli

mTlianobisaTvis brZolaSi, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom zogier-

Ti dokumenti gamoyenebulia ara uSualod saarqivo fondebidan, ara-

med p. cqvitarias mier mopovebuli dokumentebidan (TurmaniZe o.,

2005).

nayofier samecniero muSaobas eweva profesori oTar Turma-

niZe, asakis miuxedavad igi dResac muxlCauxrelad agrZelebs muSao-

bas. saarqivo monacemebze dayrdnobiT o. TurmaniZem gamoaqveyna ara-

erTi naSromi, maT Soris monografiebic. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

omis Semdgom periodSi aWaris socialur – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

sakiTxebze mis mier gamoqveynebuli gamokvleva - aWaris assr socia-

lur-politikuri ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi~ (baTumi, 1986).

naSromSi daxasiaTebulia aWaris ar politikuri sistema, mosaxleo-

bis socialuri da klasobrivi struqtura, materialuri da sayofac-

xovrebo pirobebi, masebis iniciativisa da Semoqmedebis mecnieruli

suraTi.

aqtualobiT, samecniero brunvaSi axali masalebis SemotaniT,

obieqturobiT da movlenaTa swori SefasebiT (miuxdavad imisa, rom

avtori iZulebuli iyo xarki gadaexada cenzurisaTvis) gamoirCeva o.

TurmaniZis naSromi `glexTa moZraoba aWaraSi ruseTis pirveli re-

voluciis wlebSi~ (TurmaniZe o., 1979). am sakiTxze muSaobisas av-

tors uxvad usargeblia i-15, i-16, i-22, i-48 da sxva fondebSi daculi

dokumenturi masalebiT. mecnieruli keTilsindisierebis, akademiuro-

bis, saarqivo dokumentebis, mdidari samecniero-literaturuli mona-

cemebis Sejerebis safuZvelzea dawerili misi bolo monogafiac,

romelic 2005 wels gamosca gamomcemloba `baTumis universitetma~

(TurmaniZe o.,2005).

fasdaudebelia arqivis TanamSromelTa – n. noRaidelis, s. taba-

Ruas, S. TodaZisa da d. WeliZis Rvawli Cvens arqivSi daculi doku-

mentebis gamoyenebisa da popularizaciis TvalsazrisiT. swored ma-

Ti Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegad 1975 wels gamoqveynda dokumentebi-

13

sa da masalebis krebuli `aWara sabWoTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebi-

sa da saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis periodSi~, romelic moicavs pe-

riods 1921 wlis martidan 1925 wlamde. krebulSi Tavmoyrilia 256

dokumenti originalis, aslisa Tu periodikis saxiT. dokumenturi

masalebi warmodgenilia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. krebulis

srulyofis mizniT Semdgenelebs SeutaniaT zogierTi adre gamoqvey-

nebuli dokumenti, Tumca maTi umravlesoba pirvelad moeqca samecni-

ero brunvaSi. dokuments win uZRvis anotirebuli saTauri da dar-

Tuli aqvs legenda, romlSic gaSifrulia saxelmwifo arqivis sa-

xelwodeba, fondis, saqmisa da furclis nomeri.

krebulSi warmodgenili dokumentebi exeba saxelmwifo xeli-

suflebis ganmtkicebis, saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis, soflis meur-

neobis, vaWrobis, mrewvelobis, kulturuli mSeneblobis, ganaTlebis,

presis, literaturis, xelovnebis, janmrTelobisa da sakurorto saq-

mis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs.

aWaris centraluri arqivis TanamSromelTa mier 1961 wels ga-

moqveynda dokumentebis krebuli ,,brZola sabWoTa xelisuflebis ga-

marjvebisaTvis aWaraSi” (rusul enaze). marTalia masSi dokumentebi

da saarqivo wyaroebi warmodgenilia sabWoTa periodis moTxovnaTa

Sesabamisad (es bunebrivicaa), magram am masalebiTac krebuli anga-

riSgasawevi pirvelwyaroa XX s. pirveli ocwleulis istoriiT dain-

teresebul mkvlevarTaTvis.

aWaris mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis Ziri-

Tad momentebze mogviTxrobs dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli,

romelic Sadgines arqivis TanamSromlebma: n. noRaidelma, s. tabaRu-

am, g. Caganavam. krebulSi cal-calkea warmodgenili 1926-1932 wlebSi

aWaraSi industrializaciisa da koleqtivizaciis, miwaTmoqmedebis,

mesaqonleobis, mebaReobis, mefutkreobis, satyeo meurneobis, meabre-

Sumeobis da sxva dargebis ganviTarebis, mrewvelobasa da soflis

meurneobaSi gatarebuli reformebis amsaxveli saarqivo dokumntebi

(brZola socialisturi industrializaciisaTvis, 1980).

saxalxo ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganviTarebaze mogviTxroben

aWaris saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi pirvelwyaroebi – vaJTa da qal-

Ta gimnaziebis, saxelosno saswavleblebisa da sxvaTa fondebi. swo-

red am fondebs efuZneba eTer civaZis naSromi `zogadsaganmanaTleb-

lo skolis ganviTareba aWaris ass respublikaSi~. naSromSi warmod-

genilia zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis ganviTarebis calkeuli sa-

kiTxebi. mdidari literaturuli da saarqivo pirvelwyaroebis gamo-

yenebis, masalebis gamovlenisa da gaanalizebis, mowinave pedagogTa

gamocdilebis Seswavlis safuZvelze avtori aCvenebs regionSi sa-

xalxo ganaTlebis damkvidrebis, saskolo qselisa da moswavleTa

kontigentis zrdis, wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobisa da mciremcodneobis

likvidaciis, sayovelTao-savaldebulo swavlebis ganxorcielebis

rTul da saintereso istorias (civaZe e., 1970). e. civaZis naSromi sa-

interesoa rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. war-

sulis gamocdilebis codna aucilebelia momavlis sworad ganWvre-

tisaTvis. naSromi sainteresoa im mxrivac, rom avtors calkeul mov-

14

lenebTan da faqtebTan mimarTebaSi gamoyenebuli aqvs saarqivo pir-

velwyaroebi, rac zrdis naSromis mecnierul Rirebulebas (skamkoCa-

iSvili n., xelnaweri: 7-8).

saarqivo pirvelwyaroebis (f.r-972, r-986, r-880) gamovlena-gaana-

lizebis safuZvelze mxatvruli sityvis ganviTarebis sakiTxebi gan-

xilulia Jurnalistisa da publicistis SoTa quriZis publikaciaSi

(quriZe S., 1970). avtori calkeuli periodebis mixedviT sainteresod

warmoaCens aWaraSi literaturuli kadrebis aRzrdisa da formire-

bis sakiTxebs. naSromSi warmodgenili miseuli periodizacia efuZne-

ba rogorc saarqivo da literaturuli pirvelywaroebs, ise avtoris

kvalificiur argumentebs. mkvlevari kargad erkveva dokumentur pir-

velwyaroebSi, SesaniSnavad axerxebs saarqivo masalebis gamoyenebasa

da klasifikacias. es gansakuTrebiT vlindeba wignis meore nawilSi

- `winaparTa gaxsneba~, sadac mimoixilavs p. lorias, m. varSaniZis da

sxvaTa Semoqmedebas (f. r-61, r-1010).

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenam, arqivebis gaxsnam

mkvlevarebs misca SesaZlebloba samecniero mimoqcvaSi SemoetanaT

adre tabudadebuli masalebi. yovelive aman ganapiroba istoriis

araerT problematur sakiTxze SexedulebaTa kardinaluri Secvla.

daiwyo faqtebisa da istoriuli movlenebis, politikuri organiza-

ciebisa da calkeul pirovnebaTa saqmianobis erovnuli poziciebidan

Seswavla. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul intress iwvevs profesor

abel surgulaZis Semoqmedeba. mis gamokvlevebSi mecnieruladaa ga-

Suqebuli meore msoflio omis, winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi qar-

TvelTa monawileobis, calkeuli pirovnebebis (Razi faSa Tavdgiri-

Ze, yadir ServaSiZe, haidar da memed abaSiZeebi, selim ximSiaSvili)

Rvawlisa da damsaxurebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi. saarqivo pir-

velwyaroebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs abel

da kaxaber surgulaZeebis wigni `qarTuli legioni TurqeTSi~. saqar-

Tvelos erovnul da aWaris ar arqivebSi daculi masalebis, aseve

mdidari literaturuli monacemebis safuZvelze naSromSi warmoCeni-

lia `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ (1914-1918) mier Tur-

qeTSi Camoyalibebuli qarTuli legionis istoria, romelic manamde

TiTqmis ucnobi iyo qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. uxvadaa saarqivo

monacemebi gamoyenebuli agreTve ab. surgulaZis sxva naSromebSi.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi statia `baTumis istoriisaTvis~ (surgula-

Ze ab., 1965) da wigni `porto-franko baTumSi” romelic 1996 wels ga-

moica profesor m. sioriZesTan TanaavtorobiT (surgulaZe ab, sio-

riZe m., 1996). es wigni daiwera im dros, roca Zalze aqtualuri iyo

baTumSi Tavisfali ekonomikuri zonis (Tez-i) sakiTxi. samwuxarod

maSin moxda sakiTxis politizireba. avtorebi mdidari samecniero da

saarqivo monacemebis safuZvelze aSuqeben ruseTisa da sxva mezobe-

li qveynebis dainteresebas baTumis navsadguriT, porto – frankos

reJimis arsis, baTumisaTvis brZolis, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi az-

ris sakiTxebs, romlebic efuZneba me-12,14,16, fondebSi dacul saarqi-

vo monacemebs.

15

bolo periodSi gaCnda mecnieruli interesi saqarTvelos damo-

ukideblobis komitetis Camoyalibebisa da saqmianobis SeswavlisaT-

vis. prof. malxaz sioriZem am problematikas araerTi samecniero

naSromi miuZRvna, maT Soric monografiac (sioriZe m., 1998). misi in-

teresebis sfero Seexo iseT sakiTxebsac, rogoricaa: 1918 wlis mar-

tis movlenebi baTumSi, germania-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobani samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1918 wels, baTumis roli navTobis msoflio

bazrisaTvis brZolaSi, baTumis sabaJo da a.S. calke monografia eZ-

Rvneba samxrT-dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiT-

xebs 1914-1918 wlebSi (sioriZe m., 2002). masSi kompleqsuradaa Seswav-

lili istoriuli saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebis socialuri,

ekonomikuri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba, gaanalizebulia

omamdeli da omisdroindeli periodis saqalaqo cxovreba, Woroxis

auzis samTo-metalurgiuli mrewveloba, soflis meurneobisa da eko-

nomikis sxva dargebi. axli saarqivo masalebis (fondebi: 1, 3, 6, 7, 16,

67) safuZvelze warmoCenilia is cvlilebebi da Taviseburebebi, rac

gamoiwvia am mxaris omis arenad gadaqcevam. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis

Seswavla metad aqtualuria, radgan `TurqeTis saqarTvelos~ 1914-

1918 wlebis politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi manamde praqtikulad Se-

uswavleli iyo. amasTan aRniSnuli teritoriuli sivrce TavisTavad

apirobebs sakiTxis Seswavlisadmi gansakuTrebul interess. naSromSi

saqarTvelos arqivebSi daculi monacemebis safuZvelze garkveulia

meomar saxlmwifoTa gegmebSi `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ adgili da

roli, emigrantuli `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetisa~ da

misi legionis saqmianoba, usamarTlod represirebuli mahmadiani Ta-

namoZmeebisadmi qarTuli sazogadoebis Tanadgoma, gaanalizebulia

1918 w. osmaluri okupaciis manamde ucnobi an naklebad cnobili faq-

tebi, rac bunebrivia SuZlebeli iyo Cvens arqivSi daculi dokumen-

tebis gamovlenisa da mecnieruli analizis gareSe.

sabWoTa sistemis demontaJis Semdeg mkvlevarebs miecaT SesaZ-

lebloba gamoevlinaT da samzeoze gamoetanaT adre tabudadebuli

saarqivo dokumentebi. upiratesad igi sabWoTa periodis represiebs

gulisxmobs. XX s. 30-40 - iani da 50 –iani wlebis represiebs aWaraSi

eZRvneba lili Ciqovanisa da nodar cecxlaZis naSromi `reabilita-

cia~. lili Ciqovanma uSualod iwvnia im avadmosagonari wlebis si-

sastike, xolo n. cecxlaZis publikaciaSi, romlis nawili gamoqvey-

nda Jurnal `Woroxsa” da gaz. `sovetskaia adJariaSi~, saarqivo do-

kumenturi masalebis safuZvelze moTxrobilia baTumsa da aWaris

soflebSi 1937-1938 wlebSi datrialebuli tragedia. wignis Rirseba

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saarqivo monacemebs efuZneba. amasTan sa-

marTlianobis aRdgenas, patiosani adamianebis saxelis dabrunebas

didi zneobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto daRupulTa xsovnis uk-

vdavyofis, aramed naTesavebis, axloblebis, mTeli sazogadoebisa da

qveynis samarTlebriv saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisaTvis (Ciqovani l.,

cecxlaZe n., 1990).

sazogadoebriv-politikuri, socialuri da erovnuli moZraobis

sakiTxebs araerTi samecniero naSromi miuZRvna profesorma oTar

16

gogoliSvilma (gogoliSvili o., 1998; 1999; 2003; 2005). avtori am naS-

romebSi efuZneba uaRresad mdidar saarqivo monacemebs. man uamravi

saarqivo dokumenti moiZia da gamoavlina ruseTisa da saqarTvelos

arqivebSi. naSromSi ,,socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba samxreT-da-

savleT saqarTveloSi~ gamoyenebuli aqvs 150-ze meti saarqivo doku-

menti (fondebi: 1, 6, 7,67 da a.S.) romelTa safuZvelze Seswavlilia

socialuri da erovnuli moZraobis ganviTarebaSi baTumis olqis

axali statusis mniSvneloba, mTavrobis mier arasaimedod miCneul

pirTa gasaxlebisa da am midamoebSi ucxoelTa Camosaxlebis realu-

ri mizezebi, mxilebulia carizmis koloniuri politikis mzakvruli

arsi, socialuri da erovnuli moZraobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

XX s dasawyisSi, pirveli msoflio omis dros da 1918-1920 wlebSi.

mis SromebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava glexTa moZraobis sa-

kiTxebma. saarqivo pirvelwyaroebis gamoyenebiT avtorma gaaanaliza

agreTve XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtono-

miis mopovebisaTvis brZol sakiTxi da igi miiCnia qveynis sruli da-

moukideblobisaTvis gadadgmul pirvel nabijad. Tavis 100-mde sa-

mecniero naSromSi avtorma sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi an naklebad

cnobili uamravi saarqivo dokumenti Semoitana mecnierul mimoqceva-

Si, rac misi gamokvlevebis did mecnierul mniSvnelobaze metyve-

lebs.

uamravi saarqivo dokumenti gamoavlina da samecniero brunvaSi

moaqcia profesorma s. dumbaZem. baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-

fo universitis profesori 40 welze metia muSaobs saqarTvelos ar-

qivebsa da wignTsacavebSi. mis kalams ekuTvnis 200-ze meti samecnie-

ro naSromi, romlebSic warmoCenilia maRalmTiani aWaris istoriis,

meore msoflio omisa da am omSi aWaris mosaxleobis monawileobis,

`sabWoTa avRanelebis~, gamoCenil mamuliSvilTa Rvawlis amsaxveli

statiebi, naSromebi, monografiebi (dumbaZe s., 2006; 2007; 2008). yvela

es naSromi saarqivo monacemebis (f.r-584, r-4, r-307/s, r-1027, r-911, r-

1013, 1121 da a.S.) ostaturad da kvalificiurad gamoynebis naTeli

magaliTia. misi Sromebis erTi nawili baTumis pedagogiuri institu-

tis istorias exeba. sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnuli problemis kvle-

viT pirvelad dainteresda vladimer qemxaZe, romelmac pedinstitutis

25 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, 1960 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi `rusTave-

lis saxelobis baTumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis 25 wlis-

Tavi~. mogvianebiT, 1980 wels doc. p. pataraiam amave sakiTxs miuZRvna

sayuradRebo monografia `baTumis pdagogiuri instituti~. praqtiku-

lad es iyo pirveli mecnieruli biografia umaRlesi ganaTlebis pir-

veli kerisa samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 1986 wels kvlav gamoqvey-

nda axali monografia `umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli kera aWaraSi~

(avtorebi-profesorebi: d. balaZe da S. jafariZe). s. dumbaZis monogra-

fia `waruSleli furceli~ amave sakiTxs eZRvneba. naSromSi mdidari

saarqivo monacemebis safuZvelze warmoCenilia samaswavleblo insti-

tutis gaxsna da misi pirveli nabijebi, instituti meore msoflio omi-

sa da omis Semdgom periodSi, fakultetebi da kaTedrebi, saswavlo

aRmzrdelobiTi da samcniero-kvleviTi muSaobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.

17

mogvianebiT, baTumis universitetis istorias mieZRvna kidev ori monog-

rafia (baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2001 da 2010).

energiulad da nayofierad muSaobs niWieri mkvlevari revaz

uzunaZe. Sesabamisad produqtiulia misi samecniero saqmianobac. r.

uzunaZis mier Seswavlili problematuri sakiTxebi maRalakademiu-

robisa da mecnieruli keTilsindisierebis naTeli magaliTia. mis ga-

mokvlevebSi moTxrobilia dRemde burusiT moculi osmanTa batono-

bis droindeli baTumis istoriis calkeuli momentebi, gaanalizebu-

lia baTumis saqalaqo dasaxlebis formirebis, zRvaosnobisa da saqa-

laqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebSic mrav-

ladaa gamoyenebuli Cveni arqivis fondebSi (fondi-6) daculi doku-

mentebi.

r. uzunaZem Tavisi mecnieruli Semoqmedebis didi nawili miuZ-

Rvna zRvaosnobis istoriis Seswavlas. monografiaSi “zRvaosnoba ba-

Tumis olqSi” gamovlenili da gaanalizebulia naosnobis ganviTare-

bis, misgan gamomdinare samxedro-politikuri, ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri aspeqtebis amsaxveli dokumentebi. naSromi emyareba saqarTve-

los erovnul da aWaris ar arqivebSi, aseve samuzeumo gaerTianebis

arqivebsa da fondebSi dacul aseulobiT dokuments, me-19-e saukunis

meore naxevrisa da me-20-e saukunis 20-iani wlebis periodis masalebs,

mdidar samecniero literaturas. avtorma moiZia da gamoavlina sais-

torio sazogadoebisaTvis manamde ucnobi saarqivo monacemebi.

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikur procesebs da qarTuli kulturis istoriis sakiTxebs mieZRvna

axalgazrda istorikosis ermile mesxias maRalmecnieruli Rirebu-

lebis araerTi naSromi, maT Soris monografiebic (mesxia e., 1997;

1999; 2004). misi gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi wyaroa Cvens arqivSi daunje-

buli saarqivo dokumentebi, kerZod i-1, i-6, i-7, i-57, r-61, i-67, 77, 312

fondebSi daculi masalebi. aRniSnulma dokumenturma wyaroebma av-

tors SesaZlebloba misca obieqturad gaeanalizebina sakvlevi peri-

odis politikuri procesebi da gaekeTebina originaluri daskvnebi.

swored amitom daimsaxura e. mesxias naSromebma maRali Sefasebebi

qarTul saistorio sazogadoebaSi.

saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa istoriis, qarTul-osmaluri ur-

TierTobebis problemuri sakiTxebi axleburadaa Seswavlili axal-

gazrda da niWieri istorikosis irakli baramiZis SromebSi (baramiZe

i., 1991; 2005). avtori obieqturad aSuqebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-

los axali da uaxlesi istoriis socialur – politikur proble-

mebs, dRemde ucnob masalebze dayrdnobiT ikvlevs regionis samxed-

ro-politikur procesebs XIX s. I mesamedSi. kvlevisas igi emyareba

rogorc Cvens arqivSi dacul dokumentebs, ise stambolis osmalur

arqivSi dacul qarTvel mTavar-didebulTa da sxva didmoxeleTa we-

rilebs, romlebic sainterso da sayuradRebo pirvlwyaroa aRniSnu-

li periodis qarTul-rusul –osmaluri urTierTobebis istoriisaT-

vis.

1963 wels gamovida cnobili mkvlevaris, mecnirebaTa doqtoris

ramaz surmaniZis pirveli wigni. dReisaTvis igi 50-mde wignis da ase-

18

ulobiT samecniero naSromis avtoria. kvlevis procesSi r. surmaniZe

emyareba mdidar literaturul monacemebs, muzeumebis xelnawerTa

fondebs, xalxur gadmocemebs, magram igi yovelTvis cdilobda saar-

qivo monacemebiT gaemyarebina sakuTari mosazrebebi. mkvlevaris mec-

nieruli alRos damadasturebelia is faqti, rom mis mier gamoTqmu-

li varaudi araerTxel dadasturebula aWaris saxelmwifo arqivSi

mokvleuli dokumentebiT. r. surmaniZis xelSi gaiara 2000-ze metma

saarqivo dokumentma, maTgan ZiriTadi masalebi moiZia aWaris saxel-

mwifo arqivSi. es monacemebi aisaxa zogadTeoriuli xasiaTis naS-

romebsa Tu damsaxurebul pirovnebaTa - yadir ServaSiZis, nikoloz

derJavinis, muTeber varSaniZis, murad gunTaiSvilis, emrula malay-

maZis, esma ximSiaSvil-jaianis, Suqri varSaniZis, abdul miqelaZis,

nuri ximSiaSvilis, ilias xilaZis, kowia erisTavis, markoz aWare-

lis, rejeb mJavanaZis, vaxtang mWedliSvilis da sxva Rvawlmosil

adamianTa Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul publikaciebSi.

aWaris saxelmwifo arqivSi daculma dokumentebma (fondi 78) av-

tors saSualeba misca daedgina baTumis olqis 300-ze meti moqalaqis

gvari, warmomavloba, wodebebi, ierarqiuli aRzeveba Tu dacema, rac

agresorebis mier Cveni regionis dapyrobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

mkvlevarTa didi interesi gamoiwvia profesor n. zosiZis naS-

romma `politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-

raoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 wlebSi~. avtorma jer kidev studentobis pe-

riodSi miiRo saarqivo dokumentebze muSaobis gamocdileba. dasaxe-

lebul naSromSi ganxilulia rTuli politikuri situacia baTumis

olqSi 1918-1920 wlebSi. saarqivo monacemebze dayrdnobiT axsnilia

osmalebis, Semdeg ingliselebis eqspansia da denikinelTa saqmiano-

bis ZiriTadi miznebi. naSromSi wina planzea wamoweuli erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis amsaxveli saarqivo dokumentebi, qar-

Tuli orientaciis politikuri mimdinareobebis, metadre samuslima-

no saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis moRvaweoba, saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis RonisZiebebi aWaris

dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebisaTvis (zosiZe n., 1995).

naSromis mecnieruli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi

mTlianad aWaris centralur arqivSi dacul fondebSia moZiebuli.

am masalebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze avtors sxva samecniero statie-

bic aqvs gamoqveynebuli.

maRalmTiani aWaris istoriis, istoriuli geografiis, ganaTle-

bis sistemis sakiTxebs eZRvneba vaxtang makaraZis wigni `gamonaTle-

vis gamonaTeba.~ SromismoyvareobiT, enTuziazmiT da mecnieruli pa-

suxismgblobis grZnobiT gamorCeuli avtori Tavis wignSi aRnusxavs

mareTis xeobis istoriis furclebs, mkiTxvels acnobs mis labirin-

Tebs erTi keTilSobiluri ideiT – ar iqnas daviwyebuli warsuli,

dafasdes winaparTa Rvawli. v. makaraZe didxans muSaobda aWaris cen-

tralur arqivSi, ramac SesaZlebloba misca gamoevlina da mkiTxve-

li sazogadoebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobisaTvis xelmi-

sawvdomi gaexada im aseulobiT pedagogis Rvawli da damsaxureba,

romlebic aWaraSi moavlines saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan da

19

mosaxleobis swavla-ganaTlebas moaxmares TavianTi Segnebuli cxov-

rebis mniSnelovani nawili (makaraZe v., 2006). praqtikulad es iyo `pe-

dagogiuri laSqroba~, ramac mogvianebiT SesaZlebeli gaxada adgi-

lobrivi kadrebis momzadeba. wignSi saarqivo monacemebze dayrdno-

biT warmodgenilia Suaxevis raionis TiToeul sofelSi movlenili

maswavleblis gvari, saxeli, sxva monacemebi qronologiuri Tanmim-

devrobiT. monografia mniSvnelovan samsaxurs gauwevs ganaTlebis

sistemis istoriiT daineresebul mkvlevarebs.

TemsabWoebis, kolmeurneobebis, artelebis Camoyalibebis sakiT-

xebs mareTis xeobaSi (Subnis magaliTze) eZRvneba SoTa cecxlaZis

wigni `Subani da Subnelebi~. igi wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda ar-

qivSi ganyofilebis gamgis Tanamdebobaze, paralelurad krebda masa-

lebs aRniSnul problematikasTan dakavSirebiT. man Tavi mouyara

uamrav faqtologiur masalas, saarqivo dokuments, cnobebs, romlTa

Sejerebisa da analizis safuZvlze daiwera misi es gamokvlevac. mas-

ve ekuTvnis naSromi aWaris qalaqebisa da dabebis quCebis saxelewo-

debebis Sesaxeb (cecxlaZe S., 2008), romelic m. WeliZis redaqtoro-

biT gamoica 2008 wels.

aqtiur samecniero moRvaweobas eweva profesori T. komaxiZe. bo-

lo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi misi avtorobiT gamoica ramdenime mo-

nografia, romelSic warmodgenilia ara marto regionis, aramed da-

saxlebuli punqtebis, quCebisa Tu skverebis, saxalxo murneobis

calkeuli dargebis istoria, gamoCenil adamianTa (z. WiWinaZe, ivane

andronikaSvili da a.S.) Rvawli da damsaxureba.

mdidar saarqivo monacemebs emyareba agreTve s. tabaRuas, j. ka-

raliZis, m. megreliSvilis, n. varSaniZis, j. vardmaniZis, c. qaTamaZis,

i. manveliZis, i. beqiriSvilis, S. varSaniZis da sxvaTa naSromebi. s.

tabaRuam Tavis gamokvlevebSi mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo meore

msoflio omis istorias, qarTuli legionis saqmianobas da misi WeS-

mariti miznebis warmoCenas, saaSkaraoze gamoitana manamde ucnobi

faqtebi da movlenebi.

aWaris centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi bevri cnobili da gamo-

Cenili pirovneba eZiebda dokumentebs, saarqivo pirvelwyaroebiT am-

didrebda qarTul istoriografias. cxadia ver moxerxdeba yvela

maTganis Sromebis ganxilva. Cveni mizani iyo warmogveCina samecniero

gamokvlvebSi saarqivo pirvelwyaroebis gamoyenebis roli da mniS-

vneloba. bodiSs vuxdiT yvela mkvlevars, profesional mecniersa Tu

samecniero xarisxis maZiebels, romelTa saxelebi ver moxvda war-

modgenil publikaciaSi. gvjera, rom isini didsulovnad gvapatieben

da kvlavac saqmis siyvaruliT gaagrZeleben muSaobas axali saarqi-

vo dokumentbis gamovlenisa da gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

20

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. x. axvlediani, saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis istorii-

dan samxreT – dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baT, 1956;

2. i. baramiZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa istoriidan sam-

xreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (XIX s. 70-80 iani wlebi), baT. 1991;

3. i. baramiZe, qarTul osmaluri urTierTobebi XIX s. I mesamed-

Si, baT. 2005;

4. brZola socialisturi industrializaciisa da sofilis meur-

neobis koleqtivizaciisaTvis aWaraSi, dokumentebisa da masalebis

krebuli, 1926-1932ww. baT. 1980;

5. s. gersamia, memed abaSiZe, baTumi, 1960;

6. o. gogoliSvili, sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba baTumis

olqSi 1910-1918, baT. 1999;

7. o. gogoliSvili baTumis olqi 1908-1914 wlebSi, baT. 1998;

8. o. gogoliSvili socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 ww. baT. 2005;

9. o. gogoliSvili saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba guria-

sa da baTumis olqSi 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros, baT. 2003;

10. s. dumbaZe, aWaris avtonomiuri respublika meore msoflio

omis periodSi, baT. 2006, ,,sabediswero mgzavroba” Tb. 2007; ,,saxelo-

vani xixaneli”, Tb. 2008;

11. n. zosiZe, `politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavsifu-

lebeli moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 ww, baT. 1995;

12. o. TurmaniZe, socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba aWaraSi omis

Semdgom periodSi (1946-1980ww), baT, 2005;

13. v. makaraZe, gamonaTlevis gamonaTeba, baT. 2006;

14. e. mesxia, `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan,, baT.

1997;

15. e. mesxia, saqarTvelos erTianobis medroSe~, baT. 1999; ,,saqar-

Tvelos erTianobisaTvis brZolaSi”, baT. 2004;

16. v. siWinava, baTumis istoriidan, baTumi, 1958;

17. m. sioriZe, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti (1914-1918

ww.), baT. 1998;

18. m. sioriZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo 1914-1918 ww. baT.

2002;

19. n. skamkoCaiSvili, xelnabeWdi;

20. ab. surgulaZe, baTumis istoriisaTvis, aWaris mosaxleobis

yofisa da kulturis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1965;

21. ab. surgulaZe, malxaz sioriZe, portofranko baTumSi, baT.

1996;

22. e. civaZe, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis ganviTareba aWaris

ass respublikaSi, baT. 1970;

23. S. quriZe, mxatvruli sityvis ganviTareba aWaraSi, baTumi

1970;

24. l. Ciqovani, n. cecxlaZe. reabilitacia, baT. 1990;

21

25. S. cecxlaZe, aWaris ar qalaqebis da dabebis quCaTa Zveli da

axali saxelwodebebi, baT. 2008.

Tamaz Putkaradze

Primary Source in Archival Research Science Works Summary

Country’s past and its history can’t be study without written sources. By this view,

special is the meaning of archival documents. In article is discussed depicting scientific works of South-West Georgia History, which is based on protected documents in Archives Administration.

22

merab megreliSvili

baTumis aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis

taZris istoriidan

baTumis niko berZeniSvilis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi Ca-

tarebul saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze daisva kiTxva: iyo

Tu ara dasangrevi aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis taZari. mimaCnia,

rom taZarTan dakavSirebiT yovelgvari SekiTxvis dasma aseTi for-

miT arasworia. qalaqis centrSi, zRvis sivrciT garemoSi arsebuli

taZari gamoirCeoda arqiteqturuli silamaziT. amis Sesaxeb bevri

daiwera. xelovnebaTmcodneebma maRali Sefaseba misces yofil ta-

Zars, rasac gvidasturebs dRemde SemorCenili taZris fotosuraTebi.

mTavari problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom taZris saxeliT baTumSi

rusifikatoruli politika warmoebda.

1908 wlis 17 marts gamarTul baTumis saTaTbiros sxdomaze de-

putatma o. cendekovma (sasuliero sferodan) dasva sakiTxi aleqsan-

dre nevelis saxelobis ,,soboro”-s eparqiisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.

amis winaaRmdeg gamovida sazogadoebis erTi nawili da moiTxova

taZris gadacema samxedro uwyebisTvis.

rogorc saarqivo masalebidan Cans, ,,soboro” Sendeboda ara sam-

xedro, aramed samoqalaqo pirTa mier. baTumis taZrisgan gansxvave-

biT Tbilisis samxedro taZari SeiZleba yofiliyo samxedro uwyebis

kuTvnileba, radgan igi aSenda samxedro uwyebis TanxebiT.

zemoTaRniSnul sxdomaze deputatma l. qiqoZem savsebiT samar-

Tlianad aRniSna, rom taZari aSenda qalaqis centrSi mrevlisTvis

da usafuZvloa moqalaqeebisgan iq SesvlisTvis qalaqis komendantis

nebarTvis aucilebloba. sxdomaze kranickim yvela kiTxvas gasca pa-

suxi. man ganacxada, rom samxedro taZari aSenda baTumis olqis ru-

seTis imperiasTan SeerTebis aRsaniSnavad (acsa, fondi i-7, anaw. 1 s,

476 f. 10) sinamdvileSi taZris mSenebloba ukavSirdeba 1888 wels ru-

seTis mefis aleqsandre III-is vizits baTumSi. misi udidebulesobis,

ruseTis imperatoris baTumSi daxvedrisa da miRebis komitetis Tav-

mjdomare stats sovetniki gavronski 1888 wlis 16 seqtembers iuwye-

boda, rom kavkasiis mxareSi imperatoris samogzauro marSrutis sa-

fuZvelze misi udidebulesoba daeswreboda fosta-telegrafis Seno-

bis win arsebul moedanze axali taZris saZirkvelis Cayras (,,reli-

giuri dawesebulebebi aWaraSi”, dokumentebis krebuli, 2010: 7)

quTaisis samxedro gubernatori Tavis mrCevels gavronskis aZ-

levs brZanebas, rom baTumSi ruseTis imperatoris maRal doneze mi-

Reba-Sexvedris mizniT Sedges baTumis sapatio moqalaqeebisa da

umaRlesi samoqalaqo wodebis mqone adamianebis sia. baTumis sapatio

moqalaqeebs Soris iyvnen: ismail beg abaSiZe, ibraim beg abaSiZe, di-

mitri gurgeniZe, ilia gvaramaZe, pavle Wyonia, leonide grigolia,

leonide qiqoZe, ivane avaliani, yaraman melaZe, simon yifiani, petre

Rlonti, nikoloz CaCua (acsa, fondi i-6, anaw. 1, s. 9 f. 230).

23

ruseTis imperatoris baTumSi CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT

TviTmmarTvelobam arqiteqtor cezareviCis xelmZRvanelobiT Seadgi-

na qalaqis galamazebisaTvis saWiro gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda

zRvispira parkSi Sesasvleli karibWis, “besetkisa” da mesruli Ro-

bis mSeneblobas (acsa, fondi i-9 naw. 1 s. 17 f. 39).

amave dros mowesrigda da galamazda quCebi, baRebi, skverebi,

gansakuTrebiT is gzebi, sadac unda gaevlo mis aRmatebulebas.

TviTmmarTvelobis sxdomaze ganixileboda sakiTxi rusuli wesisa-

mebr imperatoris daxvedrisaTvis saWiro purisa da marilisTvis gan-

kuTvnili specialuri WurWlis damzadebis Sesaxeb. specialurad

damzadda imperatoris meuRlisTvis gankuTvnili yvavilebis larnaki.

imperatoris Camosvlis dRes quCaze gamavali yvela fanjara unda

yofiliyo ganaTebuli.

mTavari kiTxva mainc imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu taZris saxeliT

ra saqmianobas eweodnen rusi moxeleebi. dasmul kiTxvas savsebiT

samarTlianad pasuxobs aWaris saxelmwifo arqivis mecnier-TanamSro-

melTa mier gamocemul dokumentebis krebulSi - ,,religiuri dawese-

bulebebi aWaraSi”- dabeWdili 1914 wels samxedro-sasuliero pirTa

yrilobaze damtkicebuli samoqmedo programa. mocemuli programis

safuZvelze Sedgenili iyo instruqcia, romliTac kontroldeboda

mRvdelmsaxuris yoveli nabiji. RvTismsaxurebas samxedro taZarSi

gansakuTrbuli emociuri zegavlena unda moexdina mrevlze, mTavari

yuradReba eqceoda samxedro moZRvrebis swavlebas, saeklesio qada-

gebas samxedro yazarmaSi. patriotuli suliskveTebis amaRlebisa da

rusuli samxedro mundiris gacnobis TvalsazrisiT religiuri niS-

niT unda warmarTuliyo ruseTis istoriis swavleba. samxedro mesve-

urTa mier mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi iyo dasaxuli mRvdelmsaxurTa

gasaerTianeblad samxedro xelmZRvanelobasa da oficerTa Semadgen-

lobasTan, raTa erToblivi muSaobiT aemaRlebinaT samxedro mosam-

saxureTa ganaTleba, rwmena da erTguleba ruseTis mefisa da sam-

Soblosadmi. dro da dro ixveweboda mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebis

formebi da saSualebebi. yoveldRiurad rusi oficrebisTvis imarTe-

boda saRvTismetyvelo kiTxva. yovelive amas ki emsaxureboda taZar-

Tan arsebuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi.

amrigad, aWaris saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi dokumenturi ma-

salebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom baTumis aleqsandre

nevelis saxelobis taZarTan arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis dawesebule-

bebi aSkarad emsaxurebodnen carizmis imperiul interesebs.

24


1. acsa fondi i-7 anaw. 1 s. 476;

2. acsa fondi i-6 anaw. 1 s. 9, s. 17;

3. ,,religiuri dawesebulebebi aWaraSi” (dokumentebis krebuli)

baTumi 2010.

M. Megrelishvili

From the history of Batumi Aleksandre Nevel Temple Summary

Batumi Aleksandre Nevel Temple was performing important architectural memorial. In article are discussed issues of denoted memorial’s functions and building history.

25

fridon qardava

saqarTvelos okupaciis sakiTxisaTvis

saqarTveloSi aralegarulad gavrcelda kolau nadiraZis cni-

bili leqsi, winaswarmetyvelis godebasaviT rom moedo Tbiliss: ”

Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi, dumda sioni da dumda xalxi”...

TiTqosda piruTvnelad SeegrZno poets situaciis is simZafre, po-

litikosebic rom ver aRiqvamdnen jerovnad. 16 Tebervals dawyebul

ruseTis intervencias 21-Si Zlivs rom uwodes namdvili saxeli: "ir-

kveva rom sabWoTa mTavrobas didi xnidan hqonia ganzraxva saqarTve-

loSi gadatrialeba moexdina da sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoecxade-

bina” - acxadebda noe Jordania 21-Si. am dros ki namdvilad gviani

iyo, Sulaveris saokupacio mTavroba ukve Casaxuliyo, me-11 armia

Tbiliss uaxlovdeboda, afxazeTSi rusebi daqrodnen, Turqebs axal-

cixe daepyroT da 23-e divizia mamisons mosdgomoda. Tovda, yinavda,

burusi idga, magram russ ra gaaCerebda Tu ki mciredi Sansi mainc

iyo saqarTvelos dapyrobis? GgTavazobT nawyvetebs saqarTvelos

okupaciis monawile ori adamianis memuarebidan. erTi asaxavs ruse-

bis Tavdasxmas mamisonis mxridan meore ki afxazeTidan, adleridan

dawyebul okupacias. :

“33 diviziis 98 msroleli brigadis 292-e polkis meTauris ivane

nikitas Ze zolotovis mogonebebi:

“... 1921 wlis Tebervali... qaraSotiani, Tovliani, yinuliani Te-

bervali.

wiTeli armia Seukaveblad iWreba win, acamtverebs ra yvelafers

gzaze, mtkiced amagrebs oqtombris monapovars.

ajanyebulebs uWirdaT, saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavroba uke-

Tes pirobebSi iyo.

wiTeli armiis erT-erTi polki, romelmac pirvelma miaSura

ajanyebulebs dasaxmareblad iyo 292 wiTeli polki, romelsac me

vmeTaurobdi.

Tergis wiTeli armiis 98 msroleli brigadis 292 polks, brZane-

biT, wilad xvda urTulesi samxedro amocana: gadaelaxa mamisonis

uReltexili Tebervlis TveSi, qariSxlis, zvavisa da yinvis period-

Si.

adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mier didi xania Seswavlili da

damtkicebulia, rom mamisonis uReltexili am periodSi gadaulaxa-

via.

CvenTvis maSin, adgilobrivTa mTeli gamocdileba, mTeli maTi

mtkiceba arafers ar warmoadgenda. tvinis centrSi Cven gvqonda sao-

mari brZaneba: dauyovnebliv gagvewvdina xeli ajanyebul qarTvel mu-

Sebisa da glexebisaTvis.

1921 wlis 19 Tebervals, 98-e brigada am samxedro davalebis Se-

sasruleblad daiZra mineraluri wylebisken.

maS, ase Cven mivdivarT.

20 Tebervali. polki ukve sadgur darikoxTanaa.

26

22-24 Tebervali. polki ukve sadgur alagirskisTanaa.

25 Tebervali. Ppolkma ukve miaRwia sofel tibiss, saidanac iw-

yeba mzadeba mamisonis uReltexilis gadasalaxavad...

27 Tebervals 3 saaTze polkma gaiara lipi, kamanCxu mamisonis

mimarTulebiT.

amindi iyo Tovliani.

Cven gaviareT viwro xeoba mdinare ardonis mimarTulebiT, Crdi-

loeT oseTis soflebsa da xutorebSi, mivaRwieT wminda nikolozis

xutors. iq davbanakdiT Ramis gasaTevad, Ria cis qveS. Senobebi ar

iyo, xolo karvebi ar gvqonda. 400 –ian yinulze CaiT vTbebodiT. ase

mivaRwieT tibiss.

sami dRe vebrZodiT Tovlsa da zvavs, vwmendiT gzas da ase mi-

viwevdiT.

gansakuTrebiT Zneli iyo bunebrivi mTebis garCeva, Tovlisgan

Seqmnili mTebisgan. Tu SegeSleboda, droebiTi mTa Caingreoda da

Cagitanda ufrskulSi.

27 Tebervals Cven mivaRwieT saSiS goliaTs mamisonis uRelte-

xils, oseTisa da saqarTvelos sazRvars. Qqarbuqi ar wydeboda.

Ppolks daRupva emuqreboda. Ggamosavali erTi iyo: an daRupva aq, qe-

dis mwvervalze an, daSveba qvemoT, ufrskulsa da wkvaramSi.

da maSin me gadavwyvite: Tavqve daSveba sibneleSi da ufrskul-

Si. Ddasaxul mizanTan rogorRac axlos viqnebodiT mainc. sakiTxi

gadawyvetilia-brZaneba gacemuli: aviRoT SaSxanebi, gadavajdeT da

daveSvaT qvemoT. pirvelad SaSxana me aviRe. Cemma magaliTma imoqmeda

meomrebze da komSemadgenlobaze. Dda ai SaSxanebze gadamjdari pol-

ki mieqaneba qvemoT: wkvaramSsa da ufrskulSi."

am memuarebidan irkveva, rom hqonda raRac gamarTleba kveneta-

Zis gegmas. igi fiqrobda, rom Tu Tbiliss ar datovebdnen, alyaSi

moeqceodnen, Tumca meore mxriv, etyoba veberTela imperiis yofilma

generalma ver ga-

iTvaliswina maSta-

bebi: Tu rogor

imoqmedebda qar-

Tvel mebrZolze

Tbilisis dakargva,

rom es ar iqneboda

qarTvelebisTvis

mxolod jaris

dislokaciis adgi-

lis Secvla. Tum-

ca, albaT am gada-

saxedidan advilia

imis kiJini, ratom

ver SeinarCune Tbi-

lisio. ruseTisa

da TurqeTis sa-

xelmwifo erTdroulad gvebrZoda da mTeli msoflios diplomatia-

qarTveli oficroba

27

sa da xelisuflebas de-faqtoca da de-iurec saqarTvelo daTmobi-

li hqondaT sabWoTa tiraniisTvis.

rac Seexeba meore mogonebebs, is ekuTvnis polkovnik lev fio-

doris Ze demins. memuarebi daTariRebulia 1966 wliT da ewodeba

“1921 wlis omi saqarTvelosTan. ”:

“1921 wlis oqtomberSi 31-e msroleli diviziis, 271-e msroleli

polki ganTavsebuli iyo adlerSi, Savi zRvis siaxloves. samoqalaqo

omi damTavrebuli iyo... ...magram Cven mzadyofnaSi unda vyofiliyaviT:

aqve iyo sazRvari saqarTvelosTan - romelsac xelmZRvanelobdnen

menSevikebi da maTi mxardamWeri interventebi safrangeTidan da in-

glisidan. SesaZlebelia yovelnairi moulodnelobani.... me da Cemi me-

gobrebi viyaviT axalgazrdebi, Cven ar gvaRelvebda siZneleebi, Sim-

Siloba, cudi aRWurviloba...

ulufa maSin iyo Zalian “Txeli” : dReSi funti puri, cota

xorbali an ospi, iSviaTad xorci, ufro iSviaTad Saqari da weko.

Cven arasodes ar vZRebodiT. gvecva sazafxulo forma, Sinelis nac-

vlad zogs juba, zogs Sinelis maudis qurTuki.

Ceqmebi ki miuRwevel ocnebas warmoadgenda.

ianvris dasawyisSi, Cveni polkis mesame batalioni adleridan

sofel veliaminovkaSi gadaiyvanes, mdinare Zibadan aRmosavleTiT, 30

kilometrSi, romelic warmoadgenda saqarTvelosTan sazRvars. ase

gaiara kidev erTma Tvem. da ai 12 Tebervals, yvela wiTelarmiels mi-

eca brZaneba dabruneboda mwyobrs.... 13 Tbervals veliaminovkaSi

mTelma polkma moiyara Tavi. Cven gveubnebodnen rom saqarTveloSi

mdgomareoba ar iyo mSvidi, Tumca Tu ra xdeboda iq aravin icoda.

Cven videqiT saqarTvelos sazRvarTan romlis xelisuflebis

saTaveSic idgnen menSevikebi noe Jordanias meTaurobiT. Cven gveubne-

bodnen, rom es noe Jordania aris muSebis mteri; rom saqarTvelo

TiTqosda damoukidebeli qveyanaa, magram es damoukidebloba aris

sruli fiqcia da rom qarTvel xalxs ar unda damoukidebloba da

jiutad miiwevs moZme rusi xalxisken. Tumca Cvens mTavrobas diplo-

matiuri kavSiri hqonda masTan da tiflisSi Cven politikur warmo-

madgeneli iyo kirovi, rom rusi xalxi yovelTvis exmareboda qar-

Tvel xalxs.

menSevik jalaTebs exmarebodnen ingliselebi da frangebi. ba-

TumSi Camosxda franguli armiis desanti ( neta yofiliyo f.q.). ba-

Tumis, soxumis, foTis da gagris reidze idga franguli da inglisu-

ri floti. ajanyebas mZime wuTebi udga.

... Cven axla gamovalT da wavalT qarTul miwaze. mteri gagvi-

wevs winaaRmdegobas, magram Cven mas davamsxvrevT da gavanadgurebT...

mogviwodebda meTauri...

sofeli veliaminovka mdinaris gaswvriv mdebareobda da amitom

misi gadalaxva gviwevda raTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze Sevsuliya-

viT. am adgilze sazRvari saqarTvelos mxridan TiTqmis ar iyo da-

culi. qarTuli armiis ZiriTadi Zalebi Tavmoyrili iyo pilenkovos

raionSi, romelic warmoadgenda betonis nagebobebiT gamagrebul

kvanZs, Zlieri artileriiT. am mimarTulebiT adleris mxridan Savi

28

zRvis Soses gayolebaze unda emoqmeda 272-e da 273-e msrolelTa

polks damatebiTi nawilebiTurT. maT amocanas warmoadgenda gamag-

rebuli xazis garRveva pilenkovosTan da Cqari svla gagrisken.

Cveni polki miemarTeboda mowinaaRmdegis mTavari Zalebis Semov-

liT gagris Sesasvlelisken, davalebiT mogveWra misTvis ukandasaxe-

vi gza, sxva polkebTan da diviziebTan erTad gagvenadgurebina pile-

novos dajgufeba da Semdeg forsirebuli marSiT gvemoZrava soxumi-

sa da foTisken.

.... Cven davinaxeT Cvensken momavali aTi SeiaraRebul adamiani..

rogorRac CvenTvis ucnobi samxedro formiT. eseni iyvnen qarTveli

jariskacebi. ras izam, ver ityvi rom es jariskacebi cudad gamoiyu-

rebodnen. gansxvavebiT Cveni Wreli tansacmlisagan qarTveli jaris-

kacebis forma erTnairi iyo: aqlemis tyavis JRali qurTukebi brwyin-

vale RilebiTa da miwisferi samxreebiT; inglisuri maudis miwisfe-

ri Sarvali da tolaRebi, yviTeli waRebi, YyviTeli nabdis mrgvali

kokordiani qudi.

.... da ai, Cvens win iSleba sanapiros panorama. Cvengan mcirediT

marjvniv mTebidan Cans qalaqi, gaWimuli sanapiros viwro zolSi.

yvelaferi xelisguliviT Cans: saxlebi, sasaxleebi, quCebi, gamzire-

bi. Sors reidze orTqmavlebi ibolqvebian. maTi Semxedvare mixvdebi,

rom eseni samxedro xomaldebia. Sav zRvaSi Cveni floti araa. qar-

Tvelebs floti ar yavT, ese igi es gemebi interventebis- inglisele-

bisa da frangebisaa. ( kaci sxva qveyanas ipyrobs da intervents sxvas

uZaxis?! ara marTlac araferi Secvlila asi wlis manZilze arc ru-

seTis xelisuflebis cnobierebaSi da arc....)

dasaxlebis centrSi Cven davinaxeT avtomobili, romelTanac id-

ga romeliRac meTauri, Tasmaze mimagrebuli WogritiT. xeli aswia,

dasavleTisken gaiSvira da iyvira:

--Cqara, Cqara biWebo! gons mosvla ar acaloT! win soxumisken!

es iyo Cveni diviziis meTauri paskeviCi.”

verafers daamateb, mas Semdeg modian da modian soxumisaken, fo-

Tisken, Tbilisisken, “arc araferi uswavliaT da arc araferi daviw-

yniaT”. mokled asi wlis Semdegac araferi Secvlila, isev qarTuli

tansacmeli, aRWurviloba da pirobebi ukvirT rusebs da isev qar-

Tvel mebrZolebs dascinian... Tumca es sxva Temaa. axla ki isev Ziri-

Tads rom davubrundeT, saocrad sinqronulad gvitevda ruseTi: 23

Tebervals yubanis armiam CerniSevis meTaurobiT aiRo gagra, lixni

da gudauTa, amavdroulad moadgnen mamisons 23-me diviziis, 98-e bri-

gadis jariskacebi. 28-Si aiRes oni da gagra isev Tavidan (aris erTi

saintereso informacia: TiTqos frangulma gemma dauSina Wurvebi

gagras, riTac isargebles qarTvelebma da aiRes qalaqi, amitomac

dasWirdaT rusebs xelaxla gagris aReba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT memu-

arebs, albaT sayuradRebo movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme). 4 marts 31-e

msroleli brigadis nawilebma aiRes soxumi da gamoacxades afxaze-

Tis damoukidebloba. 28 marts ruseTis kompartiis centralurma ko-

mitetma aRiara afxazeTis damoukidebloba. ase, rom medvedev-putinis

mier afxazeTis aRiareba ruseTisTvis araxalia, da Tu saqarvelo ar

29

dauSvebs Secdomebs am meore aRiarebasac igive bedi eweva rac pir-

vels. imave wlis 16 dekembers saintereso xelSekruleba gaformda

saqarTvelos ssr-sa da afxazeTis ssr-s Soris, romliTac afxaze-

Tis ssr Sevida saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis uf-

lebiT. okupantebs SeeSindaT saerTaSoriso garTulebebis da daub-

runes afxazeTi saqarTvelos, Tumca mTeli saqarTvelo daipyres da

calke afxazeTze ar uRirdaT tvinis Wyleta. miTumetes, rom ori

TviT adre 13 oqtombers ukve erTxel gaZarcves saqarTvelo da yar-

sis xelSekrulebiT mTeli ardagani daaTmobines. rogorc romaelebi

ityodnen, Tu romaelebs etyodnen dampyroblebi : “vai damarcxe-

buls!” ...

da raoden sacnauric ar unda iyos “dumda sioni da dumda xal-

xi,” kacobriobasac daviwyeboda saqarTvelo TiTqos da RmerTsac.


1. giorgi mazniaSvili “mogonebebi”. baTumi 1990

Fridon Kardava

For issue of Georgia occupation Summary Soviet occupation issue always was in Georgian historians scientific interests sphere.

In article by documental sources are discussed events of February-March 1921, by Soviet Russia occupation of Georgia and annexation important issues.

30

merab megreliSvili, SoTa maxaraZe

1874-1911 wlebSi baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi mowyobis

da baTumis savayufo miwebis Sesaxeb

1878 wlis 15 ivlisis ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris ratificirebu-

li berlinis traqtatis 58-e muxliT osmaleTma ruseTis imperias da-

uTmo baTumis teritoria.

1878 wels baTumSi Semosvlisas rusebs daxvdaT dRevandel Tavi-

suflebis moedanze mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi arsebuli

azizies meCeTi, wminda nikolozis saxelobis berZnuli marTlmadi-

debluri eklesia da gurielis sasaxle.

1878 wlis 20 seqtembers gamoqveynda kavkasiis armiis mTavarsar-

dlis brZaneba baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis droebiT gamgeblobis

Sesaxeb.

baTumis olqi Seiqmna lazistanis sanjayis Semadgenlobidan.

baTumis olqi samxedro da administraciul dargSi dauqvemdeba-

res kavkasiis armiis sardlobas, xolo adgilze marTva-gamgeobas

axorcielebda qalaq baTumis samxedro gubernatori. misi moadgile

ganagebda saolqo sasamarTlos.

baTumi saporto qalaqad gamoacxadda. qalaq baTumis marTva-

gamgeoba Tavdapirvelad ruseTis saporto qalaq petrovskis mmar-

Tvelobis wesebisamebr moawyves. baTumis olqi dayves sam mxared, xo-

lo TiToeuli mxare ki sam kuTxed, kerZod: 1. baTumis olqi – kin-

triSi, baTumi, gonio. 2. arTvinis olqi – arTvini, artanuji, SavSeT-

imerxevi. 3. aWaris olqi – zemo aWara, qvemo aWara da maWaxeli.

ruseTis xelisuflebis mTavar mizans baTumis olqSi warmoad-

genda simSvidis SenarCuneba da misi gadaqceva ruseTis imperiis nawi-

lad. ruseTis imperiis mier miRebuli saerTo kanonebis safuZvelze

adgilobrivi mcxovrebni isjebodnen ruseTis saxelmwifos Ralati-

saTvis, samxedro ajanyebisaTvis. maTTvis arasasurvel pirebs olqi-

dan asaxlebdnen. uamravi patrioti aiZules daetovebinaT samSoblo.

yovel olqSi ganaTavses erTi fexosani da erTi cxenosani aseuli.

ruseTis mosaxleobas misces baTumisa da yarsis olqebis Tavi-

sufal miwebze dasaxlebis ufleba.

1878 wlis 11 dekembris kavkasiis olqis ufrosis moadgilis gene-

ral – adiutant svitopolsk mirskis brZanebis safuZvelze miiRes ba-

Tumisa da yarsis olqebSi sasamarTlos mowyobis droebiTi wesebi, ro-

melic SesabamisobaSi iyo sasamarTlo uwyebis Sesaxeb ruseTSi 1864

wlis 20 noembers miRebul kanonTan. baTumis olqi dauqvemdebares qu-

Taisis saolqo sasamrTlos, xolo yarsis ki erevnis saolqo sasamar-

Tlos. rusebis mier miRebuli kanonis safuZvelze gansakuTrebuli sas-

jeli iyo dawesebuli Cadenil danaSaulze rwmenisa da saxelmwifos

winaaRmdeg. (aWaris ar arqivi, fondi i-81, anaweri 1, saqme 1, gv. 129)

1900 wlis 3 seqtembrs quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma aucile-

bel da ruseTisaTvis sasargeblo saqmed miiCnia baTumisa da arTvi-

31

nis olqebis gamoyofa quTaisis guberniidan. samxedro gubernatori

saWirod ar Tvlida soxumis olqis mierTebas SavizRvispireTis gu-

berniasTan. ruseTi xels uwyobda afxazeTis gamoyofas danarCeni sa-

qarTvlosgan da amiT afxazebSi aZlierebda separatistul ganwyobas.

rusebi amas xsnidnen afxazi mosaxleobis ruseTisadmi keTili gan-

wyobis, afxazebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesis, istoriuli warsu-

lis, miwaTmowyobis da olqis mmarTvis zogadi principebis SeuTav-

seblobiT saerTo wesebTan. aqedan gamomdinare rusebi moiTxovdnen

soxumis olqis gansakuTrebul mowyobas.

rusebi baTumis da arTvinis olqis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi

mowyobis formebs usadagebdnen uralis guberniis mmarTvelobiT

formebs, xolo baTumSi gansaxorcielebeli miwaTmowyobis rusuli

kanoni aRebuli hqondaT ruseTSi jer kidev 1864 wels miwis refor-

mebis dros miRebul kanonTan.

ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris dadebuli konstantinepolis traq-

tatis mixedviT TurqeTma baTumis olqis miwebi gadasca ruseTs. ru-

seTis xelisuflebam baTumSi arsebuli miwebi ruseTis saxelmwifo

sakuTrebad gamoacxada.

ruseTis imperiasTan baTumis olqis mierTebis Semdeg, 1879 wlis

11 ivniss polkovnikma freierma kavkasiis armiis xelmZRvanels wa-

rudgina moxseneba `baTumSi miwaTsakuTrebis Sesaxeb~, sadac moiT-

xovda savayufo miwebis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis gadacemas.

general-adiutant sviatopolsk mirskis Tanxmobis Sedegad savayufo

miwebi gadavida qalaqis sakuTrebaSi. aziziesa da erges meCeTebis

savayufo miwebi gasaxelmwifovda da SeuerTes qalaqs. ruseTis ja-

ris mier baTumis dakavebis Semdeg, Tavdapirvelad azizies meCeTis

savayufo qoneba gadaeca policiur sammarTvelos da amas xsnidnen

im garemoebiT, rom es meCeTi gamoyenebuli iyo samxedro daniSnule-

bisaTvis. rusebis mier azizies meCeTis QuZravi qoneba Sefasda 3-4 mi-

lioni rusuli rubliT. rusebis mier naadrevad miRebuli gadawyve-

tileba ar gamarTlda, radgan savayufo samarTali religiuri niSnis

mixedviT akanonebda sakuTebas kerZo da sazogado sargebelSi. ami-

tomac ikrZaleboda misi gayidva da gadacema saxelmwifo xelisuf-

lebisaTvis. (Бар. Торнау «Особенности мусульманского права», 1880 г. проф. И.…Нофали «курс мусулманского права» 1886 г.) ase rom ruseTis saxelmwi-

fos mier axali kanonis miRebamde savayufo miwebis mimarT gamocxa-

debuli gadawyvetilebebi cxaddeboda ukanonod da igi gadaeca maT

mier arCeul musulmanur komisias, magram am komisiamac didxans ver

iarseba. savayufo miwebTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis xelisuflebam Sem-

degi saxis gadawyvetileba miiRo: Вакуфные имения в Карской и бывшей Батумской областях подчинить правилам, установленным нашим законодательством для Вакуфных имении у закавказских суннитов (продлж. 1876 г. Т. XI, Ч. 1, Уст, Иностр. исповед. прилож. к ст. 1143, примеч. 104-113) (aWaris a.r. saxelmwifo arqivi fondi i-81, saqme 1, Arw.1, gv.79.)

isini cdilobdnen agitacia-propagandis gziT adgilobriv mo-

saxleobaSi miwaze kerZo sakuTebis uflebebis Sekvecas. ruseTis xe-

32

lisufleba mouwodebda mmartvel Zalebs, rom soflis mosaxleobaSi

miwis mesakuTreTa mimarT SeeqmnaT arasasurveli, mtruli ganwyoba.

rusebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan kategoriulad moiTxovdnen

mxardaWeras da acxadebdnen, rom isini ar cnobdnen savayufo sakuT-

rebas, sadac ar unda yofiliyo igi,qalaqsa Tu sofelSi, radgan ma-

Ti axriT vayufi qmnida saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi. ruseTis xeli-

sufleba kategoriulad acxadebda rom: `мусульманское духовенство есть безспорно самый опасный враг наш в деле упрочения нашей власти в присоединеином крае.» поэтому необходимо принять все меры к понижению его влияния на местное населения, что и должно заклучится прежде всего в недопущение его к землевладению в крае ~. (aWaris ar. saxelmwifo arqivi,

fondi i-81, aRwera 1, saqme 1, gv. 114) maT es imitomac aSinebdaT, rom

aWareli begebi ar emorCilebodnen arcerT dampyrobs, arc Turqs da

arc russ. saqarTvelos dasapyrobad mosuli mteri miwaze arsebul

kanonebs auqmebda da dasakuTrebis miseul kanonebs awesebda.

axalSemoerTebul qveyanaSi ruseTis xelisuflebam kategoriu-

li gadawyvetileba miiRo: `С недвижимым вакуфным имушеством в присоединенном крае должно быть поконченно раз навсегда~ (aWaris ar. sa-xelmwifo arqivi. fondi i-81, aRw. 1, saqme 1, gv. 104 )

miwis Sesaxeb miRebuli axali rusuli kanoni ar cnobda savayu-

fo sakuTrebas, xolo miwaTsargeblobis dadgenili wesi ar iZleoda

misi gadacemis uflebas iuridiuli pirebis xelSi. kanoni mmarTvel

Zalebs uflebas aZlevda sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gadaewyvitaT

ama Tu im piris xelSi miwis gadacemis sakiTxi.

ruseTis xelisufleba ajildoebda im pirebs, vinc sakuTari nebiT

uTmobda maT miwebs. savayufo miwebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi gadadioda

xelidan xelSi, icvlida 3-4 mesakuTres, bevri hyidda miwas da midioda.

quTaisis samxedro gubernatori Tavis 1895 wlis 6 seqtembris

mimarTvaSi moiTxovda savayufo sakuTrebis gauqmebas da am moTxov-

nis mTavar mizezad asaxelebda savayufo sakuTrebiTi samarTlis Se-

uTavseblobas evropul sakuTrebiT samarTalTan.

amrigad, aRniSnul periodSi ruseTis xelisuflebas aWaris Se-

moerTebisa da masze Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi ZiriTad xe-

lisSemSlel Zalad miaCnda musulmanuri samRvdeloeba. adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSi religiis msaxurTa gavlenis Sesustebis mizniT isini

regionSi arsebul miwaTsargeblobis kanonebs cvlidnen sakuTari

kanonebiT da amiT xels uwyobdnen qveyanaSi ruseTis imperiis Zala-

uflebis gavrcelebas.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura.

1. aWaris ar saxelmwifo arqivi. fondi i-81, aRw. 1, saqme 1, 25,

30, 31, 42; fondi i-6, aRw. 1, saq. 590

2. avaliani a. `miwismflobelobis formebi aWaraSi~. sbaTumi 1960.

3. baramiZe i. saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa istoriidan sam-

xreT-daavleT saqarTveloSi (XIX s. 70-80-iani wlebi) baTumi 1999 w.

33

oTar gogoliSvili

sagamomcemlo saqmis ganviTareba baTumSi

XIX- XX saukuneebis mijnaze

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan fexi moikida sastambo saqmem, ra-

sac xeli Seuwyo kapitalisturi urTierTobis swrafma ganviTarebam,

fabrika-qarxnebis gamravlebam, vaWroba-aRebmicemobam da kulturul-

ma viTarebam.

pirveli qarTuli stamba baTumSi 1879 wels daaarsa aleqsan-

dre maxaraZem, sadac daibeWda pirveli qarTuli wigni. iqve aralega-

lur gazeTebTan erTad ibeWdeboda i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis, al.

yazbegis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi.

TandaTan gaCnda n. kurskis, g. TavarTqilaZis, n. xvingias da sxva

stambebic.

baTumi me-19 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ruseTis koloniuri po-

litikis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. swored amitom iyo, rom pirveli

gazeTi, romelic baTumSi gamovida rusuli iyo, imis miuxedavad, rom

misi redaqtor-gamomcemeli qarTveli gaxldaT. pirveli gazeTi ba-

TumSi gamovida 1882 wels ,,listok batumis’’ saxelwodebiT. gamodio-

da kviraSi orjer 1500 egzemplari. wliurad misi Rirebuleba Sead-

genda 2 maneTs. redaqtori da gamomcemeli iyo Tavadi vaCnaZe. 90-ian

wlebSi am gazeTs ,,batumski listoki’’ erqva. masSi ZiriTadad qvey-

ndeboda xelisuflebis brZanebebi, firmebisa da sazogadoebebis rek-

lamebi da sxva. dasawyisSi gazeTi Tabaxis furclis zomisa iyo, Sem-

deg misi formati cotaTi gaizarda. aseve al. maxaraZis stambaSi

ibeWdeboda mcire tiraJis rusuli gazeTi ,,obiavlenie’’ (kavkasiis

kalendari: 1883). 1895 wlidan baTumSi gamodioda yovelTviuri poli-

tikuri, sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli gazeTi ,,Cernomorski ves-

tniki’’. misi redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo g. palmi. gazeTi ibeWdeboda

gurskaias tipografiaSi, xolo redaqcia moTavsebuli iyo oglobJi-

nis (axlandeli merab kostavas) quCaze, Tairovis saxlSi.

gazeTi iRebda korespodenciebs quTaisidan, foTidan, soxumidan,

Tbilisidan. ibeWdeboda ekonomikuri da politikuri publicaciebi,

saerTaSoriso ambebi, gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava rusuli da

Targmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis beWdvas.

,,Cernomorski vestnikis” redaqtori palmi uaRresad reaqcioneri

pirovneba iyo. mas sZulda qarTvelebi da ver urigdeboda im mdgoma-

reobas, rom qalaqis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi idga qarTveli – luka

asaTiani, xolo gamgeobaSi muSaobdnen iv. mesxi, gr. volski. palmma

luka asaTians ,,lukeria’’ daarqva da gazeTis furclebze yovelnai-

rad dascinoda. daZabulobisa da usafuZvlo lanZRva-ginebis Senele-

bis mizniT palmi airCies qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis sabWos wevrad.

amis miuxedavad, mainc ganagrZobda TavaSvebuli werilebis gamoqvey-

nebas, ris gamoc qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis sabWos oficialur

sxdomaze gakicxva gamoecxada. palmi gaxldaT swored is pirovne-

ba, romelic qarTvelebis lanZRvisaTvis daviT kldiaSvilma duelSi

34

gaiwvia da kidec bodiSi moaxdevina. 1905 wlidan gazeT ,,Cernomorski

vestnikis” redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo al. nikitini. gazeTi ibeWdebo-

da i. mivkinis orTqlis stambaSi. misi Rirebuleba iyo 5 kapiki.

1905-1907 wlebSi baTumSi mimdinare politikuri gamosvlebis ga-

mo, adgilobrivi xelisufleba sistematurad xuravda sxvadasxva ga-

zeTebs. daxures gazeTi ,,Cernomorski vestniki”, xolo redaqtori a.

nikitini baTumidan gaasaxles. sxvadasxva dros am gazeTis redaqtor-

gamomcemlebi iyvnen: d. davidovi, n. mkurnaliZe, s. mixailovi.

Tu rogor xvdeboda gazeT ,,Cernomorski vestnikis’’ gamoxdomebs

baTumis inteligencia, kargad Cans t. inasariZis mogonebidan, rome-

lic maSin baTumis fosta-telegrafSi muSaobda da aqtiur sazoga-

doebriv moRvaweobasac eweoda: ,,erTma jgufma baTumis qarTveli in-

teligenciisam sp. WeliZis meTaurobiT (romelsac wignis maRazia

hqonda baTomSi) scada gamoecaT baTomSi qarTuli gazeTi da miT

opoziciaSi Cadgomodnen palmis gazeT ,,Cernomorski vestniks’’. ase

gamosces qarTuli gazeTi, romelsac didi dRe ar hqonia, vinaidan

maSindeli qarTveloba ufro rusul gazeTs kiTxulobda, imis miuxe-

davad, rom im gazeTSi qarTvelobis lanZRva-gineba moTavsebuli iyo

xolme...ase icis rusifikaciam da ,,poruski’’-obam. qarTuli gazeTi

,,baTomis gazeTi’’ sul 7-8 Tveze moispo da burTi da moedani darCa

kvlav rusul gazeTs’’ (aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fon-

di # 756). amis Semdeg 1911 wlamde, baTumSi rusuli gazeTebi domi-

nirebdnen.

1905 wlidan, jariskacebSi saagitacio muSaobisaTvis, rsdmp ba-

Tumis komitetis samxedro organizacia, aralegalurad uSvebda ga-

zeTs ,,Друг солдата’’. samwliani arsebobis manZilze gamocemuli iqna

23 nomeri. gazeTi Tavis furclebze farTod aSuqebda jariskacTa

cxovrebis yovel mxares. igi vrceldeboda mixailovis cixe-simagris

jariskacebSi, yarsis samxedro hospitalSi, ardaganis polkSi da

sxva. gazeTis redaqtori iyo rotSildis qarxnis zeinkali m. fedo-

rovi, xolo gamomcemlebi amberki buiRliSvili da nikoloz lozini.

m. fedorovs 1905 wlis revoluciaSi aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis kat-

orRa miesaja. gazeTi daixura 1908 wels.

radikaluri mimarTulebis, eseruli gadaxris gazeTi iyo ,,ba-

tumski golosi’’. gazeTs xelmZRvanelobdnen al. nikitini, s. mdivani,

p. sabaSvili, v. wereTeli. gazeTi ,,zaria’’ ki social-demokratebis

organo iyo. am gazeTs xelmZRvanelobdnen varden CxaiZe da biqtor

Tevzaia (aWaris centraluri arqivi, f. 1. aRw. 1, saq. 102, furc. 24).

orive gazeTi gamoica 1905 wels. drogamoSvebiT maT saxeli ecvle-

bodaT, vinaidan adgilobrivi xelisuflebis devnas ganicdidnen. iyo

SemTxvevebi, roca aRniSnuli gazeTebi formatiT proklamaciebs hga-

vda.

1907 wels baTumSi qarTul enaze gamovida gazeTi ,,Sikriki”, ro-

melsac didxans ar uarsebia.

1908 wels gazeTi ,,batumski vesti’’ gamovida. igi yoveldRiuri

politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli organo iyo. igi

ibeWdeboda Smaevskis stambaSi, romelic mdebareobda mixailovis qu-

35

Ca # 1-Si (axlandeli 9 aprilis quCa). redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo ev-

geni germani. gazeTi ibeWdeboda ferad qaRaldze (cisferi, vardisfe-

ri, wiTeli, lurji), gamoyenebuli iyo feradi Srifti, rac gazeTs

gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas aniWebda. pirveli msoflio omis

dros es gazeTi did rols asrulebda omSi daRupulTa ojaxebisa

da dasaxiCrebulebis dasaxmareblad. gazeTma vrceli adgili dauT-

mo 1914 wlis noemberSi ruseTis imperatoris nikoloz II-is kavkasia-

Si da gasakuTrebiT TbilisSi yofnas. am gazeTma iarseba 1917 wlam-

de.

1908 wlis kavkasiis kalendaris mixedviT, dasaxelebuli gazeTe-

bis garda baTumSi gamodioda: ,,strela’’, ,,Cernomorski golos”, ,,pl-

amia”, ,,komerCeskaia i spravoCnaia gazeta”, ,,Cernomorskaia novosti”,

,,Cernomorskoe exo”, ,,Cernomor’’, ,,Cernomorski listok obiavlenii”

da gazeTi Turqul enaze ,,Surai mileTi’’ (aWaris saxelmwifo muzeu-

mis Sromebi, 1960).

gazeTi ,,batumskaia novosti” gamovida 1909 wels. Mmisi redaq-

tor-gamomcemeli iyo v. bereJiani. igi ibeWdeboda Sangos stambaSi,

xolo redaqcia imyofeboda mixailovis quCaze poliankis pasaJSi. ga-

zeTSi moTavsebuli iyo kavkasiis da ruseTis ambebi, qronika, rekla-

mebi da feletonebi.

ara marto baTumis, aramed sruliad saqarTvelos sazogadoebri-

oba mouTmenlad eloda baTumSi qarTuli gazeTis gamosvlas, ro-

melsac Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva unda eTqva qarTvel muslimanTa

gaTvicnobierebis saqmeSi.

Tu ra situacia iyo am mxriv, kargad Cans apolon wulaZis weri-

lidan: ,,qarTuli gazeTebis redaqciebma iwyes aWaraSi gazeTebis

gzavna (ufasod). es aWarlebs didad esiamovnaT. qarTuli gazeTebiT

aWarlebi gebulobdnen Tu ra xdeboda duniaze da masTan gazeTebi

atyobinebdnen maT, Tu rogor zrunavs maT Sesaxeb mezobeli qarTve-

li qristianebi...rogorc ki dainaxaven, rom gaCnda vinme gazeTiT

xelSi bazarSi, gars Semoertymian mosasmenaT, magram iqve gaCndeba

administraciac Tavisi ZlierebiT da iZulebulni arian daiSalon,

ase rom Jurnal-gazeTebis kiTxvac ki aralegalurad iTvleba” (wu-

laZe a., Tb., 1915).

1911 wlis 15 ivlisidan baTumSi gamosvlas iwyebs yovelTviuri

sapolitiko da saliteraturo gazeTi ,,baTumis gazeTi.’’ misi redaq-

tor-gamomcemeli iyo n. xomeriki. igi ibeWdeboda maxaraZis stambaSi,

romelic maSin imyofeboda erisTavis quCa # 10-Si (axlandeli gene-

ral g. mazniaSvilis quCa) vaganiancis saxlSi. gazeTi YRirda 3 kapi-

ki. gazeTi meore nomerSi werda: ,,daarsda ,,baTumis gazeTi’’, daiwyo

adgilobrivi inteligenciisaTvis metad pasuxsagebi saqme. gazeTis

gamocema Seadgens aucilebel sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebis dakma-

yofilebas...presa imis magier, rom igi iyos mosarCle simarTlisa, mo-

bairaxtre sakacobrio idealebisa, saijaro da savaWro saqmed qceu-

la. baTumis gazeTi’’ am mxriv gansakuTrebul pirobebSi iwyebs gamos-

vlas sazogadoebriv asparezzed. mkiTxvelTa farTo samsaxuri, sazo-

36

gado movlenaTa miudgomeli dafaseba... ai mizani, romelic dausaxavs

,,baTumis gazeTs’’ da ris Sesrulebasac Cven mas vusurvebT”.

,,baTumis gazeTSi’’ ibeWdeboda rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve sa-

qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis masalebi, saerTaSoriso ambebi, Suqde-

boda erovnuli da politikuri sakiTxebi. gazeTi beWdavda leqsebs,

feletonebs, reklamebs, depeSebs da sxva.

statiaSi ,,qarTuli gazeTebi’’ - gazeTis redaqcia gulistkivi-

liT aRniSnavda: ,,dRevandel Cven droSi, gamoSvebiTi gamocemani

Zlier cud mdgomareobaSi arian. versad, mTeli kavkasiis rkinigzis

sadgurSi TiTqmis verc erT qarTul gazeTs ver SexvdebiT. TviT qa-

laqebSi iSviaTia qarTuli gazeTis damtareblebi. roca hkiTxav, qar-

Tuli gazeTi Tu gaqvso, arao, mogigeben. ratomo, Tu daekiTxe, imi-

tom, rom qarTuls marto qarTveli kiTxulobs, rusuls ki suyve-

lao. zogi ki ucbad mogaxlis pirSi, rusuli sjobiao” (,,baTumis

gazeTi’’, # 22, 1911).

,,baTumis gazeTis’’ redaqtor-gamomcemeli 1912 wlidan iyo sp. We-

liZe. igi ibeWdeboda v. CantlaZisa da n. xvingias stambaSi, romelic

imyofeboda marines prospeqt # 18-Si.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gankargulebiT, 1914 wlis ivnisSi

,,baTumis gazeTi’’ daixura. Uunda iTqvas, rom gazeTma marTlac didi

roli Seasrula qarTveli muslimanebis gaTvicnobierebis saqmeSi.

apolon wulaZe aRniSnavs: ,,umaduroba iqneba Zmebo, aqve ar aRvniS-

noT qarTuli gazeTebis Rvawli. qarTuli gazeTi ,,droebidan’’ moki-

debuli, yvela cdilobda Cveni erTobis ganmtkicebas, magram yvelaze

metad Cvens erTobas xeli Seuwyo ,,baTumis gazeTmma”. es gazeTi ba-

TumSi gamodioda, TqvenTan axlo iyo da Tqven cxovrebas akvirdebo-

da. gazeTSi ibeWdeboda TviT qarTveli muslimanebis werilebi, ro-

gorc kacebis, aseve qalebis da cxadia, roca TviT qarTvelma musli-

manebma iwyes gazeTis kiTxva da statiebis wera, mere ufro metad mi-

iqcies qarTveli qristianebis yuradReba maT cxovrebasa da saWiroe-

baze” (wulaZe a.,1915:46).

amis Semdeg, baTumSi, qarTul enaze gazeTi karga xans ar gamo-

sula. 1912 wlidan ki baTumSi gamodioda Semdegi gazeTebi rusul

enaze: ,,batumski selski xoziaistva”, ,,argonavt’’, ,,Cernomorec’’, ,,ba-

tumskaia pravda’’, ,,batumski den’’, berZnul enaze ori gazeTi ,,elada’’

da ,,efniki foni’’ (kavkasiis kalendari, 1914).

,,batumskaia pravda’’- yoveldRiuri politikuri, ekonomikuri da

saliteraturo gazeTi gamovida 1912 wels. redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo

n. yufaraZe. redkolegiaSi Sediodnen n. platonova, g. soRoraSvili

da sxvebi. gazeTi korespodenciebs Rebulobda kievidan, Tbilisidan,

baqodan, odesidan da sxva qalaqebidan. ibeWdeboda stamba ,,prosveSe-

nieSi”. Rirda 5 kapiki.

gazeTi ,,batumski den’’ iyo yoveldRiuri politikur-sazogadoeb-

riv-ekonomikuri da literaturuli gazeTi. gamovida 1912 wels. re-

daqtor-gamomcemeli iyo g. soRoraSvili. gazeTi ibeWdeboda Smaev-

skis stambaSi, mixailovis quCa # 1-Si, xolo redaqcia ganTavsebuli

37

iyo marines prospeqt # 10-Si. Semdeg am gazeTis redaqtor-gamomceme-

li iyo a. saxnovski.

1913 wels baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatorma neba darTo ba-

TumSi mcxovreb n. doliZes qarTul enaze gamoeSva yoveldRiuri ga-

zeTi saxelwodebiT ,,xma’’ (,,baTumis gazeTi’’, 1913, #14).

amave 1913 wels baTumSi gamovida kapikiani gazeTi ,,batumskaia

gazeta kapeika” rusul enaze. redaqtor-gamomcemeli iyo evgenia gur-

ko. am gazeTis sul ramdenime nomeri gamovida.

pirveli msoflio omis dros baTumis olqi samxedro moqmedeba-

Ta placdarmi gaxda. baTumSi sagangebo mdgomareoba gamocxadda, ra-

mac mZime gavlena moaxdina olqis saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebaze.

daixura TiTqmis yvela gazeTi, romelTa gamocema ganaxlda mxolod

1917 wlidan.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelmawerTa fondi # 756, saqme

18, gv. 8;

2. aWaris centraluri arqivi, f. 1. aRw. 1, saq. 102, furc. 24;

3. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis Sromebi, baT., 1960, t. IV;

4. ,,baTumis gazeTi’’, 1911, # 22;

5. baTumis gazeTi’’, 1913, #14;

6. kavkasiis kalendari, Tb., 1914 (rusul enaze);

7. kavkasiis kalendari 1883 wlisaTvis, Tb., 1884 (rusul enaze);

8. wulaZe, Zmuri sityva qarTvel muslimanebs, Tb., 1915.

Otar Gogolishvili

Development of publishing in the second half of the XIX century and in the first decade of the XX century in Batumi

Summary In 1879, in Batumi first Georgian printing-house founded Aleksandre Makharadze,

where was printed first Georgian book. Here also with illegal newspapers was printed Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Aleksandre Kazbegi and others work.

38

qeTevan iakobaZe

samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo

Sardenis naazrevSi

gamoCenili frangi mogzauris Sardenis `mogzauroba saqarTve-

loSi~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa saqarTvelos XVII saukunis

istoriiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisa da mkiTxvelTa farTo mase-

bisaTvis. igi upirveles yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi sisru-

liT. mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva iqonios srulyofili warmodgena

mogzauris nanaxisa da gagonilis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebiT Sua saukunee-

bis mogzaurTa (marko polo, kontarini, pietro dela vale) mwiri mo-

nacemebisagan, Sardeni arqanjelo lambertis msgavsad iZleva mra-

valxriv saintereso cnobebs samegrelos, imereTis, qarTlis da aWa-

ris Sesaxebac, Tumca aRmosavleTis qveynebis kulturisa da warsu-

lis ucodinarobam, evropelebis mier maTTvis ucnobi erebis Sesaxeb

winaswar SemuSavebulma Sexedulebebma ganapirobes mTeli rigi Sec-

domebi, rac saerTod iyo damaxasiaTebeli evropel mogzaurTa Sro-

mebisaTvis. amave mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli Sardenis Secdomebi,

zogjer araswori da tendenciuri monacemebi.

Sardeni saqarTveloSi Camodis 1672 wlis Semodgomaze. zRvis

gavliT igi miadga samegrelos. `mogzaurobaSi~ aRwerilia samegre-

los tragikuli istoria, ramac ganapiroba, is rom ucxoelebisadmi

ver gamoiCines gadaWarbebuli yuradReba, misdami zogjer utifari

mopyrobis gamo adgilobrivebs igi velurebs uwodebs, Tumca awioke-

buli kuTxis mkvidrT arc moeTxovebodaT metismeti Tavazianoba.

Sardeni aRwers qarTls, sadac am dros mefobs vaxtang V (1658-

1675 ww.), qarTli am dros sparseTis politikuri gavlenis qveS imyo-

feba. mogzaurobaSi saubaria qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri situa-

ciisa da SinaaSlilobis Sesaxeb, rac saboloo jamSi asustebda

qveynis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

cxadia, Sardenis droindeli saqarTvelo ver dauxvdeboda ev-

ropel mogzaurs im TavazianobiT, romelic parizelis moTxovnebs

daakmayofilebda. rTuli politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciis ga-

mo mosalodneli iyo zogierTi gaugebroba da usiamovnebebi. amas

emTxveoda kavkasielebze, rogorc velurebze winaswar SemuSavebuli

azri, ris gamoc mas eqmneboda yalbi warmodgenebi mkvidri mosaxle-

obis kulturuli donisa da zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, misi

Tanmxlebi kaTolike misionerebi (zampis gamoklebiT) naklebad ga-

naTlebulni iyvnen da mogzaurs araswor cnobebs awvdidnen.

Sardeni aRfrTovanebulia mefis sasaxleSi arsebuli iSviaTi

wesrgiT, xazs usvams qarTvelebis sameurneo kulturis ZiriTad sa-

kiTxebs, qarTveli kacis xasiaTs, qarTveli qalis iSviaT silamazes:

`qarTvelebis tomi umSvenieresia aRmosavleTSi da SeiZleba iTqvas

mTels qveyanazec, iq ar minaxavs arc erTi cudi saxis qali an kaci,

angelozebiviT lamazebic bevri Semxvda. qalebis umetesi nawili bu-

nebas iseTi sikekluciT dausaCuqrebia, rom sxva aseTs versad Sev-

39

xvdebiT. SeuZlebelia Tvali mohkraT aqaur qals da ar SegiyvardeT,

ar SeiZleba daxatoT qarTveli qalis saxesa da tanadobaze umSveni-

eresi saxe da tanadoba: mSvenierni, TvalTanadni, werwetni da kek-

lucni. iSviaTad naxavT, rom qali uSnod iyos gasuqebuli. mxolod

is auSnoebs qarTvel qalebs, rom ferumarils icxeben, umSvenierese-

bi sxvebze ufro metad icxeben umarilsa, ase hgoniaT ferumarili

samkaulia da ise xmaroben rogorc magaliTaad CvenSi Tval marga-

lits da karg tanisamossa~.

rogorc vxedavT mogzauri aRfrTovanebulia qarTveli qalis

silamaziT, Tumca maT bevr uaryofiT Tvisebasac miawers.

mogzauri cnobas gvawvdis qarTvelTa Rvinis moyvarulobaze da

qarTuli Rvinis xarixze: `ar moipoveba sadme iseTi qveyana, sadac im-

dens da iseT karg Rvinos svavdnen, rogorc saqarTveloSio` avtori

garkveviT saubrobs aseve qarTvelTa niWierebaze, Tumca misi Sexedu-

leba aqaur mosaxleobaze ucvleli rCeba, misi TqmiT qarTvelebi

`cudad izrdebian, amasTanave cud magaliTebsac xedaven. amis gamo

mTlad ucodinarni da biwierni arian. qarTvelebSi bevria mzakvari,

veragi, daundobeli, cbieri, briyvi, ampartavani. qarTvelebma saoc-

rad urcxvad ician uaryofa imisi, rac uTqvamT da moumoqmedebiaT.

tyuili marTlad gamohyavT. rac ergebaT SromisaTvis, imas ar sjer-

debian da metis Txovna uyvarT, Zlier ician javris Catana da Tavis

dReSi ar apatieben kacs danaSauls. qarTvelebi Zalian angariani da

vercxlis moyvarulni arian... qalebis iseTive biwierebi da avni ari-

an, rogorc mamakacebi, qalebs Zalian uyvarT arSiyoba da mamakacebs

am uzneobaSi didi monawileoba miuZRviT~ misi azriT qarTvelebs

zne Cveuleba misi mezobeli qveynebisagan SeuTvisebiaT.

Sardeni iZleva Zunw, magram saintereso cnobebs aWaris Sesaxe-

bac. upiratesad igi gonioSi, mebaJeebTan urTierTobis fonze warmoa-

Cens Tavis STabeWdilebebs.

Sardenis mixedviT igi gonios napirebs miadga `30-s, Sua dRis

ukan~ (oqtomberi) friad kmakofili imiT rom `osmaleTis samflobe-

loSi movidnen wyeuli samegrelodan~, man mebaJeebs Tavi vaWrad ga-

acno, TiTqosda misi mizani iyo samegreloSi frinvelebis Sesyidva

evropaSi wasayvanad. mogzaurobaSi saubaria mebaJeebTan urTierTobis

detalebsa da im gadasaxadebze, romelic daakisres sabaJoze gasvli-

sas, misi TqmiT mebaJe mogzaurs masTan patiJebda magram imis SiSiT,

rom vaiTu ar gamZarcvoso uariT gaistumra, mogvianebiT mogzauri-

saTvis mouTxoviaT 200 dukati, Tan uTqvamT `sxvaTa Soris, qristia-

nebis qoneba, simarTle rom vilaparakoT osmalebs ekuTvniso~. movi-

tanT amonarids misi naambobidan: ~miTxra amoiRe oqro romelic Can-

TaSi gaqvso. me ar vqeni Seni araferi mmarTebs, ar SemiZlia winaaR-

mdegoba gagiwio, Tu Zaladobas daiwyeb, SegiZlia waiRo yvelaferi,

rac gsurs, magram kargaT vici gzebi rogor unda davibruno yoveli-

ve, rac ZaladobiT waerTmeva. am avazakma moatanina borkilebi da

rkinis sayelo. aman cota SemaSina. mqonda saqme jaris xalxTan, rom-

lebsac oqrom da Rvinom Tvalebi auxvia da iseT yofaSi iyvnen, rom

yvelafers izamdnen. erTi maTgani momiaxlovda da miTxra: niors,

40

ramdenad ufro mets danayav, imdenad ufro metad ayroldeba –e.i.

ramdensac ufro daagvianeb, imdenad ufro gaZneldeba saqmeo~. mogza-

uri iZulebuli gaxda gadaexada usamarTlo gadasaxadi, magram amas-

Tan iZulebuli gaxda daefica, rom mica Tavisi nebiT da amis Sesa-

xeb aravis etyoda.

Cveni mizani araa Sardenis Semoqmedebis detaluri ganxilva,

romelSic naTlad Cans avtoris mier tendenciurad gaSuqebuli naS-

romis naklic. miuxedavad am xarvezebisa, Sardenis `mogzauroba sa-

qarTveloSi~ uaRresad sayuradRebo Txzulebaa, romelSic warmod-

genilia umniSvnelovanesi cnobebi XVII s-is saqarTvelos social-

ekonomikuri da kulturul-politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb.

41

Temur avaliani

erTian eTnokulturul sivrceSi araqarTuli

komunikaciur-interaqciuli velis Camoyalibebis

ZiriTadi faqtorebi

xulos raionis soflebi: skvana, bako, zeda Txilvana da mTisu-

bani dResac gamoirCeva uaRresad saintereso TaviseburebiT: dasaxe-

lebuli soflebi mTlianad eTnikuri qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli.

TiToeul maTganSi sakomunikacio sivrcis yvela sfero (ganaTleba,

saqmiswarmoeba, kultura, media da a.S.) qarTulia da es yvelaferi

aris ara Tavs moxveuli, aramed bunebrivi realoba, magram am sof-

lebSi saojaxo komunikaciis enis funqcias dRemde Turquli asru-

lebs.

calke SeiZleba gamoiyos am soflebisagan aTeulobiT kilomet-

riT daSorebuli da sul sxva xeobaSi mdebare sofeli danisparau-

li, sadac dReisaTvis es specifikuri niSani mkveTrad ar aris gamo-

xatuli, Tumca mainc figurirebs. aRniSnuli specifika mxolod da-

saxelebul soflebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

riT unda iyos ganpirobebuli es garemoeba?

vfiqrobT, am etapze dasmul kiTxvaze calsaxad pasuxis gacema

SeuZlebelia. amitom jer-jerobiT mxolod versiebisa da varaudebis

donezea SesaZlebeli saubari, radgan es sakiTxi am TvalsazrisiT

jer-jerobiT arc ki dasmula. sabWoTa periodis lingvistur naSro-

mebSi, romlebic qarTuli enis zemoaWaruli kilos kvlevas exeba, am

sakiTxebze yuradReba saerTod arsad ar aris gamaxvilebuli. prob-

lema uaRresad delikaturia da midgomasac Sesabamiss moiTxovs, iq-

neb amitomac aridebdnen mkvlevarebi mas Tavs, Tumca lingvisturi

anTropocentrizmi umTavresad swored msgavsi problematikis swor

gaazrebasa da obieqtur analizs isaxavs miznad.

Cvenis azriT, aRniSnuli garemoebis mizezebi istoriul war-

sulSia saZiebeli, kerZod:

1. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg osmaloTa bato-

nobisagan gaTavisuflda samcxe-javaxeTi. aWara ki kvlav maTi mflo-

belobis qveS darCa. osmalebs, cxadia, gauCndaT aWaris dakargvis Si-

Si, ris gamoc gaaZlieres mcdelobebi am safrTxis Tavidan acilebi-

saTvis. swored aman ganapiroba TurqeTis xelisuflebis mier dawye-

buli seriozuli reformebi, romlebic istoriaSi TanzimaTis saxe-

liT Sevida. am reformebis umTavresi mizani dapyrobili teritorie-

bis mosaxleobis islamizaciis daCqareba iyo.

osmalebi xels uwyoben samcxe-javaxeTidan qarTuli mosaxleo-

bis TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis (Tundac osmaleTis dacarielebuli te-

ritoriebis sameurneo aTvisebis mizniT) process (riTac dainterese-

buli iyo ruseTic, raTa dacarielebul teritoriebze mxaris kolo-

nizaciis mizniT Camoesaxlebina ucxoeTnikuri elementebi), Aamave

dros aZliereben antirusul agitacia-propagandas (raSic eyrdnobian

adgilobriv xoja-molebs) rusebis mier regionSi darCenili qarTve-

42

li (da ara marto qarTveli) muslimanebis iZulebiTi gaqristianebis

Sesaxeb. SeSinebuli mosaxleobis nawili cdilobs Tavi daaRwios

rusebisagan mosalodnel safrTxes da Tavi Seafaros TurqeTis pro-

vinciebs. aWara am TvalsazrisiT maTTvis yvelaze mosaxerxebeli re-

gioni iyo. Uupirvelesad imitom, rom is jer kidev rCeboda TurqeTis

mflobelobaSi. Aamave dros aq iyo TiTqmis identuri sameurneo-kul-

turuli garemo, romelic migrantebs axal sacxovrisSi gauadvileb-

da adaptaciis rTul process. swored am faqtoriT unda iyos ganpi-

robebuli gamuslimanebuli Turqulenovani mesxuri (SesaZloa gar-

kveulwilad araqarTulic) elementebis damkvidreba mTiani aWaris

zemoT dasaxelebul soflebSi. Aam mosazrebas aZlierebs maTi war-

momavlobis Sesaxeb xalxSi arsebuli gadmocemebi. Mmag. sofel bako-

sa danisparaulis mcxovrebTa garkveul nawils dResac ,,mesxebis’ sa-

xeliT moixsenieben.

am mimarTulebiT rusi da Turqi dampyroblebis interesebi

mTlianad emTxvevoda erTmaneTs. mTeli simZlavriT amuSavda isla-

misturi ideologiuri manqana rusTa mxridan muslimanTa Zaladob-

rivi gaqristianebis da religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebis mosalodneli

safrTxis Sesaxeb. es xels aZlevda ruseTsac, romelsac mxaris ko-

lonizacia hqonda ganzraxuli da amitom maqsimalurad uwyobda

xels mkvidri mosaxleobis ayris process, oRond TviTon sul sxva

modgmis xalxTa Camosaxlebas awarmoebda. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos,

magaliTad, mTisubnel cecxlaZeTa erTi Stos metgvari ,,qolaebi~,

rac ,,mosulebs~ niSnavs da maTSi, gadmocemis mixedviT, erT-erTi ru-

si mojamagiris STamomavlebi igulisxmebian.

migraciuli procesebi saerTod mTlianad imdroindeli aWari-

saTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram imdenad ramdenadac danisparau-

lic, bakoc, skvanac mTisubanica da zeda Txilvanac zemo aWaris ga-

napira, maSasadame, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT pirve-

li dasaxlebuli punqtebia, mesxeTidan da SavSeTidan SemosulTaT-

vis pirvelad swored isini unda qceuliyo kompaqturi dasaxlebis

adgilebad anu Turqulenovani sakomunikacio sivrce amitom unda yo-

filiyo yvelaze Zlieri swored aq.

savaraudoa, rom analogiuri situacia SeiZleba yofiliyo dRe-

vandel samcxe-javaxeTSic im SemTxvevaSi, rom ar moxdariyo Turqu-

lenovani mosaxleobis deportacia, anu savaraudod moxdeboda maTi

integracia erTian qarTul sakomunikacio sivrceSi, Tumca SesaZle-

belia, Turquli ena reliqtis saxiT iseve SemorCeniliyo saojaxo

komunikaciis saSualebad, rogorc es mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda.

sxvaTa Soris, is faqtic, rom e. w. ,,Turqma mesxebma~ uzbekureno-

van sakomunikacio sivrceSi saojaxo komunikaciis saSualebad Sei-

narCunes ara qarTuli, aramed Turquli ena, vfiqrobT, bevr rameze

migvaniSnebs. marTalia, uzbekur sakomunikacio sivrceSi qarTulisa-

gan gansxvavebiT Turquls gacilebiT noyieri niadagi daxvda (naTe-

saobis gamo), magram igives ver vityviT, magaliTad, borCxisa da mur-

Rulis ilCeebis (raionebis), SavSeTisa da taos zogierT sofelze

(ziosi, xevwruli, weTileTi, ifxrevli, bazgireTi, xeveki, balxi,

43

eliawminda da sxv.) sadac Turqulenovan sakomunikacio sivrceSi sa-

ojaxo komunikaciis enis funqcias asrulebs qarTuli (anu mSobliu-

ri).

2. sagulisxmoa agreTve xalxSi gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom-

lis mixedviTac am soflebSi Zalian xSiri iyo qarTulenovanTan er-

Tad Turqulenovan SavSel, klarj, mesx da javax (SesaZloa Turq)

qalebze qorwineba. ojaxis sakomunikacio enis damkvidrebaSi ki, ro-

gorc cnobilia, umeteswilad qali (meuRle, deda) dominirebs. amis

calkeuli faqtebi dRemdea SemorCenili. aq gamoTxovil qalebs dRe-

sac maTi warmomavlobis mixedviT moixsenieben, magaliTad: SavSurai,

mesxurai, klarjulai da a. S.

3. zogierTis azriT, aRniSnuli Taviseburebis mizezi religiu-

ri faqtoric unda iyos, rac, Cvenis azriT naklebad savaraudoa,

radgan religiuri faqtori zemo aWaris sxva soflebSic figuri-

rebs, magram enis gamoyenebis sferosTan mas am SemTxvevaSi kavSiri

ar aqvs, radgan yuranis ena arabulia da ara Turquli.

amrigad, Cvenis azriT, dasaxelebul soflebSi Turqulis ro-

gorc saojaxo komunikaciis enis gamoyeneba SeiZleba ganxilul iq-

nas rogorc reliqti, istoriuli nakvalevi, romelic umeteswilad

1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semgom gaaqtiurebul migraci-

ul procesebs unda ukavSirdebodes.

vfiqrobT, sakiTxis amgvarad dasmis Semdeg versiebi kidev gaC-

ndeba, Tumca mTavari am SemTxvevaSi aris ara imdenad am versiaTa ga-

moTqma, aramed sando mecnieruli daskvnebis SemuSaveba, risTvisac

problemis Rrma da kompleqsuri Seswavlaa saWiro. unda moiZebnos

analogiebi da moxdes maTi tipologia, xolo mocemul SemTxvevaSi

aucilebelia Rrmad da safuZvlianad iqnes gamokvleuli mocemuli

konkretuli soflebis rogorc qarTuli, ise Turquli metyveleba,

dadgindes maTi urTierTmimarTeba Sesabamisad qarTul da Turqul

enebTan, maT variantebTan, sakiTxi kidev ufro Rrmad unda iqnes Ses-

wavlili eTnolingvistur, anTropologiur, istoriul, eTnologiur

da sxva aspeqtebSi, rac sabolood aucileblad mogvcems obieqturi

daskvnebis gakeTebis safuZvelsa da saSualebas.

44

Gabriela Belova

A BULGARIAN ATTITUDE TO THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is the newest foreign policy tool and the

key geo-political project of the European Union (EU) after the enlargement. The ENP aims to develop a privileged partnership with the old Southern and the new Eastern neighbours of the enlarged Union which is based on economic integration and security and political cooperation. Central to this new relationship is the neighbours’ commitment to shared liberal values and core European foreign policy and security objectives. Previously, the enlargement process has been one of the EU’s most successful tools to promote peace, prosperity and stability in its close neighbourhood; the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been fully integrated into the EU’s zone of peace and prosperity. However, the lack of political willingness, institutional capacity and public support leave little hope for future enlargement.

However, many are well aware that the value of ‘inclusion’ rather than ‘exclusion’ will better help the EU met the new threats of the 21st century; as the Security Strategy states, the EU cannot simply close its borders. This paper is an attempt to examine some of the biggest ENP issues connected with European identity, common values, lack of long-term vision and weak incentives for the neighbours. With the accession of Bulgaria and Romania there now seems to be a consensus on the case for EU initiatives in the Black Sea region. The paper does not have the ambition to provide an exhaustive analysis of the Black Sea Dimension, but will rather try to look at the newest Black Sea initiative as part of the ENP from Bulgarian perspective.

When it became clear that ten countries (Estonia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) would join the EU in 2004, the focus shifted from internal to external policy issues. Eastern enlargement raised one very important question: how the enlarged Union would interact with its new neighbors? That is why in 2003 the European Commission called upon to develop a new kind of political strategy, combining as much as possible its newly launched ENP with its traditional Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and even defense policy (ESDP). The objective was to secure Europe’s borders while projecting security into the neighbouring regions. There was an obvious necessity to develop comprehensive policy towards countries, which cannot join the Union in the nearest future. In the same time it was clear that the EU will not be recognized as a reliable political player in the global scene until it develops an effective strategy for its neigbourhood. There is still great pressure on the Union to act and solve problems beyond its borders.

European Neighbourhood Policy is defined as ‘a modern intelligent foreign policy, stepping beyond the traditional diplomacy of the 20th century’ (Ferrero-Waldner, 2006). Looking at the concepts underlying the ENP, it is clear that the issue of security lies in its core. Two major documents illustrate the linkage between ENP and security issues:

• The European Security Strategy Paper (12 December 2003), produced by group of experts headed by Javier Solana;

• European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper (12 May 2004) followed the Communication of the Prodi Commission of March 2003.

45

In both documents a new vision was established – that of enlarged area of peace, stability and prosperity including wider neighbourhood of the EU, a ‘circle of friends’, a shared neighbourhood founded on common values and deeper integration (Wissels, 2006).

The linkage between security, foreign policy and defence, both inside and outside the Union, is the ENP’s main innovation: a single framework covering all basic aspects of cooperation with neighbouring countries, including security and, to some extent, even defence. The intention of the Commission, as clearly expressed back in 2002 by its former president, Romano Prodi, was to allow countries neighbouring upon the East and South to participate in Union policies, including those relating to foreign and security policy (under the chapter of the political dialogue) on the basis of a single reference framework, the neighbourhood policy (Prodi, 2002). As regards CFSP in particular, this calls for a drastic change in method with respect to the past: the idea is no longer to be such an old instrument of common strategies towards one country or another (for example, Russia or Ukraine) but the ENP will be adopted as the baseline for all. Both the Council and the Commission believed that this can make the ENP and consequently CFSP more effective and credible. Thus, the main advantages of encouraging of regional cooperation on the EU’s borders is on the first place, the fact that it creates more security, and, on the second place, that it retunes to well tested model of Union’s foreign policy called ‘group to group policy’ (Bonvicini, 2006).

Beyond the overall positive assessment of ENP, it should be remembered that it is far from perfect policy. The main disadvantage is the fact that two distinct groups of countries were targeted for this new policy, upon the South and East. The ENP does not deal with a homogeneous neighbourhood, but rather with sets of neighbours which are very different from one another. The Mediterranean countries differ enormously from those in Eastern Europe and there are also significant differences within each group. For Mediterranean partners, accession to the Union is not on the agenda at all. For (at least some of) the EU’s Eastern neighbours, the prospect is more ambiguous. On one hand, the door to entry is not shut, because no European state that complies with the Copenhagen criteria may be denied this prospect. On the other hand, neighbourhood is different from enlargement. The lack and uncertainty about the strategic goal is viewed as the major imperfection of the ENP. Some commentators (Pelczynska – Nalecz, 2003) emphasize also the need to implement different projects and, perhaps, to use different financial instruments for different regions.

One of the reasons why the Wider Europe initiative was not received with much enthusiasm is partly because there were quite many uncertainties. The concept was designed to deal with the consequences of the 2004 enlargement of the EU (Cameron, 2006). The ENP, inspired by a number of policy instruments developed in the context of enlargement, is strongly connected with the practice of close neighbourly relations below the level of membership, such as European Economic Area (Aliboni, 2005). While this approach might be sufficient for the Mediterranean and Middle East countries, it does not match hopes and aspirations of some newly independent states like Ukraine and Moldova (Petrov). On the other hand, the existing aspirations of the East European countries might raise the aspirations of the Mediterranean countries (Smith, 2005). It should not be forgotten that Morocco was the first to apply for membership back in 1987.

Another central challenge is the difficult task to combine various elements that compose the ENP: the multilateralism of the framework; the bilateralism of the Action Plans for each country; the regionalism and finally, the high level of conditionality (democratic governance, respect to human rights, market economy, etc.). Given these

46

complex tasks, ENP presents itself an essential dimension of the Europe’s broader foreign policy (Bonvicini, 2006).

The question that arose after the development of the ENP strategy was: what exactly did ENP avoid - new dividing lines (new Iron Curtain) or new members/ship. Ukraine even asks what ENP is about: ‘a ring of friends’ or a buffer zone. One of the weakest parts of the ENP is that it by definition excludes the incredibly efficient mechanism of membership conditionality, of membership perspective. The ENP’s tacit logic was to blur the boundary between being ‘in’ and ‘out’ of the EU, but the question still remains: does it live up to outsider’s expectations? A number of analysts have already questioned whether the ENP delivers the right incentives. A key question that remains is: will a differentiated conditionality envisaged in the ENP be as effective as the political conditionality present in the enlargement process?

Then, the French and Dutch ‘no’ to the Constitutional Treaty (respectively May 29, and June 1 2005) were widely perceived as a rejection to any ideas for further EU enlargement. The failed referenda in France and the Netherlands have deprived the Union of some very important new clauses that would strengthen its foreign and security policy: introduction of a figure of Foreign Minister with coordinative and executive powers; a Foreign Service; the solidarity clause; the provision for military missions; structured cooperation in defense field, etc. This situation to some extent has an effect of weakening the ENP. With the new Lisbon Treaty this problem will not probably be of such relevance.

Another imperfection of ENP is the unsolved case of Russia. Relations with Russia, the largest EU’s neighbour, are not covered by the ENP, but by the EU-Russia Strategic Partnership. Russia declined to become part of the scheme and opted instead for developing bilateral cooperation with the Union on an allegedly more ‘equal’ basis. There is an obvious clash between the EU’s ‘neighbourhood’ concept and Russia’s ‘near abroad’ concept. The EU’s main ‘neighbour’ was therefore not included in ENP. Russia definitely was not satisfied to be included into one strategy along with the North African (the Magreb and Mashreq) and Middle East countries.

Another challenge for ENP is the fact that EU has no strategy with regard to those countries which are not willing to comply or cooperate (Kahraman, 2005). Countries of concern usually include Belarus and Libya, but several other neighbours (Syria in particular) are also problematic. Recent research done by Emerson, Noutcheva and Popescu (2007) distinguishes “passive” (Azerbaijan), “reluctant” (Russia) and “excluded” (Belarus, secessionist entities) states. The EU has to develop some mechanism in regard to these countries.

Next, ENP raises another significant issue connected with the definition of Europe and European identity. The main problem is that in euro-jargon ‘Europe’ and ‘EU’ seems to be used interchangeably. If we read the very first sentence of the European Security Strategy (2003): ‘Europe has never been so prosperous, so secure or so free’, it becomes obvious that ‘Europe’ here means the EU, not the continental-wide Europe. As Antonio Missiroli noticed rightly, Europe’s neighbourhood and the Union’s neighbourhood are different things. In this respect, the Ukrainians are right: they belong to Europe, not to its neighbourhood’ (Missiroli, 2007). Thus, a policy based on its inherent ambiguity may not produce the effects the EU expects. Some skeptical voices put the question whether there is something wrong with the overall design of the policy.

As paradoxical as this may sound, another weak point of the ENP can be found in its strong emphasis on common values. The conditionality of adopting one’s own values and way of life appears to some commentators like Lang not very inviting. From his point of

47

view, to demand shared values and effective implementation of political and economic reforms is far beyond any reasonable neighbourhood concept. He expresses his doubt that ‘common values’ is something the EU can demand from the neighbours (Lang, 2004). Furthermore, the Constitutional Treaty states that Union membership ‘shall be open to all European states which respect the values referred to in Article I-2, and are committed to promoting them together’. The logical Cremona’s questions repeated by some other analysists are: Isn't the Union going too far when it expects the same commitments of membership from both the European and non-European neighbours? Isn't it too idealistic to expect sharing values in a relationship of partnership rather than a relationship based on candidacy” (Cremona, 2004; Kahraman, 2005). The ENP aims to construct a new pan-European space which will be used to make the CFSP/ESDP more successful. The neighbours will benefit from progressive integration only if they develop the capacity and readiness to adhere to the EU foreign policy objectives. The EU has to realize that insisting on a policy of ‘everything but the institutions’ might lead to giving up the values the EU itself is built upon.

The ENP has been criticized for many reasons: it is not well targeted, it is ambiguous, it has no mid-term or long-term vision, it does not address the challenge of new dividing lines in Eastern Europe, it offers a lot of rhetoric and very little incentives (Primatarova, 2005). Besides, the initiative has been criticized not only from the perspective of the countries it covered, but also by the countries it left out, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Aydin, 2006). Recognizing this problem, three years later a further development took place - the initiative “Neighbourhood Plus”. The overall goal of the “Neighbourhood Plus” strategy is to guide the transition in countries concerned and avoid a security gap between Europe and Russia. Reassessing relationship between EU and Russia Germany, during its Presidency (the first half of 2007), proposed that these three countries be included into the Neighbourhood Policy. With Bulgaria and Romania as full EU members and Turkey as a candidate country, it would be much more natural to start considering not simply an Eastern ENP dimension, but much broader ‘Black Sea Dimension’, thus including Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Popchev, 2005).

The ENP addresses those countries which share a land or maritime border with the EU. As it has already been mentioned, the accession of Bulgaria and Romania and the ongoing negotiations with Turkey will make the European Union a Black Sea power, with an external border covering about half of the Black Sea coastline (Celak, 2006). That is why the importance of the Black Sea region is increasing. The war in Iraq and the ‘colour’ revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine contributed to attract EU’s attention and engage it in solving the Black Sea region’s problems. Turning to its Eastern borders, the EU has to deal with a power like Russia, a newly-independent state as big as France (Ukraine), and five countries all with significant problems (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Moldova). The spectrum of problems in this area is so wide that it can be a subject of a separate research involving important questions like: Does the region itself exist? Why was it neglected until now? Does it belong to Europe at all? Is it a bridge or a frontier between the EU and Russia? Some authors, like Asmus (2005), consider that one of the main characteristics of the Black Sea region is that Russia has traditionally taken a strong interest in this region, although it has been retreating reluctantly in recent years. Both the EU and Russia have an interest in their neighbourhood becoming more stable and prosperous but the current lack of warmth in EU-Russia relations will make it more difficult for them to work together to achieve this objective (Trenin, 2006). Compared to the other two neighbour regions – Mediterranean and Western Balkans, despite its

48

significance, the Black Sea region has but just now become the target of a concrete strategy concerning the EU. The EU has not been engaged in the region for many years. If a similar acting took place, it would seem a rather curious paradox. For example, the main efforts in regard to the so called ‘frozen conflicts’ (Abhazia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia) have been primarily made by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (Kempe and Klotzle, 2006). Broadly speaking, the ENP framework will result in greater involvement of the EU in different crises and conflicts. In order to succeed with ENP, the EU has to reinforce its CFSP and ESDP.

Bulgaria like the EU has gradually developed and changed its evaluation regarding the Black Sea region’s significance. Because of its geographic location and historical destiny Bulgaria felt more deeply connected with the Balkans, while Romania took more active part in the Black Sea cooperation. For a period of time - during the dramatic Yugoslavian wars and till 11th September 2001 – it was accepted that Bulgarian security should be analyzed in the narrow frame of South Eastern Europe. The Black Sea region was considered as a periphery which can exercise insignificant influence over the ongoing European process.

Another challenge for the role of Bulgaria in the ENP towards the Black Sea region, will be finding partners inside the EU. For example, Romania and Poland certainly support respectively Moldova and Ukraine. However, in general it is doubtful that the other members would commit more resources or energy to what is already planned by the ENP. From the old members Greece could be a suitable partner as it is member of the Black Sea Economic Coperation Organization. To a lesser extent and for various reasons, some old members could also indirectly support the Black Sea region. France has ties to Armenia because of its Armenian diaspora, the UK has interests in Azerbaijan because of the oil and Germany has links with Georgia (Georgiev, 2006).

Bulgaria is in full support of the ENP. Furthermore, the country is expected together with Romania to create Black Sea dimension like Northern or Southern dimension. A step in this direction was the announced by the European Commission together with the initiative ‘Black Sea Synergy’. Also, an important development represents the fact that the Commission obtained an observer status in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization. EU will no longer be an external third party, but a legitimate Black Sea actor/power.

The inherent openness of the Black Sea Region to the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Caspian Sea makes it more difficult to define its scope and frontiers. This becomes evident from the newly appeared terms such as ‘Black Sea – Caspian region’, ‘Mediterranean - Black Sea region’ and even ‘Baltic - Black Sea region’. All these terms are based on the idea of creation of transcontinental security area which de facto begins to be realized with the second wave of NATO enlargement. As a result of these radical changes the Black Sea region is accepted on one hand, as indivisible part of the Mediterranean; on the other hand - closely tied to the Caspian region, and in this connection as trans-European security space from Baltic to Caspian Sea. (Mednikarov, 2007).

Being a neighbour of the ENP target countries, Bulgaria is very concerned about the stability of the Black Sea region and for economical reasons wants the Black Sea region to become prosperous. Consequently, the country fully shares ENP’s aim of avoiding new dividing lines. Bulgaria is aiming to concentrate on the Black Sea region of the ENP, as it considers itself as possessing some positive accession expertise (BECSA, 2005). Bulgaria can play an important role in terms of communication and mediation with Russia, which

49

has problems with some other Black Sea countries. As President Parvanov has announced, the EU’s new neighbours are not new for our country and Bulgaria’s ‘credit of trust’ among the Black Sea countries could be useful for the ENP strategy (Nikolov, 2005). Bulgaria will not merely focus on the bilateral relationships of the ENP. Bulgaria is assertive in promoting regional cooperation on the Black Sea region level as it did on the Balkans.

Conclusions: The significance of the European Neighbourhood Policy and its challenges can be

summarized in the following conclusions: • The ENP and the possibility to act beyond its own borders are absolutely necessary

for the EU so that it can be recognized as a reliable political actor on the global scene; • The linkage between the ENP and the development of CFSP and ESDP is obvious

and can be found in the main related documents; • The ENP is far from perfect policy. The main disadvantage is the fact that the ENP

does not deal with a homogeneous neighbourhood, but rather with sets of neighbours which are very different from one another. ENP is a combination of various elements: the multilateralism of the framework, the bilateralism of the Action Plans for each country; the regionalism and the high level of conditionality. Other imperfections are the absence of long-term vision, the relations with the EU’s biggest partner – Russia, the problems with the definition of European identity and sharing common values.

• Taking into account the fact that the new EU’s eastern border (after January 1, 2007) is the Black Sea coastline, the EU is trying to formulate more concrete strategy towards the Black Sea region which itself is full of contradictions. The newest initiative ‘Black Sea Synergy’ is an evidence for the new EU’s approach. Despite the difficulties with the scope and the frontiers of the Black Sea region, it is obvious that the region should be part of the wider pan-/ trans-European security concept.

• Being a neighbour of the ENP target countries, Bulgaria is very concerned about the stability of the Black Sea region. Bulgaria should offer its own accession experience to encourage Europeanization of the neighbouring countries.

List of references: 1.Aliboni Roberto “The Geopolitical Implications of the European Neighbourhood

Policy”, European Foreign Affairs Review 10: 1-16, 2005 2.Asmus Ronald D., “Developing a New Euro-Atlantic Strategy for the Black Sea

Region”, in: Istanbul Paper #2, The German Marshall Fund of the United States, p.5 3.Aydin Mustafa “The European Union and the Regional Institutions in the Black

Sea Area”, Paper presented on the International Conference “The European Union and the Black sea Region”, 6-7 October 2006, Varna, Bulgaria

4.BECSA, Bulgarian European Community Studies Association, ‘CFSP Watch 2005 – Bulgaria’, in: Annual reports on the CFSP by FORNET partners, FORNET, European Foreign Policy Research Network, 2005

50

5.Bekyarova Natalia “At the Service of Peace and Understanding” (15th Anniversary of the Establishing of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation), International Policy Journal, Winter 2007, South West University “Neophyte Rilsky” - Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria

6.Bonvicini, Gianni “The European Neighbourhood Policy and its linkage with the European Security”, in: ‘Wider Europe: Nordic and Baltic Lessons to Post-Enlargement Europe’, Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) Publications, Copenhagen, October 2006

7.Cameron Fraser “The European Neighbourhood Policy, As a Conflict Prevention Tool”, EPC Issue Paper No.47, June 2006

8.Celak Sergiu The European Union and Maritime Issues in the Black Sea Area, Paper presented on the International Conference “The European Union and the Black sea Region”, 6-7 October 2006, Varna, Bulgaria

9.Cremona Marise “The European Neighbourhood Policy: Legal and Institutional Issues”, Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law Stanford Institute for International Studies, Paper 25/2004, website: http://cddrl.stanford.edu

10. Cremona Marise “Enlargement: A Successful Instrument of Foreign Policy?”, in Takis Tridimas and Paolisa Nebbla,(eds), European Union Law for the 21st Century, Rethinking the New Legal Order, Vol I, London, Hart Publishing, 2004, p.409

11. Emerson Michael, Noutcheva Gergana and Nicu Popescu European Neighbourhood Policy Two Years on: Time indeed for an ‘ENP plus’, CEPS Policy Brief No.126/March 2007

12. Ferrero-Waldner Benita (2006), Die Europäische Nachbarschaftspolitik als Wohlstands- und Sicherheitsanker COSAC-Treffen (Conférence des Organes Spécialisés en Affaires Communautaires), Wien, 22. Mai 2006. SPEECH/06/325

13. Georgiev Adrian “The Black Sea Region. EU’s Black Sea Region Policies and Bulgaria’s Potential Contribution” Thesis for Degree of Master of European Studies, College of Europe, Bruges

14. Kahraman Sevilay “The European Neighbourhood Policy: The European Union’s New Engagement Towards Wider Europe”, Perceptions, Winter 2005

15. Kempe Iris and Kurt Klotzle “The Balkans and the Black Sea Region: Problems, Potentials, and Policy Options”, CAP Policy Analysis, 2/2006

16. Lang Kai-Olaf “Regeneration or Degeneration? EU Enlargement and the Future of Transatlantic Relations” in Andreas Maurer, Kai-Olaf Lang & Eugene Whitlock 9eds.), New Stimulus or Integration Backlash? EU Enlargement and Transatlantic Relations, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2004

17. Mednikarov Boyan “Factors forming the Security Environment in the Black Sea Region”, presentation on the 11th International Conference “Security and Defence Policy: International and Regional Organizations and the New Security Challenges”, Sofia, 14-15 June 2007

18. Missiroli Antonio “The ENP three years on:where from – and where next?”, European Policy Centre, Policy Brief, March 2007.

19. Nikolov Krassimir Y., “The European Neighbourhood Policy and Bulgaria – Challenges and Opportunities”, in: HAYOZ, Nicolas, Leszek JESIEN and Wim VAN MEURS, Enlarged EU – Enlarged Neigbhourhood. Perspectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy, Interdisciplinary Studies on Central and Eastern Europe, Vol. 2, 2005, p.271.

51

20. Pelczynska – Nalecz Katarzyna “The Enlarged European Union and its Eastern Neighbours: Problems and Solutions”, Centre for Eastern Studies, Warsaw, October 2003

21. Petrov Roman “Expectations of the neighbour countries”, available at http://www.iue.it/LAW/Events/ENP/ENPpresentations/Petrov.pdf

22. Popchev Petar “The European Union: Contribution to the Global Security and Stability” Sofia, 2006, p.204

23. Primatarova Antoinette “In search of two Distinct Tracks for Non-EU Europe and the European Neighbourhood”, in: HAYOZ, Nicolas, Leszek JESIEN and Wim VAN MEURS, Enlarged EU – Enlarged Neigbhourhood. Perspectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy, Interdisciplinary Studies on Central and Eastern Europe, Vol. 2, 2005, p.30.

24. Prodi, Romano “Wider Europe – A Proximity Policy as Key to Stability”, speech given at the Sixth ECSA World Conference on Peace, Stability and Security, Brussels, 5 December 2002

25. Smith Karen E. “The Outsiders: the European Neighbourhood Policy”, International Affairs, 4/2005, p. 757-778

26. Trenin Dmitri “Russia, the EU and the common neighbourhood”, in: CER Essays, Center for European Reform, September 2005. Available at: http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/essay%5Frussia%5Ftrenin%5Fsept05.pdf, 04.05.2006

27. Wissels Rutger “The Development of the European Neighbourhood Policy”, Foreign Policy in Dialogue, Volume 7 - Issue 19, 2006, “The New Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union. Perspectives from the European Commission, France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Moldova”, Edited by Marco Overhaus, Hanns W. Maull and SebastianHarnisch, http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de

Keywords: European Neighbourhood Policy, Neighbourhood Plus, transcontinental

security concept, European identity, Eastern neighbours, Black Sea dimension gabriela belova

bulgareTis damokidebuleba evropis

samezoblo politikaze

reziume

evrokavSiris geopolitikuri proeqtebis gafarToebbis Semdeg

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda evropis qveynebTan bulgareTis sa-

mezoblo politikis gaaqtiurebis sakiTxi. naSromSi ganxilulia ev-

ropul struqturebSi bulgareTis ekonomikuri integraciis, usaf-

rTxoebisa da politikur TanamSromlobis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxe-

bi.

52

ramaz surmaniZe

ucnobi gmiri

(baTumisaTvis brZolaSi dacemuli ali asaTiani)

aWaraSi damkvidrebuli pirveli asaTianis kvali imereTisken mi-

dis. amJamad asaTianTa mxolod sami ojaxi cxovrobs aWaraSi, sofel

orTabaTumSi. isini aq bevrni arasodes iyvnen. Tumca mxaris ganviTa-

rebasa da kulturul cxovrebaSi TvalsaCino kvali mainc datoves.

pirveli asaTianis, romelic aWaraSi damkvidrda, agreTve misi

Svilis xasanis Sesaxeb ojaxebSi araviTari cnoba araa darCenili,

xolo xasanis Svilis alis cxovreba da moRvaweoba calke ganxil-

vas imsaxurebs.

amJamad orTabaTumel asaTianTa sam ojaxSi 14 suli cxovrobs.

Cven saSualeba mogveca gavsaubrebodiT gvaris ramdenime warmomadge-

nels.

Teimuraz asaTiani (d. 1941 w.) ambobs, rom maTi modgma aWaraSi

300 wlis win dasaxlda. mamisa da papis monayoliT yvelaze Soreuli

winapari xasani yofila, romelic daaxloebiT 1855 wlis axlos

cxovrobda. xasanis mama iyo imereli kaci, romelic 10 wlis asakSi

gayides da baTumSi Camoiyvanes osmaleTSi gasamgzavreblad. biWi os-

malebs xelidan gausxltaT da gaeqcaT. mdevrebi gamoedevnen, magram

maT male Sewyvites biWis Zebna, radganac gemi gadioda, wasayvanad ki

kidev ramdenime tyve hyavdaT.

biWi baTumis uaxloesi soflis erT ojaxSi SeCerda, sadac is

Seifares, gazardes, gvaric SeunarCunes da adgilobriv qalze daa-

qorwines. ase gaCnda asaTianTa pirveli ojaxi aWaraSi, rac daaxloe-

biT 1835 wels unda momxdariyo.

imave sofelSi mcxovreb Tengiz asaTians (d. 1953 w.) winaprebisa-

gan axsovs, rom orTabaTumSi dasaxlebuli pirveli asaTiani 14

wlis asakSi Camoiyvanes imereTidan baTumSi, mihyides osmalos, rom-

lisganc gamoisyida orTabaTumelma qarTvelma kacma da iqve daasax-

la kidec.

amgvarad, orive SemTxvevaSi asaTianTa pirveli warmomadgenlis

Camosvla orTabaTumSi me-19 saukunis pirvel mesameds, daaxloebiT

1830-35 wlebs ar scildeba. amitom vTvliT rom maTi aWaraSi dasax-

leba daaxloebiT orasi wlis win unda momxdariyo.

samwuxarod, ar viciT im madliani orTabaTumeli kacis vinaoba,

romelmac saqarTvelos erTi RviZli Svili gadaarCina Soreul uc-

xoeTSi monobas, sakuTar miwaze daasaxla da daamkvidra, axalmosax-

lis namravlma ki sikeTiT, gmirobiT, keTilSobilebiT da qvelobiT

gamoiCina Tavi.

baTumelma omar asaTianma, romlic warmoSobiT wyaltubos rai-

onis sofel derCidanaa, gviTxra, rom 25-30 wlis win mSobliur so-

felSi yofnisas, mas TxovniT mimarTa xandazmulma Tanasoflelma,

dimitri asaTianma, gaego orTabaTumel TanamogvareebTan, xom arafe-

ri icodnen mis biZaze, mamis Zmaze, derCel asaTianze, romelic didi

53

xnis win raRac mizezis gamo osmaleTSi gadavida da ukan aRar mob-

runebula. es Txovna SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. swored maSin gaixsna

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis gza. dimitri asaTiani ki orTabaTumeli asaTi-

anebis meSveobiT cdilobs dakargulis povnas. xom ar mianiSnebs es

maTs naTesaur axloblobaze?

Cven SevecadeT mogveZia dokumenturi masalebic. marTalia, sak-

vlevi Tema bolomde mainc ver davazusteT, magram saSualeba mogve-

ca gamogveTqva zogierTi varaudi.

CvenTvis saintereso periodSi, me-19 saukunis pirvel mesamedSi,

firan asaTians erT-erTi arziT Tavisi Svili samegrelos mcxovreb-

ze daugiravebia (albaT misi vali hqonda), magram Semdeg Svili aRar

gamousyidnia. rogorc Cans, firanis Svili mevalem gayida, rasac di-

di dava da oficialuri wreebis mwvave gamoxmaureba mohyva. samegre-

los maSindelma mflobelma daviT dadianma (1812-1853), ekaterine Wav-

WavaZis (1815-1881) meuRlem, sagangebo brZaneba gamosca, romliTac sas-

tikad aikrZala aramarto ojaxis wevrebis, aramed xelqveiTi glexis

dagiravebac, romelsac brZanebis avtori `yovelTa gamogoneTagan

ucxos~ uwodebs.

es dokumenti daegzavna sujunis, jvaris, zubis, muris, zugdi-

dis, lailaSis, martviris da saWilaos mazris dianbegebs.

aseTi sayovelTao SfoTi, oficialuri brZanebis gamocema da

yvela mazraSi dagzavna marto dagirvebas ar mohyveboda. mamis mxri-

dan es saZraxisi saqcieli, rogorc Cans, misi Svilis gayidviT das-

rulda, rac arcTuise iSviaTi iyo maSindel dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si.

daviT dadianis brZaneba 1842 wlis 16 noembriTaa daTariRebuli.

Svilis dagiravebis Semdeg albaT wlebi gavida, firanma ki vali ver

gadaixada. am process, bunebrivia, Tan axlda xangrZlivi molaparake-

bebi, romlebic uSedegod dasrulda. mxolod amis Semdeg gadawyvita

mevalem dagiravebuli vaJis gayidva, romlsac TavisTavad kidev dro

dasWirdeboda tyveTa msyidvelis mosanaxavad.

Cveni varaudis qronologia uaxlovdeba 1835 wels, roca osma-

lebis xelidan Tavi daixsna 10 Tu 14 wlis tyvedmyofma biWma da or-

TabaTumel mcxovrebs Seefara. iyo Tu ara es biWi firan asaTianis

vaJi, danamdvilebiT verafers vityviT, Cven mxolod varaudis gamoT-

qmisa da mkiTxvelis winaSe sakiTxis dasmis uflebas vitovebT.

***

ali asaTianis biografiidan mwiri masalebi mogvepoveba. viciT

mxolod, rom igi daibada 1889 wels aWaris sofel orTabaTumSi

(xelvaCauris raioni). igi aq damkvidrebuli pirveli imereli asaTia-

nis SviliSvili da asaTianTagan pirveli gamuslimanebuli xasanis

Svilia.

baTumis skolebis moswavleTa saarqivo siebSi ali asaTianis

kvali ar Cans, amitom vfiqrobT, rom mas saojaxo ganaTleba hqonda

miRebuli. misi mama xasan asaTiani SeZlebulad cxovrobda. igi or-

54

TabaTumSi vrcel teritoriebs flobda. uZravi qoneba xasans mamis-

gan darCa, Tu sakuTari garjiT hqonda SeZenili, amas arsebiTi mniS-

vneloba ara aqvs. Tengiz asaTiani asaxelebs misi gvareulobis kuT-

vnil xuT heqtar farTobs, romelic CamoarTves da axalSenis sabWo-

Ta meurneobis fondSi Caricxes. adre es vrceli teritoriebi rusi

vaWris k.s. popovisaTvis miuyidniaT.

adre daoblebuli ali axalgazrdobaSive Seudga SromiT saqmia-

nobas. 12-13 wlis asakSi igi misive miwa-wyalze, amjerad ukve rusi

vaWris popovis kuTvnilebaSi myof teritoriebze Cais gaSenebaSi mo-

nawileobda. aq masTan erTad iyvnen asakiT ufrosi muSebi: ali kor-

Zaia, ermile mesxi, markoz JRenti, barnab mgelaZe, Sermadin doliZe,

domenti JRenti, barnab dadunaiSvili da sxv., romlebic saqmianobis

gasagrZeleblad plantaciebidan axlad aSenebul Cais fabrikaSi ga-

davidnen.

axlo warsulSi gamefebuli wesiT saqarTveloSi Camosuli, aq

uZrav-moZrav qonebas dauflebuli da auracxeli faseulobebiT gam-

didrebuli yvela pirovnebis qmedeba saqarTvelos mimarT megobro-

bad aRiqmeboda, xolo saidanRac Camoxetebuli yvela CarC-vaWari mo-

amaged iyo miCneuli. samwuxarod, aseT anomalias zogierTi Tanamed-

rove mkvlevaris naSromebSic SexvdebiT. me mxedvelobaSi ar myavs

ruseTidan da sxva qveynebidan Camosuli saqarTvelos WeSmariti me-

gobrebi, romlebmac marTlac didad gaamdidres qarTuli kultura

da mecniereba, aseve aqedan waiRes qveynis umdidresi istoria da

tradiciebi. mza CaiT movaWre k.s. popovi romelic saqarTveloSi pir-

velad 1892 wlis oqtomberSi gamoCnda, TbilisSi xelisuflebas ex-

la da baTumis SemogarenSi miwis SeZenis survili gamoTqva. ramdeni-

me Tvis Semdeg man salibaurSi Cais moSeneba daiwyo. rogorc Cans,

kavkasiis maSindelma mTavarmarTeblobam k. popovs farTod gauRo ka-

ri, raTa kanoniT Tu ukanonod Zvirfasi miwebi SeeZina.

k.s. popovi xSirad arRvevda kanons da miwebs adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobis Seviwroebis xarjze iZneda, rasac qarTveli sazogadoeb-

riobis, saxelmwifo qonebaTa uwyebaSi momuSave qarTveli moxeleebis

protesti mohyva. cnobili moRvawe da publicisti daviT miqelaZe

(1843-1919), gaz. `iveriaSi~ mevelis fsevdonimiT SeuerTda qarTvelTa

protests.

miuxedad amisa, popovi da misi damqaSebi kvlav TviTnebobdnen.

ar eridebodnen muSaTa fizikur dasjas. muSaTa moTminebis fiala

aivso maSin, roca zedamxedvelma umizezod garozga ali asaTianis

Tanamosaqme muSa Sermadin doliZe. amas gazeT `iveriaSi~ mohyva mkac-

ri saprotesto werili. Tumca kvlav gagrZelda adgilobriv mosax-

leobaze sastiki mopyroba da imis cda, rom SavzRvispireTSi ucxo-

tomelebi CamoesaxlebinaT. es ki xelisuflebis mTavari mizani iyo.

carizmis damokidebuleba mkvidri mosaxleobis mimarT popovam-

dec ukiduresad diskriminaciuli iyo. jer kidev 1886 wels, roca

orTabaTumsa da yorolisTavSi pirveli Cais plantatori solovcevi

gamoCnda, daiwyo mosaxleobis Seviwroeba, riTac dainteresda baTum-

Si myofi mwerali egnate ninoSvili. mas piradad usaubria erT-erT

55

mcxovrebTan, romelsac ganucxadebia, rom 21 welia, e.i. 1865 wlidan,

uWiravs mamuli, axla ki viRac daupatiJebeli stumari edaveba da mi-

si ayra daupirebia. miwaTmflobels veqilisaTvis miundvia es saqme,

romelsac egnatec esaubra.

rac ufro meti dro gadioda, imperiidan Camoxetebuli mewarmee-

bi da plantatorebi Caqvsa da orTabaTumSi ufro met miwebs aglej-

dnen mosaxleobas, araadamianurad amuSavebdnen da Cagravdnen. popov-

ma salibauridan orabaTumisaken mimavali gzac ki alayafis karebiT

gadaketa (am adgils axlac popovis WiSkars uwodeben).

Caqvis saufliswulo da popovis Cais mamulSi, agreTve Cais fab-

rikaSi dasaqmebulma muSebma autaneli pirobebis, abuCad agdebis, da-

bali anazRaurebis gamo (TveSi 15 maneTi), gaficva moawyves. Cais fab-

rikaSi. gaficvas xelmZRvanelobdnen: ali asaTiani, ali korZaia, ber-

senaZe (agitatori), ermile mesxi, markoz JRenti, Sermadin doliZe,

barnab mgelaZe da sxv. gaficvaSi aqtiurobda mamulis mebaRe da uc-

xo enebis (rusuli, arabuli, Turquli) mcodne, mustafa xalvaSi

(1853-1962), romelic sakuTar saxlSi atarebda farul krebebs da ga-

ficulebs proklamaciebs urigebda.

SeSinebulma mepatronem muSebis mxolod nawils moumata xelfa-

si, xolo danarCeni daiTxova da maT adgilas jariskacebi daiqirava.

daTxovnilTa Soris aRmoCnda ali asaTiani, romelmac darazma

Tanamosaqmeebi. isini Tavs daesxnen jariskacebs, Cais foToli gadau-

yares da fizikuradac gauswordnen. aseTi Setakeba ramdenjerme gan-

meorda. ali asaTianis razmelebma jariskacebTan mSvidobiani mola-

parakeba moaxerxes da daatovebines popovis mamuli.

700-mde muSa, romelTagan 400 popovis binebSi cxovrobda, xolo

300 adgilobrivi mcxovrebi iyo, did Zalas warmoadgenda, amitom xe-

lisuflebam mamulSi SeiaraRebuli aseuli Caayena da daavala muSa-

Ta mRelvarebisa da gaficvebis CaxSoba. arc am represiebma gamoiRo

Sedegi. ris gamo 1906 wels iZulebuli gaxdnen daexuraT Caqvis sa-

ufliswulo mamuli da popovis fabrika.

ali asaTiani yovelTvis am movlenebis SuagulSi iyo. reaqciis

wlebSi man gaqceviT uSvela Tavs (vin icis iqneb imereTs Seafara

Tavi), riTac dapatimrebas gadarCa. am dros is 17 wlisa iyo da gasa-

gebia, aseTi ambebis monawiles arsebuli wes-wyobilebis mimarT ro-

gori siZulvili amoZravebda.

ali asaTianis cxovrebis wess, garemocvas, ideur mimarTulebasa

da mrwamss Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom is yovelTvis

idga usamarTlobis, Zalmomreobisa da ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZo-

lis ferxulSi. sxvagvarad igi ver moxvdeboda mazniaSvilis samxed-

ro nawilSi, romelmac TavdadebiTa da simamaciT Tavisi gmroba oq-

ros asoebiT Cawera saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

***

rogor moxvda ali asaTiani general giorgi mazniaSvilis meb-

rZolTa Soris?

56

1921 wlis dasawyisSi baTumSi 3000-mde qarTveli jariskaci imyo-

feboda, magram saqarTvelos mTavrobis uniaTobiT isini meTaurebis

gareSe darCnen da daiqsaqsnen. gasaqcevad momzadebul mTavrobas er-

Tad-erTi gamosavali SerCa - bolSevikebTan molaparakeba, raTa daeC-

qarebina maTi jarebis baTumSi Semosvla. manamde ki dafantuli qar-

Tuli nawilebi unda SeekribaT da Turqebi qalaqidan gaeyvanaT.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam baTumis cixeSi myofi bolSevikebi, maT

Soris sergo qavTaraZe gaaTavisufla da mas ganucxada Tavisi gan-

zraxva _ qarTul jars saTaveSi Cadgomoda gamocdili mxedarTmTa-

vari generali mazniaSvili.

bolSevikebTan TanamSromlobaze giorgim uari ganacxada, magram

roca darwmunda, qalaq baTums safrTxe emuqreboda, pirad principeb-

ze uari Tqva da daTanxmda am winadadebas.

generalma dafantuli mebrZolebis saswrafo mobilizacia gamo-

acxada da jari qarTuli regularuli nawilebis, osmaleTSi moqme-

di qarTuli legionis yofili mebrZolebis da adgilobrivi moxali-

seebiT Seavso.

adgilobrivTa Soris iyvnen: axmed qiqava, abdul TxilaiSvili,

osman miqelaZe, Serif beriZe, suleiman iremaZe, memed jinWaraZe, ali

asaTiani da sxv.

daSlili da damarcxebuli qarTuli armiis mebrZolebi ruseT-

sa da oasmaleTs Soris gaformebuli megobrobis xelSekrulebis sa-

SiSroebam aRanTo da axali brZolisaTvis ganawyo. generalma mazni-

aSvilma maT, rogorc ityvian, saomari suli STabera. jaris nawilebs

Seematnen aWaris soflebidan moxaliseebad mosuli, patriotizmisa

da TavdadebisaTvis mzadmyofi axalgazrdebi, agreTve, adre artile-

riaSi namsaxurevi oci moxalise da mazniaSvilis razmSi Cairicxnen.

18 marts generalma mazniaSvilma qazim-beis ultimatumi gaugzav-

na, erT saaTSi daetovebina qalaqi da jari gaeyvana. vada uSedegod

amoiwura, ris gamo mebrZolebma brZolis dawyebis brZaneba miiRes.

pirvelive SetevisTanave, qarTulma jarma mowinaaRmdeges iseTi

dartyma miayena, rom mxolod mcireodeni winaaRmdegoba SeZlo, Sem-

deg Tavzardacemulma ukan daixia da sakmao danakargebiT Tavs uSve-

la. 18-20 marts baTumis da misi mimdebare soflebi mTlianad gaiw-

minda qazim-beis nawilebisagan.

ali asaTiani rogorc Cans, qarTul jarSi iricxeboda, an is un-

da miekuTvnos moxaliseTa kategorias, romelic Cairicxa saxeldaxe-

lod Seqmnil qarTul sajariso nawilSi, ibrZola da sakuTari sur-

viliT miitana sicocxle mSobliuri qalaqis gadarCenis samsxver-

ploze.

alis 6 Svili darCa. maTgan ori: 1. xasani da arifi meore msof-

lio omSi daiRupnen. xasani moldaveTSi ZmaTa sasaflaozea dakrZa-

luli, xolo minskSi daRupuli arifis saflavi ucnobia. osmanic sa-

mamulo omSi monawileobda, mravali jildoc miiRo da 1946 wels uv-

neblad dabrunda samSobloSi. alis ufrosi Svili iyo dursuni. mi-

si da osmanis STamomavloba amJamadac cxovrobs orTabaTumSi da

sxva soflebsa da qalaqebSi. alis qaliSvilTagan zeqie Tavis so-

57

felSi, haidar kaxiZeze, xolo kadrie gagraSi afxaz fsardiaze gaT-

xovda.

bolSevikuri reJimi erTxans baTumis brZolebSi daRupulebs

sabWoTa mebrZolebad Tvlida, magram sicrue male gamomJRavnda, ami-

tom xelisuflebam qarTvel mebrZolTa saflavi gaauqma da asfal-

tiT dafara. aseT viTarebaSi ali asaTianis da masTan erTad sxva 84

daRupuli gmiris saxelebi dResac aravis exsomeboda, rom ara baTu-

mis mowinave inteligenciis, erovnuli moZraobis axalgazrda wevre-

bis Zalisxmeva, romelTac daRupulTa dakarguli saflavis adgil-

mdebareobis mokvlevis, gaTxrebis Catarebis da sxva organizaciuli

saqmeebis mosagvareblad Seqmnes sagangebo komisia.

1990 wlis 19-28 maiss baTumis yofili azizies, SemdgomSi leni-

nis, aw ukve Tavisuflebis moedanze aRmoCnda 50 mebrZolis, maT So-

ris erTi qalis neSti. danarCeni daRupulebi, Tavad giorgi mazniaS-

vilis TqmiT, naTesavebma waasvenes da mSobliuri soflebis miwas mi-

abares.

sagangebo komisiis erTerTma aqtiurma wevrma, aw gardacvlilma

mecnierma, profesorma, malxaz sioriZem Tavisi sicocxlis bolo 20

weli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis Svilebis, daRupuli gmirebis

vinaobis dadgenas moaxmara. saqarTvelos arqivebsa da memuarul li-

teraturaSi arsebuli masalebis analiziT da respondentTa monaT-

xrobiT man saZmos saflavSi dakrZalulTa Soris daadgina 24 da

mSobliur miwas WirisufalTa mier mibarebuli 21 mebrZolis vinaoba.

maT Sorisaa orTabaTumeli ali xasanis Ze asaTiani.

ali asaTianis SviliSvilebi gviamboben, rom maTi babuas cxeda-

ri amoicno orTabaTumelma hafiz surmaniZem, romelic Tavadac mona-

wileobda sabrZolo operaciebSi. man Tavi daRupulis biZaSvilad

gamoacxada, sofelSi gadaasvena da dakrZala. ali centraluri gzis

marjvniv Zvel sasaflaos miabares ise, rom ukve damyarebuli sabWo-

Ta xelisuflebis SiSiT, araviTari warwera ar gaukeTebiaT. Svilebi

mcirewlovanni iyvnen, roca wamoizardnen gaiges, rom mama menSeviku-

ri armiis mebrZolad mounaTlavT, amitom im dros masze gamopatro-

neba veRaravin gabeda. ase daikarga ervonuli gmiris ali asaTianis

saflavic da saxelic.

minaweri: ojaxi wevrebisa da xandazmuli inforatorebis daxma-

rebiT, Tengiz TavdgiriZesTan erTad, 12 ivniss, mivakvlieT ali asa-

Tianis savaraudo saflavs. igi 1962 wels kubaSi daRupuli Wabukis

levan qiqavas panTeonis meore mxares mdebareobs. maTs saflavebs So-

ris soflis gza gadis. Cveni valia am adgilas axla mainc davdgaT

simboluri stela, romelzec baTumis SenarCunebisaTvis daRupuli

mebrZolis, erovnuli gmiris ali xasanis Ze asaTianis saxeli iqneba

aRbeWdili.

58

Тамаз Путкарадзе, Нурие Муратова

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ И НАУЧНО-КУЛЬТУРНЫХ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ

ВЕНГЕРСКОГО И ГРУЗИНСКОГО НАРОДА

Грузинская общественность всегда проявляла большой интерес к Венгрии. Наши контакты носили не только политический, но и культурный, экономический и боевой характер.

Такой же интерес проявляли и Венгери. Они издавна знали грузинскую культуру. В Грузинской и венгерскои печати публиковались материялы о грузино-венгерских связях, литературных отношениях, подчеркивалось единство веры, сходство исторических судеб, выразившееся в борьбе общих врагов.

Исторические, эти связи уходят в глубь веков. известний венгерский дипломат Иштвам Кокош (которого послала к Шаху Абасу I с дипломатической миссией) способствовал помагал к Царю Кахети Александру для устанавления контактов Австрийским императором Рудольфом.

Венгерские дипломати, находившиеся в Константинеполе, довольно часто передавали свом провительствам сведеня о Грузии.

В XVII веке, венгерски типограф Миклош Киш (тотфалуши) по заказу Грузинского царя Картли Арчила II, изготовил в Амстердаме первый печатный Грузинский шрифт для первой Грузинской типографии.

В XVIII веке в Тбилисской типографии царя Картли Вахтанг VI работал Венгерский типограф Михай Иштванович, который жил в Грузии (1708-1711гг). Он являлся учеником известного руминского деятелься Антимоза Ивериели (грузина). по просьбе Грузинского царя Вахтанга VI Антимоз Ивериели послал Михая Иштвановича в Тбилиси, который сделал улучшенный Грузинский шрифт и основал новую типографию.

При дворе Грузинского царя Ираклия II (1774-1798) жил венгерский граф Янош Копар. Иракли II через графа питался установить связь со странами Европи и имел через него тесные контакты с Венгерскими правителями. Янош Купер умер В Тбилиси в 1780 году.

Разные время в Грузии побивали известные Венгерские деятели. Янош Орлан (1770-1824), Иоклич Гергеи ( в 1815 г. они издали книгу о Грузии на латинская языке), Янош Беш (1838 г . он свои заметки о Грузии издал в Париже на францизкам язике) и т. д.

В 1836 г. В Венгрии был издан перевод части «Балавариани “. В 1888 г. в Будапеште вышла рецензия на перевод Артура Лаиста «Антология Грузинской поезии“.

В 80-х годах XIX века Грузинская интеллигенция задумав осушествить роскошное издание поемы Шота Руставели «Витязь В тигровой шкуре”, пригласила писать иллустрации к поеме известного художника Михая Зичи. Он путешествовал в месте Александром III по Грузии. Грузини попросили императору оставит в Грузию художника до двух месяцев для иллустрации поеми. Михаи Зичи этому работу посвятил 8 лет. Своим дружеским отношении к Грузии и ее культуре Зичи заслужил любов Грузинского народа и его имя до сих пор живет в Грузии. В Грузии Михая Зичи считают националбным художником, который иллюстрировал первое печатное иэдание эпоса руставели « Витязь в тигровой

59

шкуре “. сам художник птсал : я не хочу хвастаться, но мне кажется , что там , на кавказе , я оставил хорошую намять о мо м народе (,,Венгерские новости, №4, 1967), (Валдмюлер пригласил один из руских книазей в качестве учителя рисования для своих детей, но Валдмюлер рекомендовал вместе себя своего ученика М. Зичи итак оказался он в Россию. он бил придворным художнтком Николая I, Александра II, Александра III и Николая II.)

1889 году известний Венгерский деятель белая Викар встретился в финском селе Лахта с Михаем Зичи . Зичи познакомил Викага с ,,Вефхисткаосани”, изданном 1888 году Г. Картвелишвили иллюстрированнам самим Зичи и посоветовал молодому переводчику взаться за перевод поэму Шота Руставели на венгерский язык . спустя 20 лет, он приступил к выполнению обещаня, даного им Зичи. Одновременно он приступил к изучению грузинского языка , которым овладел в течение десяти лет. эму помагал молодой грузин Георгий цискараули, который дословно переводил ему поему на язык есперанто.Заключительную част поеми Беля Викар перевел при содействии Григола Церетели и Давида Толораия. Перевод завершен и книга быля издана в 1817 году, в Будапеште . Второй перевод поэми был осушестволен Шандором В решем в 1954 году. В 1965 году поэма была переведена в третый раз Иожефом Райманом.

Болшой любовью относился к грузии известный Венгерский деятел, доктор наук Лайош Тарди. Он несколько раз побивал в Грузию. ,, Впервые интерес к Грузии-писал он , появился у меня в этот период, когда обично вступаетвсвои права первая любовь. но первая любовь давним-давно ушла, а интерес к Грузии длится уже почти 30 лет, по степенно превратившись в пристрастие, нечто вроде ,,вечного попутчика''. мне было 16лет, когда в одном старинном Венгерском журнала я прочел что, с Венгерскей , которой в течение столетий грозили польным уничтожением немци с запада, а турки с юга, может правниться лишь одна страна-Грузия. Эго так же пытались завоевать то турки, то персы... В стате много говорилось о любви грузин к свободе, о других замечательних чертах у меня появился кокой-то особый интерес ко всему , связанному с вашей страной –писал Л. Тарда (Адж.гое.Архив.л/ф вл. мкервалишвили,л/ф №402, о.1, д №15, cтр. 111-112). Он полюбил Грузию и стал коллекционировать вс о родине Руставели. Первая работа о Грузии Л. Тарди опубликовал 1959 года (она была посвящена Якобу Рейннеггсу. Он научилься говорить по грузинскии и читать в подлинниках грузинские первоисточники.

В сентабре 1967 года в связи с декадой культуры Венгрии в грузии в Тбилиси прибила венгерская делегация . Среди гостей был и Л. Тарди. В октябре 1968 года, Тарги вместе супругой находился в Батуми. После етого он несколько раз побивал в Грузию (1969, 1973...)

1966 году он издал книгу о Грузино-Венгерских исторических и культурных связах, которая была переведена и напечатана на грузинском языке 1972 году. Уч нный показал,что Грузино-Венгерские связи имеют многовековую исторгю. Ешо в XV веке был поднисан союз о дружбе между Грузией и Венгерией.

В архиве Л. Тарди вся история венгерских путешественников. побывавших в Грузии начиная с монаха Юлиана, который ущу в 13-ом в. посетил грузинскую землю. Он собственном доме устроил настоящий музей. Одна из комнат его квартиры является своеобразным музеем Грузии в миниатуре.Там можна увидет редкое собрание грузинских книг, образцы грузинской национальной одежды, втом

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числе чоху с кинжалом, коллекции грузинских монет и вин и т. д. (Аджарский гос. архив, л/ф №402, оп.1. д.3).

1937 году , на заседании уч нного совета Института истории, археологии и Этнографии АН Грузии, Л, Тарги зашитил докторскую дисертацию на теме: ,,грузия обшественном мнении им. Атила Иожефа, где он читал лекции по истории Грузинской йивилизайии, 1980-81 гг. историю Грузии средних веков.

Лаиош Тарди – этот только один яркий пртмер в многограгной деятельности грузинских и Венгерских ученых. Научные контакты крепнут год от года. В Будапеште создали сильная школа Картвелологов. Грузинской этнографией плодотворно занимался Мартин Иштванович. Мартина Иштвановича можно назвать воспитанникомТвилисского государственного университета.Он являлся аспирантом кафедры древно-грузинской литературы Тбилисского университета. Под руководством профессора Ксения Сихарулидзе он защитил кандидатскую диссертацию по грузинскому фолклору. рлодотворние научные связи сложилис у М. Иштвановича (которий работал Будапештском университете) с заведующим отделом фольклора Батумского научно-иследователского института Джемалом Ногаидели. М. Иштванович своих трудах доказал, что без грузинского фольклора нельзя рассматривать основные проблемы мирового фольклора. С одной стороны грузинский фольклор связан с греческим. а с другой стороны – с восточным. Он доказал. что в грузинском фольклоре есть все те признаки, которые присуще западному и восточному фольклорам. Это было всемирным признанием грузинского фольклора.

В 1981 году в Венгрии появилась богатая по содержанию Антология грузинской прозы «Рог для вина» (100 грузинских стихов). В создании книги большую роль сыграло то, что директор издательства «Европа» Янош Домокош побивал в Грузии и познакомился там с Мананой Саладзе, прекрасно знающей венгерский язык и переводящей с него.

Будапештском университете читали курс грузинского языка. При кафедре востоковедения университета создали группа кавказоведов. Интересные материалы из истории, културы, литературы нашего края собраны в национальном и государственном этнографическом музеях Венгрии, музее народов восточной Азии имени Ференца Хоппи,в рукописном отделе Академии наук Венгрии, в доме-музее Михая Зичи, в селе Заала. Грузинские учени обнаружили около трехсот древнегрузинских памятников – этнографических, культурных, археологических, ранее не известных ученым (Аджарский гос. архив, л/ф №402, оп.1. д.3, стр. 115). Найдены, что первый польный перевод «Витязя в тигровой шкуре» на венгерском языке был выполнен Бела Викаром с оригинала, то ест с грузигского языка. Обнаружены новые имена грузин, живших в Венгрии и помогавших Викару в переводе произведения (Аджарский гос. архив, л/ф №402, оп.1. д.3, стр.115), а также. уникальные грузинские национальние костюмы быта, не сохранившиеся уже в Грузии, орудия труда, музыкальные инструменты, чеканные изделия, первый рукописный диалектологический словарь грузино-менгрелско-сванско-осетинского язиков.

Большой друг грузинского народа Бела Куппер, известний Венгерский деятель 5 лет жил в Грузии, г. Батуми. Там же нашел свое личное счастиье, обрел семью. Находяс в Батуми, он не преставал восхишатся его людьми, природой, морем.

Яркий пример братской дружбы является совместная борба за свабоду и мира в период второй мировой воины за освобождннию Венгрии. Вместе Венгерскими

61

народами сражалис и мой соотечественники: Амиран Гургенидзе, Георги Сабашвили, Хасан Халваши, Георги Цинцадзе, Георгий Мушкудиани, Капитон Гоголадзе, Герман мжаванадзе, Увтихи Николаишвили, Ражден Хабеишвили, Георгии Чхатараишвили, Федор Ломтатидзе, Зураб Нанеишвили и другие. Много из них пали смертью храбрых за освобождение Венгрии от фашистских захватчиков. Среди них: Мамия Дарчия (из села Капрешуми), Георгий Авджишвили (из села Джочо), Тариел Абуладзе (из Батуми) и т. д.

После второй мировой войны венгеро-Грузинская дружба наполнилось новым содержанием. Яркой страницей этих отношений являлся создание общества грузино-венгерской дружбы. В Батуми было создана региональное отделения етого общества.

Особую значимость приобретает научные и культурные контакты и современном этапе. Продолжается научные контакти между Батумским и Сегедским университетам, которому закладивал фундамент Лаиош Тарди. Соотстввенно, с целью углубления связей, мы должни обмениватся студентами и профессорами, устроит совместные научные экспедиций, проведит конференции и т. д.

Все это, в конечном счете, благоприятно будут отражается и способствоват развитию дальнейшему укреплению братской дружбы между нашими народами.

Источники: 1. Адж.гоc.Архив.л/ф. Вл. Мкервалишвили № 402, о. 1, д . № 3, 15

62

elguja Caganava

diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis istoriidan

sakonsuloebi baTumSi

baTumi kolxeTis Zlierebis epoqaSi mniSvnelovani samxedro da

savaWro navsadguri iyo. igi Sav zRvaze gonios cixesTan erTad,

Tavdacvisa da Setevis zRudes warmoadgenda. baTums Tavidanve dae-

kisra satranzito fumqcia. evropis qveynebisaken mimavali saxmeleTo

da sazRvao gzebi baTumze gadioda.

me-16 saukunidan saqarTvelos mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT dam-

Zimda. am periodisaTvis didi erovnuli gansacdelis Jams saqarTve-

los politikuri orientacia erTmorwmune ruseTisaken gadaixara.

ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi SeuTavsebeli

iyo inglisisa da safrangeTis interesebTan. amitom inglisi da saf-

rangeTi iran-osmaleTis meSveobiT cdilobdnen ruseTis gandevnas

saqarTvelodan da maT samxedro-ekonomikur daxmarebas uwevdnen.

Sav zRvaze batonobisaTvis ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi warmoebda brZola. miznis misaRwevad saWiro iyo

xmeleTze fexis mtkiced mokideba. am mxriv carizmi da ruseTis kapi-

talizmi baTums umiznebdnen, rogorc Sav zRvaze yvelaze xelsay-

rel sanavsadguro qalaqs.

1878 wlidan daiwyo baTumis ganviTarebis periodi. 1903 wlisaT-

vis baTumSi ukve arsebobda 29 samrewvelo dawesebuleba. baTumma

msoflio saxeli umTavresad navTobis produqtebis vaWrobiT moixve-

Wa, romelic azerbaijanidan Semodioda. baTumis msoflio mniSvnelo-

bis saporto qalaqad gadaqcevas da mis Semdgom ganviTarebas xeli

Seuwyo amierkavkasiis rkinigzis baTum-samtrediis Stos mSeneblobam,

romelic daiwyo 1880 wels da eqsploataciaSi Sevida 1883 wlis 21

marts. am periodisaTvis baTumSi moqmedebda 9 msxvili firma da nav-

Tobis warmoebis xuTi qarxana: rotSildis, manTaSevis (ori qarxana),

xaCaturiancis da sideredisis. navTobproduqtebis uzarmazari mara-

gis arsebobam baqoSi didad Seuwyo xeli baTumis navsadguris mniS-

vnelobis gazrdas msoflio qveynebis TvalSi. amitomac igi mravali

qveynis dainteresebis mizezi gaxda. isini eswrafodnen TavianTi eko-

nomikuri interesebis sferos gafarToebas. qalaqSi ixsneboda sxva-

dasxva qveynis sakonsuloebi da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi.

aWaris saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi masalebis mixedviT 1902

wlisaTvis baTumSi funqcionirebda 14 qveynis diplomatiuri warmo-

madgenloba:

1. avstria-ungreTis sakonsulo, kuCinis saxlSi, yofil marines

da tiflisis quCebis kveTaSi, konsuli- jon stivensi;

2. belgiis sakonsulo, marine-Sibaevis prospeqti, konsuli _ o.

diebeli;

3. didi britaneTis sakonsulo, jaianis saxlSi, konsuli _

patrik stivensi;

63

4. germaniis sakonsulo, xunwarias saxlSi, olginskis quCa _

konsuli – burkvardti;

5. saberZneTis sakonsulo, d. angelidisis saxlSi, konsuli – a.

pavlidisi;

6. daniis sakonsulo, soboris Sesaxvevi, konsuli g. x. varenski;

7. italiis sakonsulo, kubir-aRa xerazis saxlSi, morskaias qu-

Ca _ konsuli _ ernest sponioli;

8. iranis sakonsulo, xunwarias saxli, olginskis quCa _ konsu-

li _ mirza aRa xani;

9. Crdilo amerikis gaerTianebuli Statebis, marinis prospeqti

(safosto saxlTan), konsuli jon Cembersi;

10. amierkavkasiaSi niderlandebis sakonsulo, dondukov korsa-

kis quCa _ konsuli genrix blei;

11. TurqeTis generaluri sakonsulo, Tavad maCablis saxli, sme-

kalovkas quCa, konsuli _ sadin bei;

12. safrangeTis sakonsulo, xunwarias saxli, korsakovskaias qu-

Ca, konsuli _ delakrua;

13. SvedeT-norvegiis sakonsulo, balaSkovskis saxlSi, bulvaris

quCa, konsuli _ gagoti;

14. iaponiis sakonsulo, kaspiisa da Savi zRvis navTobmrewvis da

vaWrobis organizaciis saxlSi, smekalovkis quCa, konsuli a. n. van-

celti.

1903-1907 wlebSi muSaTa klasis reoluciurma gamosvlebma gamo-

iwvia baTumis mrewvelobisa da navTobis eqsportis dacema. 1910 wli-

dan daiwyo mrewvelobis gamococxleba. baTumma, rogorc amierkavka-

siis pirvelxarisxovanma sanavsadguro qalaqma, kvlav daibruna Zve-

li funqcia. navTobproduqtebis garda baTumidan sazRvargareT gae-

dineboda mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis produqtebi. im droi-

saTvis baTumis portis tvirTbrunva Seadgenda 24.2006. 709 fuTs.

me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi baTumSi fun-

qcionirebda wamyvani evropuli qveynebis diplomatiuri warmomadgen-

lebi. 1918 wels: germaniis (paskeviCis q. #14); Sveicariis (beibuTikis

q. #15); Sveciis (velkovniazis q#54); osmaleTis (sartosvedi #2);

sparseTis (gudokiCis q. #7); litvis (aleqsandrovis q. #7); espaneTis

(anastasievis q. #11); poloneTis (didi Tavad kuizus q. #11/59); ameri-

kis (veniaminovis q. #15); inglisis (internacionalis quCa, saxli #24)

da ukrainis saelCoebi.

1921 wlisaTvis baTumSi funqcionirebda: germaniis sakonsulo

(konsuli - karlo Teopoldis-Ze korneozini), sparseTis sakonsulo

(8 TanamSromliT), italiis sakonsulo (konsuli antonio gubi / /tu-

bi, 5 TanamSromliT), Sveciis sakonsulo (konsuli a. teixleri, 5 Ta-

namSromliT), avstriis rwmunebuli (e.i. granci), Aaerbaijanis ssr sa-

konsulo (konsuli isaxan baxrami, 6 TanamSromliT), espaneTis vice

sakonsulo (konsuli - q. varseniani, 3 TanamSromliT), estoneT-lit-

vis sakonsulos warmomadgenloba (abram iakobis Ze guzaki), latviis

(i. blunbergi), daniis vice konsuli (kanreve genrix genrixis Ze), Sve-

icariis sakonsulos saagento (mdivani gosveir gustav karlovis Ze;

64

Semdgom albert albertisZe loreni), sparseTis sakonsulo (konsu-

li isan-xan baxrami), ,,ispanis” Statis vice _ sakonsulo (konsuli a.

o parsengiani), ,,ispanis” vice – sakonsulo funqcionirebda jer ki-

dev evropis omamde. saomari moqmedebebis gamo sakonsulo evakurire-

buli iqna TbilisSi, xolo 1919 wlidan gadmovida baTumSi. xeli-

suflebis organoebi yovelmxriv uSlidnen xels ucxo qveynis sakon-

suloebis da maTi warmomadgenlobebis saqmianobas. usafuZvlo mize-

zebis gamo (sanitaruli, aseve sxva gadasaxadebis gadauxedloba, ga-

daxdis dagvianeba da a. S.) xSiri iyo dapatimrebebi.

1921 wlidan, saqarTvelos demokratiuli xelisuflebis damxobis

Semdeg aRniSnuli sakonsuloebi faqtiurad daixura. Tavisi saqmiano-

ba ganagrZo mxolod TurqeTis generalurma sakonsulom. 1923 wels ba-

TumSi gaixsna sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-

tis diplomatiuri saagento, romlis mTavari mizani iyo TurqeTis ge-

neralur sakonslosTan muSaoba.

baTumis diplomatiuri saagento, misi kompetenciis farglebSi

upirispirdeboda generaluri sakonsulos saqmianobas saqarTvelos

samxreT-dasavleT regionSi-aWaraSi TurqeTis gansakuTrebuli inte-

resebis gasatareblad, asrulebda garkveul funqciebs wamoWrili

sakiTxebis operatiulad gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT.

1988 wlis seqtemberSi diplomatiuri saagento sabWoTa kavSiris

sagareo saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenlobad gadakeTda, Tumca mi-

si funqciebi ucvleli darCa.

1989 wlamde warmomadgenlobas moskovidan movlenili rusi

erovnebis diplomatebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. 1989 wlis bolos aq pir-

velad dainiSna adgilobrivi kadri. warmomadgenlobis roli da

mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda 1989 wlis 1 seqtemberidan, sar-

fis gamSvebi punqtis gaxsnis Semdeg. warmomadgenloba faqtiurad er-

TaderTi organo iyo, romelic axorcielebda amierkavkasiis respub-

likebis moqalaqeTa sakonsulo momsaxurebasa da TurqeTis terito-

riaze maTi kanonieri uflebebis dacvas.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg daisva aR-

niSnuli warmomadgenlobis saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saminis-

trosaTvis gadacemis sakiTxi. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministro

pretenzias acxadebda q. baTumSi arsebul Senobaze da mas momavalSi

ruseTis sakonsulo dawesebulebebis bazad ganixilavda.

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilis m. uklebasa

da warmomadgenlobis xelmZRvanelobis ZalisxmeviT 1994 wels Seiq-

mna saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenloba q. ba-

TumSi, damtkicda misi debuleba, aRiricxa qoneba, Senoba ki sagareo

saqmeTa saministros balansze gadavida.

saqmianobis mTavari mimarTuleba TurqeTis generalur sakonsu-

losTan muSaoba iyo. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTma araerTxel ga-

nacxada saqarTvelosTan megobruli da keTilmezobluri urTierTo-

bis Sesaxeb, misi interesebi, kerZod aWaris regionis mimarT, kvlav

aqtualuri rCeba. Aam mimarTebiT aqtiur muSaobas ganagrZobs Turqe-

Tis generaluri sakonsulo q. baTumSi. warmomadgenloba is qvedana-

65

yofi iyo, romelic axerxebda, adgilobrivi specifikis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, am saqmianobis ganeitralebas da sakiTxebis operatiulad ga-

dawyvetas. uSiSroebis organoebTan erToblivi muSaobiT aRikveTa

qveynis sazianod mimarTuli ara erTi qmedeba.

amasTan erTad, warmomadgenloba aqtiur muSaobas eweoda saqar-

Tvelos moqalaqeebis interesebis dasacavad, saTanado kontroli

xorcieldeboda ucxoeli moqalaqeebis saqmianobaze, Caatara ara er-

Ti RonisZieba, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs

Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobis ganviTarebas.

warmomadgenlobis mier moziduli saxsrebi – sakonsulo da

sxva mosakreblebi – romlebic calkeul wlebSi milion dollars

aWarbebda, uklebliv iricxeboda qveynis centralur biujetSi, Tum-

ca a. abaSiZis mxridan iyo am Tanxebis nawilis aWaris biujetSi Ca-

ricxvis mcdeloba.

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba

hqonda warmomadgenlobis mier garkveuli sakonsulo funqciebis Ses-

rulebas. (dabadebis an qorwinebis mowmobebis, mindobilobis, yovel-

dRiurad aucilebeli sxva dokumentebis legalizaciisaTvis Tbilis-

Si gamgzavreba ekonomikurad isedac gaWirvebul xalxs damatebiT

siZneleebs Seuqmnida).

saqarTvelos sagareo saministros damoukidebel erTeulad Ca-

moyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT 2006 w. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa

warmomadgenlobam q. baTumSi arseboba Sewyvita.

dReisaTvis qalaq baTumSi ara erTi evropuli qveyana apirebs sa-

konsuloebis gaxsnas, rac xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

ucxoeTis warmomadgenlebTan yoveldRiur urTierTobas, mniSvnelov-

nad gaaumjobesebs wamoWrili problemebis erTobliv gadawyvetas.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. f.r--82,aRw-1, saq-20, f-112,

2. f.r-1, aRw-1, saq-4,f-14,

3. f.i-1, aRw—1, saq-704,f-10

4. f.r-1, aRw-1, saq-2, f-47

5. f.r-1, aRw-1, saq-4.

6. v. siWinava, `baTumis istoriidan~, baT. 1958 w.

Elguja Chaganava

From history of diplomatic missions – Consulates in Batumi

Summary

Batumi was the most important military and trading port in the Black Sea; this is why it was in other states political interests’ field. In article is represented diplomatic missions opened by foreign countries. Particularly, that time in Batumi was functioned 14 consulates.

66

Tea qaTamaZe

aWaris saganmanaTleblo centrebi da

pedagogebi 1880-1910-ian wlebSi

aWara saqarTvelos uZvelesi da ganuyofeli mxare ZvelTaganve

gamoirCeoda qristianuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kerebiTa da

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganaTlebisadmi daucxromeli surviliT.

TurqTa 300 wlianma batonobam aRniSnuli kerebi mTlianad moSa-

la, saganmanaTleblo sistema daaknina. ganaTlebis ZiriTadi mizani

muslimanuri religiis Seswavla gaxda, romlis misaRwevad “medreses”

tipis saswavleblebic sakmarisi iyo, magram 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-

TurqeTis omSi ruseTis gamarjvebis Semdeg, rodesac baTumi gaxda ba-

Tumis olqis administraciuli centri, aucilebeli gaxda Seqmniliyo

swavla-ganaTlebis axali kerebi. am problemis mogvarebiT aramarto

qarTveli sazogadoeba iyo dainteresebuli, aramed ruseTis imperia-

listuri Zalebi, radganac maT surdaT saxelisuflebo sadaveebis

xelSi Cagdeba da ganaTlebuli moxeleebis aRzrda. AaWaris saqarTve-

losTan dabrunebis da WavWavaZe ambobda: “exla Cven erTi udidesi mo-

valeoba gvawevs, Zmebs Zmurad unda davxvdeT, yvelgan da yvelaferSi,

unda imaTTvisac Tavi gamovidoT, rogorc CvenTvis. Tu WirSi uZmebT,

WirSi miveSveleT, Cveni erTmaneTis daurRvevelis kavSiris gabmac ueW-

velia, es ismineT da gaigeT qarTvelobav”. am mowodebas gamoexmaurnen

qarTveli sazogado moRvawe qalebi. isini moiTxovdnen aWaraSi ganaTle-

bisa da kulturis aRorZinebis mizniT gaxsniliyo qarTuli skolebi.

iakob gogebaSvili am faqtTan dakavSirebiT werda: “Cveni Zmebi,

Cveni sisxlxorceuli CvenTan erTad mebrZoli Savi dRisa” Cveni gmi-

rebis bude, Cveni uwindelis ganaTlebis da swavlis akvani, Zveli sa-

qarTvelo DdRes Cven SemogvierTda”

mesxi detalurad aRwers 1878 wlis ivnisSi TbilisSi Camosuli

Serif ximSiaSvilisa da m. mefisovis (artaanis olqis mflobeli)

stumrobas stefane meliqiSvilis ojaxSi, sadac ganixileboda aWaris

zogadi problemebi. Am werilSi Cans Serif begis tkivili. is ambobs:

,,kai iqneba batonebo, rom aWarelebic qarTvelebTan iyvnen SeerTebu-

li, magram Tu agi ar iqneba, saca unda iqnen vinatroT, erTad iy-

vnen..... ganaTlebai eWirveba batono imaT, amdeni axalgazrda kacebi

xarT, ganaTlebulebi gaicaniT, zogi aq moiyvaneT Skola gamarToT,

aswavleT da ase unda, aba ra Zma xarT Tu ise abdlurad datevT?!”

(gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1878 #126)

Serif begis es tkviliani naTqvami gulTan miitana mowinave qar-

Tulma sazogadoebam. ilia WavWavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo aqti-

uri muSaoba skolebis dasaarseblad mxaris oficialur mmarTvelo-

basTan erTad.

didi ilia WavWavaZisa da xusein abaSiZis ZalisxmeviT 1881 wlis

martSi baTumSi gaixsna pirveli qarTuli skola.

67

1882 wels konstantine erisTavis TaosnobiT da iniciativiT ba-

TumSi gaixsna qalTa orwliani saswavlebeli, romelic mogvianebiT

mariamis saxelobis qalTa progimnaziad gadakeTda.

1889 wlis 8 oqtombers gaixsna baTumis saostato-saxelosno sas-

wavlebeli.

1897 wels gaixsna baTumis vaJTa gimnazia.

1899 wels baTumSi gaixsna qalTa erTklasiani saswavlebeli.

1910 wlis monacemebiT Sedgenil da beWdurad gamocemul “baTumis

olqis mimoxilvaSi”, romelic daculia quTaisis centraluri arqivis

“quTaisis guberniis mmarTvelobis“ fondSi (f.130.s.258), mocemulia yve-

la is saswavlebeli, romelic imdroisaTvis baTumSi arsebobda. Camo-

naTvali iwyeba misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis didi mTavris mixeil

nikolozis Zis saxelobis vaJTa gimnaziiT, romelic daarsebuli iyo

1890 wels, baTumis qalTa gimnazia, daarsebuli 1890 wels, baTumis saqa-

laqo saswavlebeli, daarsebuli 1881 wels, baTumis saostato-saxe-

losno saswavlebeli, daarsebuli 1911 wels. baTumis olqis saswavleb-

lebi iyofoda saxazino da sazogadoebriv saswavleblebad.

saxazino saswavleblebi:

xolodnaia-slobodas dawyebiTi orklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1895 wels;

Curuk-sus vaJTa dawyebiTi orklasiani saswavlebeli, daarsda

1895 wels.

sazogadoebrivi saswavleblebi:

baTumis berZnuli saqalaqo orklasiani dawyebiTi saswavlebe-

li, daarsda 1866 wels;

baTumis puSkinis saxelobis pirveli erTklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1899 wels;

baTumis puSkinis saxelobis meore erTklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1903 wels;

baTumis puSkinis saxelobis mesame erTklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1896 wels;

baTumis gogolis saxelobis meoTxe erTklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1903 wels;

baTumis puSkinis saxelobis mexuTe erTklasiani saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1908 wels;

baTumis sarkinigzo normaluri saswavlebeli, daarsda 1907

wels;

qedis orklasiani normaluri saswavlebeli, daarsda 1903 wels;

murRulis orklasiani normaluri saswavlebeli, daarsda 1909

wels;

xulos orklasiani normaluri saswavlebeli, daarsda 1897wels;

barcxanis erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli, daar-

sda 1909 wels;

borCxos erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli, daarsda

1909 wels;

kvirikis erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli, daarsda

1904 wels;

68

maradidis erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli, daar-

sda 1909 wels;

orTabaTumis erTklasiani soflis saswavlebeli, daarsda 1907

wels;

saTlel-rabaTis erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1898 wels;

samwyaros erTklasiani soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli, daar-

sda 1909 wels;

Curuk-sus qalTa erTklasian soflis dawyebiTi saswavlebeli,

daarsda 1901 wels;

erge-Caqvis erTklasiani dawyebiT saswavlebeli, daarsda 1909

wels;

baTumis somxuri kaTolikuri saswavlebeli, daarsda 1892 wels;

1910 wels baTumSi iyo saeklesio-samrevlo skola.

dokumentebSi warmodgenilia dasaxelebul skolebSi moRvawe pe-

dagogTa siebi, arqivSi daculi dokumentebis mixedviT.

1. abakarova isabena abakaraRa oRli, Curuk-sus orklasiani nor-

maluri saswavleblis zedamxedveli, 53 wlis, muslimani, aqvs wm.

anas III xarisxis da wm. stanislavis III xarisxis ordeni, 1884 wels

daamTavra kavkasiis samaswavleblo seminariis sruli kursi, 1884

wels moewyo agdaSis saerobo saswavleblis meore maswavleblad,

1886 wels zedamxedveli iyo Soxlinskis saero saswavlebelSi, 1895

wels dainiSna Curuk-sus normaluri I saswavleblis zedamxedvelad,

ucolo, xelfasi wliurad 450 man. (q.c.a.f.92,s.37.f.1-2);

2. astafeeva nina aleqsandres asuli _ baTumis gogolis saxe-

lobis saqalaqo dawyebiTi saswavleblis maswavlebeli, 26 wlis,

marTlmadidebeli, 1904 wels miiRo Svidi klasis ganaTleba baTumis

qalTa gimnaziaSi, 1910 wels daamTavra rva klasi peterburgis qalTa

gimnaziaSi, 1911 wels daiwyo muSaoba baTumis gogolis saxelobis

saqalaqo dawyebiT saswavlebelSi, gauTxovari, xelfasi wliurad

800 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.37f.3-4);

3. golovCenko andria pavles Ze _ baTumis sarkinigzo saswav-

leblis maswavlebeli, 28 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1901 wels daam-

Tavra ekaterinodaris saqalaqo eqvsklasiani saswavleblis pedago-

giuri kursi swavlebis uflebiT orklasian saswavlebelSi, 1901

wels dainiSna kalbaSis orklasian saswavlebelSi, 1902 wels dainiS-

na zedamxedvelad buksogutlinis orklasian saswavlebelSi, 1904

wels gadayvanil iqna zedamxedvelad kolakinis erTklasian saswav-

lebelSi, 1905 wels dainiSna elisavetopolis sarkinigzo saswavle-

belSi, 1911 wels maswavleblad dainiSna baTumis sarkinigzo saswav-

lebelSi, daojaxebulia elene ivanes asul semenisinze, xelfasi

wliurad 480 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.37.f.17-18);

4. goman nikoloz nikolozis Ze - baTumis eqvsklasiani saqala-

qo dawyebiTi sswavleblis maswavlebeli, SeTavsebuli aqvs muzeumis

xelmZRvanelis Tanamdeboba amave saswavlebelSi xelsaqmeebTan da-

kavSirebiT, 46 wlis marTmadidebeli, miiRo saojaxo ganaTleba, xel-

saqme iswavla odesaSi da moskovSi, 1895 wels moewyo baTumis eq-

69

vsklasian saqalaqo saswavlebelSi xelsaqmis maswavleblad, 1906

wels moewyo baTumis saqalaqo dawyebiT saswavlebelSi, 1909 wels

kavkasiis saswavlo olqis samzrunvelos brZanebiT dainiSna xel-

mZRvanelad baTumis eqvsklasian saswavlebelTan arsebul muzeumSi

da saxelosnoSi, romelic am muzeumTan arsebobda. Ddaojaxebulia

severina konstantines asul merJoevskize, Svili nikolozi 23 wlis,

marTlmadidebeli. xelfasi wliurad 600man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.37.f19-20);

5. zaxarova giorgi stefanes Ze _ baTumis puSkinis saxelobis

saqalaqo dawyebiTi erTklasiani saswavleblis kolegiis registra-

tori, 46 wlis, somxur-grigorianuli sarwmunoebis, 1887 wels daam-

Tavra sruli kursi kavkasiis samaswavleblo seminariis, 1887 wels

dainiSna jvarcmis erTklasian saswavlebelSi, 1896 wels gadayvanil

iqna baTumis qalaqis sadireqcio saswavlebelSi, 1906 wels baTumis

qalaqis sammarTvelos mier dainiSna maswavleblad baTumis puSkinis

saxelobis saqalaqo dawyebiT erTklasian saswavlebelSi, xelfasi

wliurad 600 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.37.f.53-54);

6. ivanova antonina ilias asuli _ baTumis erTklasiani sarki-

nigzo saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli, 28 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1904

wels daamTavra didi mTavris Tbilisis olga Teodores asulis

qalTa gimnazia, 1904 wels dainiSna maswavleblad samtrediis sarki-

nigzo saswavlebelSi, 1906 wels gadayvanil iqna elisavetopolis

sarkinigzo saswavlebelSi 1909 wels aleqsandropolis sarkinigzo

saswavlebelSi, 1911 wels dainiSna baTumis sarkinigzo saswavleblis

xelmZRvanelad, gauTxovari, xelfasi wliurad 700 man.

(q.c.a.f.92.s.37.f.58-59);

7. lolua maria elizbaris asuli _ baTumis saqalaqo dawyebiTi

saswavleblis xelsaqmis maswavlebeli, 30 wlis, marTlmadidebeli,

1902 wels daamTavra Tbilisis kerZo profesiuli saswavlebeli, aqvs

mowmoba Tbilisis saxelosno mmarTvelobis. 1905 wels daiwyo muSao-

ba baTumis saqalaqo dawyebiT saswavlebelSi, gauTxovari.

8. qarcivaZe sofio ioTamis asuli _ baTumis pirveli qarTuli

erTklasiani gimnaziis maswavlebeli, 30 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1898

wels daamTavra quTaisis wm. Nninos saswavlebeli,1899 wels daiwyo

muSaoba ozurgeTis saqalaqo saswavlebelSi, gauTxovari, xelfasi

wliurad 800 man (q.c.a.f.92.s.37.f.71-72);

9. magilnaia maria gabrielis asuli _ Curuk-sus erTklasiani

qalTa saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli, 30 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, daam-

Tavra quTaisis wm. Nninos saswavleblis 9 klasi. 1905 wels moewyo

maswavleblad baTumis qalTa saswavlebelSi, 1906 wlidan Curuk-sus

qalTa saswavleblis xelmZRvanelia, gauTxovari, xelfasi wliurad

400 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.1-2);

10. mesxi qeTevan ivanes asuli_ baTumis meore qarTuli saqalaqo

dawyebiTi saswavleblis maswavlebeli, 24 wlis, marTlmadidebeli,

1907 wels daamTavra baTumis qalTa gimnaziis sruli kursi da mieca

atestati, 1908 wels dainiSna baTumis saqalaqo muslimanur saswav-

lebelSi, 1911 wels gadayvanil iqna meore qarTuli saqalaqo dawye-

biT saswavlebelSi, xelfasi wliurad 800 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.16-17);

70

11. muradovi ivane qristefores Ze _ Curuk-sus normaluri sas-

wavleblis maswavlebeli, 25 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1907 wels daam-

Tavra quTaisis samaswavleblo seminaria, amave welsve dainiSna mas-

wavleblad erevnis saxalxo saswavleblis direqciis baSnaraSebis

saswavlebelSi, 1912 wels gadayvanil iqna murRulis skolaSi, 1910

wels warmatebuli msaxurebisaTvis dajildoebuli iqna kavkasiis

saswavlo olqis mier. 1914 wels dainiSna Curuk-sus normalur sas-

wavlebelSi, daojaxebulia elene giorgis asul sulidize, hyavs qa-

liSvili olRa. xelfasi wliurad 400 man. (q.c.a.f.38.s.38.f. 23);

12. olxovski antonina petres asuli _ baTumis sarkinigzo

saswavleblis maswsvlebeli, 26 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, daamTavra

Tbilisis qalTa gimnazia didi mTavrinas olga Teodores asulis

saxelobis, 1908 wels dainiSna maswavleblad mixailovis sarkinigzo

saswavlebelSi, 1910 wels gadaiyvanes baTumis sarkinigzo saswavle-

belSi, xelfasi wliurad 480 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.28-29);

13. stroeva elene giorgis asuli _ baTumis puSkinis saxelobis

saqalaqo dawyebiTi saswavleblis maswavlebeli, 33 wlis, marTlma-

didebeli, 1896 wels daamTavra kavkasiis qalTa instituti, 1905 wels

muSaoba daiwyo baTumis puSkinis saxelobis saqalaqo saswavlebel-

Si, gauTxovari, xelfasi wliurad 600 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f51-52);

14. surgulaZe maria mixeilis asuli _ baTumis saqalaqo dawye-

biTi muslimanuri skolis maswavlebeli, 25 wlis, marTlmadidebeli,

1907 wels daamTavra baTumis qalTa gimnaziis swavlebis sruli kur-

si. baTumis qalaqis mmarTvelobis dadgenilebiT 1911 wels arCeul

iqna maswavleblad baTumis dawyebiT muslimanur skolaSi da damtki-

cebul iqna quTaisis guberniis saxalxo saswavleblis direqtoris

mier. gauTxovari, xelfasi wliurad 400 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38f.53-54);

15. Capligin arsen mixeilis Ze - Curuk-sus orklasiani norma-

luri saswavleblis maswavlebeli, 23 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1911

wels daamTavra quTaisis samaswavleblo seminariis sruli kursi,

amave welsve daiwyo muSaoba zemod xsenebul saswavlebelSi, dasao-

jaxebeli, xelfasi wliurad 360 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.76-77);

16. SaraSiZe trofim daviTis Ze _ baTumis meore qarTuli saqa-

laqo dawyebiTi saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli, kolegiis registrato-

ri, 50 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, miRebuli aqvs vercxlis medali

aleqsandris lentiT, daamTavra quTaisis samaswavleblo seminariis

sami klasi, 1886 wels daniSnuli iqna korcxelis dawyebiT saswavle-

belSi, 1888 wels dainiSna zedamxedvelad walenjixis orklasian

saswavlebelSi, 1891 wels gadayvanil iqna qvaTanis orklasian saswav-

lebelSi, amave saswavleblis zedamxedvelad, 1892 wels gadayvanil

iqna basileTis orklasian saswavlebelSi,1899-1903 wlebSi iyo cixis

orklasiani dawyebiTi saswavleblis zedamxedveli, 1903 wels dainiS-

na baTumis saqalaqo dawyebiT eqvsklasian saswavlebelSi, 1905 wli-

dan am saswavleblis xelmZRvanelia. Ddaojaxebulia, hyavs xuTi Svi-

li, TinaTin, samson, zaqaria, mixeil, ilia. xelfasi wliurad 800 man.

(q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.105-106);

71

17. SaraSeniZe emilia gracionis asuli _ Curuk-sus qalTa sas-

wavleblis maswavlebeli, 37 wlis, marTlmadidebeli, 1895 wels daam-

Tavra yazanis qalTa gimnazia, 1896 wels daamTavra saratovis merve

qalTa gimnazia. 1912 wlidan Curuk-sus qalTa saswavleblis maswav-

lebelia. Qqvrivi, xelfasi wliurad 300 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.38.f.109-110)”.

quTaisis guberniis saxalxo saswavleblebis direqciis fondi

gvaZlevs saSualebas gavecnoT agreTve 1906 wlisaTvis baTumis puSki-

nis saxelobis saqalaqo erTklasiani saswavleblis maswavleblis fi-

lipe mgelaZis Sesaxeb. ,,mgelaZe filipe buCus Zis namsaxurebi sia- 31

wlis, marTlmadidebeli, daamTavra kavkasiis samaswavleblo saminariis

sruli kursi, dainiSna maswavleblad dvabzuis sasoflo skolaSi, 1892

wels gadaiyvanes simoneTis sasoflo erTklasian saswavlebelSi, 1894

wels gadaiyvanes dvabzuis sasoflo saswavlebelSi, 1895 wels zedam-

xedvelia Semoqmedis orklasiani sasoflo saswavleblis, 1897 wlidan

gadaiyvanes baxvis orklasian saswavlebelSi , 1899 wels gadaiyvanes ba-

Tumis puSkinis saxelobis saqalaqo dawyebiT erTklasian saswavlebel-

Si. Ddaojaxebuli- meuRle anna stanislavis asuli solmorova, uSvi-

lo, xelfasi wliurad 800 man. (q.c.a.f.92.s.20.f.1-2)”.

amrigad, XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze aWaraSi Camoyalibda sxva-

dasxva tipis saganmanaTleblo centrebi, romlebmac didi roli Se-

asrules ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisa da regionis Semdgomi kultu-

ruli ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura

1. quTaisis centraluri arqivi f. 23.s.19.42 f. 92.s. 20.37.38f.

130s.258.

2. t.babiloZe “saxalxo ganaTleba aWaris ass respublikaSi 1921-

1957 wlebSi” (Tb. 1958 w. ).

3. komaxiZe Teimuraz “dudi xanum beJaniZe da Ze misi Serif-beg

ximSiaSvili.”

4. Личный составь Кавказскаго учебного округа Тиф 1911,1903,1905г. Tea Katamadze

Adjara education centers and teachers in 1880-1910 Summary

The very issue presented below is a little historical excursus from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Exactly, author tries to supply factually proved information about educational centers in Adjara and teachers who worked there, relied on archives sources.

There are some notes about types of schools, foundation dates and the work list of the teachers who worked in the above mentioned schools.

Such a kind issues, that are relied on archive sources is very fruitful to investigate so important historical, political, religion and cultural facts that plays crucial role in the process of development and maintenance of national memories and are stayed under the shade of the past.

72

naTia mirianaSvili

saqarTvelo- azerbaijanis konfliqti da

zaqaTalis problema (1918-1921)

saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba azerbaijani. 1918-21 wlebSi

davas iwvevda am seqtoris Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare zaqaTalis

olqi. geografiulad zaqaTalis olqi SemoWrilia erTi wveriT siRnaRis

mazraSi,TiTqmis 80 versis manZilze,rac ufro aaxlovebs mas rogorc ka-

xeTTan, ise TbilisTan. es garemoeba kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas ani-

Webs am olqs samxedro TvalsazrisiT.

olqi administraciulad Tbilisis guberniaSi Sedioda. 1917 wlis Tebervlidan ruseTSi ganviTarebulma politikurma procesebma zaqaTa-

lis olqis cxovrebac gaarTula. revoluciiT gamowveul areulobaSi, roca saqarTvelos damoukidebloba jer kidev ar iyo gamocxadebuli,

olqs daepatrona azerbaijani.

1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxadda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. dRis

wesrigSi dadga sazRvrebis gamijvnis sakiTxi. azerbaijanelebi saz-

Rvrebis sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovdnen religiur safuZvelze. am

principiT azerbaijanis sazRvrebSi unda moqceuliyo saingilo, borCa-

los mazra, axalcixis mazra da baTumis olqi. gamijvnis es principi sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ga-

dawyvita sazRvrebis sakiTxSi exelmZRvanela istoriuli, politikuri,

ekonomikuri, strategiuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 1918 wlis 11 iv-

niss Seiqmna komisia, romelSic Sevidnen irakli wereTeli, daviT oniaS-

vili, pavle ingoroyva da nikoloz odiSeliZe.

saqarTvelo-azerbaijans Soris sazRvrebis gamijvnis sakiTxi dina-

miurad viTardeboda. am droisTvis saqarTvelo rTul politikur mdgo-

mareobaSi iyo. teritoriis nawili dakavebuli hqondaT Turqebs, somxeb-

Tan sazRvris gamijvnis sakiTxma mwvave xasiaTi miiRo, unda vivaraudoT, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas zaqaTalis olqSi jarebis SeyvaniT ar sur-

da kidev erTi daZabulobis kera Seeqmna. amitom cdilobda mSvidobiani

gziT moegvarebina zaqaTalis olqis sakiTxi, romelsac Teoriulad yo-

velTvis Tavisad aRiarebda.

1919 wlis 16 ivniss, q. TbilisSi, azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos res-publikebis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres samokavSireo xelSekrule-

bas (scsa, f.1833, an.1, saq.96, gv.27). xelSekrulebas hqonda ufro Tavdac-

viTi xasiaTi da sazRvrebis sakiTxs ar exeboda. xelSekrulebis ratifi-kacia moxda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sagangebo sxdomaze 1919

wlis 22 ivniss. 1919 wlis martSi da 1920 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi Catarda saaqar-

Tvelo-somxeT-azerbaijanis warmomadgenelTa konferenciebi. gansakuT-

73

rebuli yuradReba daeTmo sazRvrebis sakiTxs. daisaxa problemebis ga-

daWris gzebi, gansakuTrebiT ukanasknel Sexvedraze, magram sanam Tbi-

lisSi delegaciebi sazRvrebis sakiTxs ixilavdnen, 1920 wlis 27 aprils

azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisufleba daamyara.

1920 wlis 28 aprils, damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumis sxdomaze,

mTavrobis Tavjdomarem n. Jordaniam moaxsena krebas baqoSi momxdari

bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Sesaxeb da Seexo im safrTxes, romelic un-

da mohyoloda azerbaijanSi Seqmnil politikur viTarebas. am mizniT

daarsda Tavdacvis sabWo mTavrobis Tavjdomaris meTaurobiT, mTavar-

sardlad dainiSna g. kvinitaZe, sabWos dadgenilebiT gamocxadda samxed-

ro wesebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da saerTo mobilizacia (scsa,

f.1833, an.1, saq.713, gv.105).

me-11 armiis nawilebi swrafi tempiT moiwevdnen saqarTvelos saz-

Rvrebisken. 1920 wlis 30 aprils saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma

e. gegeWkorma radio-telegrama gaugzavna baqos revoluciur komitets, sadac saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamoacxada mzadyofna daewyo mSvidobia-ni molaparakeba azerbaijanTan da mSvidobiani gziT moewesrigebinaT

sazRvrebis sakiTxi. amis pasuxad azerbaijanis jaris nawilebi 2 maiss

Tavs daesxnen saqarTvelos sasazRvro jars wiTel xidTan - mdinare

xramze, Tbilisisa da elizavetapolis guberniis sazRvrebze da daika-

ves ra xidi, 5 versiT waiwies win saqarTvelos teritoriaze. azerbaija-

nelebTan erTad brZolaSi sabWoTa armiis nawilebic monawileobdnen. am dros moskovSi molaparakeba mimdinareobda mSvidobian xelSekrule-

baze. Cveni mTavrobis SekiTxvaze ra xdeba azerbaijanSi – pasuxobdnen:

,,adgilobrivi incidenti“ ariso, xolo roca Cveni jarebi Setevaze gada-

vidnen da win waiwies, 1920 wlis 16 maiss, sabWoTa ruseTidan sagareo saq-

meTa saxalxo komisris karaxanis gamafrTxilebeli depeSa movida, sa-

qarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris e. gegeWkoris saxelxe. depeSaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,12 maiss elizavetapolis da Tbilisis guberniis sazRvar-ze saqarTvelos jarebma gadalaxes azerbaijanis sazRvari da Tavs daes-

xnen sadarajo sadgomebze ganlagebul divizias. amis garda daikaves

Sixlis raioni da didi danaklisiT aiZules daexiaT naimaxnis raionSi. sabWoTa mTavroba gadaWriT moiTxovs SewyvitoT saomari moqmedebebi

ruseTis mokavSire azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg“.(scsa, f.1864, an.1, saq.100,

gv.37) rusebi ,,gaRma Seedave, gamoRma SegrCebao - principiT moqmedebdnen,

xolo Cveni mTavroba, moskovTan urTierTobaSi miamiti imedebiT ikvebe-

boda. saqarTvelos mTavroba yvelanairad cdilobda saqme mSvidobiani

gziT moegvarebina. mTavarsardali g. kvinitaZe amtkicebda, rom bolSevi-

kebis Tavdasxma saqarTvelos dapyrobis aSkara dadastureba iyo da ara-

viTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda samxedro moqmedebaTa Sewyveta, maSin

roca mteri ukve Cvens teritoriaze iyo da ieriSs agrZelebda.n. Jorda-

nia orWofobda. g. kvinitaZem moskovis molaparakebis Sesaxeb araferi

74

icoda. safiqrebelia, swored es iyo n. Jordanias orWofobis mizezi. bo-

los n. Jordaniam Tanxmoba ganacxada. Cveni nawilebi Setevaze gadavid-

nen da warmatebas miaRwies. saqarTvelos jari ukve mtris teritoriaze

imyofeboda. yvelas gamarjvebis imedi hqonda. 19 maiss jarebi gadamwyvet

Setevaze unda gadasuliyvnen. 18 maiss g. kvinitaZe sadaxloSi iyo. am

dros mTavrobis Tavjdomarisagan mokle depeSa miiRo, romelic moiT-

xovda saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetas da mowinaaRmdegesTan mSvidobiani

molaparakebis dawyebas (g. kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t.I, Tb.,1998, gv.226).

saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta didi politikuri Secdoma iyo. Gga-

marjveba kidev erTxel dauTmes damarcxebulebs ,,istoriaSi SeiZleba

pirvelad moxda aseTi ram, kargad momzdebuli, energiiT savse Zlieri

armia uars ambobs lamazi gamarjvebis nayofi gamoiyenos. mas xom arafe-

ri uSlida xels saboloo gamarjvebaSi!.. istoriaSi albaT pirveli Sem-

Txvevaa, roca gamarjvebuli armia ukan ixevs. mteri damarcxda, gaiqca,

Tavad ki ukandaixia... am ucnaurma da ugunurma brZanebam saqarTvelos sa-

sikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana“( r. diuge, moskovi da wamebuli saqarTve-

lo, Tb.,1994, gv.162).

saqarTvelos mTavrobam es gadawyvetileba moskovis ZaldatanebiT

miiRo. moskovSi myofi gr. urataZe dapeSas dapeSaze agzavnida da saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobas moskovis survils atyobinebda, Tan daTanxmebisaken

mouwodebda. ai erT-erTi maTgani: ,,viyavi CiCerinTan, romelic gTxovT ar awarmooT saomari moqmedebebi azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg zaqaTalis

mxareSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu olqSi maTi jari Seva. is pirobas iZleva,

rom sabWoTa xelisufleba yvela Rones ixmars, raTa gadawyvitos es sa-

kiTxi saqarTvelos sasargeblod, SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad is gTxovT kavka-siaSi mSvidobis damyarebis mizniT gaagzavnoT azerbaijanSi Semdegi Si-

naarsis nota: saqarTvelos gamoyavs Tavisi jarebi zaqaTalis olqidan,

im SemTxvevaSic Tu mas daiWers azerbaijanis jari“.(scsa, f.1864, an.1,

saq.100. gv.72).

gr. urataZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom moskovi zaqaTalis olqis sa-

kiTxs saqarTvelos sasargeblod gadawyvetda, amitom saqarTvelos

mTavrobas sTxovs miiRos CiCerinis winadadeba. damarcxebulebi gvkarna-

xoben pirobebs. am saomari moqmedebebis dros 1920 wlis 7 maiss saidumlo pirobebSi

daido xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris.( scsa,

f.1883, an.1, saq.903, gv.9-12). xelSrkrulebas xels awerdnen saqarTvelos

mxridan gr. urataZe da sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan lev mixeilis Ze karaxa-

ni. am SeTanxmebiT ruseTma zaqaTalis olqi saqarTvelos farglebSi Se-

maval teritoriad aRiara, magram aman azerbaijanis ukmayofileba gamo-

iwvia, maT im dResve saswrafo depeSebi afrines moskovSi. isini ukmayofi-

lebas gamoTqvamdnen sakiTxis amgvarad gadaWris gamo. amis Sedegi iyo

is, rom 12 maiss saqarTvelo-ruseTis damatebiTi SeTanxmebis ZaliT za-

qaTalis olqis sakiTxi unda gadaeWra Sereul komisias, Tanabari raode-

75

nobis qarTveli da azerbaijaneli warmomadgenlebis SemadgenlobiT.

komisiis Tavjdomare ki ruseTidan iqneboda. arc saqarTvelos da arc azerbaijans komisiis gadawyvetilebamde ufleba ar hqondaT SeeyvanaT

jarebis axali kontigenti, e.i. imaze meti rac 12 maiss iq imyofeboda.

(scsa, f.1864, an.1, saq.119, gv.1-3)

damatebiTi SeTanxmebis wamgebianoba saqarTvelosTvis aSkara iyo.

radganac 12 maisis mdgomareobiT zaqaTalaSi mxolod me-11 armiis nawi-lebi imyofebodnen da Cven aRar SegveZlo qarTuli samxedro Zalebis

Seyvana. rogorc zemoT moyvanili depeSidan davinaxeT, rusebma ,,kavkasi-

aSi mSvidobis“ damyarebis sababiT TviTon mogvTxoves jarebis gayvana

zaqaTalis olqidan. yvelaferi winaswar gaTvlili iyo. Tu komisia sa-kiTxs ganixilavda da saqme kenWisyramde mividoda ruseTis warmomadgen-

lis pozicia gadamwyveti iqneboda. igi ra Tqma unda bolSevikebs dauWer-

da mxars da amiT saqme saqarTvelosTvis sazianod gadawydeboda. 1920 wlis 12 ivniss sasazRvro qalaq aRstafaSi daido xelSekrule-

ba saqarTvelos respublikasa da azerbaijans Soris. saqarTvelos mxri-dan xelSekrulebas xeli moawera samxedro ministrma grigol spirido-

nis Ze lorTqifaniZem, sabWoTa azerbaijanis mxridan sagareo saqmeTa sa-

xalxo komisarma mirza dauT huseinovma.(scsa, f.1883, an.1, saq.239, gv.17-19) xelSekrulebis ratifikacia moxda saqarTvelos damfuZnebel

krebaze 1920 wlis 25 ivniss.(scsa, f.1883, an.1, saq.239, gv.14) zaqaTalis olqis sakiTxi gadasaWrelad gadaeca saarbitraJo komi-

sias, romelic unda Seqmniliyo 1920 wlis 12 maiss saqarTvelos demokra-tiul respublikasa da ruseTis socialistur federaciul sabWoTa res-

publikas Soris dadebuli damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, e.i. sakiTxi Riad

darCa da samomavlod gadaido.

1921 wlis 15 Tebervals me-11 armiam sabrZolo moqmedeba daiwyo sa-

qarTvelos winaaRmdeg aRstafa-foilos mxridan, xolo 17-18 Tebervals

maT gadalaxes mdinare mazim-Cai, SemoiWrnen lagodexSi, saerTod siRna-

Ris mazraSi... 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTveloSi damyarebuli iqna

sabWoTa xelisufleba.

rogorc vxedavT, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobam ver moag-

vara zaqaTalis olqis sakiTxi. 1920 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam aSkarad daTmo mogebuli poziciebi. Teoriulad saqarTvelo zaqaTa-

las yovelTvis Tavis Semadgenel nawilad Tvlida. saqarTvelos demok-ratiuli respublikis mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebuli konstitu-

ciis 107-e muxliT gamocxadda afxazeTis, samuslimano saqarTvelos (ba-

Tumis olqi) da zaqaTalis olqis avtonomia, rogorc saqarTvelos res-

publikis ganuyofeli nawilisa.(saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli 1918-1921ww. Tb.,1990, gv.470) magram

es mxolod survili iyo, realurad saqarTvelos Zalaufleba zaqaTa-

lis olqze ar vrceldeboda.

76

saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg sazRvrebis sakiT-

xma dakarga saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba. faqtiurad im etapze res-

publikebs Soris saxelmwifo sazRvrebi Segnebulad waiSala, rac saba-

Joebis, piketebisa da sxva teqnikuri formebis gauqmebiT gamoixata. ,,sab-WoTa Zalauflebis niadagze erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis mniSvne-

loba ara aqvs Tu ... kiTxva sazRvrebis Sesaxeb sxva da sxva dros SeiZle-

ba sxvadasxvagvarad gadaiWras realuri mosaxleobis an arsebuli eko-

nomikuri xasiaTis garemoebaTa mixedviT.“( gazeTi ,,socialist-federa-

listi“, 1921 wlis 11 maisi)

,,Cven ver miviRebT omis gamomwvev bunebriv sazRvrebso“(gazeTi ,,so-

cialist-federalisti”, 1921 wlis 11 maisi) - acxadebdnen bolSevikebi

da sazRvrebis sakiTxs cudad gagebuli ,,internacionaluri“ lozunge-

biT swyvetdnen. cxadi iyo, rom ,,revkomisaTvis samSoblos siyvaruli

yels zeviT gamoTqmuli deklaracia iyo.“(gazeTi ,,socialist-federa-

listi”, 1921 wlis 25 marti) saqarTvelos komunistebma sazRvrebis sa-

kiTxi proletaruli internacionalizmis TvalsazrisiT gadawyvites.

maT saqarTvelos istoriuli miwebi dauTmes ,,moZme xalxs.“ 1921 wlis 5 ivliss TbilisSi Catarda saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis

respublikebis warmomadgenelTa konferencia, romelmac ganixila sa-

kiTxi sasazRvro xazis Sesaxeb. konferenciis me-4 muxlSi zaqaTalis

olqis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: ,,saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi res-publika uars ambobs yvela Tavis pretenziaze zaqaTalis olqSi saxel-

mwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi, razedac saqarTvelos revkomi gamoscems

Sesabamis deklaracias.“ (siuca, f.288, an.1, saq.5, gv.14) winaswar SeTanxmebas xeli moaweres saqarTvelos ss da azerbaija-

nis ss respublikebis revkomTa Tavjdomareebma: filipe maxaraZem da na-

rimanovma.

am oficialuri SeTanxmebiT xorci Seesxa rkp(b) centraluri komi-tetis kavbiuros gadawyvetilebas azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi zaqaTa-

lis olqis datovebis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 15 noenbers ki saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sabWoTa

respublikebis saxelmwifo sazRvris Taobaze SeTanxmebas xeli moawe-res saqarTvelos revkomis Tavjdomarem budu mdivanma da azerbaijanis ssr centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavjdomarem muxtar gaji-

zadem. (suica, f.288, an.1, saq.5, gv.8) am SeTanxmebiT sabolood iuridiulad dafiqsirda zaqaTalis ol-

qis azerbaijanisadmi mikuTvnebis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos istoriuli

kuTxe, zaqaTalis olqi - sabolood mowyda deda-samSoblos - saqarTve-

los.

Aaq ucvlelad gTavazobT zaqaTalis olqis Sesaxeb saqarTve-

los uaxlesi istoriis arqivSi daculi rafiel ivanicki – ingilos

werils:

77

saqarTvelos respublikis Sinagan

saqmeTa komisias

saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis Sereuli

komisiis wevris rafiel ivanickis

m o x s e n e b a

sxvadasxva damabrkolebeli mizezebis gamo saqarTvelo-azerbaija-

nis Sereulma komisiam, romelsac davalebuli hqonda specialuri sakiT-

xis gamorkveva im urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelic Seqmnilia zaqaTalis

olqis mcxovrebTa da qiziyelebs Soris, ver moaxerxa Tavmoyra da Tavi-

si daskvnis wardgena TavTavis mTavrobebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom

komisiuri muSaoba ver moewyo, me mainc valdebulad CavTvale Cemi Tavi personalurad mewarmoebina muSaoba SesaZlebel farglebSi umetesad

qiziyis im soflebSi, romlebic erTi mxriT ase vTqvaT damnaSaveni arian

olqis mcxovrebTa winaSe, xolo meores mxriT TviT arian obieqtni Sewu-

xebisa da zaralisa lekmuRanloebis mier.

saWirod mimaCnia ganvacxado, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg me zaqaTalis olqis ingilo mosaxleobis oficiali da mravalgziT ganmeorebuli davalebiT vawarmoebdi saTanado muSaobas

saqarTvelos wina mTavrobasTan. politikurma muSaobam SeZleba momca

dawvrilebiT gavcnobodi rogorc olqis saerTo viTarebas, iseve misi

mcxovreblebis yoveldRiur urTierTobas momijnave qiziyelebTan. ro-

goria maT Soris ganwyobileba? ra faqtori aerTebs maT? sad unda viZi-

oT umTavresi mizezi davisa da qiSpobisa? ra garemoeba uwyobs xels er-

Timeoris sistematur dazaralebas? dabolos personebSi unda veZioT

danaSaulis subieqtebi, Tu mas aqvs farTo da masiuri midrekileba?

komisiis winaSe dasmuli iyo konkretuli kiTxva: mizezebi oTxfexa saqonlis xSiri gatacebisa erTierTmaneTSi zaqaTalis olqisa da siRna-Ris mazris mcxovreblebisagan da SesaZlebloba am mdgomareobis gamos-

worebisa. me rom am SemTxvevaSi vyofiliyavi mosamarTle an prokurori metis-

metad gamiadvildeboda sabraldebulo oqmis Sedgena da damnaSave subi-

eqtebis gamomJRavneba orive mxridan, magram mTavrobis ganzraxvaSi am

moments, Cemis azriT, adgili ar unda hqonoda. radganac Cven am Jamad da-

interesebuli varT ara damnaSaveTa dasjiT, aramed momijnave mosaxleo-

baTa Soris keTilmezobluri damokidebulebis damyarebaSi!

aRsaniSnavia erTi TvalsaCino garemoeba: aseTs aranormalur urTi-

erTobas or mezobel xalxs Soris ara aqvs istoriuli fesvebi, arsebu-li ganwyobileba zaqaTalis olqis mcxovreblebsa da qiziyelebs Soris

ver CaiTvleba TanSezrdil momentad maTs yofacxovrebaSi. Tu ar mivi-

RebT mxedvelobaSi winadrois viTarebas, rodesac War-belaqnis lekoba

78

saqarTvelos samefos mterTa STagonebiT arRvevda qiziy-kaxeTis myud-roebas da moRalaturi TavdasxmiT gaWirvebaSi ayenebda mTavrobasa da

xalxs,- ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi weli zaqaTalis olqis mcxovreblebi

savsebiT icavdnen keTilmezoblobas Cvens xalxTan, romelTanac dakav-

Sirebulni iyvnen ekonomiurad. zaqaTalis olqis saqonlisa da Wirnaxu-lis bazars warmoadgenda saqarTvelo da gansakuTrebiT misi dedaqala-

qi Tbilisi. kaxeTis xuTi rkinisgzis gayvanis Semdeg es ekonomiuri kav-

Siri umetesad gacxovelda da ganmtkicda: qiziyelebica da zaqaTalele-

bic erTianad dainteresebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom saqonlis gacvla-ga-mocvla maT Soris ar dabrkolebuliyo raime gareSe mizeziT da amrigad

maT umTavres sazrunav sagans Seadgenda transportis uzrunvelyofa.

olqidan Cvensken momavali vaWari sruliad daimedebuli iyo, rom gamo-

tanil saqonels swrafad gaanaRdebda saqarTvelos bazarze, iqve SeiZen-da olqisaTvis saWiro fabrikatebs da am operaciis materialur Sedegs

ar daurigebda Saragzaze mdgom axirebul ,,mebaJeebs“. aseTi urTierTo-

ba sufevda zaqaTalis olqsa da saqarTvelos Soris revoluciamde. Sem-

deg datrialda ucnauri ambavi: zaqaTalis olqis politikuri bedi da,

maSasadame, ekonomiuric gadasWres olqSi im dros moTareSe osmaleTis

askerebma da panislamistur-panTurquli ideebis misionerebma-emisreb-

ma... imaT aanTes fanatikosobisa da gautanlobis koconi, romelic pir-

velyovlisa gamoixata qristian-ingiloebis auwerel Seviwroebasa da

darbevaSi, romelmac samis wlis ganmavlobaSi erTianad daxruka umdid-

resi olqis keTildReoba da romlis ali dResac ar Camqrala! osmale-

Tisa da azerbaijanis emisarebma provokaciuli lozungi Seapares zaqa-

Talis olqSi da miT lamobdnen ganxorcielebas: saqarTvelos miznad

aqvs olqis mcxovreblebis gaqristianeba, - CasZaxodnen es vaJbatonebi

uvic xalxs, SeswyviteT giaur-qarTvelebTan yovelive kavSiri da Seude-

qiT Tanamorwmune azerbaijans, romlis meoxebiT Tqven gaxdebiT didi

osmaleTis wevrni!..

zaqaTalas olqma politikuri gamocda daaWerina saqarTvelos, anu

ukeT rom vTqvaT, mis menSevikur mTavrobas da unda gamotexilad ganvac-

xado, rom es mTavroba sastikad CaiWra am gamocdaSi: man gamoiCina sruli

uvicoba diplomatiaSi da saocari sibece politikaSi; es mTavroba uma-

galiTod damarcxda musavatelebisaganac ki, xolo es damarcxeba metis-

metad Zvirad daujda mTliani xalxosnuri saqarTvelos ideas!

pirveli laxvari zaqaTalas olqs Casces qarTvelma menSevikebma,

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mtrebi ar eridebodnen araviTar sa-

Sualebas zaqaTalas olqis mcxovreblebis gadabirebisaTvis, Tamamad

SemiZlia ganvacxado, rom olqelebis uzarmazari umravlesoba mainc id-

ga saqarTvelos orientaciaze: xalxi saRi gonebiT ukeT erkveoda poli-

tikur kombinaciebSi da SorsmWvretad hgrZnobda, rom agitatorebis

fuqsavaTi dapirebebi mas sikeTes ar ganumzadebdnen, xolo mezobel da

megobar qarTvel ers ki moaZulebdnen da samudamod CamoaSorebdnen. ai

79

es naTlad gamoxatuli suliskveTeba SeumCneveli darCa uvici menSeviku-

ri mTavrobisagan, romelmac aramc Tu araviTari RonisZieba ar ixmara

olqis mcxovreblebisaTvis sinamdvilis gamoaSkaravebisaTvis, aramed

ufro aRrmavebda ufskruls, romelic mterTagan iTxreboda zaqaTalasa

da saqarTvelos Sua. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg zaqaTalas

olqi darCa RvTis anabarad mitovebuli: yovels SemTxvevaSi, sruli sa-

buTebi maqvs kategoriulad ganvacxado, rom maSindels mTavrobas ar mi-

uRia araviTari zomebi olqis SemoerTebisaTvis, anda misi sakiTxis pir-

dapir dayenebisaTvis. - umweod mitovebuli olqi iZulebuli Seiqmna droebiT SeerTeboda azerbaijans garkveuli pirobebiT da Sesaferi ga-

rantiebis gamoTxoviT. ase xelovnurad moswyda saqarTvelos mTlian

teritorias masTan yovelive mxriT: - politikurad, ekonomiurad, geog-

rafiulad, istoriulad, strategiulad - SeduRabebuli nawili; ase sam-wuxarod damTavrda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi amo-

xazva! ase uecrad da xalxisaTvis sazarlad gaswyda is SemaerTebeli Za-

fi zaqaTalis da Tbiliss Soris, romliTac TviT xalxis yoveldRiurma

moTxovnilebam gadaaba es ori centri! zaqaTalis olqs zurgi saqarTvelosaken Seaqcevines xalxis mtreb-

ma; is daukavSires baqos, romelTanac mas araferi aerTianebs, Tvinier

gafanatikosebuli panislamistebis maniakuri zraxvebisa! olqis mcxov-

reblebs Seukres swori da yovelive mxriv sakeTilo gza, xolo uCvenes

gza mikibmokibuli da umetesad mazaralebeli...

aseT pirobebSi auwereli gaWirvebiT aRwevdnen TiTo-orola gambe-

davi zaqaTlelebi Tavis sayvarel Tbilisamde: mazimCais sazRvari erTi

im borotebaTagania, romelic aRvivebs SuRlsa da gautanlobas iq mobi-

nadre xalxTa Soris. piruTvneli istoria, eWvi ar aris, gamoaaSkaravebs

im upasuxismgeblo pirT da organizaciebs, romelTa axirebuli cdiT

daidva saarako suleluri sazRvari zaqaTala-Tbiliss Soris. mazimCa-is gamyofel boZs Sedegad mohyva uamravi erTi meoreze maxinji movlena-

ni da maT Soris materiuli dazaraleba orive mxrisa.

rogor gnebavT moawyoT keTilmezobloba iq, sadac mtrobis, Zala-

dobisa da waqezebis meti araferi gakeTebula! gana zaqaTlelebi dain-

dobdnen qiziyelebs da qiziyelebi aseve zaqaTlelebs, rodesac erTsaca

da meoreebsac dRemudam CasCiCinebdnen, rom isini urTierTis mtrebad

dabadebulan da mtrebadve unda darCnen?! mteri ki, sadac dros ixel-

Tebs, xom unda dasajo da daaziano!

yvelam icis, rom dRevandeli aranormaluri mdgomareobis msgavsi

alaznis midamoebs ar axsovT! marTalia warsul JamTa svlaSi am adgi-

lebSi sisxli blomad danTxeula, rogorc qarTvelebisa, agreTve leke-

bisa da TaTrebisac, magram es xdeboda iSviaTad, SeiaraRebuli Setake-

bis dros, rodesac orive mxare saomar ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen. omis dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg ki mSvidobianoba myardeboda da es xdeboda im ,,barba-

80

rosul“ dros, romelsac zizRiTa da WmunviT vixseniebT Cven, Tanamed-

rove civilizaciis xanaSi.

zaqaTalis olqis komisias, romlis wevrad sagareo saqmeTa komisa-

riatma Cemi daniSvna ineba, davalebuli hqonda gamokvleva olqis mcxov-reblebisa da qiziyelebis mier erTmaneTis oTxfexi saqonlis gamudmebi-Ti gatacebis mizezisa da zomebis dasaxva am aRmaSfoTebeli yofaqcevis

aRsakveTad. me winadac bevri mifiqria am saganze, vcdilobdi gamego ase-

Ti borotebis mizezi gareSe Seqmnili mdgomareobisa, yovelive politi-

kuri kombinaciebisagan moukidebliv, magram Cemda samwuxarod aseTma

cdam ver momca saSualeba movlenaTa asaxsnelad, sagnis rigianad gamo-

saZieblad zaqaTala-qiziyis urTierToba momwyvdeulia erTgvar ,,moja-

doebul wreSi“, romlis saTave isev im damRupvel ,,politikaSi“ unda ve-

ZioT! maSasadame, dResdReobiT SeuZlebelia arsebuli mdgomareobis

radikalurad gaumjobesebaze fiqric-ki: orive xalxis ,,cxvirwin“ aR-

marTuli politikuri zRude - is zRude, romelmac ZirianfesvianaT Sea-yirava tradiciuli urTierToba da kavSiri zaqaTalis olqsa da saqar-Tvelos Soris da romlis mwvave ekonomiur Sedegebs dRes ukve yvelani

sakmarisad hgrZnoben, - mudam gadaeRobeba keTil ganzraxvebs, mudam iqne-ba damabrkolebel faqtorad zaqaTalis olqTan keTilmezobluri ur-

TierTobis damyarebis saqmeSi.

samarTlianoba valad gvxdis vaRiaroT, rom saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli mTavrobis zogierTi wevrebi gulwrfelad mowadinebul-

ni iyvnen, raTa zaqaTalis olqis sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod gadaWri-

liyo ise, rogorc amas moiTxoven sasicocxlo interesebi rogorc sa-

qarTveloisa, iseve TviT zaqaTalis olqisac. am moxsenebis warmomdgens

SemTxveva hqonda uaxloesi monawileoba mieRo mTavrobis im wreebSi, sa-dac yvelaze metad hgrZnobdnen Seqmnili mdgomareobis mavnebel Sede-

gebs orive mxarisaTvis. dazaralebuli mxareni maSinac xSirad mogvmar-

Tavdnen saCivrebiT da Suamdgomlobdnen, raTa migveRo radikaluri zo-mebi damnaSaveTa aRmosaCenad da dasasjelad erTis mxriT da meores mxriT mogvewyo dauwynarebel raionebSi Zlieri da sastiki Zaldatane-

bis aparati mSvidobian mcxovrebTa uzrunvelsayofad sazogadoT. er-Txanad ganzraxuli iyo alaznis midamoebSi Sereuli administraciis

daweseba, magram ar vici ra mizeziT es azri ganuxorcielebeli darCa. me aRvniSne yofili mTavrobis zogierTi wevrebis Segnebuli moqme-

deba zaqaTalis sakiTxSi; amasve ver vityvi maT mometebul nawilze, rad-ganac isini jer erTi sruli uvicni iyvnen saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi da garda amisa Tavis moqmedebasa da gegmebs ufro jgufur interess uqvem-

debarebdnen, xolo uyuradRebod stovebdnen qveynis bedsa da xalxis yo-

facxovrebas. aseTs pirobebSi,rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebeli iyo zaqaTa-

lis olqsa da qiziys Soris normaluri urTierTobis aRdgena. piriqiT,

mdgomareoba rac dro gadioda, miT ufro uaresdeboda, vinaidgan poli-

81

tikuri viTareba fsiqologiuradac aSorebda erTierTmaneTisagan am mo-

sazRvre provinciebs.

dRes mdgomareoba kvlavindeburia. saerTo ukuRmarTi pirobebi uk-lebliv moqmedeben da maSasadame TandaTanobiT aRrmaveben mtrul gan-

wyobilebas.

maS sad aris xsna, ikiTxavT? gulaxdilad mogaxsenebT, rogorc

praqtikulad mcodne am mxaris, rom saerTo politikuri pirobebis Seuc-vlelad zaqaTalis sakiTxi ver mowesrigdeba da alaznis napirebSi am-

tydari davidaraba ver mineldeba odnavac. saqonlis gataceba da sazogadoT materialuri zianis miyeneba er-

TmaneTisaTvis mxolod epizodia, erTi rgolia im jaWvSi, romliTac

umowyalod SemuxruWulia zaqaTalis olqi... saqarTvelos exlandeli xelisuflebis mier aRebuli politikuri

samoqmedo kursi imeds ar gvinergavs am saWirboroto sakiTxis wesieri

gadaWrisaTvis, magram es kidev ar unda gvaZlevdes nebas gulze xeldak-

refilni SevcqerodeT movlenaTa minebebul svlas. unda vifiqroT mdgo-

mareobis Semsubuqebaze mainc, rom gaZvaltyavebuli xalxi savsebiT ar

mohyves stiqionis qveS. istoria ar gvapatiebs aseTs ugulebelyofas qveynis interesebisadmi da momavali Taobac ueWvelad sastikad dah-gmobs Cvens usistemo da antipatriotul politikas erovnul- saxelmwi-

feobriv udides sakiTxebis gardawyvetaSi.

is, rasac amJamad adgili aqvs qiziy-saingilos midamoebSi, momete-bul nawilad ganzrax Seqmnilia erTis mxriT upasuxismgeblo gamotvi-

nebuli propagandistebisagan, da meores mxriT ukanaskneli wlebis po-

litikuri mesaWeTa uniWo moqmedebiT. vimeoreb, aq damnaSaveTa aRmoCenas

politikuri zomis mniSvnelobac ar eqneba: sadac saerTo saSualebis ga-

monaxvaa saWiro, iq kerZo SemTxvevebze dayrdnoba mdgomareobas odnavac

ver Sescvlis. erTi ramis moTxovna ki SegviZlian dRevandels pirobeb-

Si: dauyonebliv unda gajansaRdes adgilobrivi administracia rogorc

saqarTvelos, iseve zaqaTalis sazRvarze. SemCneulia rom borotmoqmed-

ni Zlier xSirad dausjelad asruleben Tavis saqmes imis gamo, rom amo-farebulni arian adgilobrivi romelime Zlieri haramzada administra-

toris zurgs ukan. ufro meti: yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac sayaCaRo

,,eqspedicia“ gamgzavrebula komisarebis meTaurobiT da nadavlis ,,lo-

mis wilic“ swored ukanasknelebs SehxvedriaT. social demokratiuli menSevikuri mTavrobis dros am striqonebis damwers ewvia gansakuTrebu-

li delegacia zaqaTalis olqidan, raTa meSuamdgomla marTeblobis wi-naSe im komisarebis pasuxisgebaSi micemisa da samsaxuridan gandevnis Se-

saxeb, romelnic Camosulebis azriT mtacebelTa brboebs xelmZRvane-

lobdnen. vfiqrob, am mxriT mdgomareoba arc exla unda iyos gaumjobe-

sebuli. bneli subieqtebi anTebul kocons muguzalebs umateben: es unda

aRikvecos mTeli sisastikiT.

82

da bolos, Tu zaqaTalis olqis politikuri sakiTxi gamovtoveT

dRis wesrigidan, marTlac dagvrCenia mxolod is, rom daundoblad vdevnoT mSvidobiani xalxis amklebni da umetesad Zaladobis inspira-

torebi. iqneb, am zomam mcireodenad mainc Sescvalos axirebuli mdgoma-

reoba... rafiel ivanicki

3/X 1921

(suica, f.285, an.1, saq.238, fur.86-89)


1. scsa, f.1833, an.1, saq.96, gv.27

2. scsa, f.1833, an.1, saq.713, gv.105 3. scsa, f.1864, an.1, saq.100, gv.37

4. g. kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t.I, Tb.,1998, gv.226

5. r. diuge, moskovi da wamebuli saqarTvelo, Tb.,1994, gv.162

6. scsa, f.1864, an.1, saq.100, gv.72

7. scsa, f.1883, an.1, saq.903, gv.9-12

8. scsa, f.1864, an.1, saq.119, gv.1-3

9. scsa, f.1883, an.1, saq.239, gv.17-19

10.scsa, f.1883, an.1, saq.239, gv.14

11.saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli

1918-1921 ww. Tb., 1990, gv.470

12.gazeTi ,,socialist-federalisti“, 1921 wlis 11 maisi

13. gazeTi ,,socialist-federalisti“, 1921 wlis 11 maisi

14.gazeTi ,,socialist-federalisti“, 1921 wlis 25 marti

15.suica, f.288, an.1, saq.5, gv.14

16.suica, f.288, an.1, saq.5, gv.8 Natia Mirianashvili

Georgia – Azerbaijan conflict and problem of Zakatali (1918-1921)

Summary Georgia’s oldest part Zakatali region became in Azerbaijan political boards because

of historical unhappiness. In article is discussed about changes of political boards and also is repsresented some archival datas.

83

malxaz sioriZe †

saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis stamburad

gamoqveynebis adgili, dro da garemoebebi

1921 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo qveynis pirveli konstitucia. es iyo

qarTvel politikosTa da samarTlismcodneTa TiTqmis samwliani

Sromis Sedegi.

konstitucia iqmneboda rTul da arastabilur sagareo da sa-

Sinao pirobebSi. amis miuxedavad, sakonstitucio samarTlis specia-

listTa SefasebiT, 1921 wlis konstituciis saxiT qarTvelma kanon-

mdeblebma mainc SeZles moemzadebinaT imdroindeli “msoflios

erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mowinave, progresuli da adamianis ufle-

bebze orientirebuli uzenaesi sasamarTlo aqti“, romelic agreTve

pasuxobs Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis moTxovnebsac [3, gv.4]. saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam 1920 wlis noemberSi daiwyo

konstituciis proeqtis ganxilva. mis miRebas 1921 wlis gazafxulze

apirebdnen, Semodgomaze ki, savaraudod, am konstituciis safuZvel-

ze saparlamento arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo [6, gv.96]., magram ru-sulma wiTelma imperializmma aRar daacala saqarTvelos damouki-

debeli saxelmwifoebrivi arseboba. saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals mii-

Res naCqarevad, damfuZnebeli krebis sagangebo sxdomaze, Tbilisis

misadgomebTan ruseTis wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg brZolis pirobeb-

Si.

25 Tebervals mterma saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi daikava da sab-

WoTa xelisuflebac gamoacxada. amis gamo 1921 wlis konstitucias

faqtobrivad arc umoqmedia, magram mas mainc didi mniSvneloba

hqonda qarTveli eris istoriaSi. igi darCa rogorc qarTuli po-

litikuri da samarTlebrivi azris didi monapovari, Tavisufali

saqarTvelos simbolo da gansaxiereba imisa, Tu rogori unda yo-

filiyo erTiani, damoukidebeli da demokratiuli saqarTvelo [iq-ve]. amitom, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis xe-

laxla aRdgenis Semdeg, 1992 wlidan, kvlav amoqmedda 1921 wlis

konstitucia. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi gadmovida agreTve saqar-

Tvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi da mis Semdeg ganxorcielebul

sakonstitucio cvlilebebSi.

1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis damfuZnebeli krebis mier damtkicebuli saqarTvelos pirveli

konstituciis stamburad gamoqveyneba TbilisSi veRar moeswro, sab-

WoTa ruseTis veraguli Tavdasxmis gamo.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam da damfuZnebelma krebam 24 Tebervals

RamiT dastova dedaqalaqi. isini jer quTaisSi gadavidnen, xolo 9-

10 martidan baTumSi, sadac darCnen 17 martamde, emigraciaSi was-

vlamde.

84

swored drois am monakveTSi gamoqveynda baTumSi saqarTvelos

pirveli konstitucia. amisaTvis SearCies cnobili baTumeli polig-

rafistis nestor xvingias stamba. konstitucia daibeWda calke wig-

nad [zoma-19X13, moculoba-40 gv., tiraJi ucnobia] saTauriT: “saqar-

Tvelos konstitucia miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebli krebis

mier 1921 wlis Tebervlis 21”. Ees gamocema aris bibliografiuli

iSviaToba. misi erTi-erTi, Cvenamde moRweuli, egzemplari daculia

TbilisSi, saqarTvelos wignis palataSi [11, gv.79]. (vsargeblobT am

gamocemis qseroasliT).

Cndeba kiTxva vin iyo nestor xvingia, visac saqarTvelos xei-

suflebam ando egzom sapasuxismgeblo saqme, isic iseT kritikul

viTarebaSi?.

upirveles yovlisa is faqtia aRsaniSnavi, rom baTumi polig-

rafiuli warmoebiT uaRresad dawinaurebuli qalaqi iyo. 1879

wlidan - 1921 wlamde periodSi aq daaxloebiT ocamde tipografia

da stamba muSaobda. MmaTgan ramdenime iyo teqnikurad kargad aR-

Wurvili, gamoirCeoda gamoSvebuli beWduri produqciis xarisxiT

da mravalferovnebiT. maT DSoris iyo nestor xvingias tipografiac

[8, gv.560-566].

saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis gamoqveynebis droisaTvis

n.xvingia ukve gamocdili mestambe iyo. is 1900 wlidan muSaobda ba-

TumSi, n.gurskaias tipografiaSi. 1908 wels man SeiZina es sawarmo,

ganaaxla misi teqnikuri aRWurviloba da 1910 wlidan daiwyo inten-

siuri saqmianoba. ZiriTadad aq ibeWdeboda qarTul da rusul eneb-

ze gamomavali gazeTebi: “baTumis moambe” (1911 w.), “batumski den”

(1913 w.), “xma” (1914 w.), “baTumis gazeTi” (1911-1914 ww.), “batumskie ves-

ti” (1911-1912 ww.), “izvestia” (1917 w.), “svobodnaia Jizn” (1917-1918 ww.),

“burevestnik” (1917-1918 ww.), “muSaTa presis dRe” (1917 w.), “batumskaia

Jizn” (1920-1921 ww.), “samuslimano saqarTvelo” (1919-1921 ww.).

nestor xvingias poligrafiuli sawarmos teqnikuri aRWurvi-

loba da mepatronis profesionalizmi iZleoda saSualebas, rom

garda gazeTebisa gamoecaT politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da

mxatvruli literatura. magaliTad, 1919 wels aq daibeWda “samus-

limano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis programa da

instruqcia” da sxv. 1910-1921 wlebSi n. xvingias stambaSi sul dai-

beWda 26 sxvadasxva dasaxelebis wigni (maTgan 16 qarTul da 12 ru-

sul enaze). amave stambaSi agreTve ibeWdeboda Teatraluri afiSebi,

sareklamo gancxadebebi, savizito baraTebi da a.S.

eWvgareSea, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba,

emigraciaSi wasvlamde, Tavs movaled racxda, rom qveynis pirveli

konstitucia stamburi wesiT pirvelad saqarTveloSive gamoeqveyne-

bina. magram am saqmes ver andobda gamoucdel da SemTxveviT pirov-

nebas. amitom, konstituciis stamburad gamocemamde mas unda gaeTva-

liwinebina Semdegi aucilebeli garemoebebi:

1). stambis teqnikuri monacemebi, SekveTis swrafad da xarisxia-

nad Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.

85

am mxriv, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, nestor xvingias stamba saTana-

dod iyo mzad. es etyoba iq dabeWdil 1921 wlis konstituciasac [1,

gv.1-40]. misi teqsti, 90 wlis siZvelis miuxedavad, dResac kargad

ikiTxeba, Sesrulebulia lamazi SriftiT, saTanadodaa gamoyofili

konstituciis calkeuli Tavebi da muxlebi.. Cans asoTamwyobebsac

guldagul umuSaviaT. forsmaJoruli viTarebis miuxedavad, konsti-

tuciis teqstSi ar aris daSvebuli arc erTi arsebiTi xasiaTis

Secdoma, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime adgilas arsebul punqtuaciur

xarvezs da asoniSanis amovardnas.

2). mTavrobas unda gaeTvaliwinebina stambis mflobelis da mis

TanamSromelTa sandooba, radgan qveynisTvis am umTavresi politi-

kuri dokumentis SemTxveviTi pirebis xelSi moxvedra dauSvebeli

iyo, isic sabWoTa ruseTis farTomasStabiani agresiis pirobebSi.

CvenTvis ucnobia poligrafist nestor xvingias partiuli kuT-

vnileba an politikuri mrwamsi. magram Tu davakvirdebiT mis mier

gamocemuli gazeTebis da literaturis ZiriTadad demokratiul da

erovnul xasiaTs, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is axlos idga saqar-

Tvelos mmarTvel social-demokratiul partiasTan da iziarebda

mis ideebs.

amas is garemoebac gvafiqrebinebs, rom karsmomdgari bolSevi-

kuri okupaciis pirobebSi TviT n.xvingiasa da misi stambisaTvisac

metad sarisko unda yofiliyo axali xelisuflebis gadamtereba da

emigraciaSi mimavali xelisuflebis mier miRebuli konstituciis

stamburad gamoqveynebisaTvis mosalodneli represiebi.

eWvgareSea, rom gamocdili mewarme albaT saTanadod aanali-

zebda mosalodnel safrTxeebs misTvis da misi sawarmosaTvis, mag-

ram qveynis winaSe moqalaqeobrivi da patriotuli movaleobis Seg-

neba am kacSi Cans bevrad ufro maRali iyo. ra Tqma unda saqarTve-

los xelisuflebasac aseTi sando piri sWirdeboda, rom saqarTve-

loSive moeswro qarTveli xalxisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovani do-

kumentis beWdurad gamoqveyneba.

axla rac Seexeba nestor xvingias stambis adgilsamyofels.

n.xvingias stambam, Tavisi arsebobis manZilze (1908-1921) ramde-

nimejer Seicvala misamarTi (xSiri adgilmonacvleobis mizezebi

ucnobia). stamba naqiraveb SenobebSi iyo ganTavsebuli: jer marines

(dRes memed abaSiZis) prospeqtze #6 saxlSi; 1913 wels oklobJios

(Semdeg r. luqsemburgis, amJamad-merab kostavas) quCaze #36; 1914-

1915 wlebSi kvlav marines prospeqtze #34-Si_policiis sammarTve-

los gverdiT; Semdeg, erTxans, Tbilisis (dRes baraTaSvilis) quCa-

ze #7-Si; 1916 wlis oqtombridan ki isev oklobJios quCazea, jer

#13-Si, xolo 5 noembridan –iqve, #10 saxlSi [9, стр.44; 4, gv28; 10, gv.23].

bolo misamarTi dRes merab kostavas quCis #18-s unda Seesaba-

mebodes (numeracia Seicvala sabWoTa periodSi am quCisaTvis Sema-

tebuli axali Senobebis gamo), sadac gasuli XX saukunis 80-iani

wlebis bolomde moqmedebda baTumis erT-erTi Zveli tipografia.

amave misamarTze mcxovrebi asakovani adamianebic amboben, rom stam-

86

ba aq Zvel droSic yofila. aRsaniSnavia, rom m.kostavas quCis am

monakveTis riyis qviT nageb SenobaTa pirveli sarTulebi da maT

qvemoT arsebuli sardafebi sastambo saqmisaTvis marTlac Sesafe-

risi Cans.

vidre sxva monacemebi ar mogvepoveba, unda vivaraudoT, rom

saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis dabeWdvis droisaTvis, 1921

wlis martSi, nestor xvingias stamba ganTavsebuli iyo navmisad-

gomTan axlos, Zveli baTumis teritoriaze, oklobJios (dRes me-

rab kostavas) quCaze, misive gadamkveTi erisTavisa (dRes general

mazniaSvilis) da mixeilis (dRes zviad gamsaxurdias) quCebs Soris

arsebul monakveTSi

baTumSi n.xvingias stambaSi 1921 wels gamocemuli saqarTvelos

pirveli konstitucia, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maleve iqca bibliog-

rafiul iSviaTobad. sabWoTa periodSi misi egzemplarebi ise ga-

nadgurda, rom specialitebisTvisac xelmiuwvdomeli iyo da am

konstituciis proeqtis nabeWdi teqstiT sargeblobdnen.

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi 1921 wlis konstitucia ra Tqma unda

aRar gamocemula. misi rigiT meore gamocema moxda sazRvargareT,

emigraciaSi, daviT TaboriZis mier, konstituciis miRebis 60 wlis-

Tavis aRsaniSnavad. es iyo orenovani (qarTul-franguli) saiubi-

leo gamocema (miunxeni, levili, 1981) da aris 1921 wels baTumSi ga-

mocemuli konstituciis asli [2,gv.7-8]. ucnobia arsebobs Tu ara

sazRvargareT misi sxva gamocemebi.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, 1921 wlis konstituciis meore gamo-

cema aq ganxorcielda 1990 wels, gaz.’samSoblos” redaqciis mier.

rogorc misi redaqtori paata zaqareiSvili wers - es gamocema ey-

rdnoba 1981 wels sazRvargareT (miunxeni-levili) ganxorcielebul

orenovan saiubileo gamocemas.

mesamed saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia gamoica isev ba-

TumSi 2009 wels, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier.

es aris maRal poligrafiul doneze Sesrulebuli gamocema, saqar-

Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris giorgi papuaS-

vilis redaqciiT, SeniSvnebiTa da tevadi winasityvaobiT [3]. kon-

stituciis teqsti am gamocemaSic ucvleladaa gadatanili 1921

wels baTumSi ganxorcielebuli pirveli gamocemidan.

amrigad, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebuli saqarTvelos pirve-

li konstituciis dedaqalaqSi gamoqveyneba ver moeswro, rusuli

agresiis da qveynis okupaciis gamo. amitom konstitucia daistamba

baTumSi, 1921 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobis

emigraciaSi wasvlis win, gamocdili poligrafistis nestor xvingi-

as kuTvnil stambaSi, romelic mdebareobda navmisadgomis mimdeba-

red, qalaqis Zvel ubanSi. baTumSi gamocemuli 1921 wlis konstitu-

cia, faqtobrivad aris dedani, ris mixedviTac ganxorcielda misi

Semdegi gamocemebi.

87


1) saqarTvelos konstitucia. miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebe-

li krebis mier 1921 wlis Tebervlis 21. baTomi, stamba n.i. xvingiasi

2) saqarTvelos konstitucia. miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebe-

li krebis mier 1921 wlis Tebervlis 21. p. nacvliSvilis Sesavali

weriliT. gaz. samSoblo, Tb., 1990 wlis 26 maisi.

3) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis 21 Teber-

vlis konstitucia. gamoica saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamar-

Tlos mier g. papuaSvilis redaqciiT da winasityvaobiT, baTumi 2009.

4) T.komaxiZe, qalaq baTumis quCebis istoria, w.3, baT.,1998.

5) m. macaberiZe, saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis politiku-

ri koncefcia. Tb., 1996.

6) m. macaberiZe, uzenaesi batoni qveynisa. rogori unda yofili-

yo

saqarTvelos parlamenti 1921 wlis konstituciis fuZemdebelTa

azriT, politologiis institutis gamocema, Tb. 2008.

7) m. macaberiZe, saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba

da miReba. politologiis institutis gamocema, Tb., 2008.

8)Gg. maxaraZe, presa da sagamomcemlo saqme._ samxreT-asavleT sa-

qarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara, tomi III, baTumis olqi 1877-

1920, baT .2008.

9) Махарадзе Г.Ш. Становление и развитие книгоиздателького дела в Аджарии, Рукопис диссертаций на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук, М.1988.

10) S cecxlaZe, aWaris ar qalaqebis da dabebis quCaTa Zveli da

axali saxelwodebebi, baT., 2008.

11) qarTuli wigni, bibliografia, pirveli tomis damateba, sa-

qarTvelos wignis palatis gamocema, Tb., 1969.

88

maia rurua

amagdari arqivistebi

arqivi _ sigel-gurjebis, Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebis, sabuTebis

sacavia. arqivi eris istoria, misi awmyo da amave dros qveynis moma-

valia. swored amitom CvenTan, iseve rogorc mTels msoflioSi arqi-

vi saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobisa da zrunvis sagania.

didi da ganusazRvrelia arqivis, rogorc samecniero dawesebu-

lebis mniSvneloba, amitom aq momuSave TiToeuli adamiani upirvele-

sad faqizi sulis, naTeli gonebisa da Rrma inteleqtis mqone unda

iyos.

aWaraSi saarqivo dargis ganviTarebis TiTqmis saukunovan isto-

riaSi mravlad moipovebian adamianebi, romelTac gansakuTrebuli

Rvawli miuZRviT am dargis ganviTarebaSi. maTi ubralod CamoTvlac

Sors wagviyvanda, rom araferi vTqvaT sasoebiT da mzrunvelobiT

movlil dokumentebze, pasuxismgeblobiT gadarCeul Rirebul da

praqtikul Rirebulebas moklebul saarqivo saqmeebze, sacavebSi fa-

qizad dalagebul saarqivo fondebad qceul sxvadasxva dawesebule-

bebis moRvaweobis amsaxvel masalaze.

dokumenti dums, magram dokumenti metyvelebs kidec. TiTqos aq,

arqivSi Cans yvelaze metad dumilisa da metyvelebis mniSvneloba. da

Tu dRes zogierTi amagdari arqivistis sxeuli ZvalTSesanaxSi mSvi-

dad ganisvenebs, arqivSi daculi dokumentebi, maTi piradi saqmeebi

maTive keTilsindisierebaze, zneobaze, pasuxismgeblobasa da saqmis

siyvarulze gvesaubrebian.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganmartavs: amagdari -

igivea, rac moamage, moRvawe anu is visac amagi, Rvawli miuZRvis.

aWaris arqivistTa galereaSi bevri kargi saxea, romelTac Ta-

visi uangaro SromiT didi Rvawli dasdes dargis ganviTarebas.

TiTqmis 30-40 weli iRvawes arqivSi Cvenma ufrosma kolegebma: valiko

mkervaliSvilma, grigol Caganavam, SoTa gabruSiZem, guguli andRu-

laZem, nunu skamko-CaSvilma, dodo CaCuam, mayvala arobeliZem, liana

vaniZem, grigol piniancima. arqivs dResac siyvaruliT moikiTxaven

sergo tabaRua, Taliko SeyilaZe, kolia TodaZe. Aamjerad Cven Seve-

xebiT im arqivistebis saqmianobas, romelTac arqivis Seqmnis saTave-

ebTan da meore msoflio omis dros mouwiaT moRvaweoba.

arqivSi daculi masalebis SeswavliT naTlad Cans, rom 1921

wlis 15 ivliss baTumisa da misi olqis samxedro komisaris mier

Seqmnilma samxedro istoriuli dokumentebis Semgrovebelma droe-

biTma komisiam xeli mohkida rogorc samxedro, aseve samoqalaqo da

saarqivo dokumentebis Segrovebasa da dacvas (fondi r-1. saq.40.

furc. 104-105).

es saqme daevala baTumSi mTavar saarqivo sammarTvelos rwmune-

buls giorgi furcelaZes, romelic 1923 wlis 9 marts aWaris saxkom-

sabWosadmi wardgenil Tavis moxsenebaSi mimoixilavs ra baTomSi sa-

arqivo saqmeebis Semadgenlobas, maT adgilsamyofels, dacvis cud

89

pirobebs, iTxovs daxmarebas, `rom es didi ganZi da saistorio masa-

la, romelic aris Seuferebel binaSi, gadavarCinoT daRupvas.~

giorgi furcelaZis mondomebam nayofi gamoiRo. aWaris saxkom-

sabWos prezidiumis 1923 wlis 11 aprilis gadawyvetilebiT ganaTle-

bis saxalxo komisariatis daqvemdebarebaSi Seiqmna aWaris saarqivi

ganyofileba 4 saS-tato erTeuliT: gamge, klasifikatori, arqivariu-

si da kurieri (fondi r-2, aRw.1, saq.23, furc.153-173; 193-194).

Seufasebelia im pirveli arqivistebis Sroma, romelTac sakmaod

mokle droSi srul teqnikur wesrigSi unda moeyvanaT 1878-1921 wle-

bis qalaqis sakrebulos, saTaTbiros, fosta-telegrafis, sabaJos da

baTumSi ganlagebuli mefisdroindeli ruseTis sxvadasxva dawesebu-

lebebis qaosur mdgomareobaSi mimofantuli saarqivo dokumentebi.

eseni iyvnen: 1924-1931 wlebSi aWaris assr cs arqivis gamge nikoloz

spilioti, sergo yufaraZe, romelic arqivs 1932-1937 wlebSi xel-

mZRvanelobda. Tavisi profesionaluri kvali datoves osman xalvaSma

da vasil salomatinma. swored maTi xelmZRvanelobis periodSi mii-

Ro dokumentebma saarqivo fondebis saxe, Seiqmna aRricxvis seqtori

da daiwyo muSaoba sacnobaro aparatis Camosayalibeblad.

kidev erTi rTuli da Zneli periodi daudgaT arqivebs meore

msoflio omis dros. titanuri Sroma gaswies im adamianebma, vinc

omis wlebSi arqivSi muSaobdnen, vinc omis mZime wlebi Tavis mxreb-

ze gadaitana, radgan swored maTi erTgulebisa da mamacobis Sedegia

is, rom omis wlebSi ar dakargula, ar gabneula arcerTi saarqivo

saqme.

ai isini: aWaris assr Sinsaxkomis saarqivo ganyofilebis ufro-

sebi omis wlebSi: aleqsi prototopovi (1941-1942ww), galina ivanova

(1942; 1943-1946ww), kasiane babiloZe (1942-1943ww). centraluri arqivis

direqtorebi: Sleipovi (1942 weli), qeTo cecxlaZe (1942-1943ww; 1944-

1949ww), elene domopolova (1943-1944ww), maria xarkova (1944w).

rodesac am sias gadaxedav, Tvals moxvdeba xelmZRvanel qalTa

simravle. es omis gamoZaxilia, omisa, romelmac brZolis velze mo-

uxmo vaJkacT, xolo zurgSi darCenili qalebisagan vaJkacuri Semar-

Teba moiTxova.

advili ar iqneboda qalisaTvis omis wlebSi xelmZRvaneloba

gaewia im dargisaTvis, romelsac arqivi hqvia, romelic qveynis isto-

rias icavs da inaxavs, romelic im dokumentTa sacavia dRevandel

dRes momavlad rom aqcevs.

amJamad or maTganze SevCerdebiT: galina ivanova da qeTo cec-

xlaZe.

galina ivanova saqarTvelos damsaxurebuli maswavleblis gri-

gol ivanovis ojaxSi daibada. grigoli metad ganaTlebuli pirovne-

ba iyo. pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweoda quTaisis da baTumis vaJTa da

qalTa gimnaziebSi, xolo baTumis pedinstitutis daarsebis Semdeg

fizika-maTematikis kaTedras Caudga saTaveSi.

galina ivanovam qalTa gimnaziis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg

swavla industriul teqnikumSi ganagrZo, xolo Semdeg baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis pedagogiuri institutis rusuli enisa da

90

literaturis fakulteti daamTavra. 1941 wels aWaris saxelmwifo

arqivis direqtorad iniSneba, xolo 1942 wels aWaris Ss saxkomis sa-

arqivo ganyofilebis ufrosad gadahyavT (fondi r-1041; aRw.4 saq.22).

omi ki mZvinvarebda da Tavis msaxvral xels axebda yvelas da

yvela-fers. omma Secvala dro da adamianebi. saWiro iyo gausaZlisi

pirobebis gaZleba. cxovrebisa da arsebobis gansakuTrebul reJim-

ze gadasvla aormagebda im adamianTa pasuxismgeblobas, vinc warmo-

adgenda saidumlo saqmeTa damcvels, visac Sesanaxad ebara saxel-

mwifos mmarTvelobiTi dokumentebi, qveynis istoria. amisaTvis ki sa-

Wiro iyo organizatoruli niWiTa da maRali pasuxismgeblobiT da-

jildoebuli adamiani, vinc SeZlebda im saSinel da rTul periodSi

TavisTavze aeRo saarqivo dokumentebis dacvis da movla-Senaxvis pa-

suxismgebloba.

omma kidev erTi sakiTxi wamoWra: es iyo metad mniSvnelovani

obieqtebis _fabrika-qarxnebis, laboratoriebis, kvleviTi dawesebu-

lebebis, muzeumebis, arqivebis evakuacia. evakuacias daeqvemdebara

aWaris saarqivo fondebic. ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-

tis 1941 wlis 30 agvistos brZanebis Sesasruleblad, romelic exebo-

da arqivebis evakuacias da maT gantvirTvas araRirebuli dokumente-

bisagan, aWaris saarqivo sammarTveloSi Seiqmna saeqsperto-Semmowme-

beli komisia, romlis Semad-genlobaSic Seyvanili iqna aWaris saar-

qivo ganyofilebis ufrosi aleqsi prototopovi da saxelmwifo ar-

qivis direqtori galina ivanova (fondi r-89; aRw.4; saq.16; furc.17).

swored galina ivanova iyo is qalbatoni, vinc piradad xel-

mZRvanelobda pirveli kategoriis fondebis SerCevas da maT evakua-

cias taSkentSi. evakuirebuli iqna 10307 s/erTeuli. aWaris cs arqivis

fondSi daculia aqti, sadac miTiTebulia evakuirebuli fondebisa

da saqmeebis CamonaTvali (fondi r-89; aRw.1; saq.65. furc. 1-9).

am dros galinas meuRle murad niJaraZe, romelic frontze ib-

rZoda, tyved Cavarda, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina maT momavalze.

tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg daapatimres da gadaasaxles, rogorc

politikurad arasaimedo. galina ki mxolod imiT gadarCa, rom ZuZu-

Ta bavSvis deda iyo. samagierod agrZnobines da naTlad miaxvedres,

rom igi `damnaSavis~ colia da ar unda xelmZRvanelobdes iseT da-

wesebulebas, romelsac Sss saarqivo ganyofileba hqvia da isic ux-

mod, moridebiT ganerida Tavis sayvarel saqmes, datova qalaqi da

SvilebTan erTad qedis raionSi gadasaxlda.

omis wlebSi xelmZRvanel qalTa Sorisaa qeTo cecxlaZec, ro-

melic 1918 wels daibada ozurgeTSi. pirad saqmeSi misi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb mxolod saSualo skolis atestatia daculi. aWaris assr

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis 1941 wlis #39 brZanebiT aWa-

ris saarqivo ganyofilebas gamoeyo saxelmwifo arqivi 5-kaciani Sta-

tiT (fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.22. furc. 8). direqtori - g. ivanova; mec-

nier muSaki - sviridova; ufrosi teq. muSaki - farcxalaZe; umc. mec-

nier-muSaki -koltunova da biblioTekis gamge - q. cecxlaZe, rome-

lic Semdeg gadahyavT arqivsacavis gamged, xolo 1942 wels mas arqi-

vis direqtorad niSnaven (fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.48. furc. 1). samsaxu-

91

reobriv daxasiaTebaSi, romelsac xels awers saarqivo ganyofilebis

ufrosi, umc. leitenanti - tatiana nefedova, vkiTxulobT: `aWaris

assr Sss sistemaSi qeTo cecxlaZe muSaobs 1941 wlis martidan. samu-

Saos ekideba seriozulad. xelmZRvanelobis davalebebs asrulebs

droulad da keTilsindisierad. cxovrebaSi moridebulia. Tanam-

Sromlebs Soris sargeblobs avtoritetiT~ (fondi r-1041; aRw.4;

saq.48; furc.28).

aseTebi iyvnen is qalbatonebi, romelTac cxovreba da SromiTi

saqmianoba metad mZime pirobebSi mouwiaT. es iyo dro, roca gareSe

mterTan erTad Sinaur banakSic bevri iyo damsmeni da sxvis ubedure-

baze sakuTari bednierebis maSenebeli. magram cxovreba grZeldebo-

da.

omi dasrulda da omis Semdeg dangreul qveyanas aRdgena esaWi-

roeboda. mamakacebis gverdiT Cveuli qaluri erTgulebiT iRwvian

qalbatonebi: tatiana nefedova, elene qoriZe, lena zaqareiSvili...

rom ara saqmis siyvaruli da SemarTeba, pasuxismgebloba da

Sromismoyvareoba, ver SeZlebda SeuZlebels tatiana nefedova. mis

pirad saqmeSi daculia aWaris assr Sss brZanebis amonaweri, sadac

aRniSnulia, rom umcrosi leitenanti t. nefedova aWaris Sinagan saq-

meTa saxkomidan gadayvanilia saarqivo ganyofilebis ufrosis Ta-

namdebobaze.

dauviwyaria misi amagi da Rvawli. T. nefedovas uSualo xel-

mZRvanelobiT Caeyara safuZveli raionuli saxelmwifo arqivebis

srul dakompleqtebasa da StatebiT uzrunvelyofas; misi redaqto-

robiT 1959 wels gamoica aWaris cs arqivis `megzuri~, xolo 1961

wels saarqivo dokumentebis krebuli @`brZola aWaraSi sabWoTa xe-

lisuflebis damyarebisaTvis~ (1917-1922 ww.). 1961 wlidan sikvdilis

ukanasknel dRemde t. nefedova muSaobda q. moskovis csa-Si ufros

mecnier muSakad (fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.70).

kidev erTi qalbatonis - elene qoriZis biografia daukavSirda

arqivs, rodesac 1946 wels baTumis raiaRmaskomis instruqtori baTu-

mis (exlandeli xelvaCauris) raionis arqivis gamged daniSnes. mas

Semdeg saarqivo dokumentebi iqca misi zrunvis sagnad. swored dau-

Ralavi Sromis Sedegi iyo is, rom axlad Seqmnili baTumis raionu-

li saxelmwifo arqivi dakompleqtda raionis teritoriaze arsebuli

sxvadasxva dawesebulebis 80 fondis 10000 s/erTeuliT.

dokumentebs, arqivSi Tavmoyrisa da dakompleqtebis garda, mov-

la da dacva sWirdeba. es gayviTlebuli, JamTasvlisagan gacrecili,

faratina, magram didi istoriis damtevi furclebi drodadro res-

tavracias, laboratoriul damuSavebas saWiroebs. laboratorias da-

arsebis dRidan elene qoriZe Caudga saTaveSi da vin icis ramden

dasnebovnebul da dazianebul saarqivo dokuments daubruna sicoc-

xle.

omis Semdgomi aRdgeniTi periodis istoriaSi Tavisi wvlili

Seitana kidev erTma arqivistma – lena zaqareiSvilma.

lena zaqareiSvili daibada 1925 wels Coxatauris raionis so-

fel saWamiaserSi. baTumis sabuRaltro teqnikumis damTavrebis Sem-

92

deg 1943 wels muSaobas iwyebs baTumis navTobbazaSi. 1947 wels mas

niSnaven saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis arqivis gamged. 1963-1977 wlebSi

xelmZRvane-lobda xelvaCauris raionul arqivs (fondi r-1041; aRw.4;

saq.166. furc. 2-6). arqivis keTilmowyobasa da ganviTarebaze zrunva,

dokumentebis dacva da arqivis axali dokumentebiT dakompleqteba,

dokumentebisaTvis saarqivo saqmis saxis micema gaxda misi samsaxure-

obrivi saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. igi arqivs sicocxlis bo-

lomde ar gaSorebia da damsaxurebul pensiaze gasvlamde emsaxure-

boda sayvarel saqmes.

saarqivo saqme marto misi profesia rodi iyo, arqivi ojaxur

profesiad iqca. man piradi cxovreba omgadaxdil qarTvel vaJkacs -

grigol Caganavas daukavSira, romelmac keTilsindisierad gaiara

yvela safexuri mkinZavidan arqivis direqtorobamde. grigols dam-

Tavrebuli hqonda moskovis istoriuli saarqivo instituti da xel-

mZRvanelobda arqivs 1962-1985 wlebSi, Tumca sicocxlis bolomde

arc is gaSorebia sayvarel saqmes (fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.265).

1956 wels sabrZolo gamocdilebiT movida arqivSi ufros mecni-

er-muSakad sergo tabaRua, romelic 1985-1997 wlebSi centraluri

arqivis

direqtorad muSaobda. misi xelmZRvanelobis periodSi ramden-

jerme daixvewa centraluri arqivis struqtura. saarqivo fondma

180 000 s/erTeulidan 500 000 erTeuls gadaaWarba.

ris gamoc 1997 wels centralur arqivs me-2 kategoriis arqivis sta-

tusi mieniWa da Seiqmna 9 ganyofileba 45 saStato erTeuliT. aseve

misi xelmZRanelobiT orjer moxda saarqivo dokumentebis axal Se-

nobaSi gadatanis organizeba. Zirfesvianad icnobda sergo tabaRua

Tavis fondebs. samsaxuroebriv movaleobas kargad uTavsebda samec-

niero-kvleviT muSaobas. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 30-ze meti samecniero

naSromi da publikacia, daculi aqvs istoriis mecnierebaTa kandi-

datis samecniero xarisxi. dRes igi pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweva da

axalgazrdebs saarqivo saqmis mniSvnelobas da warsulisadmi pati-

viscemas aswavlis.

es mxolod mokle eqskursia amagdar arqivistTa galereaSi. Zne-

lia yuradRebis miRma datovo nazi noRaidelis saxeli, romelic

1963-1989 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda aWaris assr ministrTa sabWosTan

arsebul saarqivo sammarTvelos. man Tavisi SromismoyvareobiT da

organi-zatoruli niWiT gamorCeuli avtoriteti daimkvidra sazoga-

doebaSi. misi xelmZRvanelobis periodSi gamoica `megzuris~ ganax-

lebuli varianti, daibeWda monografiebi da saarqivo dokumentebze

dayrdnobiT Sedgenili krebulebi.

aWaris arqivistTa koleqtivs amSvenebs amagdari arqivistis gri-

gol piniancis saxeli, romelic 1944 wels demobilizaciis Semdeg

movida arqivSi da gaiara profesiuli gza inspeqtoridan sammarTve-

los ufrosis moadgilemde. aWaris saarqivo departamentis sabWos

2001 wlis 31 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT saarqivo organoebSi xan-

grZlivi (57 weli) da nayofieri muSaobisaTvis ,,me-20 saukunis sauke-

Teso arqivistad” aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi aRiarebuli iqna

93

centraluri saxelmwifo arqivis dokumentebis dakompleqtebisa da

sauwyebo arqivebTan muSaobis ganyofilebis gamge – grigol pinianci

(fondi r-1041; aRw.1; saq.1963; furc.8).

es mxolod mcireodeni mimoxilvaa ufrosi kolegebis SromiT

ganvlili saxelovani gzisa. TiToeuli maTganis ukan dgas lamazi

Semoq-medebiTi biografia, warmatebebi, saxelmwifo jildoebi da rac

yvelaze mTavaria saarqivo saqmisadmi erTguleba da siyvaruli.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. fondi r-1. saq. 40. furc. 104-105.

2. fondi r-2. aRw.1, saq. 23. furc.153-173; 193-194.

3. fondi r-1041, aRw.4, saq. 22.

4. fondi r-89, aRw.4, saq. 16, furc. 17.

5. fondi r-89; aRw.1; saq.65. furc. 1-9.

6. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.22. furc. 8.

7. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.48. furc. 1.

8. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.48; furc.28.

9. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.70.

10. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.166. furc. 2-6. 11. fondi r-1041; aRw.4; saq.265. 12. fondi r-1041; aRw.1; saq.1963; furc.8. Maia Rurua Honored Archivists Summary An archive is old documents and papers repository. People who are working there

have delicate spirit, clear mind and are intellectual persons. In article are discussed: Valiko Mkervalishvili, Grigol Chaganava, Shota Gabrushidze, Guguli Andguladze, Nunu Skamkochaishvili, Dodo Chachua, Makvala Arobelidze, Sergo Tabagua, Taliko Shekiladze, Lena Vanidze, Grigol Piniantsi, Kolia Todadze and others merit for archival de.

94

TinaTin jabadari

svaneTi 1921 - 1924 wlebis ajayebaSi (saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi

dokumentebis mixedviT)

1918 wlis 26 maiss qarTvelma xalxma damoukidebloba gamoacxa-

da. axalma mTavrobam ruseTTan sazavo morigebisaTvis molaparakeba

daiwyo. 1920 wlis 7 maiss sabWoTa mTavrobam aRiara saqarTvelos da-

moukidebloba da masTan xelSekruleba dado. saqarTvelosaTvis

mSvidobiani periodi sakmaod moklevadiani gamodga, radgan 1921 wlis

11 Tebervals ruseTma xelSekruleba daarRvia da saqarTvelos Tavs

daesxa. 1921 wlis martis bolos mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis mmarTve-

lobis xelSi iyo, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo aRar arsebobda.

saokupacio xelisuflebam daiwyo qarTveli xalxis Seviwroveba:

irRveoda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti. Seiqmna kon-

trevoluciasTan, spekulaciasTan, Tanamdebobriv danaSaulobasa da

banditiznTan mebrZoli sagangebo komisia “Ceka“, romelic erTdrou-

lad sagamomZieblo organic iyo, msjavrmdebelic da aRmasrulebe-

lic.

saqarTvelos “Cekas” gadawyvetilebiT 1921 wlis bolomde aso-

biT adamiani daixvrita. Mmasobrivi xasiaTi miiRo Cxrekebma, dapatim-

rebebma, rekvizicia – konfiskaciebma, idevneboda religia, aTasobiT

moqmedi eklesia daixura, sapatimroebsa da cixeebSi uamravi udanaSa-

ulo samRvdelo piri moxvda. qveyanaSi gamefebulma ganukiTxaobam

zogierT komunistSic ki gamoiwvia undobloba. bolSevikebma qarTu-

li saxelmwifos damoukideblobas Ziri mTlianad gamouTxares. Q

qarTveli xalxi iZulebuli Seiqmna ajanyebis gzas dasdgomoda.

1921 wlis ivlisSi, qaquca ColoyaSvilma Camoayaliba samxedro razmi

- “ saqarTvelos Seficulebi.” ufro mogvianebiT, 1921 wlis Semodgo-

maze sabWoTa mTavrobis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli organo “damkomi”

(damoukideblobis komiteti) daarsda, romelSic sxvadasxva politi-

kuri partiebi gaerTiandnen: saqarTvelos social–demokratiuli,

saqarTvelos social–federalisturi, saqarTvelos social–revolu-

ciuri partiebi. Kkomitets 1922 wlamde n qarcivaZe, xolo 1924 wlam-

de ki, k. mayaSvili xelmZRvanelobda.

svaneTis erovnul – ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebma

nestor gardafxaZem da mosorst dadeSqelianma qaquca ColoyaSvil-

Tan da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis faruli organizaciebis

xelmZRvanelebTan erTad momavali ajanyebis gegma SeimuSaves. Aajan-

yeba svanebs unda daewyoT. Ees ar iyo gasakviri, radgan svanebi dasa-

bamidan brZolisunariani, Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxi iyo.

XIX saukunis ormocian wlebSi (1844 - 1847wlebi) saqarTveloSi

Camosuli iyo germaneli mwerali fridrix fon bodenStenti. saqar-

Tvelos daTvalierebis Semdeg, man araCveulebrivad daaxasiaTa sa-

qarTvelos yvela kuTxis mosaxleoba. Svanebis Sesaxeb ki werda: “sva-

ni bavSvobidanve eCveva siZneleebs da gaWirvebas, Tavisi qveynis mkac-

95

ri haviT gamowrTobili, igi iseTi Zlieri da mxnea, romlis msgavss

CerqezebSi Tu SexvdebiT, svani iZulebulia mudmivad ibrZolos, ra-

Ta icocxlos, igi ebrZvis bunebas, miwas, adamianebs,…..… svans mxo-

lod sakuTar saxlSi SeuZlia uSiSrad igrZnos Tavi, amotom iq yo-

veli saxli cixe - simagresa hgavs, romelsac Cveulebriv 5-dan 6 sar-

Tulamde simaRlis koSkebi aqvs modgmuli... amgvar saxlebSi zogjer

30 - 40… mebrZoli xSirad erTad cxobrobda….. …” (valerian qoriZe,

fridrix bodenStendtis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.”) ase cxov-

robdnen svanebi XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi da maT bunebaSi bevri

araferi Secvlila momdevno saukunis dasawyisSic, amitom daevalaT

maT am mniSvnelovan brZolaSi lideroba.…

antisabWoTa ajanyebis droSa pirvelad Tavisuflebismoyvare

svanebSi unda afrialebuliyo, maT saTaveSi maTive Svilebi nestor

gardafxaZe, biZina pirveli mosorst dadeSqeliani Caudgnen. svaneTis

yvela Temi mzad iyo saerTo saxalxo ajanyebisaTvis. zafxulSi ze-

mo svaneTis ZiriTadi nawili ajanyebulTa xelSi iyo. Eerovnul-gan-

maTavisuflebeli moZraoba male mTel svaneTs moedo. Semodgomaze

zemo svaneTis didi nawili ajanyebulTa xelSi gadavida. maTma war-

matebulma msvlelobam sabWoTa xelisuflebas dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna..

1922 wlis gazafxulze Aajanyebis likvidaciisaTvis xelisufle-

bam gadamWreli zomebi miiRo. mTaSi daTbobis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli

gaxda baridan jaris didi nawilis ayvana, svaneTis mTebs komuniste-

bis meTaurobiT damatebiTi cocxali Zala da didi raodenobiT ia-

raRi gamoeyo. Aamjerad warmatebas mTavrobis jarma miaRwia.

1922 wlis gazafxulze ajanyebulebi ufro gaZlierdnen. am

dros maT saTaveSi edgnen: biZina pirveli, Tengiz dadeSqeliani, ko-

wia dadeSqeliani, besarion xergiani,… ilia faliani... mosaxleobis

didi nawili ajanyebulTa mxares iyo, maTi razmebi mTavrobis wina-

aRmdeg sakmaod Zlier Zalas warmoadgenda.

1922 wlis gazafxulze uReltexilis gadavliT ajanyebulebi

qvemo svaneTSic Sevidnen, xelSi aiRes lentexisa da laSxeTis sagu-

Sagoebi, magram cageris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel jgufTan Seer-

Teba aRar moxerxda. saokupacio xelisuflebam yvela mxridan Seu-

tia ajanyebulebs. barSi dawyebuli represiebisa miuxedavad saxal-

xo moZraoba kvlav grZeldeboda….....

gansakuTrebuli organizebulobiT daiwyo 1924 weli, 28-29 agvis-

tos ajanyebis organizatorebi daba beCoSi (im droisaTvis zemo sva-

neTis raionuli centri), Tavs daesxnen adgilobriv xelisuflebas

(sul 35 kaci iyo), winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad ganaiaraRes da umetesi

maTgani tyved aiyvanes.. meore dRes 500-mde SeiaraRebulma svanma war-

matebiT gaiara gza svaneTis mTebidan quTaisamde da adgilobriv

mTavrobas seriozuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia, magram damxmare Za-

lis ar arsebobis gamo alyaSi moqceulebi sami kviris ganmavlobaSi

igeriebdnen okupantebis jarebs.. seqtembris bolos ajanyeba damar-

cxda, Tumca ajanyebulTa didi nawili tyeebSi imaleboda da adgi-

lobrivi mTavrobisaTvis jer kidev safrTxes warmoadgenda.

96

1925 wlis 1 Tebervls svaneTis mazris I yriloba Catarda, axal-

ma mTavrobam SeZlo mosaxleobis nawilis Semorigeba, ajanyebis aqti-

ur monawileebs sastikad gauswordnen. Ggarda fizikurad ganadgure-

bisa, mosaxleobam didi materialuri da sulieri zarali ganicada.

ajanyebulTa mizani rusuli okupaciis mier damxobili erovnu-

li saxelmwifos aRdgena iyo. Aamis miRweva maSin SeuZlebeli Seiq-

mna..…

Tinatin Jabadari

Svaneti rebellion in 1921-1924s Summary Georgia’s population has never adapted to loss of independence. All part of it has

contributed in Country 's sovereignty and struggle for freedom. In article based on archival data is discussed Svaneti population active participation issues of 1921-1924 years events.

97

malxaz sioriZe †

san-remos sazavo konferencia baTumis Sesaxeb (1920 w. aprili)

dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba baTumisadmi pirve-

li msoflio omis Semdeg _ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia saqar-

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikaSi.

pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg antantis qveynebs So-

ris mwvaved iCina Tavi winaaRmdegobebma gavlenis sferoebis ganawi-

lebis sakiTxSi. am winaaRmdegobaTa gamovlenis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-

vani regioni iyo amierkavkasia, xolo aq SemoRwevisa da sruli kon-

trolis damyarebisaTvis didi iyo baTumis mniSvneloba. amitom es qa-

laqi antantis qveynebis yuradRebis orbitaSi moeqca da mTeli 1919-

1920 ww. manZilze warmoadgenda qiSpisa da diplomatiuri cilobis

obieqts.

antantis mokavSireTa Soris yvelaze meti teritoriuli SenaZe-

ni did britaneTs ergo. maT Soris Savi zRvis sruteebi, aziuri Tur-

qeTi, kavkasia da Sua azia. 1918 wlis dekembris damlevs didi bri-

taneTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma moaxdines mTeli amierkavkasiis oku-

pacia, riTac erTpirovnulad daeuflnen Sua aziasa da sparseTisaken

mimaval satranzito gzebs.

teritoriebis aseTi ganawilebiT gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo

darCa italia, winaaRmdegoba igrZnoboda safrangeTis da aSS mxri-

vac. am dapirispirebulebaTa aRmosafxvrelad 1919 wels, parizis sa-

zavo konferenciaze, didi britaneTis premier ministrma loid jor-

jma italias aRuTqva mxardaWera saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanze man-

datis miRebaSi. amiT cdilobda aelagma amierkavkasiaSi gaaqtiure-

buli aSS da misi pretenziebi somxeTis mandatze.

antantis umaRlesi sabWos londonis pirveli konferenciis [ix.

m.sioriZe, 2007:127-132]. damTavrebidan erTi kvira Zlivs iqneboda gasu-

li, rom mokavSireebi xelaxla Seikribnen axal sazavo konferencia-

ze, amjerad italiis sakurorto qalaq san-remoSi.

san-remos konferencia mimdinareobda 1920 wlis 18-26 aprils.

Kkonferenciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema iyo baTumis sakiTxi. is

ganixileboda amierkavkasiasTan dakavSirebul politikur da samxed-

ro problemebTan konteqstSi.

dasawyisSive unda iTqvas, rom londonis konferenciis Semdegac,

antantis qveynebi baTums kvlav ganixilavdnen rogorc porto-fran-

kos. da amas imiT amarTlebdnen, rom es qalaqi iyo ganxeTqilebis

wyaro amierkavkasiis sam respublikas Soris. amitom, am uTanxmoebaTa

aRmofxvra TiTqos SeiZleboda mxolod misi Tavisufal qalaq-nav-

sadgurad gamocxadebiT.

londonis konferenciis periodSi bolSevikuri ruseTis da mus-

tafa qemalis TurqeTis samxedro warmatebebma, maTi sazRvrebis gad-

mowevam kavkasiis mimarTulebiT seriozulad daafiqra antantis po-

98

litikosebi. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, maT TvalSi gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-

ba mieniWa amierkavkasiis respublikebis SeTanxmebul moqmedebas anti-

bolSevikuri barieris Sesaqmnelad.

antantis mesveurTa varaudiT mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqneboda

azri amierkavkasiis respublikebisaTvis iaraRis micemas. amitom lon-

donis konferenciis damTavrebis Semdeg, vidre san-remos konferen-

cia daiwyeboda, parizSi myof amierkavkasiis respublikebis sazavo

delegaciebTan mosalaparakeblad 12 aprils specialurad Cavida di-

di britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros maRali rangis diploma-

ti robert vansitarti. 13 aprils, Sexvedraze man gulaxdilad ganac-

xada, rom mocemul etapze da samomavlodac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

eniWeboda amierkavkasiis samive respublikis mier erTiani taqtikis

SemuSavebas, maT keTilmezoblur da SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. maT So-

ris seriozuli uTanxmoebis safuZvels, r. vansitartis TqmiT, qmnida

baTumis qalaqi-navsadguri. amitom, man amierkavkasiis respublikebs

SesTavaza baTumis Tavisufal qalaqad gamocxadeba da am ”saerTo

teritoriaze” maTi saerTo kontrolis daweseba. [ab.surgulaZe, m.sio-

riZe, 1996:60-61].

aRsaniSnavia, rom londonis konferenciisagan gansxvavebiT, pa-

rizis TaTbirze azerbaijanis da somxeTis sazavo delegaciebma daa-

dastures, rom isini ukve sadaod aRar xdidnen baTumze saqarTvelos

suverenobis cnobas, am navsadgurSi mezobeli qveynebis interesebis

dacvis pirobiT. Tumca amaze r. vansitarts SeuniSnavs, rom “baTumze

saqarTvelos suverenobis cnobas Zlier cota Sansi hqonda”, radgan

ukve gadawyvetili iyo misi porto-frankod gamocxadeba [z. avaliSvi-

li, 1929:208-209].Y

baTumis sakiTxi san-remos konferenciaze safrangeTis sagareo

saqmeTa masalebze dayrdnobiT specialurad Seiswavla prof. i.lia

tabaRuam [i. tabaRua, 1982:92-95].. amitom, aRniSnuli sakiTxis dawvri-

lebiT ganxilvisagan Tavs SevikavebT da mis mxolod calkeul mo-

mentebs SevexebiT.

Kkonferenciis pirvelsave sxdomaze (18 aprils) baTumis sakiT-

xis ganxilva daiwyo konstantinopolSi didi britaneTis jarebis

mTavarsardlis, general jorj milnis mier gamogzavnili Setyobine-

bis gacnobiT, rom baTums emuqreboda bolSevikuri safrTxe. sxdomas

euwya, rom ,,bolSevikebma gadmolaxes kavkasionis qedi, mohyvebian Sa-

vi zRvis sanapiros da warmatebiT moemarTebian baTumisaken” [i.taba-

Rua, 1982 : 91]. amis Semdeg didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa minis-

trma lordma jorj kerzonma Seaxsena mokavSireebs, rom baTumSi

mxolod mcirericxovani inglisuri garnizoni imyofeboda, xolo

safrangeTis da italiis mier londonis konferenciaze dapirebuli

TiTo batalioni ar Canda. safrangeTis da italiis warmomadgenlebi

baTumSi jarebis gagzavnaze dumdnen.

kerzonma gadawyvita diplomatiuri lavirebis gzas dadgomoda,

da daeinteresebina mokavSireebi baTumSi jarebis gagzavnis aucileb-

lobiT. am mizniT 20 aprils sxdomaze kerzonma Tavisi gamosvla

kvlav imiT daiwyo, rom baTums emuqreba ,,bolSevikuri safrTxe“, rom

99

ingliss marto sakuTari ZalebiT ar SeuZlia uzrunvelhyos baTumis

uSiSroeba. Semdeg kerzonma moaxsena sabWos, rom baTumi aris amier-

kavkasiis samive respublikis cilobis sagani da iqve aRniSna, rom in-

glisis mTavrobis azria baTumi gadaeces saqarTvelos [DBFP, v.XII,.1962:51].

. sinamdvileSi ingliselebi ar apirebdnen baTumis daTmobas.

amaze metyvelebs londonidan lord hirdingis mier 21 aprils san-

remoSi kerzonisaTvis gagzavnili telegrama. masSi kargad Cans, rom

londonSi, samxedro saministroSi, mokavSireebisagan farulad mu-

Savdeboda baTumis dacvisa da gamagrebis gegma: ,,baTumis dacvis sa-

kiTxi dRis wesrigSi dgeba,_ityobineboda hardingi,_saWiroa is kon-

stantinopolidan Zalebis gadasroliT gavaZlieroT“ [DBFP,v. XII,.1962:594].

kerzonis xerxma gasWra 22 aprilis sxdomaze safrangeTis res-

publikis prezidentma aleqsandre mileranma ganacxada, rom ,,sTxovs

safrangeTis samxedro ministrs dauyovnebliv gagzavnos baTumSi ba-

talioni“ [iqve, gv.29].

Tavdapirvelad italiis mTavrobam amjeradac orWofuli pozi-

cia daikava. cnobilia, rom franCesko niti yovelTvis Tavs ikavebda

aSkara antisabWoTa intervenciisagan, rac b. Steinis SefasebiT ga-

mowveuli iyo italiis samxedro-ekonomikuri sisustiT da italieli

xalxis solidarobiT sabWoTa ruseTisadmi [Б..Штейн, 1958:.233-234]. marTalia mokavSireTa londonis konferenciaze nitim ganacxada Tan-

xmoba gaegzavna baTumSi batalioni, magram mas Semdeg, rac san-remo-

Si kerzoni mokavSireebs yoveldRiurad axal-axal cnobebs awvdida

baTumis mimarTulebiT ,,bolSevikebis winsvlis“ Sesaxeb, nitim mxari

icvala. is Tvlida, rom bolSevikebi Zalian Zlierni iyvnen, rom ba-

Tumi rusebis qalaqia da mas bolSevikebi ar daTmobdnen. Nnitis az-

riT baTumis dasacavad saWiro iyo 3 an 4 divizia, es ki moaswavebda

ruseTTan oms, risic nitis Zlier eSinoda. amitom, man antantis

umaRlesi sabWos 22 aprilis sxdomaze pirdapir ganacxada, rom is

winaaRmdegi araa gagzavnos baTumSi erTi an ori batalioni wesrigis

dasamyareblad, magram is acxadebs, rom ,,isini ar Caerevian ruseTis

mTavrobis armiebTan brZolaSi” [DBFP, v.VIII, 1958:100-101]. Tumca mas

Semdeg, rac safrangeTis prezidentma ganacxada, rom aucileblad

gagzavnis samxedro nawils baTumSi. Nnitimac gadawyvita, rom iq Ta-

visi wili ar daekarga da TviTonac dasTanxmda baTumSi batalionis

gagzavnas [iqve, p.101]. baTumis sakiTxis ganxilva gagrZelda 23 aprils sxdomazec. ini-

ciativa amjeradac didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lor-

dma kerzonma aiRo da mokavSireebs moaxsena axali informacia, rom-

lis mixedviT sabWoTa armia TiTqos baTums 120 miliT miuaxlovda.

,,me,_ganacxada kerzonma,_yvelaze didi SeSfoTebiT vuyureb bolSevi-

kuri wyobilebis damyarebas baqosa da baTumSi. es iqneba saSiSroeba

sparseTisaTvis da yvela mezobeli saxelmwifosaTvis” [i. taba-

Rua,1982:93-94]. amitom baTumSi jarebis gagzavna aucilebeliao. Semdeg

kerzonma aRniSna, rom admirali de robeki konstantinopolidan ba-

100

TumSi miemgzavreboda da male gamogzavnida moxsenebiT baraTs iq

Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb. sxdomaze kvlav daiwyes msjeloba baTum-

Si gasagzavni jarebis Semadgenlobasa da raodenobaze.

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, okupaciis gagrZelebis momxre-

Ta lideri kerzoni daJinebiT cdilobda mieRwia mokavSireTa sam-

xedro nawilebis baTumSi gagzavnis gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis.

magram viTareba Secvala loid jorjis gamosvlam. Mman ganacxada:

,,Semomaqvs winadadeba depeSa gaegzavnos admiral de robeks, raTa

saswrafod gamogzavnos moxsenebiTi baraTi baTumSi Seqmnili mdgo-

mareobis Sesaxeb... amrigad, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu safrangeTis batalio-

ni, aseve italiis batalionic ar gaudgebian gzas manam, sanam admi-

ral de robekisagan moxsenebiT baraTs ar miviRebT. sasurveli ar

iqneboda rom mokavSireTa jarebi tyved Cavardniliyvnen“ [iqve, gv.94].

Lloid jorjis es winadadeba mTlianad pasuxobda italiis mTavro-

bis meTauris pozicias. Aamitomac nitim ganacxada, rom is Tavs ika-

vebs baTumSi batalionis gagzavnisagan manam, sanam ar miiRebdnen ad-

miral de robekis moxsenebiT baraTs.

amiT damTavrda san-remos konferenciaze ,,baTumis sakiTxis“ gan-

xilva. mokavSireebs baTumis momaval bedze, an iq jarebis gagzavnaze

gadawyvetileba ar miuRiaT.

san-remos konferenciam Riad datova, agreTve, amierkavkasiis

respublikebis sasicocxlo problemebi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo maTi

sabrZolo iaraRiT uzrunvelyofasa da maTgan erTiani antisabWoTa

frontis organizebasTan (d.jojua, 1997:164).

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans san-remos konferenciis msvle-

lobis mTels manZilze kerzonis pozicia iqeTken iyo mimarTuli,

rom moexdina mokavSireTa jarebis baTumSi gagzavna, ris Sesaxeb

safrangeTis da italiis Tanxmobas pirvel etapze miaRwia kidec.

Tumca TviTon kerzoni, gamoxatavda ra inglisis koloniuri burJua-

ziis interesebs, yovelTvis iyo baTumSi mokavSireTa ama Tu im saxis

yofnis winaaRmdegi. san-remos konferenciaze ki kerzoni ukve Tvi-

Tonve moiTxovda daJinebiT baTumSi mokavSireTa jarebis Seyvanas.

ibadeba kiTxva _ riT unda aixsnas kerzonis politikis aseTnairi

cvlileba? Cvenis azriT aq ori momentia gaTvaliswinebuli. Ppirve-

li da mTavari mizezi is iyo, rom sabWoTa jarebma ganadgurebis pi-

ras miiyvana samxreT ruseTis TeTrgvardiuli Zalebi, ramac amier-

kavkasiaSic gaaaqtiura bolSevikuri moZraoba. ar iyo gamoricxuli

ruseTis wiTeli armiis SemoWrac. inglisi martod-marto rCeboda

axali omis safrTxis winaSe. amitomac, Secvlil viTarebaSi, mokavSi-

reTa damatebiTi jarebis baTumSi Seyvana iqneboda kavkasiaSi ,,bol-

Sevizmis safrTxis“ gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis saimedo garanti.

meore, am periodisaTvis antantis saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa ruse-

Tis winaaRmdeg amzadebdnen me-3 kombinirebul laSqrobas, romelSic

poloneTTan da samxreT ruseTis TeTrgvardielebTan erTad garkveu-

li wvlili amierkavkasiasac SeeZlo Seetana. rasac, kerzonis azriT,

mokavSireTa jarebis aq yofna udavod waaxalisebda.

101

da mesamec,_kerzoni eWvgareSea iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebi-

na mokavSireTa pretenziebi baTumsa da mis olqze.

es rac Seexeba kerzons.

magram riT iyo gamowveuli loid jorjis sawinaaRmdego pozi-

cia? ratom iyo is baTumSi mokavSireTa jarebis gagzavnis winaaRmde-

gi?Mmis mizans xom ar Seadgenda baTumSi inglisis erTpirovnuli ba-

tonobis SenarCuneba? vfiqrobT rom ara!

Cvenis azriT, loid jorjis es pozicia gamomdinareobda misi

saerTo damokidebulebidan ,,ruseTis sakiTxisadmi“. cnobilia, rom

loid jorjma sxva politikosebze ufro adre dainaxa ruseTSi bol-

Sevizmis damarcxebis sirTule. amasTan gaiTvaliswina omisSemdgomi

inglisis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. Kis jer kidev 1919 wlis bo-

los gamoTqvamda azrs ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobis aRdgenis Se-

saxeb. xolo 1920 wlis 16 ianvars parizis konferenciaze gaitana sa-

kiTxi sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis blokadis moxsnisa da masTan savaWro

urTierTobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.

didi britaneTis jarebis baTumSi datoveba aSkara intervenciis

gagrZelebas niSnavda. mokavSireTa damatebiTi samxedro Zalebis Cas-

vla baTumSi ki inglisis mTavrobis kabinetSi intervenciis momxreTa

poziciebs kidev ufro ganamtkicebda. Aamitom loid jorjma izruna

gamoeyenebina mokavSireTa Soris intervenciis gagrZelebis sakiTxSi

arsebuli ,,ori taqtika“ da baTumis gaZlierebuli okupaciis gadava-

debisaTvis mieRwia. amasTan loid jorji varaudobda, rom Tu ita-

liisa da safrangeTis jarebi ar Cavidodnen baTumSi, es Seasustebda

mTavrobaSi okupaciis gagrZelebis momxreTa poziciebs da saboloo

jamSi daaCqarebda baTumidan didi britaneTis saokupacio jarebis

evakuaciasac.

amrigad, san-remos konferenciaze baTumis sakiTxi Gganixilebo-

da amierkavkasiasTan dakavSirebul samxedro da politikur proble-

mebTan kavSirSi. Tumca, konferencia ise damTavrda, rom arc erT sa-

kiTxze gadawyvetileba ar miuRiaT, amierkavkasiis qveynebs Soris So-

ris arsebul uTanxmoebaTa da maTgan erTiani samxedro blokis Seq-

mnis SeuZleblobis gamo. aseve Riad darCa baTumis sakiTxi, rasac

antantis umaRlesi sabWo kvlav porto-frankos statusiT ganixilav-

da.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literetura

1. Documents on British foreign polisi 1919-1939, ser. Ι (Semokl. DBFP) 2. DBFP, v. XΙΙ, London, 1962. 3. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis

saerTaSoriso politikaSi, tf.,1929. 4. ab. surgulaZe, m. sioriZe, porto-franko baTumSi, baT., 1996. 5. m. sioriZe, baTumis sakiTxi londonis konferenciaze (1920 w.)

– niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi, V, gam-ba ,,baTumis univer-

siteti, 2007.

102

6. i. tabaRua, baTumis sakiTxi san-remos konferenciaze _ ,,mac-

ne“, (istoriis seria), #3, 1982. 7. d. jojua, saqarTvelo-italiis urTierTierToba 1919-1921

wlebSi, Tb.,1997. 8. Штейн Б. Е. ,,Русскй вопрос “ в 1920-1921 гг., М., 195 Malkhaz Sioridze

San-Remo Peace Conference about Batumi (April 1920) S u m m a r y

On the San-Remo’s peace conference (April 18-26, 1920) political figures of

countries of Entente were discussing questions related with the military and the political problems of Batumi with the South Caucasus.(Being in danger of invading by the Soviet Russia and the Kemalian Turkey). In the work is shown debates about these matters.

Besides, in the article is mentioned the fact that before the beginning of the conference, the delegates of Armenia and Azerbaijan had recognized the sovereignty of Georgia on Batumi. In spite of this, politicians of Entente were discussing Batumi as a free city-port again.

Conference didn’t have significant results, because none of the aforesaid questions had a definitive decisions.

103

qeTevan futkaraZe, kaxaber futkaraZe

xalxuri satransporto saSualebebi

istoriul saqarTveloSi

xalxur sazid saSualebaTa Soris imerxevSi gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs uRrulsa da xari arabas. uRruli CvenSi gavrcele-

buli marxilis sinonimia. Kkonstruqciuladac TiTqmis identuri,

radgan agebuleba-moxmarebis Taviseburebebis, reliefis, gzebis, bu-

nebriv-geografiuli pirobebis identuroba ganapirobebda xalxuri

satransporto saSualebebis aRniSnuli saxeobis farTod gavrcele-

bis SesaZleblobas. SavSeTSi am sazidi saSualebebiT axlac gada-

aqvT Tiva, Cala, nakeli, SeSa, samSeneblo masala da a. S. uRru-

lis//marxilis konstruqcia, damzadebis teqnologia, terminologia

iseTivea, rogorc mTian aWaraSi. misi mTavari nawilebia: sacuravi,

kofo, sayari, xeli, kota, uReli.

uRruli

caluRela marxilSi (marxilis erT-erT saxeobas ,,xizeksac” eZa-

xian) uRelis funqcias asrulebs ,,saqeduri.”

caluRela uRruli

sazid saSualebebs Soris teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro gamar-

Tulia xari araba, romelsac CvenSi urems eZaxian (termini ,,araba”

104

TurqulSi arabuli enidan Sevida. Aarabebi moZravi xalxia da Sesa-

bamisad maTi aRmniSvneli eTnonimi ,,arabi” gavrcelda moZrav meqa-

nizmebzec). Uuremi Tanamedrove da istoriuli saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli. Aagebulebis mixedviT xari arabasa da or-

borblian urems Soris araa gansxvaveba, Tumca gansxvavebulia termi-

nologia.

xari araba

xari arabas ZiriTadi nawilebia: Teqiri, mazi, UuReli. Teqiri

aris xis borbali, romelsac irgvliv rkinis (demiris) salte aqvs

Semortymuli. rkinis saltes kargad gaacxeleben da Teqirs ise Se-

mouWeren. Ggacivebis Semdeg salte mWidrod ekvris borbals.

xis borbals meorenairad ,,marans”, rkinissaltian borbals ki

,,Teqirs” uwodeben urmis RerZs imerxevSi ,,mazs” eZaxian. Mmaz-Teqir-

ze (RerZ-borbali) idgmeba xari arabas ube, romelic uRels emagreba

klavebiT (xelnebiT). Kklavebs erTmaneTTan aerTebs ,,dandlebi” (oT-

xkuTxedad gaTlili xis Rerebi). Ddandlebze idgmeba tvirTis dasaw-

yobi ,,safeneli”. Ddandlebs garda xari arabaze magrdeba oTxkuTxe-

dad gaTlili xis wvrili Rerebi. Ddandlebis paralelurad keTdeba

kofo. Ddandlebi emagreba xari arabaze paralelurad mimagrebul,

orive mxridan amoRarul or xes – ,,egrijas.” Mmazi jdeba klavSi,

romelsac ukeTeben specialur sabrunavs Seuferxebeli moZraobisa

da gamZleobis uzrunvelsayofad.

maz-Teqiri dandlebi da egrija

105

klavebisa da maz-Teqiris simagre ganapirobebs xari arabis gam-

Zleobas, amitom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva maRal ostatobas

da damzadebis xarisxs.

xari arabis agebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ubisa da mazis

gawonasworebas. rogorc cnobilia, wina nawili ukanaze mozrdilia.

gamwevi Zalis Sebmis Semdeg uzrunvelyofilia xari arabis Seufer-

xebeli muSaoba.

daRmarTSi moZraobisas dagorebis Tavidan asacileblad xari

arabis ubeze magrdeba grZeli xe – ,,goTluRi”. igi dagorebis Sem-

TxvevaSi xvdeba xaris ukana nawils da anelebs uremis moZraobas.

avtosatransporto teqnikis ganviTarebis miuxedavad imerxevSi

kvlavac aqvs farTo gamoyeneba xalxuri satransporto saSualebebis

am uZveles saxes. Cvens mier warmodgenili aRwerilobiTi masalidan

irkveva, rom konstruqciulad imerxeuli uremi aWarulis analogiu-

ria, Tumca aris terminologiuri sxvaoba. am TvalsazrisiT Cvenebu-

rebis xalxuri satransporto saSualebebis Seswavlas mniSvnelovani

adgili miekuTvneba zogadad qarTuli xalxuri transportis isto-

riis SeswavlaSi.

106

xaTuna ServaSiZe

saarqivo dawesebulebaTa istoriis

zogierTi sakiTxi

saarqivo dokumenti eris istoriuli mexsierebaa. igi warsulis

saTuTad Senaxvasa da Seswavlis saqmes emsaxureba. araferi ise sar-

wmunod da damajereblad ar iZleva qveynis istoriuli sinamdvilis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, rogorc saarqivo dokumentebi.

arqivebs saqarTveloSi mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. TviT

termini ,,arqivi’’ wyaroebSi ar Semonaxula, magram dokumentebis spe-

cialurad gankuTvnili sacavebis arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs.

1878 wlidan baTumSi da msxvil dasaxlebul punqtebSi Seiqmna

administraciuli da sameurneo dawesebulebebi, romelTa dokumente-

bis ZiriTadi nawili Sesanaxad mefis ruseTis administraciul cen-

trSi sank-peterburgSi, qalaq TbilisSi da quTaisSi igzavneboda. iq

dResacaa daculi Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis naxevarsaukunovani

periodis unikaluri masalebi (aWaris csa, fondi r-1, saq. 40, f. 104).

1921 wlis 1 ivliss, saqarTvelos revkomma gamosca dekreti sa-

qarTveloSi ,,saarqivo saqmis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb’’. 1921 wlis 15

ivliss aWaris assr samxedro komisariatis mier Seqmnilma samxedro-

istoriuli dokumentebis Semgrovebelma droebiTma komisiam xeli

mokida rogorc samxedro, aseve samoqalaqo saarqivo dokumentebis

Segrovebasa da dacvas (aWaris ar csa, f. r-1, aRwera 1, s. 23, furc.

91).

aWaris assr samxedro komisariatis droebiTma komisiam saarqivo

dokumentebis Sekrebisa da klasifikaciisaTvis Caatara didi samuSa-

oebi – ganxorcielda efeqturi RonisZiebani saarqivo dokumentebis

aRricxvisa da maTi Semdgomi koncentraciisaTvis erT saxelmwifo

dawesebulebaSi – arqivSi.

1922 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos saarqivo sammarTvelos rwmu-

nebulis giorgi mixeilis Ze furcelaZis aqtiuri mecadineobiT, ad-

gilobrivi xelisuflebis daxmarebiTa da mxardaWeriT Camoyalibda

aWaris assr ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis baTumis saarqivo gan-

yofileba. g. furcelaZe 1954 wlis ajanyebis da cnobili movlenebis

Semdgom daxvretili iqna. amis Semdeg q. kievidan saarqivo saqmis

xelmZRvanelad mowveuli iqna nikoloz spilioti.

1923 wlis 11 aprils aWaris assr saxkomsabWos prezidiumma gani-

xila ganaTlebis komisariatis mier wardgenili proeqti ,,arqivis

organizaciisa da centralizaciis Sesaxeb” da mizaSewonilad cno,

rom Seqmniliyo aWaris saarqivo sammarTvelio oTxi saStato erTe-

uliT: centraluri saarqivo sammarTvelos gamge, klasifikatori, ar-

qivariusi da kurieri (aWaris ar csa, f. #2, aRwera 1, s. 14, furc. 121)

aWaris assr mazrebis teritoriaze arsebuli yovelgvari saarqi-

vo masalis aRmoCenis, Segrovebis, gadarCevis da dacvis mizniT sa-

mazro aRmaskomebTan 1926 wlis 19 dekembridan aWaristanis centra-

luri arqivis gamgis n. spiliotis aqtiuri mecadineobiT da xeli-

107

suflebis mxardaWeriT, daarsda samazro saarqivo dawesebuleba, ro-

melic arsebobda 1929 wlamde. 1930-1935 wlebSi mSromelTa depatate-

bis saqalaqo da raionuli aRmaskomebTan SemoRebuli iqna arqivari-

usis Tanamdebobebi, 1936 wlidan aRmaskomebTan Seiqmna saarqivo gan-

yiofilebebi, raionebis saxelmwifo arqivebi. aseve, brZanebis wignebi-

dan irkveva, rom warmoeba-dawesebulebebSi ukve 1937 wlidan arsebob-

da sauwyebo arqivebi, xolo mogvianebiT, raionebSi da msxvil uwye-

bebSi gaerTianebuli sauwyebo arqivebi.

1929 wlis ianvridan gansaxkomis saarqivo ganyofilebis centra-

luri arqivi daeqvemdebara aWaris assr centralur aRmasrulebel

komitets. 1938 wlis oqtombidan saarqivo ganyofileba gadadis aWa-

ris assr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis gamgeobaSi, romelic

xelmZRvanelobs centralur saqalaqo da raionul saxelmwifo arqi-

vebs.

pirvel wlebSi, saarqivo ganyofilebis qvemdebareobaSi koncentri-

rebul iqna baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatoris kancelariis, baTu-

mis saTaTbiros, saporto qalaq baTumis policiiis sammarTvelos, qu-

Taisis sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwis, Caqvis sauflis-

wulo mamulis sammarTvelos da sxva dawsebulebaTa masalebi. 1921

wlidan dRemde sxvadasxva periodSi aWaris saarqivo dawesebulebebs

xelmZRvanelobdnen: giorgi furcelaZe (1921-1924ww.), nikoloz spilio-

ti (924-1931ww), sergo yufaraZe (1932-1937ww.), osman xalvaSi (1937-1939 ww.),

vasil solomotini (1939-1941ww.), aleqsandre protopovi (1941-1942ww), ka-

siane babiloZe (1942-1943ww.), galina ivanova (1943-1946ww), vladimer odi-

Saria (1946-1947ww.), tatiana nefedova (1947-1961ww.), levan kalandariSvi-

li (1962-1963ww.), nazi noRaideli (1963-1989ww.), Salva abaSiZe (1989-2003ww.),

nugzar zosiZe (2003-2004ww.), marika WeliZe (2004w.), imeda xajiSvili

(2004-2007ww.), tariel abulaZe (2007-2010ww.), kaxaber surgulaZe (2010-

2011ww.). amJamad saarqivo dawesebulebas xelmZRvanelobs Tengiz cincqi-

laZe.

saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1960 wlis 26 aprilis #296

dadgenilebiT aWaris assr Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo ganyo-

fileba gardaiqmna aWaris assr ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul saarqivo

ganyofilebad, xolo 1963 wlis 25 agvistodan, saqarTvelos ssr minis-

trTa sabWos #547 dadgenilebiT – aWaris assr ministrTa sabWosTan

arsebul saarqivo sammarTvelod.

garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg aWaris saarqivo mmarTvelo-

biTma rgolma kvlav ganicada reorganizacia. kerZod, aWaris assr

ministrTa sabWos 1991 wlis 29 ivnisis #109 dadgenilebiT ministrTa

sabWosTan arsebuli saarqivo sammarTvelo gardaiqmna saxelmwifo

samecniero-sawarmoo gaerTianeba ,,mematianed’’ (aWaris ar c.s.a. f. r-

1041, aRwera 1, s. 1512, furc. 1).

aWaris ar uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis 1995 wlis 7 seqtembris

brZanebulebiT Seiqmna aWaris ar saarqivo departamenti, xolo

1996 wlis 23 ianvris brZanebulebiT igi gardaiqmna saxelmwifo saar-

qivo departamentad. aWaris ar mTavrobis 2004 wlis 17 agvistos #18

dadgenilebiT Seiqmna aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba

108

saarqivio sammarTvelo (aWaris ar csa, f. r-1041, aRwera 1, s. 1701,

furc. 1-19)

saarqivo dokumentebma mravaljer icvales bina. AaWaris arqivi

1936-1962 wlebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis SenobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli.

1963 wels saarqivo dokumentema 200 aTasi saqmis odenobiT tipiur

samsarTulian SenobaSi daides bina, magram uadgilobis gamo uwyebeb-

Si dagrovili dokumentebis miReba veRar xerxdeboda. amitomac, 1968

wels gamoiyo miwis nakveTi centraluri arqivis axali Senobis mSe-

neblobisaTvis. 13 wlis Semdeg, 1981 wels moxda misi konservacia.

1986 wels neli tempiT ganaxlda mSenebloba da 1992 wlis oqtomber-

Si axal SenobaSi bina daido 400 000-ze metma dokumentma.

dReisaTvis arqivSi daculia 1648 fondis 564870 saqmeTa erTeu-

li, aqedan mmarTvelobiTia 1607 fondis 529924 saqmeTa erTeuli, sa-

mecniero-teqnikuri - 13272 saqmeTa erTeuli, piradi warmoSobis - 33

fondis 2186 Sesanaxi erTeuli, piradi Semadgenlobis - 387 fondis

74206 Sesanaxi erTeuli, kino - 9171 Sesanaxi erTeuli, fono - 6689 Se-

sanaxi erTeuli da 3628 fotodokumenti. arqivis fondsacavebSi da-

culi dokumentebis raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1/ /aWaris ar c.s.a. fondi r-1, aRwera 1, saq. 40, f. 104/.

2/ /aWaris ar c.s.a. fondi r-1, aRwera 1, saqme 23, f. 91/

3. /aWaris ar c.s.a. fondi #2, aRwera 1, saqme 14, f. 121/.

4. /aWaris ar c.s.a. fondi r-1041, aRwera 1, saqme 1512, f. 1/

5. /aWaris ar c.s.a. fondi r-1041, aRwera 1, saqme 1701, f. 1-19./

Khatuna Shervashidze

Some items of archival institutions history Summary

Archives in Georgia have century-old history. In article based on archival data is

discussed about separate history of Adjara Archival institutions.

109

Ddokumenturi wyaroebi:

saarqivo dawesebulebaTa Camoyalibebis amsaxveli

dokumentebi

dekreti

saqarT. s.s.r. revol. komitetisa saarqivo saqmis

reorganizaciis Sesaxeb

1. saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa yvela calke sauwyebo arqivebi

gauqmdes da yvela maTi saqmeebi da sabuTebi amieridan gadiricxos

saxelmwifos saerTo saarqivo fondSi.

2. saxelmwifo saarqivo fondis gamgeblobisaTvis daarsdes sa-

xalxo ganaTlebis komisariatTan, rogorc misi akademiuri centris

nawili, saarqivo saqmeTa sammarTvelo.

3. saarqivo saqmeTa sammarTvelos gamges amtkicebs saxalxo ga-

naTlebis komisariatis akademiuri centri.

4. saxelmwifo dawesebulebaT evalebaT yovelgvari saarqivo

saqmeebi da miwer-mowera, romelic dasrulebulia 1921 w. Tebervlis

25-de da mimdinare muSaobis saWiroebas ar warmoadgens, gadascen sa-

arqivo saqmeTa sammarTvelos, xolo danarCeni dausrulebeli saqmee-

bi unda darCes maT xelSi yovel uwyebisaTvis calke debulebiT gan-

sazRvrul dromde, romlis gasvlis Semdeg yvela saqmeebi da sabuTe-

bi unda gadaeces imave saarqivo saqmeTa sammarTvelos.

5. saxelmwifo dawesebulebaT ekrZalebaT yovelgvari saqmisa,

miwer-mowerisa an calke qaRaldis mospoba saarqivo saqmeTa sammar-

Tvelos werilobiTi nebadaurTvelad.

6. im mizniT, rom samecniero kvleva-ZiebisaTvis gaadvildes ar-

qivebiT sargebloba da arqivebi saTanadoT Senaxul da dacul iqnes,

saxelmwifo saarqivo fondis calke nawilebi, SeZlebisdagvarad, Se-

erTebul iqnes centralizaciis safuZvelze.

7. dekreti ese ZalaSi Sedis dRidan misi gamoqveynebisa.

saq. s.s.r. revolucionuri komitetis Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe.

ganaTlebis sax. Kkomisari a. TumaniSvili.

revkomis mdivani S. gabriCiZe.

1921 w. ivlisis 1.

tfilisi _ sasaxle.

fondi #r-1; saqme #23; furc. 91.

110

oqmi #8

a.a.s.s.r. saxkomisarTa plenumis sxdomisa

,,7’’ dekemberi 1922 w.

daeswren wevrebi: s. diasamiZe (saxkomsabW. T-re), g. ramiSvili

(kom. meurn. gany),

pevcovi (kom. meurn. T.-ris amx-i), Cuprina (profkavS), markmani

(s.m.u.s), faRava

(miw. moq. saxk.), Tumanovi (muSglexini), gaTenaZe (sasurs.saxk.)

lorTqifaniZe (ganaT.saxk.), bliumzaki (Srom.saxk.), svaniZe (partkomi),

qiqava (fin.saxk.), bziava (iust.saxk.), qoCiaSvili (janmr.saxk.), kaikaciS-

vili (Sin.saq.saxk.), ieseleviCi (sagang. gany.) da bodianski (baT. gam. r-

ni).

Tavjdomare s. diasamiZe

mdivani s. JorJoliani

moismines: ganaTlebis saxkomis momarTva, raTa daarsebul iqnas

saarqivo sammarTvelo Zveli saqmeebis SesanaxavaT da SesaswavlaT.

fuZe; ganaTl. saxk. mom. 21- noembridan 13374 #iT.

daadgines: ecnobos centrs, raTa man moagvaros es sakiTxi:

mzrunveloba gaswios baTomSi arsebul sxvadasxva istoriuli mniS-

vnelobis saqmeebis SenaxvaSi, xolo baTomSi am miznisTvis specialu-

ri aparatis Seqmna uaryofil iqnas. winadadeba mieces yvela dawese-

bulebebs, sadac aseTi saqmeebi inaxeba, yuradRebiT daicvan isini.

fondi r-2, an.1, saqme 12, furc. 4

saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

Tanaxmad Tqveni mowerilobisa a/w. 23 martis TariRiT #2334,

gidgenT ganaTlebis sax. komisariatis kolegiis dadgenilebas saar-

qivo aparatis Statis Sesaxeb, daaxlovebiT smetas, warmodgenils

moq. furcelaZis mier mTel mimoweriT am sakiTxis garSemo da

gTxovT Tqvens gankargulebas xsenebul saarqivo aparatis amuSavebis

Sesaxeb.

danarTi: mimowera II furcelze.

ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari

saqmeTa mmarTveli

fondi – r-2, aRwera-1, saqme – 23, furceli – 156

111

a m o n a w e r i

ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmidan

#33

$ I. 28 marti 1923 w.

Tavmjdomare: s. reSadi mdivani: gurgeniZe

moismines: 1.saxalxo komisarTa sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba

saarqivo

aparatis da misi momaval muSaobis gegmis warmodgenis Sesaxeb

ganaTlebis sax. komisariatis mier.

fuZe: saxkomisarTa sabWos prezidiumis oqmis #131-9 amonaweri.

daadgines: 1.saarqivo aparatis Seqmna q. baTumSi principulad mi-

Rebul iqmnes aparatis Stati Semdgar iqmnes oTxi kacisagan 1/gamge,

2/TanamSromeli, 3/arqivariusi, 4/daraji. Rac Seexeba xsenebul

saaarqivo aparatis xarjTaRricxvas, aseTis Sedgena miendos

presidiums da warmodgenil iqmnes momaval kolegiis sxdomaze

dasamtkiceblaT.

dedani saTanado xelis moweriT

dedanTan sworia: gankomis mdivani (gvari ar ikiTxeba)

fondi – r-2, aRwera-1, saqme – 23, furc. – 158

o q m i #133

a. a. s. s. r. saxkomisarTa sabWos prezidiumis sxdomisa.

11 aprili 1923 w.

daeswren wevrebi: T. ximSiaSvili (saxkomsabWos T-re), o. mowyo-

bili (cakis T-re), n. baxtaZe (Sin. saq. saxkomi) da s. lorTqifaniZe

(miwad. Moq. saxkomi); g. ramiSvili (revtrib) da a. belovi (saxkomi).

Tavmjdomare T. ximSiaSvili mdivani s. JorJoliani

moismines: ganaTlebis saxkomisariatis momarTva saarqivo mmar-

Tvelobis dawesebisa da misi Statisa da xarjTaRricxvis damtkice-

bis Sesaxeb.

fuZe: mom. 5/aprili #1248

daadgines: moxseneba damtkicebul iqnes dauyonebliv dawesdes

saarqivo sammarTvelo ganaTlebis saxkomisariatTan, romlis wamod-

geneli Stati da xarjTaRricxva damtkicebul iqnas saxiT, rogori-

112

Tac warmodgenilia ganaTlebis saxkomisariatisagan, xolo

saarqivo ganyofilebis gamge miricxul iqnas meToTxmete kaTegoria-

ze.

fondi #r-2; saqme #14; furc. 120

g e g m a

baTomSi saarqivo aparatis Seqmnis

1) Stati: gamge _ erTi, 14 an 13 kategoriis.

TanamSromeli _ erTi, 12 “_______”

arqivariusi _ erTi, 12 an 11 “________”

daraji (igive Sikriki) _ erTi 4 “_____”

2) bina: erTi didi oTaxi sawyobisaTvis aranaklebi 15X15

arS.erTi patara oTaxi 5X5 arS. Kkancelariisa da samuSaoebisaTvis.

3) mowyobileba:

4) a) Taroebi, oTx iarusiani 12 verSok. siganisa sul 100

arS.sigrZe

b) magidebi: ori didi magida sawyobSi samuSao sami arS. sigrZe

da ori arS. sigane, ori patara magida kancelariaSi samuSaoT ori

arS. sigrZe da erTi arS. sigane; oTxi skamebi; kibe dasaSali erTi;

tanisamosis da xalaTebis veSarka; xelis dasabani tasti, skamiT,

vedriT da kruJkiT; saqmeebis da sakancelario nivTebis Sesanaxad

erTi morCili Skafi dasaketiT, cocxi da tilo. Ddasakidi gasaRebi

ori;

5) samuSao tansacmeli: oTxi biazis xalaTi da oTxi wyvili

tuafis an rezinis perCatkebi.

6) ganaTeba: erTi lampoCka kancelariaSi da sami ki sawyobSi.

7) sakancelario nivTebi: ori beWedi; erTi Stampi; erTi bali-

Si; Semosul gasul qaRaldebis Jurnali -2, nivTebis wigni -1, kata-

logis wigni -10, arqivebis ricxvis mixedviT: karandaSebi, melani, sa-

webi,

8) ______________________________________

9) sxvadasxva adgilebSi myofi arqivebi erT adgilSi mogrove-

ba daaxlovebiT yvela baTomis dawesebulebaSi myofi arqivebi iqneba

woniT: a) komunalur meurneobaSi – aranaklebi 600 fuTi. Bb) centro-

soiuzis sardafSi – 500 fuTi; v) saxalxo bankis sardafSi – 400 fu-

Ti; g) me-2 qal. saavadmyofoSi – 15 fuTi; d) baTomis sabaJoSi – 400

fuTi; e) muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciaSi – 50 fuTi; J) buruntabiis

sawyobSi – 100 fuTi; sul 2200 fiTamde; amis gadatanaT moundeba 40-

45 –mde erTi cxeni drogi da oTxi muSa (7-8 dRe muSaoba; dReSi er-

Ti lira TiTo muSas) _ sul arqivebis gadatanas dagvWirdeba – 100

liramde.

fondi #r-2; saqme #23; furc. 163

113

asli

respublikis saarqivos

mTavari sammarTvelo aWaristanis s.s. avtonomiur respublikis

---------------- sax. komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomares. –

Tebervali 1923w.

#109.

q. Tbilisi

s.s.s.r. mTavari saarqivo sammarTvelo yovelTvis dids yuradRe-

bas aqcevda saarqivo saqmes q. baTomSi da sazogadoT aWaraSi, magram

aqamdis, centralur dawesebulebebSi muSaobis sirTulis gamo, mas

ar hqonda saSualeba aqtiurad Careuliyo baTomisa da aWaris saarqi-

vo saqmis mowyobaSi. Mmainc saarqivo sammarTvelos hyavda baTomSi

Tavisi rwmunebuli – amx. giorgi mixeilis Ze furcelaZe, romelic

aqamdis TavgamodebiT da uangarod /radgan amx. furcelaZes saarqivo

sammarTvelo gasamrjelosac ver aZlevda/ asrulebda Tavis movale-

obas, adevnebda Tvalyurs adgilobriv arqivebs da kerZod alagebda

da awesrigebda komunalur meurneobis sammarTveloSi moTavsebul

yofil sagubernio sammarTvelos saqmeebs. aWaris avtonomiuri mTav-

roba aqamdis albad ver iclida saarqivo saqmisaTvis jerovan yu-

radRebis misapyrobad da amiT albad aixsneba, rom saarqivo mmarTve-

li aparatic baTomSi aqamdis ver moewyo da bolos saqme mivida iqam-

dis, rom TviT is erTi oTaxic, sadac moTavsebuli iyo yof. saguber-

nio sammarTvelos saqmeebi komunalur meurneobis gamgem daaclevina

amx. furcelaZes da saarqivo saqmeebi moTavsebul iqmnen sardafSi,

sadac muSaobis gagrZeleba yovlad SeuZlebelia.

umorCilesad gTxovT miiRoT zomebi, rom saarqivo saqmes baTom-

sa da aWaraSi ar eZleodes ziani, romlis gamosworeba, Tu mas saqme-

ebis daRupva moyva momavalSi SeuZlebeli iqneba.

Zlier sasurvelia, rom aWariaSic saarqivo saqme iseTive yurad-

RebiT sargeblobdes, rogorc es ruseTis ara Tu centrSi, aramed

TviT Soreul provinciaSiac aris, sadac adgilobriv saarqivo sam-

marTveloebs, rogorc me es piradad davrwmundi s.s.s.r. mTavrobis

mier samsaxuris saqmeebis gamo Crd.-kavkasiaSi mivlinebis dros, daT-

mobili aqvs, mag. q. krasnodarsa, stavropolsa da piatigorsSi am

samsave sagubernio qalaqebSi, kargi Senobebi, qalaqis mTavar quCebze

da sabWoTa xelisufleba yvelgan cdilobs saarqivo mmarTvel apa-

rats kontrolTan erTad, jerovani daxmarebac aRmouCinos.

amisa da mixedviT vSuamdgomlobT, gaskeT gankarguleba, raTa

saarqivo sammarTvelos baTomSi mieces Sesaferisi bina da Tu es am

mokle xanSi SeuZlebelia, saCqarod dabrundes mas winandeli komuna-

lur meurneobis SenobaSi – momavalSi ki mopoebul iqnes ufro far-

To bina; Seqmnil iqnas mcire mainc saarqivo aparati adgilobriv pi-

robebis mixedviT, manamdis kidev yovelgvari daxmareba gaewios sam-

114

saxuris valdebulebaTa asrulebis dros mTavr saarqivo sammarTve-

los rwmunebuls q. baTomSi amx. giorgi mixeilis Ze furcelaZes.

saarqivo mmarTvelobis mTavari gamge – s. kakabaZe.

dedanTan sworia / saxkomsabWos saqmis mwarmoebeli


mTavr saarqivo

sammarTvelos avtonomiuri aWaristanis saxalxo

rwmunebuli q. baTomSi komisarTa sabWos Tavjdomares. –

giorgi furcelaZe.

----------------

m o x s e n e b a. –

9 marti 1923w.

#8. q. baTomi

TanaxmaT Tqveni saqmis mmarTvelis winadadebisa mogaxsenebT,

rom qal. baTomSi saarqivo saqmeebi Sesdgeba Semdegi: yofili dawese-

bulebebidan:

1. baTomis samxedro gubernatoris, sapolicio, qal. baTomis

TviTmmarTvelobis, trapezonis da baqos samxedro rkinis gzebis, -

moTavsebulia komunalur meurneobis SenobaSi qveda sardafSi. –

2. sasamarTlos palatis da olqis sasamarTlosi, romelnic Tbi-

lisidan

aq aris Camotanili, moTavsebulia “centrosoiuz”-is SenobaSi

qveda sardafSi.

3. danarCeni amier-kavkasiis, ruseT-aziis da kavkasiis bankebis mo-

Tavsebulia exlandeli saxalxo bankis SenobaSi qveda sardafSi.

4. baTomis sabaJos arqivi moTavsebulia baT. sabaJos sakuTar Se-

nobaSi patara oTaxSi.

5. amis garda aris mcire arqivi sasanitaro dawesebulebebis,

romelic moTavsebulia me-2 qal. saavadmyofoSi.

4. cixe-simagris sainJinero arqivi – inaxeba fost. “buruntabiis” sawyobSi.

yvela zemo xsenebuli arqivebi, romelic did ganZs da saisto-

rio masalas Seadgens, rogorc TviT aWaristanisaTvis ise saqarTve-

losTvis, aseTebi ar aris Sesafer alagas Senaxuli, sadac qaRalde-

bi danotvili da gamwvanebulia, romlebic Tu male ar iqmneba

mSral alagas gadatanili, srulebiT gamousadegi iqneba arqivis ma-

salaT, radgan yvela dawesebulebebis gamgeni ar afaseben maT Rire-

bulebas istoriisTvis da inaxaven iseT alagas, sadac wyali sdgas

sardafSi.

amis Sesaxeb vrceli moxseneba gaukeTe ganaTlebis komisars da

mTavar saarqivo sammarTvelos, magram saqmis karg Sedegamde dayeneba

115

dRemde ar moxerxda. Aamis gamo umorCilesad gTxovT SexvideT saar-

qivo saqmeebis aseT umweo mdgomareobaSi da amisaTvis gamoyofil iq-

mnas Sesaferi Statebi: - erTi gamge, erTi an ori TanamSromeli, da

erTi daraji /igive Sikriki/, romelnic daemorCilos an ganaTlebis

komisariats, an TviT Tqven sabWos, rogorc es sabWoTa ruseTSi ex-

la imyofeba /ixile “Правда” 1922w. 25 agv/ da mogveces Sesaferisi bina saTanado mowyobilobiT, sadac SeiZlebodes muSaoba da moTavseba

yvela calk-calke dabneul saqmeebis. Tu yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTis

mowyoba adgilobriv ar moxerxda, im SemTxvevaSi droebiT mainc ga-

dairCes saqmeebi da gadaigzavnos centrSi, rom amnairaT gadavarCi-

noT daRupvis gzas mTeli saarqivo masala. –

giorgi furcelaZe, dedanTan sworia / saxkomsabWos

saqmis mwarmoebeli (gvari ar ikiTxeba)


aWaristanis avt. socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis saxalxo ko-

misarTa sabWos prezidiumis 1923 wl. ,,20,, martis sxdomis oqmis #131/9

a m o n a w e r i

Tavmjdomare – s. lorTqifaniZe.

mdivani – s. JorJoliani

rig

i

gansaxilveli sagani

dadgenileba

10. mTavar saarqivo sammar-

Tvelos baTomis rwmunebulis

moxseneba baTomSi arsebuli

arqivis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

fuZe: mom. 9/III, #-8.

dedanTan sworia/

ganaTlebis saxkoms

cnobaT SesasruleblaT

29 marti 1923 w. q.baTomi

#2334

saxkom sabWos saqmeTa mma-

rTveli

saqmis mwarmoebeli

10. yvela masala gadaeces

ganaTlebis saxkomisariats da

winadadeba mieces mas, raTa aTi

dRis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgi-

nos dawvrilebiTi gegma ama sa-

kiTxis mosagvareblaT da misi

amuSavebisaTvis saWiro aparatis

Seqmnis proeqti.

saqmis mwarmoebeli

danarTi 5 furcelze

fondi #r-2; saqme #23; gv. 165.

116

a m o n a w e r i

ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmidan

#33

$ 7, 4 aprili 1923 w.

Tavmjdomare: s. reSadi mdivani: gurgeniZe

moismines: daadgines:

saarqivo aparatis Seqmna saarqivo aparatis Stati da xar-

jTaRricxva

fuZe: mimowera gadaegzavnos saxkomisarTa sab-

Wos dasamtkiceblaT

dedani saTanado xelis moweriT

dedanTan sworia: gankomis mdivani

fondi – r-2, aRwera-1, saqme – 23, furc.– 157

o q m i #1

ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kvlevis sxdomisa

“ I I ” dekemberi 1924w. –

sxdomas daeswren:

-------------------------------

gansaxkomisariat moadgile - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - amx. quTa-

TelaZe

aWarkomis saagit sapr. ganyofilebis gamg - - - - - - ″ koma-xiZe

komkavSiris mdivani - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - ″ gobe-Cia

polit-ganaTlebis mT. samm. gamge - - - - - - - - - - - - ″ su-luxia

profsabWos kultgany. gamge - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ″ piru-mova

ganaTl. muSakTa profkavSiris warmomadgeneli - - - ″ tor-Cinava

Tavmjdomare: - amx. quTaTelaZe. mdivani – amx. a s k u r a v a. –

117

m o i s m i n e s – 1. saarqivo ganyofilebis Sesaxeb.

D d a a d g i n e s: aRdgenili iqnas saarqivo ganyofilebis mu-

Saoba. eTxovos aWarkoms da agreTve saq. centralur saarqivo sammar-

Tvelos rac SeiZleba daCqarebiT wamoayenon kandidati ganyofilebis

gamgis Tanamdebobaze. momavali muSaoba ganyofilebisa iqnes mWid-

roT dakavSirebuli centrTan. am TaviTve ganyofilebis aRdgenisaT-

vis Sesdges komisia Semdegis warmomadgenlobiT: aWarkomis, aWarista-

nis sagangebo komisiis da gansaxkomisariatisa. Kkomisias daevalos

uyos koncentracia yvela adgilobriv dawesebulebis arqivebs, ro-

melTa dasaTvaliereblaT da gasacnobaT amJamad baTomSi warmogzav-

nil centris warmomadgenels amx. Cxetias da ganaTlebis saxkomisa-

riatis profganaTlebis gamges amx. boWoriSvils mieceT saTanado

mandatebi, rac eTxovos saxkomsabWos.

xels awers sxdomis Tavmjdomare: amx. quTaTelaZe mdivani: asku-

rava.

dedanTan sworia:

ganaTl. Kkomisariatis saqm. Mwarmoebeli.


118

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandumi

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis (saqarTvelo) mTavrobis

saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba - saarqivo sammarTvelosa da

saxelmwifo saagento `arqiveb~-s (bulgareTi) Soris

urTierTTanamSromlobis winamdebare memorandumi gansazRvravs

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebule-

ba - saarqivo sammarTvelos (saqarTvelo) da blagoevgradis (bulga-

reTi) teritoriuli arqivis ganyofilebas Soris SesaZlo Tanam-

Sromlobis CarCoebs. memorandumi mxareebs ar akisrebs samarTlebriv

valdebulebas da mas ar aqvs iZulebis Zala. igi afiqsirebs orive

mxaris survils xeli Seuwyos urTierTTanamSromlobas.

aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba - saarqivo sam-

marTvelo iswrafvis axali teqnologiebis danergvis gziT erovnuli

memkvidreobis dacvis strategiis ganviTarebisa da srulyofisken,

romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis, uzrunvlyofili iqnas saarqivo fon-

debis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomoba.

blagoevgradis samxareo saxelmwifo arqivi warmoadgens maRal-

profesiul da gamocdil organizacias, romelic saarqivo fondebis

monacemTa bazis ,,onlain” reJimSi CarTvisken iswrafvis.

blagoevgradis regionis saarqivo da dokumenturi memkvidreo-

bis masalebis dacva warmoadgens blagoevgradis `teritoriuli ar-

qivis~ ganyofilebis prioritetul mimarTulebas.

blagoevgradis samxareo saxelmwifo arqivis gamocdileba xels

Seuwyobs aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo da-

wesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTvelosTan yovelmxriv TanamSromlobas.

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawese-

buleba - saarqivo sammarTvelo da blagoevgradis (bulgareTi) sam-

xareo arqivi, momavalSi moxseniebuli, rogorc aRniSnuli memoran-

dumis mxareebi, iTvaliswineben ra saerTo interesebs da urTierTa-

namSromlobisa da profesiuli urTierTobidan gamomdinare Sede-

gebs, Tanxmdebian Semdegze:

1. ganaviTaron yovelmxrivi TanamSromloba, rac aseve iTvalis-

winebs informaciisa da profesiuli gamocdilebis gacvlas.

2. miawodon erTmaneTs saarqivo dokumentebis gamocemebi, profe-

siuli gamocemebi, samecniero da meTodologiuri literatura, moaw-

yon profesiuli da samecniero Sexvedrebi (konferenciebi, seminare-

bi, samuSao adgilze treningebi) da saarqivo masalebis gamofenebi.

3. moiZion dokumentebi da erTmaneTSi gacvalon informacia, ase-

ve fondebisa da koleqciebis gamdidrebis mizniT erTmaneTs miawo-

don orive qveynis istoriisTvis materialuri Rirebulebis mqone sa-

arqivo dokumentTa aslebi (werilobiTi, kino da foto dokumentebi).

119

4. gamoiyenon aslebi da mikrofilmebi mxolod samecniero da

kvleviTi, agreve ori qveynis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli miznebisaT-

vis. am tipis nebismieri dokumenti SesaZlebelia gamoqveyndes mxo-

lod meore mxaris nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg.

5. gamoices dokumentebis koleqciebi, romlebic asaxaven ori

qveynis TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebul istoriul procesebs.

6. damyardes pirdapiri kontaqti baTumisa da blagoevgradis

saxelmwifo arqivebs Soris, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnas informaci-

aze farTo xelmisawvdomoba.

7. mxareebi samecniero-kvleviTi interesebis Sesabamisad Tanxmde-

bian saarqivo dokumentebsa da damxmare saSualebebis Tavisufal

xelmisawvdomobaze memorandumis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

8. ganaxorcielon memorandumSi aRniSnuli erToblivi proeqte-

bi da RonisZiebebi.

xelmowerilia q. sofiaSi 2010 wlis 1 noembers.

Sedgenilia or egzemplarad, bulgarul da qarTul enebze.

aWaris ar mTavrobis saxelmwifo saagento `arqivi~-s

saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba - Tavmjdomare profesori

georg bakalovi

saarqivo sammarTvelos `teritoriuli arqivi - blagoev

ufrosi gradis~ ganyofilebis gamge

profesori k. surgulaZe petre stanevi

120

МЕМОРАНДУМ

за сътрудничество между Архивно управление при Правителството на Аджарската автономна република, Грузия и

Държавна агенция „Архиви”на Република България Меморандумът за сътрудничество между Архивно управление при

Правителството на Аджарската автономна република, Грузия и Държавна агенция «Архиви» на Република България очертава рамките на сътрудничеството между Архивното управление в Батуми и отдел Териториален държавен архив-Благоевград. Меморандумът не предполага правна отговорност на страните и няма задължителна сила, а отразява желанието на двете страни да съдействат за взаимноизгодното сътрудничество.

Архивното управление при Правителството на Аджарската автономна република, Грузия се стреми да развива и усъвършенства стратегиите за защита на националното наследство с помощта на новите технологии, които осигуряват всеобщ достъп до архивните фондове.

Опазването на архивното и документалното наследство в региона на Благоевградска област и осигуряването на възможности за използване на архивните извори са приоритетни функции на отдел Териториален държавен архив-Благоевград. Опитът на отдел Териториален държавен архив- Благоевград ще способства за развитието на сътрудничеството с Архивното управление в Батуми.

Като отчитат общите интереси и очаквани резултати от съвместното сътрудничество и професионалните взаимоотношения, страните се договарят да:

• Развиват всестранно сътрудничество в областта на обмяната на информация и професионален опит;

• Си предоставят взаимно документални издания, научни и методически изследвания; организират научни срещи (конференции, семинари, тренинги) и архивни изложби.

• Издирват документи и обмен на информация за обогатяване на фондовете и колекциите и взаимно предоставяне на копия на архивни документи (писмени, кино- и фотодокументи) за историята на Батуми и Благоевград, на Аджарската автономна република и Благоевградска област.

• Използват копия и микрофилми за научноизследователски цели, свързани с историята на двете страни. Всеки документ от подобен тип може да бъде публикуван само при съгласието на двете страни.

• Публикуват колекции на документи, отразяващи историческите процеси, свързани със сътрудничеството между двете страни.

• Поддържат непосредствени връзки между архивите в Благоевград и Батуми за осигуряване на широк достъп до информацията.

• Осигуряват свободен достъп до архивните документи и справочния апарат с оглед на изследователските проучвания и в съответствие с меморандума.

• Осъществяват съвместни проекти и мероприятия, предвидени в меморандума.

Меморандумът е подписан в София на 1 ноември 2010 г., съставен е в два еднообразни екземпляра, всеки на грузински, български и руски език, по един за всяка от страните. В случай на различие в тълкуването, руският текст е меродавен.

121

Председател на Председател на Архивно Държавна агенция „Архиви” управление на Аджарската АР, Република България: проф. Кахабер Сургуладзе проф. Георги Бакалов Началник отдел Териториален държавен архив гр. Благоевград: Петър Станев

Меморандум о взаимно - сотрудничестве

Aрхивного управления подведомственного учреждения правительства Аджарской АР /Грузия/

и Государственного Архива Одесской Области /Украина/

Представленный меморандум о взаимно - сотрудничестве Архивного упр-авления-подведомственного учреждения правительства Аджарской АР (Грузия) и Государственного Архива Одесской Области /Украина/ очерчивает рамки возможного сотрудничества между Архивным управлением Аджарской АР и Государственного Архива Одесской Области /Украина/. Меморандум не подразумевает правовой ответственности сторон и не имеет обязательной силы, он лишь фиксирует желание обеих сторон способствовать взаимовыгодному сотрудничеству.

Архивное управление подведомственного учреждения правительства А-джарской АР стремится к развитию и совершенствованию стратегий защиты национального наследства с помощью внедрения новых технологий, что позволит обеспечить всеобщую доступность архивных фондов.

В сфере сохранения национального наследства и в обеспече-ния современного архивного обслуживания Государственный Архив Одесской Области /Украина/ является высокопрофессиональной и опытной организацией, которая стремится к созданию базы данных архивных фондов для включения в онлайн режим.

Изучение опыта Государственнoгo Архивa Одесской Области /Украина/ будет способствовать развитию взаимного сотрудничества с Архивным управлением Аджарской АР, Стороны, принимая во внимание общие интересы и возможные результаты обоюдного сотрудничества и профессиональных отношений, заключают договор о следующем:

Развивать всестороннее сотрудничество, что также подразумевает обмен -информацией и профессиональным опытом.

Предоставлять другой стороне публикации архивных документов, профе-ссиональные публикации, научную и методологическую литературу, устраивать профессиональные и научные встречи (конференции, семинары, тренинги на рабочем месте) и выставки архивных материалов.

Изыскивать документы и обмениваться информацией, для взаимного об-огащения фондов и коллекций предоставлять друг другу копии архивных

122

документов, имеющих материальную ценность для истории Одессы и Батуми (письменные свидетельства, кино-и фото-документация).

Использовать копии и микрофильмы в научно – исследовательс-ких целях, а также в целях, связанных с историей обеих стран. Лю-бой документ подобного типа может быть опубликован только с согласия другой стороны.

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Меморандум подписан в г. Одессе 24 декабря 2010 г. Он составлен в двух экземплярах, на украинском и грузинском.

Руководитель Архивного управления - Подведомственного учреждения

Правительства Аджарской АР Проф. Кахабер Сургуладзе

Руководитель - Государственного

Архива Одесской Области /Украина/

Иван Ниточко

123

samecniero – kvleviTi saqmianoba da Catarebuli RonisZiebebi

aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTveloSi

qronika

I. samecniero saqmianoba:

a) samecniero publikaciebi:

1) samxreT – dasavleT saqarTvelo mezobel saxelmwifoTa geo-

politikuri interesebis konteqstSi, baT. 2009.

2) T. futkaraZe, qorwili imerxevSi, baT. 2009;

3) baTumi ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi, baT. 2010;

4) religiuri dawesebulebebi aWaraSi, dokumentebis krebuli,

nakv I, baT. 2010.

II. samecniero konferenciebi:

1. 2008 wlis 11-12 ivniss Catarda aWaris deda samSoblosTan dab-

runebis 130 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-

ferencia. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen saqarTvelos,

bulgareTis, ruseTis, TurqeTis saarqivo da samecniero dawesebule-

bis warmomadgenlebi.

× - ×

2. 2009 wlis 3 ivliss Catarda samecniero konferencia ,,aWara

ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi”. wakiTxul iqna 22 moxseneba.

× - ×

3. 2010 wlis 29 ivliss saarqivo sammarTveloSi Catarda konfe-

rencia - ,,saarqivo pirvelwyaroebi mkvlevarTa naSromebSi”. moxsene-bebiT gamovidnen: maia rurua (dacvis, aRricxvis da samecniero-sac-

nobaro ganyofilebis ufrosi) da Tamaz futkaraZe (sazRvargareT-

Tan, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis da sainformacio-teqnologie-

bis ganyofilebis ufrosi). × - ×

4. 2011 wlis 24 Tebervals Catarda konferencia - ,,saqarTvelo

sabWoTa aneqsiis pirispir”. moxsenebiT gamovidnen: prof. kaxaber

surgulaZe, oTar gogoliSvili, jemal karaliZe, Sinagan saqmeTa sa-

ministros saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile Tamar belqa-

nia.

× - ×

5. 2011 wlis 2 marts Catarda arqvistis dRisadmi miZRvnili meo-

re samecniero konferencia. moxsenebiT gamovidnen: prof. kaxaber

surgulaZe, prof. Tamaz futkaraZe. arqivis TanamSromlebi: elguja

Caganava da fridon qardava. amagdari arqivistebi dajildovdnen fa-

siani saCuqrebiT.

6. 2011 წლის 30-31 მაისს ჩატარდა შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო

უნივერსიტეტის, ბლაგოევგრადის ნეოფიტ-რილსკის უნივერსიტეტისა და

აჭარის არ მთავრობის საქვეუწყებო დაწესებულება-საარქივო სამმართველოს

ერთობლივი საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია თემაზე: ,, საქართველო

124

და ბულგარეთი (ისტორიული პარალელები)”. კონფერენციის მუშაობაში

მონაწილეობა მიიღეს ქუთაისის, თბილისის, ბათუმის სხვადასხვა სამეცნიერო

დაწესებულების წარმომადგენლებმა და ბლაგოევგრადის ნეოფიტ-რილსკის

უნივერსიტეტის (ბულგარეთი) პროფესორ-მასწავლებლებმა. × - ×

III. wignis ganxilva

1. 2009 wlis 3 ivliss moewyo prof. o. gogoliSvilis wignis

,,socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi” prezentacia. naS-

romis mecnieruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb isaubra prof. Tamaz futka-

raZem. sityviT gamovidnen: sandro beriZe, tariel abulaZe, fridon

qardava.

IV. saarqivo fondis Sevseba:

1. 2010 wlis 17 marts saarqivo sammarTvelos XVIII s. meore na-

xevris umniSvnelovanesi xelnaweri Seemata. prof. ramaz surmaniZis

mier Suaxevis raionis sof. WalaSi, gulafer WaRaliZis ojaxSi 1987

wels aRmoCenili ,,qarTuli karabadinis” aWaruli variantis ,,femba-

seuli nusxa” gadasca. aRniSnuli xelnaweri yvelaze Zvelia aWaris

saarqivo sammarTveloSi dacul werilobiT dokumentebis Soris.

× - ×

2. 2011 wlis 6 ianvars saarqivo sammarTvelos gadaeca cnobili

folkloristis jemal noRaidelis piradi fondi. Ffondis gadmoce-

mas eswrebodnen mecnieris STamomavlebi: prof. nanuli noRaideli

da prof. Tamila lomTaTiZe.

× - ×

3. dasrulda muSaoba da saxelmwifo Senaxvaze miRebuli iqna

sammarTvelos Sesaxeb britaneTis arqivSi daculi dokumentebis

(1830-1947 ww.) aslebi 2334 s/erTeulis odenobiT. fonds mieniWa bri-

taneTis saarqivo masalebis koleqciis statusi da fondis nomeri (i-

83).

V. Tematuri nusxebis Sedgena

1) qalaqis Tavebi (1878 – 1921);

2) ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTareba qobuleTsa da xelvaCauris

raionebSi (1922 – 1982).

VI. dokumentebis gamovlena

saarqivo sammarTvelos publikaciisa da gamoyenebis ganyofile-

bis mTavari specialistis fridon qadravas ZalisxmeviT gamovleni-

li iqna dokumentebi Semdeg Temebze:

a) sakonsuloebi baTumSi 1913 – 1980;

b) ganaTleba Zv. baTumSi (1878 – 1921);

g) religiuri dawesebulebebis aWaraSi.

125

VII. gamofenebi

1. 2010 wlis 12 Tebervals moewyo rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis istoriis amsaxveli dokumentebis gamofena.

× - ×

2. 2010 wlis 12 agvistos moewyo ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis

agvistos omis amsaxveli foto dokumentebis gamofena.

× - ×

3. 2011 wlis 24 Tebervals gaixsna sabWoTa okupaciis 90 wlis-

Tavisadmi miZRvnili foto dokumentebis gamofena.

× - ×

5. 2011 wlis 2 marts gaixsna aWaraSi saarqivo dawesebulebis am-

saxveli werilobiTi dokumentebis gamofena.

× - ×

6. 2011 wlis 2 ivniss gaixsna saqarTvelo-bulgareTis urTierTobe-

bis amsaxveli werilobiTi da fotodokumentebis gamofena

VIII. filmis prezentacia

2010 wlis 18 noembers saarqivo sammarTveloSi moewyo zurab

qavTaraZis dokumenturi filmis ,,tao – klarjeTi”-s prezentacia.

aRiniSnulma namuSevarma marTmadidebluri filmebis festivalze

saprizo adgili daimsaxura.

IX. kontaqtebi ucxoeTis arqivebTan da saqarTvelos

samuzeumo dawesebulebebTan

1. 2010 w. 18 maiss gaformda TanamSromlobis memorandumi aWaris

saarqivo sammarTvelosa da x. axvledianis aWaris muzeums Soris. igi

iTvaliswinebs samuzeumo da saarqivo sferoSi mxareebis TanamSrom-

lobas, informaciebis gacvlasa da progresuli gamocdilebis gazia-

rebas.

× - ×

2. 2010 wlis 1 noembers, bulgareTSi. sofiaSi xeli moewera aWa-

ris ar saarqivo sammarTvelosa da saxelmwifo saagento ,,arqivebs”

(bulgareTi) Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandums. memoran-

dums xeli moaweres: aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosma kaxa-

ber surgulaZem, saxelmwifo saagento ,,arqivebi”-s Tavmjdomarem -

prof. g. bakalovma da blagoevgradis teritoriulo arqivis ganyofi-

lebis gamgem – petre stanevma.

× - ×

3. 2010 wlis 24 dekembers ukrainaSi, q. odesaSi xeli moewera aWa-

ris ar saarqivo sammarTvelos da odesis samxareo saxelmwifo arqi-

vebs Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandums. dokuments xeli

moaweres: kaxaber surgulaZem (aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTvelos uf-

rosi) da ivane nitoCkom (odesis olqis saxelmwifo arqivis direqto-

ri).

126

× - ×

4. 2011 w. 23 marts, aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebule-

ba-saarqivo sammarTvelos stumrobda SvedeTis biznesis istoriis cen-

tris warmomadgenlobiTi delegacia aleqsander hiusbais (stokholmis

biznesis istoriis centris dreqtori, delegaciis xelmZRvaneli), hans

gustafsonis, tomas tudeni (nobelis STamomavali) meuRliTurT, per da-

lisa da vadim azbelis (centris mkvlevarebi) SemadgenlobiT. stumrebs miesalma da saarqivo dawesebulebis saqmianobis ZiriTa-

di mimarTulebebi gaacno aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebele-

ba-saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosma Tengiz cincqilaZem. stumrebma gamoxates aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTvelosTan Tanam-

Sromlobis survili da warmoadgines Zmebi nobelebis kompania ”branobe-

lis” saerTaSoriso veb-gverdis Seqmnis proeqti, romelSic Tavs moiy-ris biznesis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli werilobiTi da fotodokumen-

tebi, filmebi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba im kompaniebis do-

kumentur monacemebs, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo Zmebi nobelebis saq-

mianobasTan, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi 1870-1920-ian wleebSi. dReisaTvis

maT arqivSi bina daido XVIII saukunis Semdgomi periodis 600 aTasze met-

ma dokumentma. veb-gverdze ganTavsdeba sazogadoebriv-popularuli da

samecniero statiebi, filmebi, fotoebi da Seiqmneba biznesis istorias-

Tan dakavSirebuli monacemebis erTiani samecniero baza. aRniSnuli amocanis ganxorcielebisaTvis SvedeTis biznesis isto-

riis centrma gaaforma saTanado xelSekrulebebi azerbijanis da saqar-

Tvelos erovnul arqivebTan, maT gamoxates Tanasworuflebianobis saw-yisebze proeqtSi aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebueleba saar-qivo sammarTvelos monawilebis survili da mzadyofna analogiuri

xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad. SvedeTis biznesis istoriis centrTan TanamSromloba xelmisawvdoms gaxdis baTumeli mkvlevarebisaTvis yve-

la im saarqivo dokuments, romlebic biznesis istoriasTan iqneba dakav-

Sirebuli da gzas gauxsnis aWaris ar saarqivo dawesebu;lebas evropul

saarqvivo dawesebulebeTan integraciis TvalsazrisiT.

stumrebma aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTvelos usaxsovres ”atlas di-

zelis” Sveduri kompaniis erT-erTi werilobiTi dokumentis asli. saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosma stumrebs gadasca aWaris RirsSe-

saniSnaobebis, aseve mimdinare aRmSeneblobiTi procesebis amsaxveli

bukletebi da fasiani saCuqrebi. × - × 2011 w. 2 ivniss aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-

saarqivo sammarTvelos ewvia blagoevgradis neofit-rilskis univer-

sitetis (bulgareTi) delegacia profesor mariana piskovas xel-

mZRvanelobiT. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen profesorebi: kris-

tina popova, nurie muratova da doqtorantebi: anastasia kirilova

da sergei vuCkovi. stumrebs miesalma da saarqivo sammarTvelos mu-

Saobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb esaubra sammarTvelos uf-

127

rosi Tengiz cincqilaZe. stumrebma saarqivo sammarTvelos gadmos-

ces sofiis biblioTekis aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganyofilebaSi ba-

Tumisa da zogadad saqarTvelos Sesaxeb daculi 300-mde dokumentis

(arzebi, firmanebi, defterebi, arzuhalebi, mazbatebi da a. S.) anawe-

ri, romlebic ganekuTvneba XVI-XIX saukuneebs. stumrebma daaTvalie-

res saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi saqarTvelo-bulgareTis urTi-

erTobis amsaxveli dokumentebis gamofena.

X. Sexvedrebi, leqcia – saubrebi

2009 wlis 18 marts moewyo Sexvedra SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis studentebTan.Mmoxseneba - ,,saqarTvelos okupacia

wiTeli armiis mier” waikiTxa publikaciisa da gamoyenebis ganyofi-

lebis mTavarma specialistma fridon qardavam.

× - ×

2009 wlis 22 maiss Sedga Sexvedra SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis studentebTan. Mmoxseneba - ,,saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba saarqivo dokumentebSi” gaakeTa publikaciisa da gamoyene-

bis ganyofilebis mTavarma specialistma fridon qardavam.

× - × 2009 wlis 23 maiss moewyo Sexvedra aWaraSi moRvawe qalbatoneb-

Tan: prof. SuSana futkaraZesTan, prof. nazi miqelaZesTan, prof. Ti-

na SioSvilTan. qalbatonebs miesalma saarqivo sammarTvelos ufro-

si tariel abulaZe. sityviT gamovidnen: sandro beriZe, Tamaz futka-

raZe.

× - ×

2010 wlis 9 Tebervals baTumis elitaruli skola ,,gorda”-s

moswavleebs saarqivo dawesebulebis mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze leq-

cia-gakveTili Cautara saarqivo sammarTvelos publikaciisa da gamo-

yenebis ganyofilebis ufrosma madona cxadaZem.

× - ×

2010 wlis 12 agvistos Catarda ruseT – saqarTvelos 2008 wlis

agvistos omSi daRupuli jariskacebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili saRa-

mo. Mmowveul stumrebs Soris iyvnen omSi monawile jariskacebi, sa-

zogadoebrivi organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. RonisZieba gaxsna da

misasalmebeli sityva warmoTqva sammarTvelos ufrosma prof. kaxa-

ber surgulaZem. sityviT gamovidnen: T.futkaraZe, Temur zaqaraZe, na-

zi futkaraZe, aida abuseriZe, Tengiz mgelaZe. mowveuli jariskacebi

dajildovdnen fasiani saCuqrebiT.

XI. qvelmoqmedeba

1. 2010 wlis 11 Tebervals ss ,,viTibi banki jorjia”-s baTumis

filialma (mmarTveli - giorgi TavarTqilaZe) saarqivo sammarTvelos

saCuqrad gadasca kompiuteruli teqnika.

128

× - ×

2. 2010 wlis 1 ivniss, bavSvTa saerTaSoriso dResTan dakavSire-

biT saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromlebma fasiani saCuqrebi gadas-

ces urexis bavSvTa saxlis 60 aRsazrdels.

129

sarCevi

1. winaTqma ..................................................................................................................................................3

2. Tamaz futkaraZe – saarqivo dokumenturi pirvelwyaroebi

mkvlevarTa samecniero SromebSi ........................................................................................8

3. merab megreliSvili – baTumis aleqsandre nevelis

saxelobis taZris istoriidan................................................................................................22

4. fridon qardava – saqarTvelos okupaciis sakiTxisaTvis...............25

5. merab megreliSvili, SoTa maxaraZe _ 1874-1911 wlebSi baTumisa

da arTvinis olqebis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi mowyobis

da baTumis savayufo miwebis Sesaxeb ..............................................................................30

6. oTar gogoliSvili – sagamomcemlo saqmis ganviTareba

baTumSi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze...............................................................................33

7. qeTevan iakobaZe _ samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo Sardenis

naazrevSi .......................................................................................................................................................38

8. Temur avaliani _ erTian eTnokulturul sivrceSi

araqarTuli komunikaciur-interaqciuli velis Camoyalibebis

ZiriTadi faqtorebi...........................................................................................................................41

9. Gabriela Belova – A Bulgarian attitude to the European neighbourhoud policy ...44 10. ramaz surmaniZe _ ucnobi gmiri ..................................................................................52 11. Тамаз Путкарадзе, Нурие Муратова - Некоторые вопросы исторических и научно- культурных взаимоотношений венгерского и грузинского народа .............................................................................................................................59 12. elguja Caganava – diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis

istoriidan. sakonsuloebi baTumSi ..................................................................................62

13. Tea qaTamaZe – aWaris saganmanaTleblo centrebi da

pedagogebi 1880-1910-ian wlebSi...............................................................................................66

14. naTia mirianaSvili – saqarTvelo – azeraijanis konfliqti

da zaqaTalis problema (1918-1921).......................................................................................72

15. malxaz sioriZe, saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis

stamburad gamoqveynebis adgili, dro da garemoebebi...................83

16. maia rurua – amagdari arqivistebi...........................................................................88 17. TinaTin jabadari – svaneTi 1921 – 1924 wlebis ajanyebaSi.............94

18. malxaz sioriZe – san-remos sazavo konferencia baTumis

Sesaxeb (1920 w. aprili) ..................................................................................................................97

19. qeTevan futkaraZe, kaxaber futkaraZe, _ xalxuri

satransporto saSualebebi istoriul saqarTveloSi ................................. 103

20. xaTuna ServaSiZe – saarqivo dawesebulebaTa istoriis

zogierTi sakiTxi................................................................................................................................. 106

21. dokumenturi wyaroebi: saarqivo dawesebulebaTa Camoyalibebis

amsaxveli dokumentebi .................................................................................................................... 109

22. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: urTierTTanamSromlobis

memorandumi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis (saqarTvelo)

mTvarobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba – saarqivo sammarTvelosa

da saxelmwifo saagento ,,ariqveb”-s (bulgareTi) Soris ........................ 118

130

23. urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandumi aWaris avtonomiuri

respublikis (saqarTvelo) mTvarobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba –

saarqivo sammarTvelosa da odesis saxelmwifo samxareo arqivs

(ukraina) Soris (rusul enaze) .............................................................................................. 118

24. samecniero – kvleviTi saqmianoba da Catarebuli

RonisZiebebi aWaris ar saarqivo sammarTveloSi - qronika.................... 123

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]