a rapid assessment of septage management in indonesia 2010 usaid

7/30/2019 A Rapid Assessment of Septage Management in Indonesia 2010 USAID

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Althouh Indonesia has 150 septae treatment plants, 90 percent are no loner in operation and only four percent of collected septae

is treated at a facility. As the government of Indonesia strives to rehabilitate the countrys STPs, the country will need reater

emphasis on policy development, aency coordination, local capacity buildin, and private sector enaement.

FEnITA ROSARIA, ECO-ASIA


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47COUnTRY ASSESSMEnT: InDOnESIA

COUNTRY ASSESSMENT

INDONESIA

Coutry Populatio (i millios) 2281 nomial GDP (i billios) $5122

Urba Populatio (i millios) 1121 nomial Icome per cap $2,2462

Urba Populatio (% of total) 49%1 Aual Water Budget per cap $3.353

Access to Improved Water (urba) 89%1 Aual Saitatio Budget per cap $0.373

Access to Improved Saitatio (urba) 67%1 Fee to Desludge (per m3) $2-9

Access to Sewerage (urba) 2.3%4 Surface Water Pollutio

(% of samples, Jaarta)84%5

Use of Osite Saitatio (urba) 62%6 Ecoomic Cost of Poor Saitatio (i billios) $6.37

Treatmet of Collected Septage (urba) 4%6 Terms for Septage i Idoesia: septage, fecal sludge

Key Challenes Key Strenths

Lac of atioal policy ad stadard settig to guide local

implemetatio

Low public awareess of importace of septage

maagemet i wastewater treatmet

Lac of tecical assistace, maagemet support, ad

private participatio leave 90% of existig STPs closed or

barely operatioal

natioal uder ivestmet i ifrastructure, especially for

wastewater

Treatmet ifrastructure exists but is uderutilied

Public ad private operators provide mecaie septage

collectio i most cities

Decetralied system allows local govermets to

customie wastewater treatmet solutios

Several atioal forums ad worig groups provide

expertise, policy formatio, ad iformatio

dissemiatio o commuity-based saitatio


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48 A RAPID ASSESSMEnT OF SEPTAGE MAnAGEMEnT In ASIA

10 SUMMARY

Wit two-tirds of its urba residets relyig o osite

saitatio systems (OSS) for wastewater disposal,

Idoesia produces a tremedous volume of septage i

its cities eac year. Sice oe i six of tese OSS leas or

as a ope bottom, ad 40 percet are located witi

10 meters of a well or pump, wic are major sourcesof water for urba residets, OSS cause as muc as 70

percet of groudwater cotamiatio i Idoesia.8

Recogiig te importace of septage maagemet,

te atioal govermet costructed 150 septage

treatmet plats (STPs) i large- ad medium-sied

cities durig te 1990s. Tis is a sigificat ivestmet,

cosiderig tat oly 11 cities curretly ave wastewater

treatmet plats. however, tese top-dow projects

laced local support ad correspodig local policies,

moitorig ad eforcemet, operatios traiig, ad

public outreac to mae tem sustaiable. Importatly,

te decetraliatio policy of 2001 trasferred

maagemet resposibilities to local agecies witout

adequate traiig ad ogoig tecical assistace. As

of 2009, 90 percet of STPs are closed or miimally

operatioal, ad tose tat are operatioal ofte

carge private collectio compaies a dumpig fee.

not surprisigly, private service providers ofte dispose

of septage i earby rivers. Lac of adequate saitatio,

ad septage ad wastewater maagemet ave caused

sigificat ealt ad evirometal impacts. Te

World Ba estimates tat iadequate saitatio costs

Idoesia $6.3 billio i ecoomic losses eac year,

equal to 2.3 percet of its GDP.9

To avoid past problems, saitatio iitiatives today

stress bot top-dow ad bottom-up actios to

develop sustaiable, commuity-based projects. Cities

i Idoesia are icreasigly iterested i te use

of commual septic tas ad DEWAT treatmet

systems, i additio to addressig septage maagemet.

Te 2008 natioal Policy ad Strategies o Domestic

Wastewater Maagemet also igligts te eed to

address regulatios, private sector ad commuity

egagemet, ad ifrastructure ivestmet.

I support of tese strategies, tis report recommeds

tat, i te ear-term (witi tree years), te Miistry

of Public Wors (MPW) ad te natioal Developmet

Plaig Agecy (BAPPEnAS) itegrate septage

maagemet ito te atioal dialogue o saitatio,

ad promote te importace of septage maagemet

FIgURE 7: SEWERAgE ACCESS IN MAjOR ASIAN CITIES, 2001 TO 200215


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i cities were tere are ogoig commuity-based

saitatio projects. Tese atioal agecies ca elp a

few cities tat already ave STPs develop model septage

maagemet programs. I te medium-term (tree to

five years), te atioal miistries ca develop, improve,

ad dissemiate stadard guidelies, model local

regulatios, effluet ad septage disposal stadards, ad

traiig materials for collectio ad treatmet operators.I tese efforts, tey sould egage iteratioal

orgaiatios support i providig traiig ad tecical

assistace. To leverage additioal fuds for tis sector,

local govermets sould collaborate wit private

compaies to develop ew models of public-private

partersips for septage collectio ad treatmet.

Te atioal govermet sould also icrease fudig

for wastewater ifrastructure developmet ad local

capacity buildig, streamlie regulatios for private

sector participatio, ad create fiacial icetives for

cities to adopt ad improve teir capacity to maage

ad treat septage.

20 BACkGROUND AND CONTEXT

21 Nationa Sanitation Context

As of 2006, 89 percet of urba residets ad access to

improved water ad 67 percet to improved saitatio

i Idoesia. Idoesias wastewater treatmet

ifrastructure, owever, ras tird i te world after

Idia ad Cia i terms of te gap betwee demad

ad actual coectios, ad Jaarta ras secod to lasti a compariso of major Asia cities (see Figure 7). As

of 2009, 11 cities i Idoesia provide a average 14

percet of teir residets wit a sewerage system tat

as a total desig capacity to treat just 826,000 cubic

meters of sewage per day. I te absece of sewerage

etwors, te majority of urba ouseolds build teir

ow septic tas.

Te lac of adequate wastewater ifrastructure places

a sigificat burde o water quality, uma ealt,

ad ecoomic productivity.10 As a example, Jaartas

healt Agecys 2005 records sow tat 84 percet

of groudwater samples tae from across Jaarta

were cotamiated wit uma waste, ad te Jaarta

Evirometal Maagemet Board foud tat all 13

of te citys rivers are severely polluted.11 Polluted

groudwater poses a severe public ealt aard sice

te majority of te populatio relies o groudwater

for teir daily eeds due to limited access to piped

water supply.12 Every year, waterbore diseases cause

50,000 premature deats ad 120 millio cases of

disease. Idoesia as te igest icidece of typoid

fever i Asia, ad aroud 70 percet cildre ave

ad ooworms ad roudworms.13 Te World Ba

estimates tat iadequate saitatio costs Idoesia

$6.3 billio i ealt, evirometal, ad ecoomic

losses eac year, equal to 2.3 percet of te GDP.14

22 Onsite Sanitation Prevaence

A estimated 62 to 71 percet of urba residets ad

24 to 32 percet of rural residets use septic tas

ad oter forms of osite saitatio systems (OSS),

altoug tere are large disparities betwee regios

ad i te quality of te septic tas.16 Te use of OSS

i urba areas is expected to rise as te populatio

grows ad as Idoesia implemets lad titlig policies

tat will foster omeower ivestmets.17 Some of

tese systems overflow because tey are too small or

are rarely emptied; oters ave ilet pipes tat do ot

fuctio; ad oe out of six as a ope bottom or is

made from brics tat seep waste out of te ta.18 As

40 percet of osite saitatio facilities are witi 10

meters of a well, leas from te collectio cambers

cause as muc as 70 percet of urba groudwater

cotamiatio.19 Some districts, suc as Meda ad

Parapat, ow require ouseolds to coect teir liquid

outflow pipes to existig sewers.20

23 Septage Coection and TreatmentCapacity

Sice te 1980s, we te Govermet of Idoesia

first addressed te issue of saitatio i te Five-

Year Developmet Plas (RPJP), urba residets ave

icreasigly used idividual latries, public toilets, ad

toilets coected to septic tas. Over time, as tese

systems bega to fill ad overflow, ad demad for

desludgig rose, a umber of private compaies bega

to appear i te 1990s to desludge OSS. Wile may

cities ow ave public ad private desludgig serviceproviders, some commuities still desludge by ad.

To operate, tese compaies must obtai busiess ad

uisace permits, altoug tese permits usually do ot

regulate ealt, safety or disposal. Durig te 1980s

ad early 1990s, sice tere were o STPs i Idoesia,

desludgig compaies would dump teir waste ito te

earest waterway.


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I respose to tis situatio, te Miistry of Public

Wors bega buildig STPs i 1991, ad as ow built

aroud 150 STPs trougout te coutry. I tese

projects, te cetral agecies led te developmet

of tese facilities, ad required local govermets to

provide te ecessary lad. As a result, cities put fort

teir ceapest lad, ofte i peri-urba areas tat

mae trasportatio costs proibitive for collectio

compaies. After te Govermet of Idoesia aded

over te facilities to local autorities i 2001, 90 percet

of tese facilities closed or ru o very low volumesdue to te lac of septage disposal at te facility ad

iadequate operatios ad maiteace (O&M) fuds.21

As a result, oly four percet of septage i Idoesia is

treated at a STP.22 I Cetral Java, for istace, 23 out

of 35 districts ave a STP, but oe of tese facilities is

fuctioal.23 Istead, as see i Suraarta ad Cirebo,

most cities sed septage to WWTPs; depedig o

te facilitys desig, te additio of septage ca reduce

its operatioal efficiecy. Or, as see i Badug,

collectio compaies dispose of septage i te sewer,

wic reduces teir trasport costs, but impedes

te sewers ydraulic performace. I additio, wile

ouseolds pay operators $5 to $27 at te collectio

site, muicipal or district govermets levy a tippig

fee of $0.27 to $0.54 per cubic meter to dispose te

septage at public treatmet facilities. Altoug tis fee

is a fractio of te collectio carge, collectors avoid it

ad te complicatios of proper disposal by discargig

te waste directly ito a river.24

30 lEGAl FRAMEwORk

I Idoesia, saitatio is fragmeted across te miistries

of ealt, ifrastructure, plaig, ad te eviromet,

eac of wic as developed laws tat impact saitatio

practices. I te absece of a overarcig framewor,

Idoesia faces calleges i strategically plaig for

ad providig adequate flows of fiacial resources

to te sector at bot te atioal ad local levels of

govermet. Trougout te coutry, owever, tere

is a growig recogitio of te importace of maagigOSS. I 2008, te Miistry of Public Wors issued te

natioal Policy ad Strategies o Domestic Wastewater

Maagemet, wic provides directio ad guidace

for atioal ad local govermets, as well as te

private sector ad commuities, i formulatig policies

ad programs for domestic wastewater maagemet.28

Wile tis policy does ot specifically metio septage,

it otes tat ey calleges to domestic wastewater

maagemet iclude te followig:

Low commuity awareess ad participatio;

Lac of laws, regulatios, operatig mauals adstadards, ad policy eforcemet;

Lac of separatio betwee regulators ad

operators;

Lac of coordiatio amog related agecies i

policy formatio; ad

Low atioal ad local fudig, low wastewater tariff

settig, ad reluctat private sector participatio.

ALEx

zVInAkIS,ECO-ASIA

In Medan, where there are over one million septic tanks, waterways are hihly contaminated with human waste. New sanitation

initiatives in Indonesia focus on community-based sanitation to foster ownership and understandin of wasteater treatment systems.


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Case Study of Surabaya: Mode Septage Treatment Pant

I Surabaya, te capital of East Java Provice ad Idoesias secod-largest city wit tree millio residets,

87 percet of ouseolds ave access to improved saitatio, icludig 60 percet from OSS. 25 Te city

as costructed a STP ad developed permittig stadards for collectio compaies. Private compaies

bega worig i 1983 ad ow collect most of te septage i te city. Wit growig commuity demad,

te umber of compaies as icreased from 10 to 27 i te last 15 years, demostratig te profitability

of septage collectio.26 Compaies must obtai a busiess licese, a uisace permit, ad a disposal permit

tat requires private compaies to dispose of septage at te STP. however, te local saitatio agecy lacs

te resources to eforce te requiremets of te disposal permits. Fies for o-compliace are too small

to prevet repeat offeses.

Surabayas STP, cosidered oe of te best i Idoesia, uses a modified form of te activated sludge

process. Te STP as a desig capacity to treat 400 cubic meters per day ad is ope at all ours of te

day. It is curretly ruig at capacity ad ca accommodate all of te septage it receives, altoug its

capacity would be overwelmed if all ouseolds regularly desludged teir tas.27 Dried septage is used

as fertilier for city gardes i Surabaya.

I respose, te Policy aims to icrease te utiliatio

of WWTPs ad STPs to 60 percet i accordace wit

te 2010-14 natioal Medium-Term Developmet Pla

to develop regulatios, stregte istitutioal capacity,

ad icrease fiacig alteratives for ifrastructure

developmet. To egage te private sector, te Policy

proposes owledge dissemiatio, te developmet

of ivestmet scemes, ad te provisio of icetives,

suc as tax rebates ad busiess liceses. It will

also egage commuities i tadem wit te 2009

natioal Actio Pla, wic commits Idoesia to raisesaitatio coverage to 74 percet i urba areas ad 65

percet i rural areas. Tese plas call for iformatio

ad educatio campaigs to ecourage ouseolds to

improve teir saitatio situatio ad to icrease te

use of treatmet facilities.29

Te decetraliatio of political ad fiscal power i

1999 played a importat role i policy formatio ad

implemetatio of water, wastewater, ad septage

maagemet i Idoesia. I 1999, te cetral miistries

tured over water ad saitatio plaig, developmet,fiacig, ad maagemet resposibilities to local

govermets. Te cetral miistries ow focus o policy

developmet, stadard settig, ad capacity buildig. At

te atioal level, owever, guidace o saitatio ad

septage maagemet remais vague ad icomplete.

Wile tere are atioal codes for septic ta desig ad

guidelies for te desig, operatio ad maiteace

of septage treatmet facilities, tere are o atioal

guidelies, tecical assistace, or moitorig of septage

collectio, treatmet, ad disposal. Local govermets

tat ave WWTPs or STPs may regulate septage

isofar as tis pertais to te plats operatios; few

cities ave compreesive septage ordiaces. Some

local govermet uits (LGUs) tat actively maage

septage, suc as Surabaya, ave issued local regulatios

for uisace permits, tippig fees at WWTPs ad

STPs, water quality maagemet, ad water pollutio

cotrol. Most LGUs, owever, are uable to provide

compreesive septage maagemet.

31 Septic Tan Design

Te Idoesia natioal Stadard Code for Plaig

Septic Ta wit Absorptio System establises desig

stadards for costructig septic tas.30 Tis code

states tat materials used for costructio must be

impermeable, acid proof, strog, ad use bric, stoe,

cocrete, polyviyl cloride, ceramic, cast iro, plastic

or iro. It also sets te volumes of septic tas based

o te umber of users ad expected liquid waste

flow rates, ad gives specific dimesios for a small,

oe-family septic ta tat sould be emptied oce

every tree years. Te code specifies te locatio,

slope ad materials of te ifluet ad effluet pipes,

maoles, cotrol box ad ta cambers. however,

local govermets do ot eforce tese codes, ad

most idividual OSS are ot built to code.


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32 Septage Coection

Tere are curretly o atioal or local laws tat require

frequet or sceduled desludgig.31 Te most relevat

atioal policy is te requiremet tat all private

compaies obtai a nuisace Permit (also ow as a

hider Ordoatie permit) from te local govermet

we coductig potetially aardous activities, sucas septage collectio. Tis permit allows govermet

officers to coduct impromptu ispectios to esure

compliace wit safety ad evirometal regulatios.

At te local level, a few cities ad districts ave issued

regulatios o septage trasport ad disposal. Te City

of Malag, for example, requires collectors to coduct

due diligece to esure tat waste does ot lea out

of trucs durig trasport ad to discarge waste at a

treatmet facility. Te ordiace also requires te police

ad saitatio ad evirometal agecies to moitor

ad eforce tese regulatios, ad allows tem to issue

pealties for o-compliace.32

33 Septage Treatment

STPs i Idoesia, called Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur

Tinja (IPLT) i Baasa, use a variety of tecologies, suc

as Upflow Aaerobic Sludge Blaet (UASB), oxidatio

ditc, Imoff ta ad stabiliatio ta. Te Miistry

of Public Wors Departmet as developed guidelies

for eac system tat is used for septage treatmet.

Some STPs use te dried septage as fertilier. Give

te decetralied ature of maagemet, tere is ocosolidated iformatio o wat eac STP is doig i

Idoesia.

Several miistries ave created tecical guidelies for

te plaig, desig, materials, ad O&M of wastewater

treatmet facilities, icludig STPs. Tese documets

provide guidelies for activated sludge, stabiliatio

pods, ad (UASB) tecologies.33 Despite te

availability of tese guidelies, owever, may facilities

do ot operate effectively. Te WWTP i Jaarta, for

istace, produces eff luet wit 211 milligrams per liter

of total suspeded solids, more ta double te atioalcap.34 Govermet Regulatio 16/2005 also proibits

discargers from releasig utreated wastewater

directly ito water bodies tat are desigated sources

of potable water, ad requires operators of cetralied

treatmet plats to moitor liquid effluet ad solid

waste quality o a regular basis. I practice, owever,

few cities ave implemeted tese regulatios.

34 key Caenges

Challene:Altoug 66 percet of urba residets use

septic tas, te atioal govermet as ot developed

a legal, istitutioal, or fiacig framewor for septage

collectio, treatmet ad disposal.

Challene: Local regulatios o septage maagemetare limited to STP operatios ad maiteace. After

decetraliatio ad te witdrawal of atioal tecical

ad fudig support, most local govermets ave bee

uable to improve wastewater services.

40 INSTITUTIONS AND

IMPlEMENTATION CAPACITY

Today, a umber of atioal agecies are ivolved

i developig policies ad programs o water ad

saitatio. I te decetralied system of wastewater

maagemet i Idoesia, local govermets typicallycreate two to four departmets to maage water

ad saitatio, depedig o te district leader

or city mayors objectives. Commo departmets

iclude: public wors, ealt, evirometal saitatio,

settlemets ad eviromet, ad pollutio cotrol. A

recet study of ietee cities ad two districts i seve

provices of Idoesiafoud tat 99 percet of cetral

trasfers to te LGU wet to eiter public wors or

ealt departmets.35 Sice septage maagemet as

ot bee idetified as a atioal priority i wastewater

maagemet, most local govermets do ot allocatestaff for tis issue beyod STP operatios.

Te lac of istitutioal capacity ad staff expertise

i saitatio remais a major callege for Idoesia.

Before decetraliatio, owledgeable professioals

from te cetral govermet sat i local govermet

offices to develop local projects. Sice decetraliatio

efforts i 1999, tese staff members ave retured

to te atioal govermet, leavig a gap i tecical

capacity at te local level tat as yet to be replaced.36

41 Major Nationa Agencies37

National Development Plannin Aency (BAPPENAS):

BAPPEnAS, te atioal plaig agecy for all

sectors, develops ad moitors policies, strategies, ad

programs to icrease access to saitatio. It ouses two

major water ad saitatio programs tat provide local

govermets wit te tools to iitiate efforts to icrease


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Program higigt: ISSDP

Te Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet Program (ISSDP) bega as a tree-year program i 2006

wit fudig from te Govermet of te neterlads. Te program as two compoets: (1) to coduct

pilot projects i wic te commuity provides matcig fuds to istall saitatio systems; ad (2) to eable

muicipal matcig cotributios for te desig ad implemetatio of primary ad secodary solutios.

I te first pase of te program, wic lasted two years, six cities agreed to devise saitatio strategies

for teir immediate ad log-term eeds. Tese cities icluded: Suraarta ad Blitar i Java, Depasar i

Bali, Jambi ad Payaumbu i Sumatra, ad Bajarmasi i kalimata. I pase two, ISSDP as expaded

its wor to aoter eigt cities (Buit Tiggi ad Padag i Sumatera; Semarag, Tegal, ad Pealoga i

Cetral Java; ad Batu, kediri, ad Malag i East Java). I additio, 18 oter cities ave also adopted te

ISSDP approac uder programs fuded by iteratioal agecies, suc as USAID ad UnICEF.

access ad treatmet te Water ad Saitatio Policy

Formulatio ad Actio Plaig Project (WASPOLA)

ad te Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet

Program (ISSDP). For bot programs, BAPPEnAS

leads multi-miisterial worig groups tat cosist of

te Miistry of Fiace, Miistry of healt, Miistry

of Public Wors, Miistry of home Affairs, Miistry of

Idustry, ad Miistry of Eviromet. BAPPEnAS asalso developed a atioal policy for Commuity-Based

Driig Water Supply ad Evirometal Saitatio,

wic sets guidig priciples for addressig geeral

saitatio services, but does ot specifically address

septage maagemet. I Idoesias decetralied

cotext, tese programs offer local govermets

guidace documets ad tools, but ot madates.

Ministry of Public Works (MPW):Wereas BAPPEnAS

provides coordiatio ad plaig support, MPWs

Directorate Geeral of huma Settlemets provides

local govermets wit ifrastructure developmet

ad reabilitatio, tecical assistace, ad tecical

ad service performace stadards.38 Tis miistry

plays a critical role i te sector ad is istrumetal i

developig te natioal Actio Pla for Wastewater.

Te MPW guides te developmet of large-scale, off-

site saitatio systems. I te past, te MPW costructed

STPs i major cities across te coutry wit cetral

govermet fudig. Te MPW te trasferred

facilities to local govermets, may of wic could ot

provide te fudig ad staff to operate ad maitai

tem. Te MPW also collaborates wit te Miistry ofFiace (MOF) to admiister budgets for developig

saitatio ad wastewater facilities at te atioal,

regioal, provicial, local, ad project levels.

Ministry of Health (MOH): Te Miistry of healt is

resposible for providig wastewater facilities, saitatio

emergecy respose systems, ad ygiee promotio,

especially to low-icome commuities. Tis miistry

also sets te stadards for water quality, ad, troug

te Directorate of Water ad Saitatio, moitors

water quality.39 I cojuctio wit te Miistry of

Eviromet ad te Miistry of Public Wors, MOhadmiisters ad eforces regulatios for sources of

domestic wastewater, icludig septic ta desig, STPs,

WWTPs, ad commuity-based systems. Give te

sie of Idoesia, MOh faces cosiderable calleges i

moitorig ad eforcig tese stadards.40

Ministry of Environment (MOE): I te water sector,

tis miistry is resposible for regulatig water quality

maagemet ad water pollutio prevetio. Te

MOE moitors iter-provicial water bodies, wile

provicial agecies moitor iter-district water bodies,

ad districts moitor itra-district waters.

Forum Komunikasi Air Limbah (FORKALIM):

Establised i 2003 by te Idoesia Associatio

of Waterwors ad U.S. Asia Evirometal

Program, FORkALIM is a commuicatio etwor

for wastewater treatmet operators, suc as water

utilities ad saitatio agecies. Te forum aims to

improve members performace i te delivery of

wastewater services by icreasig operatig efficiecy,

acievig fiacial viability, ad advocatig for sector

reforms.41

key parters iclude door agecies,cetral govermet departmets, local parliamets

ad govermets, ad ogovermetal orgaiatios.

Te curret orgaiatios activities iclude owledge


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Program higigt: SANIMAS

Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (SAnIMAS), or Saitatio for Commuities, is a coutrywide program tat

implemets commual saitatio systems for domestic wastewater treatmet. SAnIMAS bega i 2004

uder te AusAID-supported, Water ad Saitatio Sector Policy Formatio ad Actio Plaig Project

(WASPOLA). As part of tis program, nGOs wor i selected cities to provide tecical assistace to

participatig commuities ad local agecies. A typical commual saitatio system ca treat te waste

of 75-200 domestic users i a small area. Te system, wic costs about $30,000 to $36,000, cosists

of a sewerage etwor wit idividual ouse coectios, wit a aaerobic treatmet system at tereceivig ed. Geerally, te local govermet cotributes te majority of te cost (about 65 percet),

te cetral govermet cotributes 30 percet, ad local commuities provide five percet.57 Tis cost

sarig ecourages owersip, sustaiability, ad sared resposibility for project success.58 Betwee 2004ad 2008, SAnIMAS implemeted projects i 345 locatios i Idoesia.59 Tese projects operate i may

commuities tat ave o-operatioal STPs. Rater ta reabilitate te STPs, tese commuities are

ow ivestig i decetralied treatmet systems lie SAnIMAS or BORDAs decetralied wastewater

treatmet systems (DEWATS).

sarig, studies, pilot projects, capacity buildig, ad

public iformatio campaigs.

42 Major Sub-Nationa Agencies

Typically, cities address saitatio cocers troug

saitatio agecies ad worig groups or committees

formed by relevat local departmets. Wastewatertreatmet facilities, if available, are maaged eiter

by te saitatio agecy or te local water utility.

Te availability ad capacity of staff at local agecies

varies from city to city, ad directly impacts te citys

ability to maitai fuctioig programs.42 Te coice

of treatmet tecology also as a major impact

o project outcomes. Simpler tecologies, suc as

rotatig biological cotactors ad aerated pods, ave

prove to be more effective ta activated sludge due

to lower maiteace ad staff capacity ad traiig

requiremets. For example, i Tagerag ad Balipapa,

te activated sludge facilities are well-desiged to meettreatmet stadards, but are ot maitaied because

PDAM employees do ot ow ow to operate ad

maitai te facilities. however, i Bajarmasi ad

Yogyaarta, were more simple tecologies are used,

facilities perform muc better.

Local Environmental Aency (BLH): As te local

extesio of te Miistry of Eviromet, te BLh

protects water resources from domestic ad idustrial

pollutio by developig policies ad regulatios, ad

coordiatig efforts i pollutio prevetio, cotrol

ad moitorig. I Surabaya, te BLh operates a city-

level committee to cosider wastewater ifrastructure

developmet, promote cooperatio betwee busiesses

ad te commuity, ad moitor ad evaluate

te implemetatio of wastewater ifrastructure

developmet.43 It collaborates wit te local Public

Wors ad Spatial Plaig Agecy i maagig te

desig ad costructio of saitatio facilities suc asSTPs ad establisig tecical guidelies related to

O&M.44

Sanitation Aency (Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan,

DKP): To maage day-to-day facility operatios, local

govermets usually create a Saitatio Agecy tat

sometimes provides septage collectio services, but

more ofte provides wastewater treatmet services.

Te DkP i Surabaya, for example, employs 22 staff

wo eep te plat operatioal 24 ours a day. I

additio, Surabayas DkP collects tippig fees from

septage collectio compaies eac mot at a rate of$0.30 per cubic meter ad tries to esure tat every

collectio compay tat disposes septage at te STP

as a disposal permit.45 I ig-desity areas were

desludgig trucs caot eter, te DkP moitors

traditioal lad disposal metods, suc as te use of

lime. DkPs typically face calleges i eforcig proper

disposal ad collectig tippig fees.

Water Utilities (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum, PDAM):

Out of te te cetral wastewater treatmet facilities

i Idoesia, six are maaged by te local water supply


10/15


Representatives of national and local sanitation aencies

in Indonesia study the rotary screw press at Indah Water

Konsortiums slude treatment facility in Kuala Lumpur. Althouh

Indonesia has a number of wastewater and septae treatment

plants, most facilities face O&M challenes.

LInDAShI,ECO-A

SIA

agecies (PDAM). Across te coutry, PDAMs face

calleges i wastewater O&M sice local govermets

set wastewater tariffs far below cost recovery. Terefore,

we PDAMs must subsidie wastewater services wit

water supply reveues, tey face calleges i improvig

services ad expadig coverage. Te case study o

page 57 details te experiece i Meda, Idoesias

fourt largest city, ad igligts te calleges tatPDAMs face i implemetig wastewater treatmet

iitiatives.

43 Oter Organizations

Private Service Providers: Private service providers

are icreasig i umber ad collect te majority of

te septage i most cities due to te limited capacity

of most DkPs ad PDAMs. I Malag, for istace, te

DkP operates oly oe vacuum taer for a city wit

2.2 millio people; te citys residets must terefore

deped o private service providers for a quicrespose. Wile operators eed a permit to operate,

o cities require ealt or safety practices, or eforce

desludgig regulatios were tey exist.

International Oranizations: Tese orgaiatios are

actively ivolved i Idoesias saitatio sector, bot

i policy developmet ad treatmet plat fudig

ad costructio. For istace, official developmet

assistace as elped fud te costructio of eigt out

of te te WWTPs i te coutry, as well as o-site

treatmet systems lie SAnIMAS ad policy worig

groups lie WASPOLA. I geeral, owever, tese

programs do ot address septage maagemet.

Academic Institutions: Tere are a umber of academic

istitutios ivolved i te water ad saitatio sector,

suc as Badug Istitute of Tecology, Istitute

of Sepulu november Surabaya, ad te ceter

for evirometal studies i some uiversities. TeIdoesia Society of Saitary ad Evirometal

Egieers also provides tecical assistace ad

traiig.

44 key Caenges and Strengts

Challene: Local govermets lac te capacity to

maage ad maitai existig septage treatmet

facilities, causig tese systems to fall ito disrepair.

natioal agecies ave also ot provided sufficiet

policy guidace or fudig for cities to develop te

ecessary istitutioal ad pysical capacity.

Challene: Te fragmetatio ad overlap of

autority amog so may agecies maes it difficult to

create itegrated plas for sewerage ad septic ta

maagemet ad developmet.

Strenth: Te atioal worig groups (ISSDP ad

WASPOLA) ca serve as a odal group for creatig

septage maagemet policies, guidelies, pilot projects,

ad owledge excage ad dissemiatio.

50 FUNDING SOURCES

I te aftermat of Idoesias 1997 fiacial crisis,

te govermet accepted austere fiscal ad moetary

policies as part of te coditios of its IMF loa tat cut

fudig for may ifrastructure ad social programs.

Tis austerity ad Idoesias low ecoomic growt as

caused te atioal govermet to sigificatly uder

ivest i all sectors of ifrastructure. As of 2009, Idoesia

speds oly 3.4 percet of its GDP o ifrastructure;

as a compariso, Vietam speds 10 percet of its

GDP o ifrastructure.47 Despite atioal saitatiotargets ad actio plas, saitatio is a low priority for

bot cetral ad local govermets. Moreover, te

water sector receives te majority of fudig. Witout

atioal support, may local govermets eiter feel

tat saitatio ad wastewater treatmet are priorities,

or ave te fudig to develop ew iitiatives.


11/15


51 Nationa Funding Sources

Tere are two major atioal sources for water ad

saitatio fuds; (1) miisterial fuds, ad (2) te

Special Allocatio Fud (DAk). Tese loas empasie

capital ivestmets, wit limited support for tecical

assistace ad uma capacity buildig. Te sort-term

ature of tese loas maes it difficult for cities to use

tem for water ad saitatio projects.

Te Miistry of Public Wors (MPW) ad Miistry

of healt (Moh) disburse te miisterial loas, wic

togeter provide aroud 20 percet of te fuds for

te water ad saitatio sector. 48 Of te MPWs $8.3

millio allocatio for te sector, two-tirds address

capital ivestmets, ad oe-tird is caeled towards

tecical assistace ad awareess raisig.49 Troug

its Water Supply for Low Icome Commuities Project,

te MOh provides $3.3 millio i loas ad places a

greater empasis o saitatio.50 I areas were tereare WASPOLA projects, MPW ad MOh provide four

percet of te total saitatio budget, igligtig te

empasis tat cities draw o teir ow reveue to fud

saitatio projects. Miisterial fuds are ot guarateed

from year to year, maig it difficult to utilie tem for

large, multi-year projects commo i te water ad

saitatio sector.51

Sice 2005, BAPPEnAS as also issued Special

Allocatio Fuds (DAk), wic are coditioal grats

for poor districts ad cities wose budgets total less

ta oe percet of te average. To use tese grats,

LGUs must cotribute 10 percet of te grat amout

ad cover O&M costs. I 2008, DAk allocated $11

millio for te water ad saitatio sector, wit water

projects receivig 75 percet of te fudig, ad

saitatio projects 25 percet. Fudig is oly provided

for oe year ad extesios are ot guarateed, wic

agai maes tese grats less coducive to log-term

wastewater ad septage maagemet programs.52

52 loca Funding Sources

As wit te cetral govermet, wastewater treatmet

is oe of local govermets lowest priorities. I

Surabaya, for example, te local govermet allocated

oe percet of its $360 millio budget i 2009 to te

evirometal sector, wic icludes bot water ad

saitatio.53 Cities, districts, ad provices allocate o

average 85 percet of sector fuds to water supply

ad draiage projects, ad 11 percet to saitatio

projects.54 niety percet of local ivestmet i tesector is for capital expeditures, wic typically meas

toilet costructio ad STP reabilitatio.55

Idoesia as ot succeeded i attractig private

ivestmet to WWTP ad STP costructio, i part

because local govermets set tariffs below O&M

cost recovery. As a result, govermet fuds for tese

projects are quicly draied, wic i tur prevets

proper maiteace ad service expasio. Policy

ambiguity, corruptio, ad te ig cost of doig

busiess furter deter private sector etry.

53 Pubic Aareness and wiingness to Pay

I geeral, ouseolds are ot aware of te eed to

desludge ad treat wastewater, wic results i low

willigess to pay ad low demad for desludgig. A

few cities i Idoesia, owever, provide models o

raisig public willigess to pay ad reducig te levels

of public subsidy. Jaarta ad Bajarmasi acieve ig

cost recovery by cross-subsidiig domestic wastewater

rates wit paymets from idustrial cliets.56 Medas

PDAM attais a ig collectio rate of 98 percet bybillig wastewater treatmet togeter wit te water

bill. Tose PDAMs tat sed separate water ad

wastewater bills ave muc lower collectio rates.

As part of a WASPOLA proect, community members in East

java ather to learn about pathoen pathways and how to improve

the areas sanitation and hyiene. Proects like this are small in

scale, but more effective than earlier, top-down initiatives.

ARIEISTAnDAR,ECO-ASIA


12/15


54 key Caenges

Challene: DkPS ad PDAMs eed to develop ad

build public acceptace for wastewater billig systems

tat allow tem to improve services, expad treatmet

capacity, ad icrease desludgig frequecy.

Challene: Local govermets face calleges i

developig wastewater treatmet iitiatives because:

(1) tere is isufficiet atioal fudig for local

govermets to develop compreesive septage

maagemet programs, forcig cities to rely o local

reveue sources; ad (2) te private sector is otiterested i wastewater treatmet service provisio,

i part because local govermets typically set tariffs

too low to acieve cost recovery.

60 RECOMMENDATIONS

Wit 150 STPs aroud te coutry, Idoesia as

created a strog ifrastructural base for septage

maagemet. however, most facilities are out of

operatio because tey are ot cetrally located ad local

govermets do ot prioritie septage maagemet.

Tis report recommeds tat te atioal govermetstregte its leadersip ad tecical support for local

implemetatio troug clear regulatios ad guidelies,

traiigs, worsops, ad for te reabilitatio of STPs.

Te atioal govermet also eeds to tae a strog

role i issuig guidelies for private sector egagemet

ad icrease its fudig support for local septage

maagemet programs.

Case Study of Medan: Treating Septage at wasteater Treatment Pants

Meda, te capital of nort Sumatra Provice, as a total populatio of over two millio people. Idicative of

te political bias i favor of cetralied sewage treatmet facilities, Meda as a WWTP, altoug oly 11,000

omes, or two percet of Medas populatio, are coected to a sewer system. I aticipatio of future

sewerage coectios, te facility is curretly operatig at less ta 27 percet capacity. Meawile, eve

toug 50 percet of its residets use septic tas, Meda lacs a operatig septage treatmet facility.

Te WWTP i Meda uses UASB tecology, a difficult tecology for te few PDAM staff wo

operate ad maitai te facility. Te local saitatio agecy ad private collectio compaies also

use te WWTP to dispose of septage, wic ca create problems i a facility ot desiged to treat

partially digested septage. I additio, te local govermet carges ouseolds seve percet of te

cost of istallig a sewerage coectio ad subsidies te remaider.46 Give budget limitatios, te

govermet ad PDAM may face calleges i furter expadig ad improvig wastewater services.

61 Sort-Term Recommendations

Make Septae Manaement Part of the National

Dialoue on Sanitation. As te leadig miistry i water

supply ad saitatio policy developmet, BAPPEnAS

sould address septage maagemet, demostrate

its support for cities to develop septage maagemet

programs, ad itegrate septage maagemet ito

ogoig efforts for commuity saitatio. Sice te

atioal govermet o loger madates saitatio

actios, BAPPEnAS sould tae a lead i promotig

awareess of te importace of septage maagemet

amog local govermets ad DkPs, ad sare bestpractices from Idoesia or oter cities i te regio

troug groups suc as te Associatio of Idoesia

Muicipalities (Asosiasi Pemerintah Kota Seluruh

Indonesia).

Develop Comprehensive Local Manaement

Prorams.Citiesad DkPs ca improve teir public ad

evirometal ealt by rebuildig septage maagemet

programs, especially i areas tat already ave septage

treatmet facilities. To do so, tey ca orgaie septage

maagemet worsops ad create worig groups

tat address policy settig, private operator compliace,ad public awareess. Tese groups must address

ew strategies to build local budgets for wastewater

treatmet, for istace by raisig tariffs, combiig

wastewater fees wit water bills, or cross-subsidiig

wit te water sector or commercial ad idustrial

customers. Local govermets ca wor wit ESP,

ISSDP, MPW, ad BAPPEnAS to elp develop ad test

model regulatios ad implemetatio models.


13/15


62 Medium-Term Recommendations

Develop a National Septae Manaement Action

Aenda. Te atioal govermet, troug

BAPPEnAS, or project orgaiatios, suc as ESP,

ISSDP, or WAPSOLA, ca elp orgaie a atioal-

level worsop to discuss root causes of calleges i

septage maagemet ad develop a log-term actiopla. Tis worsop sould, at a miimum, address te

followig issues.

Create National guidelines and Standards. Te

Miistry of Public Wors (MPW), worig i

cojuctio wit BAPPEnAS ad its local brac

offices, sould update ad dissemiate atioal

guidace documets o compreesive septage

maagemet, descriptios of implemetatio

models, sample local regulatios, effluet ad

septage disposal stadards, ad traiig materials

for septage collectio compaies.

Clarify the Roles for National and Local

governments. Te atioal govermet i

cojuctio wit te local govermets must wor

togeter to idetify ecessary actios ad gaps i

resposibility, ad delegate roles based o te most

appropriate level of implemetatio.

Develop Trainins and Technical Assistance for

Local Implementers. BAPPEnAS ad MPW

sould tae te lead idevelopig regioal capacitybuildig ad traiig programs for local govermet

agecies ad service providers. Traiigs ad

tecical assistace sould address eablig policies

ad regulatios, as well as ifrastructure eeds.

BAPPEnAS ad MPW ca pilot tese capacity

buildig iitiatives at a few ESP or ISSDP project

sites before scalig up efforts aroud te coutry.

Develop Incentives for Positive Local Initiatives

and Disincentives for Inaction. Te atioal

govermet sould stimulate local iitiatives to

promote improved saitatio. For example, te

atioal govermet could tie fudig for iger

priority issues, suc as ealt, educatio, ad

ifrastructure, to local govermets progress

i icreasig access to improved saitatio ad

developmet of sustaiable septage maagemet

programs.

Increase Fundin for Water and Sanitation. Te

Miistry of healt ad Miistry of Public Wors eedto sigificatly icrease fudig for saitatio projects,

ad provide loas tat are more suitable for log-term

ifrastructure ivestmets. Tis fudig sould ot oly

address ard costs, suc as STP reabilitatio ad te

purcase of collectio veicles, but also set aside fuds

for traiig ad public outreac. Tese projects ca be

clearly coected to public ealt, especially cildres

ealt, i order to gai political ad public support.

Promote Public-Private Partnerships to Reulate

Proper Disposal. To improve moitorig ad

eforcemet of septage disposal amog private

collectio compaies, local govermets sould egage

private operators troug public-private partersips.

As a first step, local govermets ca require

ouseolds to regularly desludge teir septic tas,

wic builds public demad for services. Tied to tis

iitiative, local govermets ca te require private

collectio compaies to properly dispose of septage at

treatmet facilities. Te govermet ca eforce tis

policy by collectig te ouseold paymets ad payig

collectio compaies after tey deliver septage to a

treatmet facility.

Promote Public Awareness and Willinness to Pay.

To foster willigess to pay ad willigess to address

septage maagemet, local govermets eed to build

local awareess of te value of wastewater treatmet

amog public officials, govermet staff, ad te geeral

public. Govermets ca promote tese ideas troug

promotioal campaigs for water, saitatio, wastewater

treatmet ad ygiee, coducted i cojuctio wit

BAPPEnAS ogoig saitatio strategy developmet

programs, suc as WASPOLA ad ISSDP. Evetually,

local govermets eed to raise tariffs to a level tat

recovers O&M costs for saitatio projects.


14/15


World healt Orgaiatio ad Uited natios Cildres1.

Fud Joit Moitorig Programme for Water Supply ad

Saitatio (JMP). Progress o Driig Water ad Saitatio:

Special Focus o Saitatio. UnICEF, new Yor ad WhO,

Geeva, 2008.

Iteratioal Moetary Fud. World Ecoomic Outloo2. Database: nomial GDP. Apr. 2009.

Idoesia Public Expediture Review. Spedig for3.

Developmet: Maig te Most of Idoesias new

Opportuities. 2007, (ereiafter Indonesia Public

Expenditure Review, 2007). See also, Utomo, nugroo.

Persoal Commuicatio. natioal Developmet Plaig

Agecy (BAPPEnAS). May 2009, (ereiafter Utomo, 2009).

Govermet of Idoesia, Miistry of Public Wors.4.

Miisterial Decree no. 16/PRT/M/2008 o natioal Policy

ad Strategy of Domestic Wastewater Maagemet System.

Jaarta: Govermet of Idoesia, 2008, (ereiafter

Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Public Works, 2008).

Simajuta, Tertiai zB. City Beid i Saitatio:5.Experts. Te Jaarta Post, 31 Mar. 2008, (ereiafter

Simanjuntak, 2008).

Idoesia Saitatio Sector Developmet Program (ISSDP).6.

ISSDP Program Iceptio Report. Aug. 2006, (ereiafter

ISSDP, 2006).

World Ba. Ecoomic Impacts of Saitatio i Idoesia.7.

World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program, 2008,

(ereiafter World Bank, 2008). Urba areas ad a iger

per capita loss of $31, wile rural areas ad a loss of $25 per

capita.

Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007.8.

World Ba, 2008.9.

Asia Developmet Ba. Coutry Paper Idoesia: Asia10.

Water Developmet Outloo: Acievig Water Security for

Asia. Maila: Asia Developmet Ba, 2007. Tese cities

iclude: Balipapa, Bajarmasi, Badug, Cirebo, Jaarta,

Meda, Prapat, Suraarta, Tagerag, ad Yogyaarta.

Simajuta, 2008.11.

Rumaa, Dede. Jaartas Vulerability to Global Warmig.12.

The Jakarta Post, 28 Apr. 2007.

Govermet of Idoesia, natioal Developmet Plaig13.

Agecy (BAPPEnAS). Urba Saitatio: Portraits,

Expectatios ad Opportuities Its not a Private Matter

Aymore. Jaarta: Govermet of Idoesia, 2007,(ereiafter Government of Indonesia, BAPPENAS, 2007).

World Ba, 2008.14.

World Ba. Avertig Ifrastructure Crisis: a Framewor for15.

Policy ad Actio. 2005.

WhO/UnICEF, 2008. See also, Govermet of Idoesia,16.

Miistry of Public Wors, 2008.

Uited natios Developmet Programme. Lets Spea out17.

for MDGs: Acievig te Milleium Developmet Goals

i Idoesia. Uited natios Developmet Programme,

2007/2008.

World Ba, 2008.18.

Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007. See also, Utomo,19.2009.

Uited States Agecy for Iteratioal Developmet20.

(USAID). Comparative Study: Cetralied Wastewater

Treatmet Plats i Idoesia. Jaarta: Evirometal

Services Program, 2006, (ereiafter USAID, 2006).

A Excerpt of Regioal Symposium-cum-Traiig Worsop21.

o Sustaiable Faecal Sludge Maagemet (FSM) i Asia ad

te Pacific. Asia Istitute of Tecology, 24-26 nov. 2006.

See also, Utomo, 2009.

ISSDP, 2006.22.

Isadar, Sofya. Persoal Commuicatio. Water ad23.

Saitatio Program: 2 Apr. 2009 (ereiafter Iskandar, 2009).

Tis iformatio comes from te followig tree local24.

ordiaces:

Malag Local Ordiace no. 10(2001): IDR 6,000 per cubic

meter;

Surabaya Local Ordiace no. 4(2000): IDR 3,750 per cubic

meter; ad

Jombag Local Ordiace no. 10(1998): IDR 5,000 per ta.

Departmet of Public Wors. Profil kota Surabaya. 2003.25.

.

IPLT Is Overload.26. Surabaya Pagi, 25 July 2007. See also,

Departmet of Public Wors. Profil kota Surabaya.

Ibid.27.

Govermet of Idoesia, Miistry of Public Wors, 2008.28.

ISSDP, 2006.29.

Public Wors Departmet, Idoesia. Stadard Maagemet30.

Iformatio System Civil Egieerig ad Costructio,

Procedure of Septic Ta Desig wit Absorptio. Jaarta:

Public Wors Departmet, 2008.

Govermet of Idoesia, BAPPEnAS, 2007.31.

City Govermet of Malag. Local Ordiace no. 1032.

(2001). Malag: 2001.

Miistry of Public Wors, Idoesia. Family tree Legislatios33.ad Stadards for Domestic Wastewater.

.

USAID, 2006.34.

World Ba. Review of Public Fiacig for Water Supply35.

ad Saitatio i Idoesia. World Ba Water ad

Saitatio Program, 2006 (ereiafter World Bank, 2006).

ENDNOTES


15/15

Isadar, 2009.36.

Uited natios. Saitatio Coutry Profile Idoesia 2004.37.

.

World Ba Water ad Saitatio Program. Review of Public38.

Fiacig for Water Supply ad Saitatio i Idoesia.

Water Supply ad Saitatio Fiace Study Team, 2006.

ISSDP, 2006.39.Ibid.40.

PERPAMSI. Summary Waste Water Semiar by PERPAMSI41.

& Establismet of FORkALIM. 29-30 Sep. 2003.

.

I 2003, te LGU i Yogyaarta icreased te umber of42.

staff for sewer maiteace from 13 to 29 ad measured

a reductio of breadow maiteace by 50 percet as a

direct result.

Te specific roles of Surabayas LGUs are defied by te 200843.

Surabaya Sewerage ad Saitatio Developmet Pla.

Miistry of Public Wors, Idoesia. Family Tree Legislatios44.

ad Stadards for Domestic Wastewater.

City Govermet of Surabaya. Local Ordiace no.45.

4(2000). Surabaya: 2000.

Developmet ad Plaig Agecy of Meda Muicipality.46.

Meda Saitatio Medium-Term Ivestmet Program

Pla. Meda: Developmet ad Plaig Agecy of Meda

Muicipality, 2008.

Idoesia Public Expediture Review, 2007.47.

ISSDP, 2006.48.

World Ba, 2006.49.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Silaba, Togar. Iterview. Director of Surabaya Evirometal

Agecy, Idoesia. 7 Ja. 2009.

54. Ibid.

55. World Ba, 2006.

56. USAID, 2006.

57. herowo, Basa. Saitatio Sector Developmet i

Idoesia. Jaarta: BAPPEnAS. See also, Utomo, 2009.

58. ISSDP, 2006.

59. Isadar, 2009.

a rapid assessment of septage management in indonesia 2010 usaid

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