Introduction

In the winter of 1623-1624, Gabriel Sagard, aRecollet friar, visited the country of the Huron inwhat is now southern Ontario and, based on aseries of encounters the Huron had with their ene-mies, he noted that after having clubbed their ene-mies or shot them dead with arrows, the Huroncarried away their heads (Wrong 1939:152-153).This is a practice that we know was not unique tothe Huron but was, in fact, an essential element ofwarfare and prisoner sacrifice among all Iroquoianpeoples (Williamson 2007).

It would seem that rattles were occasionallymanufactured out of the parietal bones of humanskulls, usually from the same individual, and pre-sumably from the skulls that warriors had carriedoff as trophies. The margins of the parietal boneswere ground smooth and beveled, allowing the twodiscs to fit together. Bi-conical holes were some-times drilled along the lateral margins, presumablyin order to bind the two portions of the rattle.Skull rattles may have been held in the hand or fas-tened to a handle, analogous to the turtle shell rat-tle which was used during dancing, feasting, andcuring ceremonies or at other times when the aidof a spirit was invoked (Thwaites 1896-1901:15:179, 17:213, 20:23; Wrong 1939:115-116). Perhaps these rattles were used particularly inthe context of feasts held in advance of the depar-ture of war parties.

Given the prominent role of the sun inIroquoian ideology (e.g., Speck 1949:135-138;

Trigger 1976:73), it has been suggested that theirdisc-shape may have been intended to representthe sun and that patterns such as the one inFigure 1, found on a late fifteenth or early six-teenth century Iroquoian site in southwesternOntario, represent sunbursts, similar to thosethat are common in the art and cosmology of thecontemporaneous Southeastern CeremonialComplex (Cooper 1984:44; Jamieson1983:166).

The stick figure image of a headless individualaccompanying the sunburst is particularly striking.William Fenton (1978:316) has suggested thatgraphic representations of headless individuals

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 3

A Review of Northern Iroquoian Decorated Bone and AntlerArtifacts: A Search for Meaning

Ronald F. Williamson and Annie Veilleux

The Northern Iroquoian practice of producing finely etched designs on bone and antler tools is examinedin the context of conveying symbolic messages, some of which were communicated both privately and pub-licly. This paper presents the results of a review of the archaeological literature, which focused on both thesymbolism inherent in the designs and the ideological roles in society of the animals from which the arti-facts were produced. Tables of provenience and descriptive attribute data are provided for each class of arti-fact as well as a summary of the highlights and trends in decoration for each.

Figure 1. Complete parietal disk, likely from a skull rattle, fif-teenth century Clearville site (Jury 1941). Illustration by Dr.Helen Battle, Department of Zoology, University of WesternOntario, 1939.

represent head-taking in warfare. This might be aparticularly fitting observation for this image,which possibly was carved into the cranial frag-ment of an enemy taken by the very manufac-turer of the rattle during war. A characteristicpolish is often found on these items, often onlyoccurring on exterior convex surfaces, and possi-bly deriving from hide sheathing that helped tohold the skull halves together, rendering suchimages and their meaning inaccessible to unknow-ing observers. If the images were covered by asheath, their direct power may have been experi-enced privately by the individual, although therattle was likely used in public performances. Onthe other hand, the polish may derive from hidecontainers in which they were maintained whennot in use. If so, their power may not have beenrestricted; it may, rather, have been fully accessible.

This fact and the more apparent observationthat the image of a headless person was carvedinto human bone, perhaps even the skull of thevictim of a rattle owner, indicates that the select-ed bone, or the medium, constituted an impor-tant part of the message. A similar example isthat of a maskette fashioned out of a humanpatella and found in a rock-filled pit inside anOnondaga longhouse, which was linked byBradley (1987:211) to witchcraft. Engelbrecht(2003:48), in commenting on this find, and onthe discovery of diseased human teeth in certainlonghouse features, argued that human remains,in particular hair and nail parings, have beenused in many cultures to cast spells and are there-fore disposed of carefully. Perhaps this maskettehad just such a malevolent purpose, its intentionderived in part from the fact it was made ofhuman bone.

It is not always clear whether the medium wasalways part of the message on other kinds of dec-orated bone or antler artifacts, or whether thereare other examples of objects that held privaterather than public meanings. While it is obviousthat meaning can be communicated concomi-tantly at multiple levels, both privately and pub-licly, and that objects frequently have both pro-fane and sacred values, ample evidence in thearchaeological record suggests that there wereceremonies and meanings that were intended for

the individual. We also recognize that identifyingthe significance of artistic media is hardly insight-ful, given the substantial literature on Aboriginalawareness and use of the physical and spiritualcharacteristics of rock outcrops and faces (e.g.,Rajnovich 1994; Vastokas and Vastokas 1973).

With respect to the designs or types of decora-tion, Yellowhorn (2006) has argued that, in con-structing what he calls an internalist archaeology,an Aboriginal culture’s worldview representswhat middle-range theorizing is to western sci-ence-based archaeology—both play the role ofbinding high levels of abstraction to observeddata. Middle-range theory “is widely regarded asa useful means by which archaeologists canreconstruct human behaviour from a materialistand rationalist perspective” (Trigger 1995:450).Yellowhorn argues that traditional narratives canfunction easily in an equivalent role for a trulyindigenous archaeology. In this way, answers tothe search for meaning of decorated bone andantler objects lie in traditional narratives and art,both accessible and inaccessible.

In an attempt to address these issues in thecontext of decorated bone artifacts, a review ofthe published (and some unpublished) archaeo-logical literature concerning northern Iroquoiansites was conducted in search of data concerningdecorated bone and antler objects. The term“Iroquoian” has been used throughout to refer toall northern Iroquoian-speaking peoples andshould not be confused with “Iroquois,” anAlgonquian word used by Europeans to refer tothe Five Nations Confederacy of New York State(Trigger 1969:6). The actual Nation name hasbeen employed, either when identified by theresearcher, or where the site’s location customar-ily denotes the ancestral affiliation of the site andthe site post-dates the Middle Iroquoian period.

While the review is nearly complete for thosesites dating to the fifteenth century or later, rela-tively few sites outside of Ontario are includedfor the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, dueto the lack of published site reports. The Ontariosample for this period is much larger because ofthe numerous pre-development salvage excava-tions that have been undertaken on private landsin southern Ontario. Objects in public or private

4 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

collections have also not been included, exceptwhere they have been described in the publishedliterature (e.g., Wray 1963; Hamell 1998:279). Itshould also be noted that our inventory wasrestricted to decorated tools, defined to includeboth carved artifacts and those with notched orincised surfaces. Those tools with polished surfacesalone, or tools described as having striations likelycaused by use of the object, were not included.Tables of provenience and descriptive attributedata are provided for each class and we have alsosummarized the highlights and trends in decora-tion for each. It is unfortunate that the provenienceof many of the artifacts was not specified in thereports in which they are described, even in therecent research, as it would have been helpful tohave the contextual data needed for interpretation.

This paper will present the results of this reviewby artifact class, acknowledging that certainobjects cross a number of the categories. Antlercombs, for example—items of personal ornamen-tation—often incorporate startling stylized animaland human images. They possibly even functionas markers of salient identity. Other examplesinclude pins that may have functioned as hairpins(personal ornamentation) or tubes that may havebeen used by medical practitioners for curing ill-nesses despite their classification as beads.

Effigies: Figurines, Maskettes and Combs

Approximately 90 percent of all human and ani-mal effigies that are not stand-alone figurines ormaskettes appear on combs (Tables 1 and 2); andwhere provenience is specified, most human effi-gy figurines, maskettes and combs are found inburial contexts. Of the figurines, about half were

found in child burials and all but three of thehuman figurines and maskettes were recoveredfrom Iroquois sites. The exceptions are singularantler artifacts with carved human faces foundon two historic Neutral sites (Kenyon 1982:206;Lennox 1981:319) and a “carved human boneface mask” found at the historic Huron Robitaillesite (Hurley and Heidenreich 1971:129).

Martha Sempowski and Lorraine Saunders(2001) have described figurines in detail, notingthey are limited in temporal occurrence to earlyhistoric Iroquois sites. In a study of these fig-urines, Edmund Carpenter (1942) suggested thatthe style and detail of the legs were dictated, inpart, by the shape and nature of the deer antlertine, another case where the medium formedpart of the message.

The vast majority of these carvings constitutevariations of the “September Morn” positionwith one hand covering the genital area and theother hand near the opposite shoulder, althoughsome were found to be holding masks or animalheaddresses over their faces. Carpenter hasrecently suggested (2005:123-125) that, giventhe late sixteenth-century (or later) date for all ofthe recovered figurines and the seeminglyEuropean origin for the sculpted figures, thedesign may have been copied from an objectintroduced during one of Cartier’s voyages in theearly sixteenth century, perhaps a spoon handle.

Seven of these figurines appear to have hadtheir heads intentionally removed and two sev-ered heads have also been recovered. This phe-nomenon seems analogous to the removal of thestylized heads of ceramic smoking pipes (Figure2) and may originate in the belief amongIroquoians that even inanimate objects had souls

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 5

Figure 2. Stylized human heads broken from ceramic smoking pipes, from the late thirteenth century Antrex site (ArchaeologicalServices Inc.).

6 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 1.

Hum

an e

ffigi

es.

Site

D

ate

(AD

)A

ffin

ity

Art

ifac

t T

ype

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Gri

msb

y16

40-1

650

Neu

tral

hum

an e

ffig

yan

tler

buri

alst

rip

of a

ntle

r to

pped

by

carv

ed o

val f

ace

Ken

yon

(198

2:20

6, p

l.169

)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

hum

an e

ffig

yan

tler

not

spec

ified

two

oppo

sing

hum

an f

aces

car

ved

on p

roxi

mal

end

of a

wl/

pin;

tra

ces

of r

ed o

chre

on

face

sLe

nnox

(19

81:3

19, f

ig.2

7)

Ots

tung

o14

00-1

524

Moh

awk

hum

an e

ffig

yno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

hum

an f

ace

wit

h he

addr

ess/

hair

doSn

ow (

1995

b:11

9, f

ig.3

.17)

Wag

ner’s

Hol

low

1614

-162

6M

ohaw

khu

man

eff

igy

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 in

divi

dual

s ca

rved

sho

ulde

r to

sho

ulde

r (n

oar

ms)

; not

ches

at

bott

omSn

ow (

1995

b:26

7, f

ig.6

.25)

Cay

adut

ta15

24-1

580

Moh

awk

figur

ine

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

hand

s cr

osse

d ov

er c

hest

; pun

ctat

es s

urro

undi

ngfa

ceSn

ow (

1995

b:18

6, f

ig.4

.49)

Wag

ner’s

Hol

low

1614

-162

6M

ohaw

kfig

urin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

nds

cros

sed

over

che

stSn

ow (

1995

b:26

6, f

ig.6

.23)

Wag

ner’s

Hol

low

1614

-162

6M

ohaw

kfig

urin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

nds

cros

sed

over

che

stSn

ow (

1995

b:26

6, f

ig.6

.24)

Oak

Hill

#1

1635

-164

6M

ohaw

kfig

urin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edSe

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

seSn

ow (

1995

b:35

1, f

ig.8

.58)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldSe

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

se (

3 ex

ampl

es f

ound

)Se

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

64-6

5,

fig.3

.11a

/d, f

ig.3

.12a

)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

al-c

hild

mod

ified

Sep

tem

ber

Mor

n po

se (

2 ex

ampl

esfo

und)

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:64

-65,

fig.3

.11c

, fig

.3.1

2d)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldm

odifi

ed S

epte

mbe

r M

orn

pose

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:65

, fig

.3.1

2b)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldbo

th h

ands

bel

ow t

he c

hin

poss

ibly

hol

ding

mas

kSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

65, f

ig.3

.12c

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldm

odifi

ed S

epte

mbe

r M

orn

pose

; hea

dles

sSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

344,

fig.

7.14

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldm

odifi

ed S

epte

mbe

r M

orn

pose

; hea

dles

sSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

344,

fig.

7.15

b)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

mod

ified

Sep

tem

ber

Mor

n po

se; h

eadl

ess

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:34

5, fi

g.7.

16)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

al-a

dole

scen

tm

odifi

ed S

epte

mbe

r M

orn

pose

wit

h di

stin

ctiv

eha

irdo

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:34

5, fi

g.7.

17)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

al-c

hild

both

han

ds b

elow

chi

n; p

ossi

ble

head

dres

s;br

oken

at

legs

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:34

4, fi

g.7.

15a)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

not

spec

ified

fem

ale

figur

ine

in m

odifi

ed S

epte

mbe

r M

orn

pose

; dis

tinc

t ha

irst

yle;

nec

k en

circ

led

bybr

ass

ring

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:34

6, fi

g.7.

18)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

alfig

urin

e ho

ldin

g m

ask

in f

ront

of

face

whi

ch is

in t

urn

atta

ched

to

a w

olf

head

tha

t co

vers

the

top

and

back

the

hea

dW

ray

et a

l. (1

991:

219-

220,

fig

.7.4

a, f

ig.7

.5)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

al-c

hild

hand

s jo

ined

tog

ethe

r in

fro

nt o

f w

aist

, ben

dto

the

kne

es, f

eet

repr

esen

ted

by s

ingl

e la

rge

bulb

, per

fora

tion

at

back

of

neck

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:21

9-22

0, f

ig.7

.4d,

fig

.7.6

)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 7

Tabl

e 1.

Hum

an e

ffigi

es.

Site

D

ate

(AD

)A

ffin

ity

Art

ifac

t T

ype

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

algr

otes

que

feat

ures

, one

han

d he

ld u

p to

fac

e,hu

nchb

ack

post

ure,

pos

sibl

e w

olf

head

at

back

of o

wn

head

; pos

sibl

e Fa

lse

Face

fig

urin

eW

ray

et a

l. (1

991:

219,

fig

.7.4

b)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

mod

ified

Sep

tem

ber

Mor

n po

stur

e; h

eadl

ess

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:21

9, f

ig.7

.4c)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

buri

alfig

urin

e he

ad o

nly

(tw

o ex

ampl

es f

ound

)W

ray

et a

l. (1

991:

219,

fig

.7.1

4e/f

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

Sene

cafig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldcl

assi

c Se

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

stur

e; f

igur

e it

self

is v

ery

child

like

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:21

9-22

2, f

ig.7

.14g

, fig

.7.8

)T

hurs

ton

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

nds

over

gen

ital

sPr

att

(197

6:22

8, 1

)T

hurs

ton

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edcl

assi

c Se

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

stur

ePr

att

(197

6:22

8, 2

)T

hurs

ton

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edno

arm

s, v

ery

wor

nPr

att

(197

6: 2

28, 3

)T

hurs

ton

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edpr

egna

nt w

ith

hand

s ov

er b

reas

tsPr

att

(197

6:22

8, 4

)M

arsh

all

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

nds

over

bre

asts

, wea

ring

ski

rtPr

att

(197

6:23

3, 8

)M

arsh

all

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

nds

unde

r ch

inPr

att

(197

6:23

3, 9

)M

arsh

all

1600

-165

0O

neid

afig

urin

ede

er; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edSe

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

stur

ePr

att

(197

6:23

3, 1

0)G

enoa

For

tpo

st-1

650

Cay

uga

figur

ine

deer

; ant

ler

not

spec

ified

hand

s un

der

chin

Eng

elbr

echt

(20

03:6

4, f

ig.3

4)G

enoa

For

tpo

st-1

650

Cay

uga

figur

ine

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edSe

ptem

ber

Mor

n po

stur

e; f

ace

mor

e in

cise

dth

an c

arve

dE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:65,

fig

.35)

Goo

dyea

r17

th C

.E

rie

figur

ine

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

Sept

embe

r M

orn

post

ure;

pos

sibl

y or

igin

ally

part

of

a co

mb

Eng

elbr

echt

(19

91:7

, fig

6-b

)G

oody

ear

17th

C.

Eri

efig

urin

ean

tler

not

spec

ified

one

hand

nea

r fa

ce; n

o le

gsE

ngel

brec

ht (

1991

:7, f

ig6-

c)U

nkno

wn

n/a

n/a

figur

ine

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

Sept

embe

r M

orn

post

ure

Boy

e (1

888:

53, f

ig.1

06)

Bur

ke14

50-1

500

Ono

ndag

am

aske

tte

hum

an; p

atel

laro

ck f

illed

fea

ture

insi

de lo

ngho

use

carv

ed h

uman

fac

e; s

ugge

stio

ns o

f w

itch

craf

tE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:48,

fig

.15)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

cam

aske

tte

antle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldca

rved

hum

an f

ace

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:75

, fig

.3.1

8)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

mas

kett

ean

tler

buri

al-c

hild

carv

ed h

uman

fac

e; c

rude

r, le

ss f

inel

y m

ade

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:76

, fig

.3.1

9)Tr

am15

70-1

590

Sene

cam

aske

tte

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

oval

hol

low

ed-o

ut b

one;

car

ved

face

is a

lmos

tco

mpl

etel

y en

circ

led

by a

ser

pent

; per

fora

tion

son

bot

h si

des

of f

ace

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:59

, fig

.3.2

3)T

hurs

ton

1600

-165

0O

neid

am

aske

tte

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

hum

an f

ace

Prat

t (1

976:

229,

4)

Rob

itai

lle16

20-1

640

Hur

onm

aske

tte

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed h

uman

fac

e m

ask

abou

t th

ree

inch

esin

leng

thLa

tta

(197

1:12

9)St

eele

1635

-165

0Se

neca

mas

kett

ean

tler

not

spec

ified

carv

ed f

ace

wit

h 3

perf

orat

ions

at

top

of h

ead;

poss

ible

ass

ocia

tion

wit

h Fa

lse

Face

med

icin

eso

ciet

yE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:110

, fig

.47)

Unk

now

nn/

aM

ohaw

km

aske

tte

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed b

one

effig

y fa

ce 2

0mm

tal

lSn

ow (

1995

a:77

, fig

.14.

13)

Unk

now

nn/

an/

am

aske

tte

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

oval

fac

e, e

ye-h

oles

bor

ed t

hrou

ghB

oyle

(18

88:5

3, f

ig.1

05)

8 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 2.

Com

bs.

Site

D

ate

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Ada

ms

1550

Sene

caco

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-

youn

g ad

ult

tria

ngul

ar s

hape

d ha

ndle

wit

h tr

iang

ular

fem

ale

perf

orat

ion

at t

opW

ray

(196

3:39

-1)

Ada

ms

1550

Sene

caco

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-y

oung

adu

ltro

unde

d ha

ndle

wit

h la

rge

perf

orat

ion

Wra

y (1

963:

39-3

)fe

mal

eLa

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

.Neu

tral

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

both

edg

es d

ecor

ated

wit

h no

tche

sW

inte

mbe

rg (

1939

:87,

fig

.1)

Ure

n12

50-1

300

MO

Ico

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d or

nam

enta

tion

on

body

; zig

zags

and

tria

ngle

sW

inte

mbe

rg (

1928

:95,

fig

.1)

Smit

h-Pa

geri

e15

25-1

580

Moh

awk

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

wit

h 4

tine

sSn

ow (

1995

b:17

3, f

ig.4

.36)

Ric

e’s W

oods

1580

-161

4M

ohaw

kco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

sim

ple

squa

re c

omb

wit

h so

me

notc

hes

alon

gto

p ed

geSn

ow (

1995

b:22

4, f

ig.5

.20)

Wag

ner’s

Hol

low

1614

-162

6M

ohaw

kco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

tine

s on

2 s

ides

; mid

dle

part

inci

sed

wit

hdi

agon

al li

nes

Snow

(19

95b:

268,

fig

.6.2

7)W

agne

r’s H

ollo

w16

14-1

626

Moh

awk

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edti

nes

on 2

sid

es; m

iddl

e pa

rt s

moo

th; l

ooks

like

brok

en p

enda

nt h

ole

alon

g on

e ed

geSn

ow (

1995

b:26

8, f

ig.6

.28)

Bro

wn

1626

-163

5M

ohaw

kco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

mot

if lo

oks

like

3 w

orm

/tai

ls w

ith

spik

es o

n th

emSn

ow (

1995

b:29

1, f

ig.7

.5)

Nel

lis16

46-1

666

Moh

awk

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

wit

h w

hat

look

s lik

e 2

head

less

indi

vidu

als/

anim

als

faci

ng e

ach

othe

rSn

ow (

1995

b:40

6, f

ig.9

.52)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

caco

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

ca

rved

tri

angl

e de

sign

on

hand

leSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

59, f

ig.3

.3)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

caco

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

ha

ndle

inci

sed

wit

h se

emin

gly

rand

om li

nes

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:59

, fig

.3.4

)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

com

bm

oose

; ant

ler

buri

al

tine

s on

bot

h si

des;

pun

ctat

es a

long

mid

dle

hand

le p

art;

coot

ie c

omb

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:60

, fig

.3.6

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

caco

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-sen

ile a

dult

fem

aleh

andl

e co

nsis

ts o

f a

larg

e ov

al p

erfo

rati

onan

d cr

oss-

hatc

hed

etch

ed d

esig

nSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

336,

fig

.7.6

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

caco

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rm

idde

ndi

spla

ys a

kno

blik

e pr

otub

eran

ce o

n th

e en

ddi

rect

ly a

bove

the

tee

th a

nd a

wid

e no

tch

inth

at e

dge

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:33

6, f

ig.7

.8)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

com

bm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

teet

h no

t se

para

ted

from

eac

h ot

her;

dee

pgr

oove

sep

arat

ing

toot

h ar

ea f

rom

han

dle

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:33

7, f

ig.7

.9)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

com

bm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

teet

h no

sep

arat

ed f

rom

eac

h ot

her;

cru

dely

carv

edSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

337,

fig.7

.10)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

com

bm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

long

, nar

row

bla

nk h

andl

e an

d th

e st

umps

of

7 br

oken

tee

th w

hich

are

not

sep

arat

ed f

rom

each

oth

erSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

338,

fig.7

.11)

Tram

1570

-159

0Se

neca

com

bm

oose

; ant

ler

buri

al-a

dult

fem

ale

poss

ible

car

ved

effig

y of

a la

rge

bird

(he

ron,

cran

e or

tur

key)

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:44

, fig

.3.2

-3.3

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

Sene

caco

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

lddo

uble

-row

of

tine

s se

para

ted

by h

andl

e;co

otie

com

bW

ray

et a

l. (1

991:

217,

fig

.7.2

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

tria

ngul

ar h

andl

e w

ith

vert

ical

line

of

perf

orat

edho

les

and

2 ho

rizo

ntal

inci

sed

lines

ove

r te

eth

area

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

7)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 9

Tabl

e 2.

Com

bs.

Site

D

ate

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aco

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edtr

iang

ular

han

dle

perf

orat

ed w

ith

one

hole

; 2ex

ampl

es f

ound

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

8-9

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

doub

le-r

ow o

f ti

nes

sepa

rate

d by

han

dle

deco

rate

d w

ith

obliq

ue p

aral

lel i

ncis

ed li

nes

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

10)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aco

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

has

squ

are

rect

angu

lar

perf

orat

ion,

inci

sed

anim

al m

otif

and

hori

zont

al r

ow o

fdo

ts a

t ba

sePr

att

(197

6:22

0, 1

1)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

hand

le h

as s

ingl

e m

argi

nal r

ow o

f pe

rfor

atio

nsan

d cr

oss-

hatc

hed

inci

sed

deco

rati

ons

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

12)

Thu

rsto

n15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

hand

le c

onsi

sts

of c

arve

d fo

x w

ith

perf

orat

edov

er-a

ll de

cora

tion

Prat

t (1

976:

227,

2)

Thu

rsto

n15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

doub

le-t

ooth

ed; h

oriz

onta

lly in

cise

d lin

es o

nha

ndle

Prat

t (1

976:

229,

1)

Mar

shal

l15

75-1

595

One

ida

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

obliq

ue in

cise

d lin

es c

ross

ed b

y ho

rizo

ntal

line

one

hand

le; t

eeth

are

rin

ged

by in

cise

d lin

esPr

att

(197

6: 2

33, 1

2)W

alke

r/Se

aley

17th

C.

Neu

tral

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsu

spen

sion

hol

e in

squ

are

hand

leB

oyle

(19

03:8

2, f

ig.4

5)W

alke

r/Se

aley

17th

C.

Neu

tral

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edtr

iang

ular

han

dle

Boy

le (

1903

:82,

fig

.46)

Wal

ker/

Seal

ey17

th C

.N

eutr

alco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

squa

re h

andl

e w

ith

larg

e op

enin

gs c

arve

d in

itB

oyle

(19

03:8

3, f

ig.4

7)W

alke

r/Se

aley

17th

C.

Neu

tral

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

=bla

nk (

unfin

ishe

d)B

oyle

(19

03:8

4, f

ig.5

0)G

oody

ear

17th

C.

Eri

eco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

6 th

ick

teet

h; c

arve

d ou

t ho

le in

han

dle

Eng

elbr

echt

(19

91:7

, fig

.6-d

)Si

mm

ons

17th

C.

Eri

eco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

tria

ngul

ar h

andl

e; h

ole

drill

ed a

t to

p of

han

dle

Eng

elbr

echt

(19

91:8

, fig

.7-c

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

Moh

awk

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

wit

h 3

diam

onds

Snow

(19

95a:

77, f

ig.1

4.12

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

Moh

awk

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsi

mpl

e sq

uare

com

b w

ith

no c

arvi

ngSn

ow (

1995

a:12

3, f

ig.1

9.6)

Unk

now

nn/

aM

ohaw

kco

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

tine

s on

tw

o si

des

sepa

rate

d by

str

ip o

f bo

new

ith

inci

sed

lines

run

ning

acr

oss

its

leng

thSn

ow (

1995

a:82

, fig

.15.

8)A

dam

s15

50Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-f

emal

efe

mal

e in

Sep

tem

ber

Mor

n po

siti

on a

s ha

ndle

Wra

y (1

963:

39-2

)ad

oles

cent

Gri

msb

y16

40-1

650

Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

antle

rbu

rial

bear

eff

igy;

2 b

ears

rea

ring

up

in a

lmos

tpe

rfec

t sy

mm

etry

Ken

yon

(198

2:96

, 88)

Gri

msb

y16

40-1

650

Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

antle

rbu

rial

otte

r ef

figy;

inci

sion

s on

bod

y of

ott

erK

enyo

n (1

982:

20, p

l.12)

Gri

msb

y16

40-1

650

Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

antle

rbu

rial

poss

ible

hum

an f

igur

e w

ith

knee

s dr

awn

upK

enyo

n (1

982:

54, p

l.47)

Gri

msb

y16

40-1

650

Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

antle

rbu

rial

two

bear

s fa

cing

eac

h ot

her

Ken

yon

(198

2:21

4, p

l.197

)G

rim

sby

1640

-165

0N

eutr

alef

figy

com

ban

tler

buri

alpo

ssib

le b

ears

fac

ing

each

oth

erK

enyo

n (1

982:

215,

pl.2

01)

Ots

tung

o14

00-1

525

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

two

tine

s (o

ne m

issi

ng)

wit

h 2

hum

an f

aces

Snow

(19

95b:

119,

fig

.3.1

6)R

ice’s

Woo

ds15

80-1

614

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

anim

al e

ffig

y at

op a

sol

id s

ecti

on in

cise

d w

ith

lines

ato

p th

e ti

nes

Snow

(19

95b:

225,

fig

.5.2

1)R

ice’s

Woo

ds15

80-1

614

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

anim

al e

ffig

y at

tach

ed t

o th

e ti

nes

Snow

(19

95b:

225,

fig

.5.2

2)R

ice’s

Woo

ds15

80-1

614

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

3 ca

rved

hum

an h

eads

Snow

(19

95b:

225,

fig

.5.2

3)M

arti

n16

14-1

626

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

bird

pec

king

a h

uman

hea

d w

ith

its

beak

Snow

(19

95b:

248,

fig

.6.7

)W

agne

r’s H

ollo

w16

14-1

626

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

anim

al e

ffig

y ca

rved

ato

p a

flat

sect

ion

wit

h 2

face

s in

cise

d in

itSn

ow (

1995

b:26

7, f

ig.6

.26)

10 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 2.

Com

bs.

Site

D

ate

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Nel

lis16

46-1

666

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 bi

rds

faci

ng e

ach

othe

r be

ak t

o be

akSn

ow (

1995

b:40

6, f

ig.9

.51)

Dan

n16

75Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

alm

an o

n ho

rseb

ack

wea

ring

hat

, hol

ding

gun

-lik

e ob

ject

; sti

rrup

s in

dica

ted

on h

orse

Wra

y (1

963:

39-5

)D

ann

1675

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

- ad

ult

two

faci

ng p

anth

ers

Wra

y (1

963:

41-7

)fe

mal

eD

ann

1675

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

- m

ulti

ple

two

faci

ng b

ears

, fro

nt p

aws

toge

ther

Wra

y (1

963:

41-8

)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rm

idde

nbr

oken

eff

igy

from

hai

r co

mb;

sin

gle

hum

anfig

ure

(hea

d an

d sh

ould

er o

nly)

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:61

, fig

.3.2

)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

ha

ndle

con

sist

ing

of 3

car

ved

styl

ized

hum

anfig

ures

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:61

, fig

.3.7

)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

ca

rved

wol

f ef

figy

on h

andl

e w

ith

head

brok

en o

ffSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

61, f

ig.3

.8)

Dut

ch H

ollo

w16

05-1

625

Sene

caef

figy

com

ban

tler

buri

al

bear

; bro

ken

off

com

b at

the

fee

tSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

60, f

ig.3

.5)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-adu

lt 2

carv

ed la

rge

faci

ng b

irds

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:33

5, f

ig.7

.5)

fem

ale

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-adu

lt m

ale

the

effig

y of

und

eter

min

ed f

orm

del

iber

atel

yse

vere

d fr

om t

he c

omb

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:33

6, f

ig.7

.7)

Fact

ory

Hol

low

1610

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

cons

ists

of

the

carv

ed a

bstr

act

repr

esen

tati

onof

fiv

e hu

man

fig

ures

(on

e br

oken

off

) jo

ined

at t

he s

houl

ders

; ori

gina

lly c

omb

but

tine

sbr

oken

off

and

pol

ishe

dSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

341,

fig.

7.13

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

00Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-

infa

nttw

o hu

man

fig

ures

join

ed a

t th

e sh

ould

ers

Wra

y (1

963:

39-5

)Fu

gle

1605

-162

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

han

dle

cons

ists

of

7 st

yliz

ed h

uman

figur

es jo

ined

at

the

shou

lder

s, n

o le

gsSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

593,

fig.1

1.3)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

-chi

ldef

figy

of a

bea

r in

pro

file

that

is w

alki

ng o

rst

andi

ng o

n 4

feet

; 4 d

iago

nal l

ines

inci

sed

inth

e ha

ndle

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:21

6, f

ig.7

.1)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

faci

ng b

eave

rs (

?) a

nd v

erti

cal i

ncis

ed li

nes

Prat

t (1

976:

218,

10)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

2 fa

cing

ani

mal

s; a

nim

als’

bodi

es in

cise

d w

ith

vert

ical

line

sPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 1

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

faci

ng b

irds

(on

e m

issi

ng);

bir

ds’ b

odie

sde

cora

ted

wit

h do

ts; z

igza

g m

otif

in d

ots

abov

e to

othe

d se

ctio

nPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 2

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edan

imal

wit

h 3

vert

ical

inci

sed

lines

Prat

t (1

976:

219,

3)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

2 fa

cing

bir

ds (

one

mis

sing

); s

ome

rand

omin

cise

d lin

esPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 4

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

faci

ng b

ears

; bea

rs’ b

odie

s an

d so

lid s

ecti

onde

cora

ted

wit

h do

tsPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 5

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

hum

an f

igur

es w

ith

hand

s on

che

st; i

ncis

edlin

es a

nd li

ne o

f do

ts o

n se

ctio

n ab

ove

teet

hPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 6

)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 11

Tabl

e 2.

Com

bs.

Site

D

ate

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

hum

an f

igur

e w

ith

arm

s at

sid

ePr

att

(197

6:21

9, 7

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

con

sist

s of

one

car

ved

hum

an f

ace;

hori

zont

al in

cise

d lin

es o

n se

ctio

n ab

ove

teet

hPr

att

(197

6:21

9, 8

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

con

sist

s of

car

ved

arm

less

hum

an f

igur

ene

xt t

o un

iden

tifie

d ob

ject

Prat

t (1

976:

219,

9)

Cam

eron

)15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed4

hum

an h

eads

ove

r la

rge

squa

re s

ecti

on;

squa

re s

ecti

on d

ecor

ated

wit

h st

raig

ht li

ne o

fdo

ts a

t to

p, z

igza

g lin

e of

dot

s at

bot

tom

, and

larg

e zi

gzag

inci

sed

mot

if be

twee

n th

e 2

lines

Prat

t (1

976:

219,

10)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

hum

an f

igur

e w

ith

arm

s at

sid

e (2

exa

mpl

esfo

und)

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

1-2

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edhu

man

fig

ure

wit

h ar

ms

at s

ide;

fig

ure

and

base

cov

ered

in in

cise

d lin

esPr

att

(197

6:22

0, 4

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edar

mle

ss h

uman

fig

ure

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

5)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5O

neid

aef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

hum

an f

ace

Prat

t (1

976:

220,

6)

Thu

rsto

n16

00-1

650

One

ida

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edfo

x Pr

att

(197

6:22

9, 5

)W

arre

n16

25-1

650

Sene

caef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

2 fa

cing

bir

dsE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:153

, fig

.62)

Gan

onda

gan

17th

C.

Sene

caef

figy

com

ban

tler

not

spec

ified

Eur

opea

n ho

ldin

g a

gun

and

a do

g; d

ecor

ated

wit

h do

tsE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:154

, fig

.63)

Gre

at G

ully

17th

C.

Cay

uga

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edE

urop

ean

on a

hor

seE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:155

, fig

.64)

Roc

hest

er J

unct

ion

1687

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

-adu

lt hu

man

fig

ure

in s

prea

d-ea

gle

posi

tion

, hai

rfe

mal

est

yle

indi

cate

d, d

ecor

ated

wit

h in

cise

dho

urgl

ass

figur

esW

ray

(196

3:41

-9)

Roc

hest

er J

unct

ion

1687

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

-adu

lt tw

o fa

cing

ani

mal

s se

para

ted

by a

n ho

urgl

ass

fem

ale

figur

e; d

ecor

ated

wit

h dr

illed

dot

s, in

cise

dtr

iang

les,

hou

rgla

ss f

igur

es a

nd a

rrow

sW

ray

(196

3:41

-10)

Roc

hest

er J

unct

ion

1687

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

-mal

ech

ild o

n a

dog’

s ba

ck s

uppo

rted

by

two

adul

tsW

ray

(196

3:43

-12)

Roc

hest

er J

unct

ion

1687

Sene

caef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

fem

ale

thre

e sq

uatt

ing

hum

an f

igur

es s

uppo

rtin

g tw

odo

gs o

r w

olve

s on

a p

latf

orm

; are

a be

twee

nfig

ures

and

tee

th h

ighl

y de

cora

ted

wit

h in

cise

d in

es a

nd t

he o

utlin

es o

f tw

o fa

cing

bir

dsW

ray,

C.F

. (19

63:4

3-13

)R

oche

ster

Jun

ctio

n16

87Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-m

ulti

ple

two

faci

ng b

irds

, pos

sibl

e sn

ipe

Wra

y (1

963:

43-1

4)R

oche

ster

Jun

ctio

n16

87Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-m

ale

anim

al w

ith

head

rai

sed;

dec

orat

ed w

ith

inci

sed

lines

and

X’s

Wra

y (1

963:

43-1

5)

12 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 2.

Com

bs.

Site

D

ate

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Mar

kham

& P

uffe

r E

stat

e16

87Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

al-a

dult

mal

ehu

man

fig

ure

hold

ing

two

bird

s (h

eron

) by

the

neck

s, w

eari

ng a

hat

, and

dec

orat

ed w

ith

drill

ed d

ots

and

inci

sed

lines

Wra

y (1

963:

41-1

1)W

hite

Spr

ings

1688

-171

0Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

men

in a

can

oeE

ngel

brec

ht (

2003

:155

, fig

.65)

Wal

ker/

Seal

ey17

th C

.N

eutr

alef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edol

d pe

rson

lean

ing

on a

can

eB

oyle

(19

03:8

3, f

ig.4

8)W

alke

r/Se

aley

17th

C.

Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed f

igur

e in

pro

file

(tw

in?)

Boy

le (

1903

:84,

fig

.49)

Wal

ker/

Seal

ey17

th C

.N

eutr

alef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edan

imal

in p

rofil

e (t

win

?)B

oyle

(19

03:8

4, f

ig.5

10)

Bab

y Po

int

late

17t

h C

.Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

3 E

urop

ean

figur

esH

ende

rson

(20

01)

Bab

y Po

int

late

17t

h C

.Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

moo

se; a

ntle

rbu

rial

com

posi

te h

uman

and

mor

phin

g an

imal

s w

ith

deta

iled

inci

sion

s; ‘p

ower

line

’, ‘h

ourg

lass

/sta

r/th

unde

rbir

d’, 2

pos

sibl

e dr

ums

Cra

wfo

rd e

t al.

(200

7a:2

1, fi

g.8;

35-

36, p

l.27-

30)

Goo

dyea

r17

th C

.E

rie

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

4 te

eth;

han

dle

cons

ists

of

hum

an f

igur

e in

Sept

embe

r M

orn

pose

Eng

lebr

echt

, W. (

1991

:7, f

ig.6

-a)

Sim

mon

s17

th C

.E

rie

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

hand

le c

onsi

sts

of h

uman

fig

ure

wit

h ha

nds

over

gen

ital

are

a; c

omb

teet

h or

igin

atin

g fr

omhe

ad (

x2)

Eng

lebr

echt

(19

91:8

, fig

.7-a

)Si

mm

ons

17th

C.

Eri

eef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

con

sist

s of

hum

an f

igur

e (f

rom

wai

st u

p);

com

b te

eth

orig

inat

ing

from

hea

d (x

2)E

ngle

brec

ht, W

. (19

91:8

, fig

.7-b

)G

reat

Gul

lyn/

aC

ayug

aef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edbu

rial

– f

emal

efa

cing

pan

ther

s de

cora

ted

wit

h do

ts, l

ines

and

chev

rons

Skin

ner

(192

1:65

, pl.I

X)

Flem

ing

n/a

Cay

uga

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

buri

alfa

cing

par

trid

ges

join

ed a

t bi

lls w

ith

finel

yed

tche

d lin

es f

or p

lum

age

and

grou

ps o

fch

evro

nsSk

inne

r (1

921:

81, f

ig 8

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed w

ith

kiss

ing

anim

als

Snow

(19

95a:

72, f

ig.1

4.6)

Unk

now

n18

85M

ohaw

kef

figy

com

bno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

wit

h 2

stan

ding

fig

ures

; has

dat

ein

scri

bed

on it

(D

ecem

ber

10, 1

885)

Snow

(19

95a:

83, f

ig.1

5.10

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

Moh

awk

effig

y co

mb

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed c

omb

frag

men

t w

ith

3 ti

nes;

look

s lik

ea

figur

e st

andi

ng o

n it

s he

adSn

ow (

1995

a:32

, fig

.7.6

)U

nkno

wn

1670

-168

7Se

neca

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edtw

inne

d pa

nthe

r ba

ck t

o ba

ck; i

ncis

ed m

otifs

of ‘h

ourg

lass

/thu

nder

bird

’ and

‘pow

er li

ne’.

Ham

ell (

1998

:279

, fig

.10.

6)La

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

.Neu

tral

effig

y co

mb

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edre

pres

enta

tion

of

a he

ad w

ith

circ

ular

gro

oves

for

eyes

and

mou

th; t

wo

poss

ible

hor

ns a

t to

pof

hea

d; 4

tin

es;

Pear

ce (

2007

; per

s.co

mm

)

Anc

. Neu

tral

= A

nces

tral

Neu

tral

MO

I= M

iddl

e O

ntar

io I

roqu

oian

and that the souls of these objects could accom-pany the dead to the next world (Wrong1939:172). While the taking of heads and scalpshas been described as a form of soul capture(Hall 1997), perhaps the removal of the stylizedheads from pipes and bone/antler figurines rep-resents a symbolic beheading or spirit capture orexpulsion (see Williamson 2007). This act mayhave corresponded with an important stage inthe function or usefulness of the artifact or thedeath of the owner. Sometimes the bases of sev-ered stylized ceramic heads have been groundsmooth, suggesting that, having retained theirpower, they were used further (William Fox, per-sonal communication 2006). In that both “head-ed” and “beheaded” figurines were placed withthe burials of children and adolescents, it istempting to speculate on the circumstances thatwould have led to a symbolic beheading of suchan artifact. Perhaps in some cases, the souls ofpipes or figurines were considered to be malevo-lent, requiring their “death” or at least the neu-tralization of their power. Such behaviour wouldbe entirely consistent with the ritual killing ofIroquois medicine masks witnessed in the earlytwentieth century (Fox 1992:30), given theirpotentially dangerous power (Fenton 1990:155).It would also be consistent with a similar practiceamong Algonquian-speaking groups, document-ed by William Fox (1992), being the alteration ofdragon sideplates from trade muskets. Theseplates are thought to relate to Cree-Ojibwaexpressions of spiritual beliefs concerning hunt-ing and Michipeshu, the water lynx.

In the case of carved antler combs, theirabsence on ancestral or contact period St.Lawrence Iroquoian and Huron sites is notewor-thy, as they are present on both ancestral and his-toric Neutral sites. While there are five specimensfrom the postcontact Neutral Grimsby cemeteryand seven specimens from the postcontactNeutral Walker and Sealey villages, their pres-ence is otherwise limited to sixteenth- and seven-teenth-century Iroquois sites.

The development of antler combs reached itspeak with the Seneca in the mid-to-late seven-teenth century and only limited evidence fortheir origin has been found in pre-Iroquoian

societies (Cooper and Pihl 1999:59; Ritchie1944). It includes a few combs that are muchcruder in style and workmanship. Prior to thearrival of Europeans and the introduction ofmetal trade tools, Iroquois combs tended to belarger in size and consisted of three to five thickand sturdy teeth. The tops were occasionallycarved to represent animal or bird figures (Wray1963:36).

The Seneca produced more combs than anyother Iroquoian-speaking group, an increase intheir production perhaps coincident with theintroduction of iron tools and the growth of theirpolitical and military strength in the post-1650period (Wray 1963:40). With the introductionof the iron knife, combs became wider, the teethbecame thinner and increased in number, andornamentation became more intricate. Senecacombs are characteristically rectangular in shapeand are often bilaterally symmetrical. The greatmajority of combs are manufactured from theflat section of moose or elk antler, althoughwood and bone were sometimes used. They areoften ornamented with carvings of human,mammal and/or bird effigies or less complexgeometrical shapes. Identified mammal effigieson Seneca combs include the bear, panther, wolf,dog, horse, beaver, lynx, deer and otter, whilecommonly identified birds include the heron andthe woodcock. Reptiles and amphibians such asthe snake, lizard and frog have also been identi-fied (Wray 1963:45). When human figures arerepresented, Europeans can be differentiatedfrom First Nations individuals, usually on thebasis of the depicted hairstyle or details of dress.Combinations of representations are common.Intricate and fine engravings on combs alsobecome more frequent in the period between1650 and 1700. These designs include hourglassfigures, stars, crosses and X’s, as well as zigzags(Wray 1963:43-45, Figure 2).

Combs have been found in graves of women,men and children, often behind or beside the head,as one would expect for a hair comb. Just as often,however, they have been found within caches ofartifacts accompanying the individual, either as aburial offering or as part of his or her personalbelongings. In flexed burials, these artifact caches

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 13

were usually placed between the knees and the face.In extended burials, they were usually placedbeside the chest or hips (Wray 1963:41-42).

A moose antler comb recently found with theburial of an adult woman at the late seventeenth-century Teiaiagon (Baby Point) site in westToronto, on the Humber River, is especiallyevocative in its representation of icons shared byboth seventeenth-century Algonquians andIroquoians and is deserving of special attention(Figure 3). The design of the comb is elaborateand consists of a combination of human andmultiple animal figures. It also has fine detailedengravings on both the front and back faces ofthe comb. The animal figures are illustrated inside profile with the human figure situated onthe back of one of the animal figures. The exis-tence of two animal figures is supported by thepresence of two power lines emanating from theinterior of the two figures. The human form isrepresented from the waist up, showing two def-inite arms and what appears to be a hat on itshead. The upper animal figure and the humanfigure are connected in two areas: at the head-hatarea; and through the forelimb-arm area. Suchobjects are usually symmetrical. But, based oncareful microscopic analysis, there is no definitiveevidence to indicate that the comb handle wasbroken and that the effigy set included any addi-tional figure(s) on the other side of the humanfigure. The lower arm on the unconnected sideappears to be missing by comparison with other

similar specimens. While the potentially brokensurfaces are rounded and polished, rounding andpolishing may have occurred after one side of thecomb handle had been removed, either inten-tionally or accidentally. A possible third animalfigure on the other side of the handle would onlyhave been connected to the human figure.

While the interpretation of representationsand engravings on combs and other artifacts is,of course, equivocal, the animal figures on thiscomb fit Hamell’s (1998) description of a Senecapanther effigy. The rounded quality to the earsand face, as opposed to more pointed wolf/dogears and snout, in addition to the long lithe bodyand long slender tail, suggests that a pantherman-being was intended (Hamell 1998:273).On the other hand, panthers are most frequentlyrepresented as a pair, placed face to face in ven-tral opposition and in a vertical orientation, withtheir tails curled up in front of them, distal endclasped between their forepaws, although theyare sometimes in lateral profile similar to thecomb in question (Hamell 1998:277-278).

It should be noted, however, that a combdescribed by Hamell (1998:277) as having a pan-ther effigy was described by Kenyon as a beareffigy (Kenyon 1982:96, Plate 88, Figure 57). Itis also possible that the Baby Point representationis of both animals, with the panther morphinginto bear, as the morphology of the head is quitebear-like. Bear is another powerful symbol inAboriginal ideology. It has a strong association

14 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Figure 3. Antler comb from theBaby Point site. Illustration byKathy Mills.

with medicine and medicinal herbs, appearing asa guardian spirit for individuals and also as ahelper-spirit for many shamans. ManyAlgonquian-speaking groups believed that bearscould both cause and cure sickness. For many,bears also possess the power of resurrection andsymbolize transition, in death, from one world toanother (Rockwell 1991; see also Fox and Molto1994).

The distal end of the panther’s long tail has aseries of engraved bands, which might representthe rattle of a rattlesnake. According to Hamell,“panther, dragon, and serpent tails and tales areclosely entwined” in the mythical universe of theSeneca and Huron-Wyandot, and artifactual rep-resentations of these “panther/fire-dragon/greatserpent man-beings” were possible manifesta-tions of personal guardian spirits to guard againstwar, famine and disease (Hamell 1998:265, 272,276). As “skin-shedders,” serpents are also recog-nized for their shape-shifting abilities, a conceptperhaps related to life renewal and resuscitation(Hamell and Fox, this volume). They also belongto the category of long-tailed and long-bodiedanimal man-beings, which also include salaman-ders, lizards, weasels, mink, fishers, martins,otters, and mountain lions/panthers. Thesebeings are closely identified with medicine, orthe power that can be consecrated to be put tosocially-constructive (“good”), or socially-destructive (“evil”) purposes (Hamell 1987:78;1998:258, 264, 269; Hamell and Fox, this vol-ume).

According to Hamell, these panthers as “fire-drag-on/meteor man-beings” of the Huron-Wyandot andSeneca are related to the underwater panther man-being of the Algonquian speaking peoples of theGreat Lakes (Hamell 1998:281). Michipeshu (Mi-shi-pi-zhiw, Missibizi, Gitche-anahmi-bezheu) isknown as the Great Lynx, the Great UndergroundWildcat, and the Great Underwater Wildcat–thechief manitou of the underwater realm(Dewdney and Kidd 1973:82; Hamell1998:281; Rajnovich 1994:102). It is often por-trayed as a cat-like figure with large ears or hornson its head and the body of a large serpent, oftenwith scales or spikes on its back. It also frequent-ly appears, however, as a quadruped with little or

no serpentine qualities (Dewdney and Kidd1973:82-85; Fox 2004:286-290). Manitous areknown as being great shape changers, and thephysical and behavioural attributes of these crea-tures (panther/lynx and serpent) overlap, oftenmaking it difficult to distinguish between them(Hamell 1998:281; Rajnovich 1994:107).

The fine engravings consist of linear, circularand geometric designs located on the bodies ofthe animal figures and are largely restricted toone side of the comb. The only engraving on thehuman figure consists of a few generally horizon-tal lines at the waist or “belt” area. Designs onthe creatures’ bodies include modified hourglassor star designs (Wray 1963:45-46) as well as twocircles, one with six and the other with eightradial spokes. The short comb base, which islocated between the teeth and the top of the han-dle (Wray 1963:36), is also finely engraved onboth faces: a series of criss-crossed lines borderedby two horizontal lines cover the entire width ofthe comb. This patterning is reminiscent ofsnakeskin and also of etching lines used on birchbark scrolls (see Rajnovich 1994:29 for an exam-ple of a Midéwiwin birch bark scroll).

The modified hourglass/star motifs describedby Wray (1963:45-46) as possible human figureshave also been described as thunderbird repre-sentations (Hamell 1998:278-279). This motif ischaracteristic of panther effigy combs and,according to Hamell, “a bi-association of pantherman-being and hourglass shape suggests aNorthern Iroquoian universe in microcosm,specifically the conceptual symmetry and com-plementary synergism between powers below,exemplified by the panther/fire-dragon/great ser-pent man-beings, and the powers above, typifiedby the thunder (bird) man-beings” (Hamell1998:279).

Lines, such as the one radiating from the hour-glass/star/thunderbird motif, are often describedby researchers as power lines. An almost identicalline, wavy and branching off at the end, waslocated on a pictograph on a granite wall onAnnie Island, Lake of the Woods (Dewdney andKidd 1973: 53). This particular line radiatesfrom the head of what the researchers interpret-ed as a Maymaygwayshi, little men with hairy

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 15

faces who live behind waterside rock faces. Thesame pictograph has been described byRajnovich (1994:14) as a powerful healer withthe radiating line representing his long and diffi-cult journey in search of the medicine manitousthat make the mountains their home. TheMidewiwin scrolls of the Ojibwa also have linesthat represent journeys: a straight line representsthe right path; a wavy line represents a difficultpath; and a line with several branches leadingaway from the straight line represents the wrongpath (Rajnovich 1994:142).

Unlike the power line and the star/thunderbird motifs, the incised circles with spokes arerare. One similar example has been found on pic-ture writing from northern Minnesota andnorthern Wisconsin (Rajnovich 1994:88, 91,Figure 72b). The circle with spokes was inter-preted as a drum, which is the means of commu-nication of Kitche Manitou and an affirmationof the medicine given to the people. The circle isat the centre of Algonquian symbolism, gather-ing numerous meanings within it, culminatingin a vast medicine wheel (Rajnovich 1994:85).

The etched symbols, along with the morphingfigures of (rattle) snake, panther, possible bearand human, produce a powerful comb evocativeof the ideology of the Seneca and other seven-teenth-century Aboriginal groups. It is repletewith references to medicine, either for healing ormalevolent purposes, shape shifting and transfor-mations, and possible journeys and transitionsfrom one world to another.

Objects of Adornment

Pendants, Gorgets and ArmbandsTable 3 presents data on pendants, gorgets andarmbands, all interpreted primarily as objects ofadornment but decorated or worn in ways tosuggest that some had more private than publicmeanings. One effigy pendant of an owl head(Finlayson 1998:3:1308, Drawing 5.28), forexample, recovered from a sixteenth-century,ancestral Neutral site, was perforated in such away that, when suspended, it would appearinverted to an observer but in correct anatomicalposition for the wearer looking down at it. A

similar interpretation can be made of a sixteenth-century Seneca maskette, which is almost com-pletely encircled by a serpent (Wray et al.1991:59, Figure 3.23). Perforations have beendrilled on either side of the face just below theeye sockets. As a pendant, the maskette can onlybalance properly when it is suspended so as toprovide meaning for the wearer. Wray et al.(1991:59) note, however, that if it had beenattached to a piece of clothing or another object,the maskette’s centre of gravity may not havecome into play.

While most effigies are suspended from theneck in a manner to be interpreted publicly, per-haps as a protective strategy, these artifacts aresimilar in form and practice to the modeled ani-mal and human effigies on ceramic pipes thatfaced their smokers. The spirits represented bythe pipe effigies, often related to bird forms, mayhave come alive for the owner while smoking,thereby engendering communication with thesky world (von Gernet and Timmins 1987). Allof these artifacts, which are, at least part of thetime, directed inward, are known as “self-direct-ed art,” and are linked with dreaming and self-knowledge (Brasser 1980). It is also possible that,rather than simply reflecting indifference towardthe viewers, these objects were designed in such away as to exclude them deliberately to preventthem from seeing or experiencing the power ofthe item during its use.

Another complex form of art that may alsohave been at least in part “self-directed” is tattoo-ing. The Jesuit priests, who prepared annualaccounts of their life among the Huron from1634 until the Huron dispersal in 1649-1650,and among the Iroquois from 1654 to 1667(Thwaites 1896-1901), described the Neutraland Petun neighbours of the Huron as being tat-tooed. The tattoos were reportedly accomplishedby perforating the skin of some part of the bodywith a needle, sharp awl, or thorn to make aneagle, snake or other figure. Black colouring mat-ter was then traced over the figure, indeliblyimprinting the designs to the extent that someindividuals were covered from head to foot.Petun men and women, it was said, had theirbodies tattooed with representations of snakes,

16 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 17

Tabl

e 3.

Art

icle

s of a

dorn

men

t (go

rget

s, pe

ndan

ts an

d ar

mba

nds)

.

Site

Dat

eA

ffin

ity

Art

ifac

t Ty

peM

ater

ial

Pro

veni

ence

Des

crip

tion

Ref

eren

ceLa

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

gorg

ethu

man

; cra

nial

refu

se d

epos

itin

cise

d re

ticu

late

des

ign

on t

he c

onve

x si

de; 2

(c

hild

)pe

rfor

atio

ns o

n ea

ch e

dge

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:8

9, f

ig.8

)La

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

gorg

ethu

man

; cra

nial

no

t sp

ecifi

edpa

rts

of t

he c

onve

x su

rfac

e co

vere

d w

ith

finel

y in

cise

d lin

es; 5

hol

esW

inte

mbe

rg (

1939

:89,

fig

.11)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

algo

rget

hum

an; c

rani

al

refu

se d

epos

itla

rge

X-l

ike

figur

e sc

ratc

hed

on t

he c

onve

x si

deW

inte

mbe

rg (

1939

:89,

fig

.9)

Mar

tin

1614

-162

6M

ohaw

kpe

ndan

tno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d ba

nds

alon

g it

s le

ngth

Snow

(19

95b:

248,

fig

.6.8

)Li

teU

nkno

wn

Anc

. Hur

onpe

ndan

tsm

all c

arni

vore

; no

t sp

ecifi

edro

ot h

as b

een

notc

hed

and

inci

sed

arou

nd t

he

cani

neci

rcum

fere

nce

7mm

fro

m e

ndPe

nder

gast

(19

72:5

3, f

ig.1

4)Pa

rson

s14

50-1

500

Anc

. Hur

onpe

ndan

tbe

ar; c

anin

eho

use

annu

lar

groo

ve n

ear

the

tip

of t

he r

oot

Tho

mas

(19

98:9

0, f

ig.l)

Ure

n12

50-1

300

MO

Ipe

ndan

tno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

notc

hes

on s

ides

as

wel

l as

2 bi

coni

cally

drill

ed s

uspe

nsio

n ho

les

in t

he b

asal

reg

ion

Wri

ght

(197

9:12

6, f

ig.3

6-f)

Mill

er

12th

C.

EO

Ipe

ndan

tbe

ar; c

anin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

allo

w g

roov

e en

circ

ling

root

on

3 si

des

Ken

yon

(196

8:75

, fig

.8)

Pipe

line

1400

-145

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpe

ndan

tla

rge

bird

; no

t sp

ecifi

edin

cisi

on m

ade

on t

he s

haft

just

bel

ow t

he h

ead;

hum

erus

3 pe

rfor

atio

nsB

usby

(19

79:5

8, n

o im

age)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

pend

ant

mam

mal

; no

t sp

ecifi

edhe

ad d

eepl

y no

tche

d on

eac

h si

dePe

nder

gast

(19

81:1

77, f

ig.2

1)fe

mur

hea

dG

lenb

rook

1535

St-L

Ipe

ndan

tbe

ar; c

anin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edhe

avily

not

ched

on

prox

imal

end

Pend

erga

st (

1981

:177

, fig

.24)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

pend

ant

wol

f/do

g; c

anin

eno

t sp

ecifi

edno

tche

d on

pro

xim

al e

nd (

3 ex

ampl

es f

ound

)Pe

nder

gast

(19

81;2

6, n

o im

age)

Alle

n16

46-1

666

Moh

awk

pend

ant

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

cris

s-cr

oss

desi

gn a

long

one

sur

face

;pe

rfor

atio

n at

top

Snow

(19

95b:

392,

fig

.9.3

0)M

ilton

1500

-155

0A

nc.N

eutr

alpe

ndan

tno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edtr

iang

les

and

poly

gons

fill

ed w

ith

inci

sed

lines

;fo

rm li

ke in

vert

ed V

; not

ched

at

top

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1293

)Ir

ving

-Joh

nsto

n15

60-1

600

Anc

.Neu

tral

pend

ant

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

owl e

ffig

yFi

nlay

son

(199

8:13

08, 5

.28)

Thu

rsto

n16

00-1

650

One

ida

pend

ant

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edJa

nus

face

Prat

t (1

976:

229,

2)

Thu

rsto

n16

00-1

650

One

ida

pend

ant

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edot

ter

effig

yPr

att

(197

6:22

9, 3

)C

arso

n15

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

pend

ant/

gor

get

mam

mal

not

spec

ified

perf

orat

ed b

y a

sing

le h

ole

and

inci

sed

on it

sdo

rsal

sur

face

by

3 ha

tche

d lin

esPa

rker

et

al. (

1990

:32,

ph.

8)N

odw

ell

14th

C.

Unk

now

npe

ndan

t?be

aver

; inc

isor

hous

esm

all f

ragm

ent

from

the

bas

e of

the

inci

sor

that

has

bee

n la

tera

lly n

otch

edW

righ

t (1

974:

100,

no

imag

e)M

yers

Roa

d12

80-1

340

EO

I-M

OI

pend

ant?

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

notc

hed

line

atta

chm

ent

Ram

sden

et

al. (

1998

:191

, no

imag

e)H

olly

14th

C.

MO

Ipe

ndan

tde

er; m

etap

odia

lm

idde

nfla

t pi

ece

notc

hed

on b

oth

side

s on

one

end

;de

cora

ted

on o

ne s

ide

wit

h sh

ort

inci

sed

lines

alon

g bo

th e

dges

fro

m n

otch

ed e

nd t

om

idw

ay; o

ther

sid

e de

cora

ted

wit

h a

larg

ein

cise

d tr

iang

le p

oint

ing

up f

rom

not

ched

bas

ew

ith

shor

t pa

ralle

l lin

es r

adia

ting

fro

m it

s ba

sean

d to

pped

wit

h a

hori

zont

al li

ne; s

mal

lin

vert

ed t

rian

gle;

oth

er h

oriz

onta

l lin

e N

eeds

-How

arth

and

Wat

son

(200

7)

18 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 3.

Art

icle

s of a

dorn

men

t (go

rget

s, pe

ndan

ts an

d ar

mba

nds)

.

Site

Dat

eA

ffin

ity

Art

ifac

t Ty

peM

ater

ial

Pro

veni

ence

Des

crip

tion

Ref

eren

ceJa

rret

t-La

hmer

16th

C.

Anc

. Hur

onpe

ndan

t/ar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

para

llel r

ows

of d

ots

alon

g le

ngth

of

brac

elet

;do

ts in

eac

h lin

e co

nnec

ted

by in

cise

d lin

e;

Coo

per

(200

5:91

, no

imag

e)K

irch

e16

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 ro

ws

of s

mal

l pun

ctat

es a

nd o

n op

posi

te s

ide

is 1

row

of

sim

ilar

punc

tate

sR

amsd

en (

1989

:103

, pl.8

)R

ifeea

rly

14th

C.

MO

Iar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d lo

ngit

udin

al li

ne w

ith

smal

l tri

angl

e-lik

e sh

ape

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1258

, 3.2

4)R

ifeea

rly

14th

C.

MO

Iar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edro

w o

f tr

iang

les

(out

lined

by

dots

) al

ong

one

edge

, row

of

dots

alo

ng o

ther

edg

eFi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

58, 3

.25)

Rife

earl

y 14

th C

.M

OI

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

lines

whi

ch f

orm

row

s of

rec

tang

les

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1259

, 3.2

6)R

ifeea

rly

14th

C.

MO

Iar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d lin

e do

wn

the

cent

re o

f th

e br

acel

et,

2 tr

iang

les

fille

d w

ith

para

llel l

ines

on

each

side

of

the

mid

-lin

eFi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

59, 3

.27)

Van

Ede

nLa

te 1

5th

C.

Unk

now

nar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

para

llel l

ines

inci

sed

alon

g le

ngth

of

brac

elet

fille

d w

ith

perp

endi

cula

r lin

es, e

ach

of t

hese

lines

cro

ssed

by

2 sm

alle

r lin

es; t

wo

tria

ngle

sal

ong

one

edge

on

brok

en e

nd f

illed

wit

hpa

ralle

l lin

es;

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1263

, 3.3

1)C

raw

ford

Lak

e13

50-1

400

MO

Iar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

para

llel b

ands

of

dots

run

ning

alo

ng le

ngth

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1265

)C

hypc

har

1350

-140

0M

OI

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

4 ro

ws

of d

ots

conn

ecte

d by

inci

sed

line

alon

gle

ngth

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1267

, 4.1

)W

inki

ng B

ull

1450

-150

0U

nkno

wn

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

row

of

dots

dow

n th

e ce

ntre

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1275

, 4.1

0)W

inki

ng B

ull

1450

-150

0U

nkno

wn

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 ro

ws

of d

ots

dow

n ce

ntre

con

nect

ed b

y nc

ised

line

sFi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

75, 4

.11)

Win

king

Bul

l14

50-1

500

Unk

now

nar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

slig

htly

cro

oked

row

s of

dot

s do

wn

cent

erco

nnec

ted

by in

cise

d lin

esFi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

76, 4

.12)

Pipe

line

1400

-145

0A

nc. N

eutr

alar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edgr

oups

of

diag

onal

line

s in

cise

d on

bot

h ed

ges

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1287

)A

ches

onla

te 1

5th

C.

Anc

. Neu

tral

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

row

of

shor

t in

cise

d lin

es d

own

the

cent

reFi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

90, 5

.7)

Red

Tur

tle15

04-1

550

Anc

. Neu

tral

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

line

of d

ots

conn

ecte

d by

inci

sed

line

dow

n ce

nter

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1292

, 5.1

0)Ir

ving

-Joh

nsto

n15

60-1

600

Anc

. Neu

tral

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

slig

ht n

otch

es a

long

ent

ire

edge

on

both

sid

es;

red

ochr

e m

otif

on o

ne s

urfa

ceFi

nlay

son

(199

8:13

08, 5

.27)

Met

ate

1560

-160

0A

nc. N

eutr

alar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edde

cora

ted

wit

h do

ts o

ver

who

le o

f on

e su

rfac

eFi

nlay

son

(199

8:13

25, 6

.8)

Ben

nett

late

13t

h C

.M

OI

arm

band

rib

not

spec

ified

has

a la

shin

g ho

le a

nd 2

inci

pien

t si

de n

otch

eson

bot

h ed

ges

adja

cent

to

the

lash

ing

hole

;se

ries

of

engr

aved

dot

s ru

n al

ong

one

face

adja

cent

to

both

edg

esW

righ

t an

d A

nder

son,

(19

69:1

15, f

ig.y

)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

arm

band

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

band

s of

fin

ely

inci

sed

reti

cula

te d

esig

ns,

each

bou

nded

by

2 fin

ely

scri

bed

para

llel l

ines

Win

tem

berg

(19

48:7

3, f

ig.2

3)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 19

Tabl

e 3.

Art

icle

s of a

dorn

men

t (go

rget

s, pe

ndan

ts an

d ar

mba

nds)

.

Site

Dat

eA

ffin

ity

Art

ifac

t Ty

peM

ater

ial

Pro

veni

ence

Des

crip

tion

Ref

eren

ceM

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

arm

band

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d lin

e ab

out

1/8

inch

aw

ay f

rom

and

para

llel w

ith

the

inta

ct e

dge;

row

of

zigz

ags

proj

ecti

ng f

rom

the

insi

de o

n th

e lin

e W

inte

mbe

rg (

1948

:73,

fig

.24)

Mid

dlep

ort

14th

C.

MO

Iar

mba

ndan

tler

not

spec

ified

doub

le r

ow o

f sm

all r

ough

ly c

ircu

lar

pits

; als

ose

vera

l fai

ntly

inci

sed,

app

aren

tly m

eani

ngle

sslin

es t

hat

seem

too

sca

tter

ed t

o ha

ve b

een

inte

nded

for

orn

amen

tati

onW

inte

mbe

rg (

1948

:73,

fig

.25)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edno

tche

s al

ong

one

edge

; pol

ishe

d on

bot

hfa

ces;

2 h

oles

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:8

7, f

ig.2

3)Pi

pelin

e14

00-1

450

Anc

. Neu

tral

arm

band

mam

mal

; rib

not

spec

ified

smoo

thed

and

pol

ishe

d on

the

ext

erio

r an

dde

cora

ted

alon

g th

e ed

ges

wit

h ob

lique

stri

atio

nsB

usby

(19

79:6

0, n

o im

age)

Span

gea

rly

16th

C.

Anc

. Hur

on

arm

band

hum

an c

rani

alno

t sp

ecifi

edde

cora

tion

con

sist

s of

a s

erie

s of

sm

all

inci

sion

s se

t w

ithi

n pa

ralle

l lin

es f

ound

alon

g bo

th e

dges

and

in t

he c

entr

e is

an

S-sh

aped

pat

tern

Car

ter

(198

1:33

, fig

.f)

Nod

wel

l14

th C

.U

nkno

wn

arm

band

not

spec

ified

hous

eha

s 2

para

llel r

ows

of s

mal

l dot

s on

the

exte

rior

sur

face

Wri

ght

(197

4:26

4, f

ig.2

5)N

odw

ell

14th

C.

Unk

now

nar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edm

idde

nin

cise

d m

edia

l lin

e, in

cise

d tr

iang

les

on e

ithe

rsi

de f

illed

wit

h ve

rtic

al o

r ob

lique

inci

sed

lines

Wri

ght

(197

4:27

4, f

ig.1

2)N

odw

ell

14th

C.

Unk

now

nar

mba

ndno

t sp

ecifi

edm

idde

ntw

o m

edia

l lin

es o

f do

ts d

ecor

ate

the

exte

rior

face

Wri

ght

(197

4:27

2, p

l. X

IV, f

ig. 8

)Sc

out

1330

-142

0M

OI

arm

band

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

seri

es o

f tr

iang

les

fille

d w

ith

para

llel l

ines

whi

ch e

xten

d of

f an

inci

sed

line

alon

g th

e ce

ntre

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1241

)N

odw

ell

14th

C.

Unk

now

nar

mba

ndri

bho

use

has

2 lin

es o

f sm

all d

ots

alon

g bo

th s

ides

of

the

outs

ide

face

Wri

ght

(197

4:10

1, n

o im

age)

Hol

ly14

th C

.M

OI

arm

band

deer

; ant

ler

not

spec

ified

shor

t in

cise

d no

tche

s al

ong

both

edg

es; 2

inci

sed

para

llel l

ines

dow

n ce

ntre

fill

ed w

ith

hori

zont

al li

nes

from

whi

ch s

hort

dia

gona

lno

tche

s ra

diat

eN

eeds

-How

arth

and

Wat

son

(200

7)

Anc

. Hur

on=

Anc

estr

al H

uron

Anc

. Neu

tral

= A

nces

tral

Neu

tral

St.-

LI=

Sain

t-La

wre

nce

Iroq

uoia

nE

OI=

Ear

ly O

ntar

io I

roqu

oian

E-M

OI=

Ear

ly t

o M

iddl

e Ir

oquo

ian

MO

I= M

iddl

e O

ntar

io I

roqu

oian

lizards and squirrels in various colours, not justblack. Engelbrecht (2003) has argued that it islikely that tattoo designs held spiritual meaningfor the wearer (or others), perhaps conferringprotection, or reminding the wearer of theirguardian spirit. In this way, bodily decorationshould be seen as a material manifestation of thespiritual world.

In that tattoos are essentially patterns of dots,it is tempting to relate bracelets decorated withdots to arm tattoos. With very few exceptions,they are the only bone or antler artifact class dec-orated by lines of dots. Indeed, almost 60 percentof all bracelets are decorated with row(s) of dots,some connected by incised lines. The number ofrows ranges from one to four, although mostbracelets are decorated with two rows. They alsohave filled triangles of dots along the lines orincised filled triangles on one or both sides ofincised lines. Some authorities view such triangulardesigns as Thunderbird tails and wings while zig-zag lines have been related to lightning energy sym-bols or snake manifestations, both referencing theeternal conflict between the lower and upperworlds (Fox 2004). On the other hand, dottedlines have also been seen as journeys or quests, bothreal and metaphorical, the latter in search ofguardian manitous. One bracelet was decoratedwith a red ochre-stained motif that appeared asflames or waves filled with parallel lines andnotched along its edges–interpreted by theresearcher as the flaming arrows from thunderbird(Finlayson 1998:3:1308, Drawing 5.27).

The use of dots is also prominent in the deco-ration of Iroquoian ceramic pipe effigies. A par-ticularly striking example was recovered from theancestral Huron Mantle site, which is locatednear Stouffville, Ontario (Figure 4). The line ofdots around the face is very similar to the deco-ration on the head of a Mohawk bone figurine(Snow 1995b:186, Figure 4.49), both of which,in turn, are similar to the tattoo on an illustrationof Joseph Brant’s grandfather (Figure 5).

As the data in Table 3 indicate, decoratedbracelets or armbands occur most frequently onMiddle Ontario Iroquoian sites located in south-western Ontario, which have traditionally beenidentified as ancestral Neutral. They were either

manufactured from antler, with at least one iden-tified to deer, or from large mammal rib, likelydeer or bear. In at least one case, human cranialbone was employed.

Beads and Tubes

Table 4 lists objects identified as decorated beadsor tubes. This type of artifact consists of tubularobjects that range in length from a few centime-tres to over 15 cm. They have been described asbeads, tubes, shamans’ tubes, sucking tubes andtally beads. Researchers have come up with vari-ous criteria to differentiate between beads andtubes, usually based on length (Thomas1998:88). Lennox (1981:306) defined beads asmeasuring less than 100 mm and tubes as beinggreater than 100 mm in length. In comparison,Wright (1981:94) used 55 mm as the benchmarkbetween the two types of artifacts based on thebimodal distribution of lengths within his datafrom the Walker site. Other researchers declineto define a distinguishing marker between beadsand tubes. The specimens listed here have beenclassified as they were in the literature.

These objects are mostly fashioned from mam-mal and bird long bones, whose shapes naturallylend themselves to the manufacture of these arti-facts. Of the mammals, deer is by far the mostcommon. Beads/tubes have also, however, beenmanufactured from dog/wolf, lynx, raccoon, aswell as from human bone.

Over three-quarters of the decorated beads/tubeswere recovered from Neutral sites in southwestern

20 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Figure 4. Human effigy from a ceramic smoking pipe from thelate sixteenth century Mantle site (Archaeological Services Inc.).

Ontario. While ancestral Huron sites have yieldedjust less than ten percent of all the decoratedbeads/tubes, the remaining 15 percent is distrib-uted in almost equal parts among ancestralNeutral, St-Lawrence Iroquoian, Seneca, MiddleOntario Iroquoian and Mohawk sites. Since prove-nience was specified for only three of the 82 exam-ples found in the published literature (two fromburials and one from a post mould), it is impossi-ble to reach any conclusions about context.

For type of decorations, over 65 percent of theobjects recorded in Table 4 consists of transverseincisions, short notches or possibly scoring. Whilean attempt was made to differentiate between alter-ations resulting from decoration as opposed tomanufacture, some of the marks are probably dueto manufacture, especially those formed by repeti-tive scoring followed by snapping of the bone.Short incisions, usually when evenly spaced overthe surface of the bead, have also been consideredto be some sort of tally system. Annular grooves(16 percent), triangles (six percent), and variouszigzag motifs (four percent) were also recorded.

A few examples exhibit more complex designsor combinations of motifs. An interesting speci-men comes from the Middle Ontario Iroquoian

Rife site in southwestern Ontario. The bead ortube is covered by seemingly random wavy lines– amain one, which runs the entire length of the bead,and small ones that veer off from the long line andoff from each other (Finlayson 1998:3:1254). Ithas been suggested that the lines might representsome sort of map, perhaps for a physical or spiritu-al journey.

Pins

This category of artifact (Table 5) includes allelongated pin-like implements, whether or notthe researcher thought they were used as perfo-rating devices. Certainly a few with styloid-tipped points and opposing, finely notched prox-imal ends have been found; these may have func-tioned as tattooing needles.

Most of these objects are decorated withincised geometric patterns, most often filledright-angled triangles (thunderbird tails andwings), but also chevrons, zigzags, as well asoblique, vertical and horizontal lines (lightningenergy symbols or journey or snake manifesta-tions). The other frequent decoration is notchingof bases and lower edges, which thereby creates

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 21

Figure 5. Mohawk Warriorcirca 1710. Courtesy NationalArchives of Canada 2897086.

22 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 4.

Bea

ds a

nd tu

bes.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Squi

reU

nkno

wn

Unk

now

nbe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

ort

inci

sed

lines

alo

ng o

ne o

f it

s si

des

Squi

re (

1958

:8)

Pipe

line

1400

-145

0A

nc. N

eutr

albe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cisi

on e

ncir

clin

g th

e ex

teri

or s

urfa

ce, l

ocat

edat

bea

d’s

cent

reB

usby

(19

79:5

0, n

o im

age)

Pipe

line

1400

-145

0A

nc. N

eutr

albe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cisi

on e

ncir

clin

g th

e ex

teri

or s

urfa

ce, l

ocat

ed a

ton

e en

d of

bea

dB

usby

(19

79:5

0, n

o im

age)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

bead

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 de

eply

inci

sed

lines

aro

und

the

circ

umfe

renc

eat

eac

h en

d; t

rian

gula

r in

cro

ss s

ecti

onPe

nder

gast

(19

81:2

1, n

o im

age)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

bead

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

deco

rate

d w

ith

para

llel i

ncis

ed li

nes

near

one

end

Pend

erga

st (

1981

:21,

no

imag

e)G

lenb

rook

1535

St-L

Ibe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

shal

low

inci

sed

lines

aro

und

the

circ

umfe

renc

e10

mm

apa

rt o

n on

e en

dPe

nder

gast

(19

81:2

1, n

o im

age)

Chr

isti

anso

nca

161

5N

eutr

albe

adca

nis;

rad

ius

not

spec

ified

fine

tran

sver

se in

cisi

ng

Fitz

gera

ld (

1982

:202

, no

imag

e)C

hris

tian

son

ca 1

615

Neu

tral

bead

hum

an; u

lna

not

spec

ified

fine

tran

sver

se in

cisi

ng

Fitz

gera

ld (

1982

:349

, fig

.6)

Chr

isti

anso

nca

161

5N

eutr

albe

adde

er; r

ibno

t sp

ecifi

edfin

e tr

ansv

erse

inci

sing

Fitz

gera

ld (

1982

:349

, fig

.11)

Chr

isti

anso

nca

161

5N

eutr

albe

adm

amm

al; l

ong

bone

not

spec

ified

fine

tran

sver

se in

cisi

ng (

5 ex

ampl

es f

ound

)Fi

tzge

rald

(19

82:2

02, n

o im

age)

McG

aw15

th C

Anc

. Hur

onbe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edse

ries

of

inci

sed

notc

hes

alon

g on

e la

tera

l sid

ePi

hl (

2003

:55,

pl.2

9)K

irch

e16

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

bead

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

has

smal

l inc

ised

line

s ru

nnin

g pe

rpen

dicu

lar

to t

he lo

ng a

xis

Ram

sden

(19

89:1

01, p

l.7-4

)K

irch

e16

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

bead

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

scor

ing

alon

g le

ngth

of

bead

and

has

sm

all

tria

ngul

ar n

otch

es a

long

one

edg

eR

amsd

en (

1989

:101

, pl.7

-3)

Dra

per

late

15t

h C

Anc

. Hur

onbe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edtr

aces

of

scor

ing

alon

g le

ngth

of

bead

, wit

h a

heav

ier

groo

ve n

ear

the

mid

dle

Ferg

uson

(19

79:1

07, f

ig.6

)C

amer

on15

75-1

595

Sene

cabe

adde

er; r

ibbu

rial

-chi

ldde

ep g

roov

e ar

ound

cir

cum

fere

nce

arou

ndm

id p

oint

; rou

nd c

ross

-sec

tion

; 2 b

eads

not

seve

red

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:22

9, f

ig.7

.17)

Rife

earl

y 14

th C

.M

OI

bead

bird

; lon

g bo

neno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d lin

es w

hich

may

rep

rese

nt a

map

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1254

)M

cCar

thy

1600

-165

0A

nc. N

eutr

albe

adno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edse

ries

of

shor

t no

tche

s al

ong

leng

th o

f on

e su

rfac

eFi

nlay

son

(199

8:16

73,2

)Ja

rret

t-La

hmer

16th

C.

Anc

. Hur

onbe

adbi

rd; l

ong

bone

not

spec

ified

pair

ed p

ara

llel s

cori

ng t

owar

d ea

ch e

ndC

oope

r (2

005:

88, n

o im

age)

Unk

now

nn/

an/

abe

adde

er; l

eg b

one

not

spec

ified

4 no

tche

s at

eac

h en

d an

d 5

notc

hes

at m

idpo

int;

notc

hes

go a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

Boy

le (

1890

:54,

fig

.132

)A

nder

son

late

13t

h C

.M

OI

bead

fra

gmen

tbi

rdno

t sp

ecifi

ed3

to 4

inci

sed

lines

enc

ircl

ing

the

bead

nea

rth

e m

idpo

int

Ber

g an

d B

urse

y (2

000:

13, f

ig.g

-h)

Bar

kca

150

0A

nc. H

uron

bead

pre

form

?bi

rd; l

ong

bone

not

spec

ified

groo

ves

cut

arou

nd c

ircu

mfe

renc

eSu

tton

(19

90:8

1, p

l.7-6

)G

rim

sby

1640

-165

0N

eutr

alsu

ckin

g tu

bede

er; r

adiu

sbu

rial

se

ries

of

notc

hes

alon

g on

e ed

geK

enyo

n (1

982:

54, p

l.48)

Hoo

d16

30-1

641

Neu

tral

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

zigz

ag p

atte

rn a

long

leng

th, w

ith

notc

hes

onsi

des

Lenn

ox (

1984

:100

, fig

.34)

Hoo

d16

30-1

641

Neu

tral

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

stra

ight

ang

le t

rian

gles

wit

hout

bot

tom

edg

e,pa

ralle

l ver

tica

l lin

es in

tri

angl

esLe

nnox

(19

84:1

00, f

ig.3

4)H

ood

1630

-164

1N

eutr

altu

beno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edzi

gzag

pat

tern

(bu

t w

ith

mor

e th

an o

nein

cisi

on p

er s

ide)

Lenn

ox (

1984

:100

, fig

.34)

Hoo

d16

30-1

641

Neu

tral

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

over

lapp

ing

zigz

ag p

atte

rn b

etw

een

two

grou

psha

s zi

gzag

ove

rlap

ped

wit

h cu

rved

line

s Le

nnox

(19

84:2

21, f

ig.1

1)B

ogle

I16

30-1

641

Neu

tral

tube

deer

; rad

ius

hous

e po

st3

grou

ps o

f ch

evro

ns o

n on

e si

de; o

ther

sid

eha

s zi

gzag

ove

rlap

ped

wit

h cu

rved

line

s Le

nnox

(19

84:2

21, f

ig.1

1)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 23

Tabl

e 4.

Bea

ds a

nd tu

bes.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Wal

ker

1640

Neu

tral

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

3 se

ries

of

shor

t in

cise

d no

tche

s al

ong

leng

thof

one

sid

eW

righ

t (1

981:

201,

fig

.10)

Wal

ker

1640

Neu

tral

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

seri

es o

f sh

ort

obliq

ue p

aral

lel l

ines

bou

nded

by 2

long

itud

inal

line

s W

righ

t (1

981:

201,

fig

.9)

Alle

n16

46-1

666

Moh

awk

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 in

cise

d lin

es a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

at b

oth

ends

Snow

(19

95b:

392,

fig

.9.2

9)A

llen

1646

-166

6M

ohaw

ktu

beno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

inci

sed

lines

aro

und

circ

umfe

renc

e at

one

end

(oth

er e

nd b

roke

n)Sn

ow (

1995

b:39

2, f

ig.9

.29)

Alle

n16

46-1

666

Moh

awk

tube

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

2 in

cise

d lin

es a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

at b

oth

ends

as

wel

l as

in t

he m

iddl

e; h

alf

of t

ube

seem

s to

be

cove

red

wit

h lig

htly

inci

sed

hour

glas

s sh

apes

fill

ed w

ith

lines

Snow

(19

95b:

392,

fig

.9.2

9)A

lder

son

Farm

Wes

t15

th C

.A

nc. N

eutr

altu

beno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed3

inci

sed

groo

ves

on o

ne e

nd, 3

on

the

mid

dle

and

2 on

the

sur

vivi

ng p

orti

on o

f th

e ot

her

end

Finl

ayso

n (1

998:

1279

)H

ood

1630

-164

1N

eutr

altu

be

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

smal

l sha

llow

line

s cu

t ac

ross

a h

igh

ridg

e on

the

tube

(3

exam

ples

fou

nd)

Lenn

ox (

1984

:100

, no

imag

e)Li

teU

nkno

wn

Anc

. Hur

ontu

be f

ragm

ent

long

bon

eno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

lines

inci

sed

arou

nd t

he c

ircu

mfe

renc

e Pe

nder

gast

(19

72:3

2, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

deer

; rad

ius

not

spec

ified

shor

t pa

ralle

l inc

isio

ns a

long

late

ral e

dges

(12

exam

ples

fou

nd)

Lenn

ox (

1981

:307

, tab

le 4

3; 3

95, f

ig.3

)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dde

er; r

adiu

sno

t sp

ecifi

edpa

ralle

l inc

isio

ns a

cros

s po

ster

ior

surf

ace

(5 e

xam

ples

fou

nd)

Lenn

ox (

1981

:307

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

deer

; rad

ius

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

tria

ngul

ar p

atte

rns,

fill

ed w

ith

para

llel

or c

ross

hat

ched

inci

sion

s (3

exa

mpl

es f

ound

)Le

nnox

(19

81:3

07, t

able

43;

395

, fig

.2.4

)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dde

er; r

adiu

sno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d re

ctan

gula

r ar

eas

fill

ed w

ith

oppo

sed

para

llel l

ines

and

cro

ss h

atch

ed p

atte

rns

Lenn

ox (

1981

:307

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

dog;

rad

ius

not

spec

ified

para

llel i

ncis

ions

on

3 si

des

Lenn

ox (

1981

:307

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

dog;

tib

iano

t sp

ecifi

edch

evro

n m

otif

on e

nd, i

ncis

ed li

nes

and

scor

edno

tche

s on

2 e

dges

Lenn

ox (

1981

:308

, tab

le 4

3; 3

95, f

ig.8

?)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

ddo

g; t

ibia

not

spec

ified

scor

ed p

aral

lel l

ines

Lenn

ox (

1981

:308

, tab

le 4

3; 3

95, f

ig.9

)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dly

nx; r

adiu

sno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

ort

para

llel i

ncis

ions

on

2 ed

ges

Lenn

ox (

1981

:308

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

raco

on; t

ibia

not

spec

ified

notc

hed

edge

Lenn

ox (

1981

:308

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

raco

on; f

emur

not

spec

ified

scor

ed lo

ngit

udin

ally

Lenn

ox (

1981

:308

, tab

le 4

3, 3

95, f

ig.1

0)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dm

amm

alno

t sp

ecifi

edpa

ralle

l inc

isio

ns (

2 ex

ampl

es f

ound

)Le

nnox

(19

81:3

08, t

able

43,

no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dm

ediu

m m

amm

alno

t sp

ecifi

edno

tche

d ed

geLe

nnox

(19

81:3

08, t

able

43,

no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dtu

rkey

; hum

erus

not

spec

ified

shor

t pa

ralle

l inc

isio

ns o

n 2

edge

sLe

nnox

(19

81:3

09, t

able

43,

no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dtu

rkey

; tib

io-t

arsu

sno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

ort

para

llel i

ncis

ions

on

one

edge

Lenn

ox (

1981

:309

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

swan

; hum

erus

not

spec

ified

notc

hes

on o

ne e

ndLe

nnox

(19

81:3

09, t

able

43.

no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dm

ed-la

rge

bird

; rad

ius

not

spec

ified

para

llel i

ncis

ions

on

one

side

Lenn

ox (

1981

:309

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

med

-lar

ge b

ird

not

spec

ified

para

llel i

ncis

ions

(2

exam

ples

fou

nd)

Lenn

ox (

1981

:310

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

med

-lar

ge b

ird

not

spec

ified

para

llel o

bliq

ue in

cisi

ons

Lenn

ox (

1981

:310

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

med

-lar

ge b

ird

not

spec

ified

scor

ed lo

ngit

udin

ally

Lenn

ox (

1981

: 310

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

altu

be/b

ead

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

tria

ngle

s fil

led

wit

h pa

ralle

l obl

ique

s Le

nnox

(19

81:3

10, t

able

43,

no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

tube

/bea

dno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

ort

para

llel i

ncis

ions

on

one

edge

Lenn

ox (

1981

:310

, tab

le 4

3, n

o im

age)

Unk

now

nn/

an/

ata

lly b

one/

bead

long

bon

eno

t sp

ecifi

edno

tchi

ng a

long

leng

th o

f be

adB

oyle

(18

88:5

2-53

)

24 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 5.

Pins

.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Kin

g’s

Fore

st P

ark

1250

-130

0E

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

mid

den

care

fully

wor

ked

all o

ver

wit

h in

cise

dge

omet

ric

desi

gn a

t it

s ba

seFo

x (1

967:

20, f

ig.2

)Li

teU

nkno

wn

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

s 5

deep

not

ches

on

one

edge

nea

r th

e po

llen

d gi

ving

it a

sca

llope

d ed

gePe

nder

gast

(19

72:5

5, f

ig.2

)Li

teU

nkno

wn

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

eded

ges

notc

hed

deep

ly w

ith

2 pa

irs

of n

otch

esal

ong

it le

ngth

on

low

er h

alf

of a

wl;

2pe

rfor

atio

nsPe

nder

gast

(19

72:5

5, f

ig.1

)Li

teU

nkno

wn

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edex

tern

al s

urfa

ce d

ecor

ated

alo

ng o

ne e

dge

wit

hin

cise

d lin

es a

long

one

edg

e; o

ther

edg

ede

cora

ted

wit

h in

cise

d lin

es w

hich

for

mri

ght-

angl

ed t

rian

gles

fill

ed w

ith

3 or

4 in

cise

dlin

es p

aral

lel t

o th

e ve

rtic

al s

ide

of t

he t

rian

gle

Pend

erga

st (

1972

:55,

fig

.3)

Sale

mU

nkno

wn

St-L

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed3

unco

nnec

ted

righ

t-an

gle

tria

ngle

s al

ong

one

edge

, whi

ch a

re f

illed

wit

h pa

ralle

l inc

ised

line

sPe

nder

gast

(19

66:3

2, n

o im

age)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edre

fuse

dep

osit

crud

e in

cise

d de

cora

tion

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

7, f

ig.1

8)La

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

refu

se d

epos

itin

cise

d re

ticu

late

des

ign

on o

ne s

ide

and

notc

hes

on b

oth

edge

sW

inte

mbe

rg (

1939

:97,

fig

.20)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed3

notc

hes

at b

ase,

2 n

otch

es o

n on

e ed

ge n

ear

base

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

7, f

ig.2

2)La

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

4 fa

int

notc

hes

alon

g on

e ed

ge; 2

dee

per

groo

ves

near

mid

dle

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

7, f

ig.2

3)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

seri

es o

f no

tche

s ac

ross

sur

face

nea

r ba

seW

inte

mbe

rg (

1948

:71,

fig

.25)

Mid

dlep

ort

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edse

ries

of

notc

hes

alon

g ed

ge n

ear

base

Win

tem

berg

(19

48:7

1, f

ig.2

6)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

3 de

ep in

cisi

ons

acro

ss o

ne s

urfa

ce n

ear

base

Win

tem

berg

(19

48:7

1, f

ig.3

1)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

3 de

ep g

roov

es a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

near

base

; not

ches

alo

ng o

ne e

dge?

Win

tem

berg

(19

48:7

1, f

ig.3

2)U

ren

1250

-130

0M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

depo

sit

3 in

cise

d lin

es a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

at b

ase

Win

tem

berg

(19

28:9

1, f

ig.1

9)U

ren

1250

-130

0M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

depo

sit

groo

ve a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

at b

ase

Win

tem

berg

(19

28:9

1, f

ig.2

0)U

ren

1250

-130

0M

OI

pin

rib

depo

sit

edge

s of

exp

ande

d ba

se a

re o

rnam

ente

d w

ith

shal

low

not

ches

Win

tem

berg

(19

28:9

1, f

ig.2

1)U

ren

1250

-130

0M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

depo

sit

2 de

ep g

roov

es a

roun

d ci

rcum

fere

nce

near

bas

eW

inte

mbe

rg (

1928

:91,

fig

.22)

Mill

er

12th

C.

EO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edse

ries

of

notc

hes

alon

g bo

th e

dges

; gro

ups

ofho

rizo

ntal

ly in

cise

d lin

es o

n on

e su

rfac

eK

enyo

n (1

968:

71, f

ig.1

1)Pi

pelin

e14

00-1

450

Anc

. Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

4 ho

rizo

ntal

inci

sion

s at

bas

eB

usby

(19

79:5

1, n

o im

age)

Pipe

line

1400

-145

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edan

obl

ique

inci

sion

at

the

tip

Bus

by (

1979

:51,

no

imag

e)G

lenb

rook

1535

St-L

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

notc

hes

one

oppo

site

the

oth

er 1

0mm

fro

mth

e po

ll en

d; e

ach

side

dec

orat

ed w

ith

fine

tran

sver

sely

inci

sed

lines

on

the

edge

s Pe

nder

gast

(19

81:1

77, f

ig.1

6)M

yers

Roa

d12

80-1

340

EO

I/E

-MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edsw

eatlo

dge

4 an

nula

r gr

oove

s ca

rved

in t

he p

roxi

mal

edg

egi

ving

eff

ect

of a

row

of

3 pe

a-si

zed

balls

Ram

sden

et

al. (

1998

:183

, fig

.5.1

8b)

Mye

rs R

oad

1280

-134

0E

OI/

E-M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

has

two

oppo

sing

row

s of

fin

e no

tche

s in

cise

din

the

pro

xim

al e

ndR

amsd

en e

t al

. (19

98:1

83, f

ig.5

.18a

)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 25

Tabl

e 5.

Pins

.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

pin

bear

; os

bacu

lum

buri

al-a

dult

mal

e3

“bar

bs”

on e

ach

side

of

blun

t en

d (r

epre

sent

ing

feat

her

fletc

hes

on a

rrow

sha

ft)

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:22

8, f

ig.7

.16)

Cay

adut

ta15

25-1

580

Moh

awk

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

wit

h 2

tria

ngle

s fil

led

wit

h m

ore

lines

,re

stin

g on

3 h

oriz

onta

l lin

esSn

ow (

1995

b:18

4, f

ig.4

.45)

Cam

eron

1575

-159

5Se

neca

pin

bear

; os

bacu

lum

buri

al-a

dult

mal

e3

“bar

bs”

on e

ach

side

of

blun

t en

d (r

epre

sent

ing

feat

her

fletc

hes

on a

rrow

sha

ft)

Wra

y et

al.

(199

1:22

8, f

ig.7

.16)

Man

tle15

00-1

530

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nde

er; m

etap

odia

lm

idde

nin

cise

d w

ith

hori

zont

al li

nes,

tri

angl

es f

illed

wit

h pa

ralle

l lin

es, v

erti

cal l

ines

W

illia

mso

n an

d C

lish

(200

3)A

ntre

x13

00-1

400

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edm

idde

n4

notc

hes

at b

lunt

end

as

wel

l as

4 no

tche

son

bot

h ed

ges

near

at

blun

t en

dR

ober

tson

and

Will

iam

son

(200

2, n

o im

age)

Sale

mU

nkno

wn

St-L

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d ch

evro

nsPe

nder

gast

(19

66:3

2, n

o im

age)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edre

fuse

dep

osit

fain

tly in

cise

d zi

gzag

on

one

side

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

7, f

ig.1

9)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

notc

hes

alon

g on

e ed

ge n

ear

tip

Win

tem

berg

(19

48:7

1, f

ig.2

8)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

notc

hes

alon

g on

e ed

geW

inte

mbe

rg (

1948

:71,

fig

.29)

Pipe

line

1450

Anc

. Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

notc

hed

alon

g on

e ed

geB

usby

(19

79:5

3, f

ig.b

)G

lenb

rook

1535

St-L

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edde

ep n

otch

es o

n op

posi

te e

dges

17m

m f

rom

poll

whi

ch h

as b

een

grou

nd s

moo

thPe

nder

gast

(19

81:2

3, n

o im

age)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

deep

not

ches

on

oppo

site

sid

esPe

nder

gast

(19

81:2

3, n

o im

age)

Gle

nbro

ok15

35St

-LI

pin

deer

; uln

ano

t sp

ecifi

edde

cora

ted

wit

h 3

shor

t in

cise

d ob

lique

line

sm

idw

ay o

n th

e sh

aft

Pend

erga

st (

1981

:23,

no

imag

e)Sa

lem

Unk

now

nSt

-LI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

deco

rate

d w

ith

light

obl

ique

ly in

cise

d lin

es(2

exa

mpl

es f

ound

)Pe

nder

gast

(19

66:3

2, n

o im

age)

Mac

Dou

gald

U

nkno

wn

St-L

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edtw

o in

cise

d ri

ght-

angl

e tr

iang

les

fille

d w

ith

ncis

ed p

aral

lel l

ines

alo

ng o

ne e

dge

on o

nesi

de; s

imila

r si

ngle

tri

angl

e on

sam

e si

de b

utop

posi

te e

dge;

Pend

erga

st (

1969

:53,

fig

.10)

Mill

er12

th C

.E

OI

pin

chan

nel c

atfis

h;bu

rial

sp

ine

mod

ified

by

notc

hing

alo

ng o

ne e

dge

at le

ast

Ken

yon

(196

8:69

, fig

.6)

pect

oral

spi

neLa

wso

n14

75-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

“cri

ss-c

ross

” de

sign

on

one

side

, par

alle

l in

cisi

ons

on o

ther

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

7, f

ig.2

1)A

rbor

Rid

ge14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

polis

hed

and

desi

gns

on b

oth

side

s; o

ne s

ide

has

doub

le z

igza

g ru

nnin

g ov

er e

ntir

e le

ngth

;ot

her

side

has

a s

mal

l dou

ble

zigz

ag a

long

both

edg

esA

dam

s (2

003:

26, f

ig.1

5, 2

86E

L4)

Arb

or R

idge

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

eda

few

inci

sed

lines

une

venl

y sp

aced

ove

rsu

rfac

e; n

otch

at

blun

ter

end

Ada

ms

(200

5: 1

2s10

e-12

-1)

Arb

or R

odge

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsm

all b

urnt

fra

gmen

t; in

cise

d zi

gzag

-lik

epa

tter

n on

one

sid

e, h

oriz

onta

l inc

isio

ns o

not

her

Ada

ms

(200

5: 2

s6e-

11)

26 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 5.

Pins

.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Arb

or R

idge

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edpo

lishe

d; n

otch

ed o

n on

e ed

ge a

nd 3

obl

ique

inci

sion

s ne

ar b

ase

Ada

ms

(200

3:26

, fig

.15,

885

E)

Arb

or R

idge

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edsh

ort

obliq

ue n

otch

es a

long

ent

ire

edge

Ada

ms

(200

3:26

, fig

.15,

10s

8E)

Unk

now

nn/

an/

api

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edno

tche

d bl

unt

end;

3 v

erti

cal l

ines

con

nect

edw

ith

diag

onal

line

sB

oyle

(18

90:5

4, f

ig.1

30)

Unk

now

nn/

aM

ohaw

kef

figy

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

carv

ed h

uman

fac

e at

end

of

awl;

inci

sed

chev

rons

and

hor

izon

tal l

ines

alo

ng le

ngth

of

awl t

o ab

out

1/3

of w

ay t

owar

ds t

he p

oint

Snow

(19

95a:

59, f

ig.1

1.13

)M

iller

12th

C.

EO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edlig

ht in

cisi

ons

alon

g ed

ges

near

bas

e; h

ole

atba

seK

enyo

n (1

968:

71, f

ig.7

)M

iddl

epor

t14

th C

.M

OI

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

groo

ves

alon

g on

e ed

ge; d

eepe

r gr

oove

acr

oss

surf

ace

near

bas

eW

inte

mbe

rg (

1948

:71,

fig

.27)

Wal

ker

1640

Neu

tral

pin

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

high

ly p

olis

hed,

car

ved

bone

sha

ft, c

aref

ully

inci

sed

Wri

ght

(198

1:20

3, f

ig.5

)H

utch

inso

n14

th C

.M

OI

pin

mam

mal

pit

butt

end

dec

orat

ed w

ith

at le

ast

2 an

nula

rgr

oove

s cu

t to

cre

ate

a se

ries

of

pea-

size

d ba

lls(o

nly

one

ball

surv

ived

due

to

brea

kage

)B

alm

er a

nd S

tanc

hley

(20

03:8

3, p

l.10d

)R

ifeea

rly

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d an

nula

r gr

oove

s fo

rmin

g ro

w o

fpe

asiz

ed b

alls

at

prox

imal

end

(4

balls

)Fi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

55, 1

443-

7)W

inki

ng B

ull

1450

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed6

smal

l not

ches

alo

ng o

ne e

dge

of b

lunt

end

;3

smal

l not

ches

on

one

surf

ace

of b

lunt

edg

e(n

o “b

alls”

)Fi

nlay

son

(199

8:12

74)

Ant

rex

14th

C.

MO

Ipi

nde

er; m

etap

odia

l m

idde

nan

nula

r gr

oove

s ne

ar o

ne e

nd c

reat

ing

3“b

alls”

Rob

erts

on a

nd W

illia

mso

n (2

002)

Hol

ly14

th C

.M

OI

pin

deer

; met

apod

ial

swea

tlodg

ean

nula

r gr

oove

s ne

ar o

ne e

nd c

reat

ing

2 “b

alls”

Nee

ds-H

owar

th a

nd W

atso

n (2

007)

Nod

wel

l14

th C

.U

nkno

wn

pin

not

spec

ified

hous

eca

rved

at

one

end

(1 b

all)

Wri

ght

(197

4:24

8, f

ig.9

)G

rand

view

1400

-145

0A

nc. H

uron

pin

deer

; met

atar

sal

mid

den

inci

sed

annu

lar

groo

ves

form

ing

row

of

7 ba

llsat

pro

xim

al e

nd; p

olis

hed,

blu

nt, u

nalte

red

tips

Tho

mas

(19

99:1

15, p

l.13g

)G

rand

view

1400

-145

0A

nc. H

uron

pin

mam

mal

; lon

g bo

nesw

eatlo

dge

inci

sed

annu

lar

groo

ves

form

ing

row

of

4 ba

llsT

hom

as (

1999

:109

, no

imag

e)G

rand

view

1400

-145

0A

nc. H

uron

pin

mam

mal

; lon

g bo

nepi

t in

hou

sein

cise

d an

nula

r gr

oove

s fo

rmin

g 1

ball

Tho

mas

(19

99:1

09, n

o im

age)

Gra

ndvi

ew14

00-1

450

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nde

er; m

etat

arsa

l sw

eatlo

dge

Inci

sed

annu

lar

groo

ves

form

ing

row

of

2 ba

llsT

hom

as (

1999

:115

, pl.1

3f)

Gra

ndvi

ew14

00-1

450

Anc

. Hur

onpi

nm

amm

al; l

ong

bone

swea

tlodg

eIn

cise

d an

nula

r gr

oove

s fo

rmin

g ro

w o

f 6

balls

Tho

mas

(19

99:1

09, n

o im

age)

Ure

n12

50-1

300

MO

Ipi

nno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

ed2

inci

sed

groo

ves

at t

he p

roxi

mal

end

Wri

ght

(197

9:12

6, f

ig.3

6a)

Gra

ndvi

ew14

00-1

450

Anc

. Hur

onm

inia

ture

pin

not

spec

ified

swea

tlodg

eha

s sh

allo

w a

nnul

ar c

onst

rict

ion

near

the

prox

imal

end

Tho

mas

(19

99:1

15, p

l.13h

)

scalloped edge(s). One example has three “barbs”on each side of a blunt end, suggesting, to theauthors, feathers on an arrow shaft. The mostunusual specimen has a carved human face at thebase with incised chevrons and horizontal linesextending for about two-thirds of its length.

Approximately one-quarter of the pin-like arti-facts are modeled on their proximal ends to pro-duce a series of annular constrictions that appearas small, pea-sized, ball-like formations (Figure6). They have only been found on fourteenth-and early fifteenth-century sites and, of the com-plete specimens, lengths vary from 4.5 cm(described as a miniature) to 12.4 cm, with anaverage of 9.4 cm (excluding the miniature). Thenumber of balls ranges from one to seven with anaverage of 3.5. They are all manufactured fromlarge mammal leg bones, four of which wereidentified as deer metapodials. The miniature isreminiscent of the miniature points and pipesthat may well have functioned as charms or talis-mans, as is the case with modified teeth of bearand various canid species.

These objects have often been identified as bod-kins, a term used widely to describe a weaving tool.While most bodkins have holes at their base ends,small, pointed instruments of carved bone havebeen used by traditional weavers around the worldto make holes, to lift, push, insert, or adjust ele-ments of weaving, including the warp and woofthreads in cloth weaving and the strands of finesplit materials in basket weaving. Similarly shapedtools are also used for the traditional practice ofscrimshaw, the etching of designs into whalebone,ivory or other substances, which is then filled withcolour to bring out the designs.

Yet, these tools rarely display needlepoint forms.Consequently, they have also been identified ashairpins, a conclusion that is consistent with thefact that they are the only artifact in this categoryto have been found on the floors and fill layers ofsemi-subterranean sweat lodges, where prove-nience has been specified. It is possible that long-haired individuals used these pins to manage theirhair. The high level of polish usually found onthese artifacts could easily be attributed to the nat-ural oils found in hair or the animal grease some-times applied to the hair during certain rituals.

According to Fox and Hamell (this volume),there is a parallel in Iroquoian symbolismbetween rattlesnakes and hair, more specificallywith the story of Atotarho (Hale 1833:26) orAdodarhoh, whose long hair was adorned bysnakes (Parker 1916:17). Indeed, Fox has sug-gested that the decorated ends of these objectsmight represent rattlesnake tails, similar to a pol-ished antler tine artifact recovered from the bot-tom of a storage pit on an Early Iroquoian villagein southwestern Ontario (Fox 1982; Fox andHamell, this volume). Their frequent discoveryin semi-subterranean sweat lodges—more than250 examples have been documented on morethan 40 mid-to-late thirteenth-through-late fif-teenth-century Iroquoian villages across southernOntario (MacDonald and Williamson 2001)—may relate to curing societies and to other cere-monies, such as snake-related rituals connectedwith rainfall held in sacred contexts (Fox andHamell, this volume). Indeed, the discovery ofanimal skulls on the living floors of sweat lodges,in particular deer and bear as well as the wing ofa great horned owl, and their subsequent use ashuman burial areas, point to considerable sacredsignificance for such places (MacDonald andWilliamson 2001:72). Robert Hall, employing auterine metaphor, has described how Ojibwaappear to each other as bears, ritually cleansedand reborn, following a sweat (Hall 1997:125).The discovery of an awl (Wray et al. 1991:228,Figure 7.16), made from a bear baculum andplaced with the burial of an adult male, similarlysuggests that the material and element fromwhich the artifact was made form part of themeaning of the artifact.

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 27

Figure 6. Example of a “bodkin,” from the late thirteenth cen-

tury Antrex site (Archaeological Services Inc.).

Miscellaneous Artifacts

Three decorated bone artifacts that clearly relate tohunting and fishing have been recorded (Table 6).Their rarity in the archaeological record might sig-nal that such objects were not customarily decorat-ed by Northern Iroquoians, although it is acknowl-edged that bone artifacts in general, decorated ornot, are comparatively rare in the Iroquoian archae-ological record. Of the three identified artifacts, twoare harpoons and one is a projectile point. One ofthe harpoon heads was found in a longhouse, whilethe provenience of the others was not specified.One of the harpoons is entirely covered with even-ly spaced annular grooves (Wright 1981:203,Figure 2), while the other has finely etched lines onat least one of its surfaces. The projectile point hasevenly spaced notches (Parker et al. 1990:Plate 8).

The other miscellaneous decorated bone andantler specimens consist of types of artifacts that donot fit any prescribed category. These objects aremanufactured from deer bone and antler, mooseantler, human bone, and fish bone. They have beenfound in middens, burials, and pits within the sitesof almost every Northern Iroquoian group.

One such complex artifact, discovered on theancestral Huron Mantle site, was manufacturedfrom a combination of mammal and bird bone. Itconsists of a longer polished and notched piece ofwolf/dog metapodial that has been inserted into ashorter piece of bird long bone (Figure 7). Itsintended function or meaning is unknown.

Some of the hypothesized identifications for theother artifacts include ceramic vessel and pipe dec-orators, handles, spatulates and knives. In addition,one of the antler artifacts, with some of the mostprovocative decoration that rivals all other decora-tion found, is a Seneca ladle (Prisch 1982:83). Theuppermost part of the handle consists of a carvedprofile of an elderly woman holding a cane. Herspine is carved in jagged angles and a probableheaddress is represented. The provenience of thisparticular artifact was not specified.

Conclusions

This brief review is far too provisional to allow us todraw any major conclusions about which animals

might have been preferred for making bone toolsthat were then decorated. (It is also difficult toascribe particular functions to tools based ontheir archaeological contexts.) Such an objectivewould have required inventorying undecoratedbone tools as well.

With respect to Yellowhorn’s (2006) argumentson achieving a truly indigenous perspective in the

28 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Figure 7. Undetermined decorated bone artifact from the earlysixteenth century Mantle site (Archaeological Services Inc.).

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 29

Tabl

e 6.

Misc

ella

neou

s and

und

eter

min

ed.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Wal

ker

1640

Neu

tral

harp

oon

antle

rho

use

enti

re s

peci

men

inci

sed

wit

h un

iform

ly s

pace

den

circ

ling

lines

Wri

ght

(198

1:20

3, f

ig.2

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

caha

rpoo

nm

amm

al;

not

spec

ified

notc

hed

deep

ly o

n bo

th e

dges

at

the

butt

long

bon

een

d; e

xter

ior

side

has

line

of

shor

tin

cise

d lin

es a

long

its

leng

th; s

ingl

e ba

rbSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (

2001

:370

, fig

.7.4

1)C

arso

n15

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

proj

ecti

le p

oint

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

has

5 no

tche

s ar

rang

ed lo

ngit

udin

ally

on

its

tria

ngul

ar p

rism

atic

sha

ft w

ith

3 ad

diti

onal

notc

hes

carv

ed u

pwar

d in

to it

s ba

sePa

rker

et

al. (

1990

:32,

pho

to 8

)C

hris

tian

son

ca 1

615

Neu

tral

disc

mam

mal

mid

den

flat

surf

ace

has

stri

atio

ns r

adia

ting

fro

m t

hece

nter

; rou

ghly

cir

cula

rFi

tzge

rald

(19

82:3

49, f

ig.1

7)Pi

pelin

e14

00-1

450

Anc

. Neu

tral

hand

lem

amm

al;

not

spec

ified

smoo

th a

nd p

olis

hed

exte

rior

sur

face

lo

ng b

one

wit

h 3

hori

zont

al in

cise

d lin

es in

the

cent

re o

f th

e fr

agm

ent;

haft

Bus

by (

1979

:60,

no

imag

e)G

arog

a15

25-1

580

Moh

awk

knife

han

dle

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rved

wit

h ch

evro

ns, b

ands

aro

und

circ

umfe

renc

e an

d lin

es a

long

leng

thSn

ow (

1995

b:15

9, f

ig.4

.23)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alkn

ife-l

ike

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

basa

l end

dec

orat

ed w

ith

fain

tly in

cise

dlin

es; h

ighl

y po

lishe

dW

inte

mbe

rg (

1939

:97,

fig

.12)

Stee

le16

35-1

650

Sene

cala

dle

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edca

rvin

g in

pro

file

of a

n el

derl

y fe

mal

e ho

ldin

ga

cane

; spi

ne c

arve

d in

jagg

ed a

ngle

s; b

reas

t is

pend

ulou

s; h

eadd

ress

or

hair

cut

in b

angs

repr

esen

ted

Pris

ch (

1982

:23)

Law

son

1475

-150

0A

nc. N

eutr

alpi

pew

apit

i; ph

alan

xre

fuse

dep

osit

deco

rate

d w

ith

notc

hes

and

inci

sed

lines

and

desi

gns

Win

tem

berg

(19

39:9

3, f

ig.1

7)D

utch

Hol

low

1605

-162

5Se

neca

pipe

mar

ker

deer

; ant

ler

mid

den

seri

es o

f no

tche

s al

ong

one

of t

he t

ines

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:77

, fig

.3.2

1)C

olem

an16

th C

.A

nc. N

eutr

alpo

ssib

le s

crap

er?

mam

mal

;no

t sp

ecifi

edal

tern

atel

y be

velle

d al

ong

one

edge

Mac

Don

ald

(198

6:93

, pl.1

2-12

)lo

ng b

one

Cal

vert

12-1

3th

C.

EO

Ira

ttle

snak

ece

rvid

; ant

ler

stor

age

pit

five

groo

ves

arou

nd t

he c

ircu

mfe

renc

era

ttle

eff

igy

of a

ntle

r ti

neFo

x (2

003:

3, f

ig.1

)H

ood

17th

C.

Neu

tral

spat

ulat

ece

rvid

; met

acar

pal

not

spec

ified

mod

ified

into

kni

fe-l

ike

form

by

grin

ding

and

seve

ral s

mal

l sha

llow

inci

sion

s ha

vebe

en c

ut in

to t

he s

harp

ened

edg

e,cr

eati

ng a

ser

rate

d ed

ge e

ffec

tLe

nnox

(19

84:1

61, f

ig.9

)M

yers

Roa

d12

80-1

340

EO

I/E

-MO

Isp

atul

ate

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edw

ide,

fla

t ob

ject

sha

ped

som

ewha

t lik

e a

spat

ula;

dis

tal e

nd o

f bl

ade

cut

at a

n an

gle

and

is n

otch

ed; “

hand

le”

brok

en o

ff a

t a

perf

orat

ion

Ram

sden

et

al. (

1998

:189

, fig

.5.2

1)B

ecks

tead

Unk

now

nSt

-LI

spat

ulat

e ‘p

addl

e-no

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edha

ndle

ext

rem

ity

notc

hed;

exp

ande

dsh

aped

’ too

l‘p

addl

e’ e

nd; d

ecor

ated

wit

h a

very

sha

llow

inci

sed

mot

if on

one

sid

e; m

otif

cons

ists

of a

ban

d of

left

obl

ique

line

s be

twee

nho

rizo

ntal

line

sPe

nder

gast

(19

84:4

4, n

o im

age)

30 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005

Tabl

e 6.

Misc

ella

neou

s and

und

eter

min

ed.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Cay

adut

ta15

25-1

580

Moh

awk

tabl

etno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edfu

lly in

cise

d w

ith

vert

ical

line

s, h

oriz

onta

llin

es, c

hevr

ons,

dia

gona

l lin

esSn

ow (

1995

b:18

5, f

ig.4

.46)

Cle

arvi

lle15

th C

Anc

. Neu

tral

ratt

le d

isc

hum

an; c

rani

alno

t sp

ecifi

edin

cise

d lin

es r

esem

blin

g a

sunb

urst

or

frag

men

tst

arbu

rst

as w

ell a

s a

stic

k fig

ure

imag

eof

a h

eadl

ess

indi

vidu

alJu

ry (

1941

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

n/a

case

rib

not

spec

ified

hollo

wed

out

, inc

ised

wit

h ha

wk

bill

mar

king

sin

row

s an

d di

amon

d pa

tter

nB

oyle

(18

97:6

0-61

, fig

.29-

30)

Mill

er12

th C

.E

OI

pott

ery

mar

ker

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

ed3

thic

k no

tche

s al

ong

one

edge

; ova

l in

cros

s-se

ctio

nK

enyo

n (1

968:

73, f

ig.1

)R

icha

rdso

nU

nkno

wn

EO

I/M

OI

pott

ery

mar

ker

turt

le; p

last

ron/

not

spec

ified

seri

es o

f sm

all n

otch

es c

ut in

to o

ne

cara

pace

late

ral e

dge

(2 e

xam

ples

fou

nd)

Pear

ce (

1977

:139

, fig

.12p

)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

capo

tter

y m

arke

rm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

rais

ed r

idge

s of

equ

al w

idth

s on

one

sid

eSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

351,

fig.

7.22

c)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

capo

tter

y m

arke

rm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

rais

ed r

idge

s of

equ

al w

idth

s on

one

sid

e; h

assm

all n

on-r

idge

d pa

rtSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

351,

fig.

7.22

a)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

capo

tter

y m

arke

rm

oose

; ant

ler

mid

den

long

bla

nk b

ody

wit

h ra

ised

rid

ges

of e

qual

wid

th o

n on

e si

de o

f on

e en

dSe

mpo

wsk

i and

Sau

nder

s (2

001:

351,

fig.

7.23

)D

ykst

ra15

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

awl w

ith

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

one

end

has

para

llel l

ines

of

inci

sed

lines

spat

ulat

e ti

pst

arti

ng f

rom

bot

h ed

ges

alm

ost

mee

ting

in t

he m

iddl

e; o

ther

sid

e ha

s fa

int

cros

s-ha

tche

d in

cisi

ons

and

poss

ibly

ano

ther

mot

if bu

t to

o ha

rd t

o se

e w

ith

the

nake

dey

e; s

light

ly s

callo

ped

edge

sT

hom

as (

2006

:72,

pl.6

.1)

Mac

Mur

chy

late

15t

h C

.A

nc. P

etun

unde

term

ined

surf

ace

look

s lik

e fla

t bo

ne, i

ncis

ed c

hevr

ons

over

who

le s

urfa

ce; 6

not

ches

alo

ng o

ne s

ide

Gar

rad

(197

8:34

, fig

.19)

Bec

kste

adU

nkno

wn

St-L

Iun

dete

rmin

edhu

man

; hum

erus

not

spec

ified

dist

al e

nd o

f sh

aft

show

s si

gn o

f sc

rapi

ng a

ndpo

ssib

le in

cisi

ng in

a r

ando

m p

atte

rnPe

nder

gast

(19

66:7

4, n

o im

age)

Ben

nett

late

13t

h C

.M

OI

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

zigz

ag in

cisi

ons

on o

ne f

ace

and

obliq

uein

cisi

ons

on o

ther

fac

e; o

f 2

surv

ivin

g ed

ges,

one

is p

lain

, the

oth

er h

as a

ser

ies

of n

otch

essp

aced

1m

m a

part

Wri

ght

and

And

erso

n (1

970:

58, n

o im

age)

Hoo

d17

th C

.N

eutr

alun

dete

rmin

edde

er; m

andi

ble

not

spec

ified

dist

al e

dge

has

been

cut

into

a s

erie

s of

V-s

hape

d no

tche

s an

d po

ints

Lenn

ox (

1984

:161

, fig

.11)

Nod

wel

l14

th C

.U

nkno

wn

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

hous

eha

s an

etc

hed

X o

n on

e fa

ce a

nd lo

ngit

udin

algr

oove

s an

d co

rner

not

ches

on

othe

r fa

ceW

righ

t (1

974:

168,

no

imag

e)

Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 31

Tabl

e 6.

Misc

ella

neou

s and

und

eter

min

ed.

Site

Dat

e (A

D)

Aff

init

yA

rtif

act

Type

Mat

eria

lP

rove

nien

ceD

escr

ipti

onR

efer

ence

Ham

ilton

1638

-165

0N

eutr

alun

dete

rmin

edde

er; r

ibno

t sp

ecifi

edsm

all n

otch

es c

ut in

to e

dges

(2

exam

ples

fou

nd)

Lenn

ox (

1981

:313

, no

imag

e)H

amilt

on16

38-1

650

Neu

tral

unde

term

ined

deer

; rib

not

spec

ified

crud

ely

inci

sed

cris

s-cr

oss

patt

ern

on o

ne s

ide

Lenn

ox (

1981

:313

, no

imag

e)C

hris

tian

son

ca 1

615

Neu

tral

unde

term

ined

chan

nel c

atfis

h;no

t sp

ecifi

eded

ge o

ppos

ite

the

barb

s of

the

spi

ne

pect

oral

spi

nem

odifi

ed b

y no

tchi

ng t

o pr

oduc

e a

sym

met

rica

lly b

arbe

d ap

pear

ance

alo

ngth

e su

rfac

eFi

tzge

rald

(19

82:3

49, f

ig.2

1)K

irch

e16

th C

.A

nc. H

uron

unde

term

ined

antle

rno

t sp

ecifi

edsu

rfac

e of

tin

e is

car

ved

para

llel t

o th

e lo

ng a

xis

resu

lting

in li

near

sha

llow

gro

oves

Ram

sden

(19

89:5

0, n

o im

age)

Bar

k ca

150

0A

nc. H

uron

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

ther

e ar

e gr

oove

s al

ong

sect

ions

of

its

late

ral

edge

s on

bot

h of

its

broa

d fa

ces

Sutt

on (

1990

:81,

pl.7

-9)

Gar

oga

1525

-158

0M

ohaw

kun

dete

rmin

edde

er; u

lna

not

spec

ified

deep

gro

ove

alon

g sh

aft

and

anot

her

groo

vear

ound

cir

cum

fere

nce

near

the

hea

d of

the

bone

Snow

(19

95b:

157,

fig

.4.1

9)W

iace

k13

50-1

400

MO

Iun

dete

rmin

edm

oose

; ant

ler

not

spec

ified

shal

low

gro

ove

enci

rcle

s on

e en

d of

the

cyl

inde

rLe

nnox

et

al. (

1983

:97,

no

imag

e)Fa

ctor

y H

ollo

w16

10-1

625

Sene

caun

dete

rmin

edde

er; a

ntle

rm

idde

nan

tler

beam

wit

h sc

ratc

hes

runn

ing

alon

g it

sle

ngth

Sem

pow

ski a

nd S

aund

ers

(200

1:35

6, fi

g.7.

27)

Win

king

Bul

l14

50-1

500

Anc

. Neu

tral

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

notc

hing

alo

ng o

ne s

ide

of a

rtifa

ct; r

ound

ed t

ipFi

nlay

son

(199

8:15

05, 8

)H

&R

14th

C.

MO

Iun

dete

rmin

edno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edbi

-poi

nted

art

ifact

; sho

rt “

barb

s” o

n bo

th e

dges

of o

ne e

nd, a

nd s

hort

“ba

rbs”

on

one

edge

of

othe

r en

dFi

nlay

son

(199

8:14

10, 9

)C

amer

on16

th C

.O

neid

aun

dete

rmin

edno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edev

enly

spa

ced

notc

hes

on o

ne e

ndPr

att

(197

6:21

7, 1

6)H

olly

14th

C.

MO

Iun

dete

rmin

edno

t sp

ecifi

edm

idde

nfla

t pi

ece,

wit

h in

cise

d cr

oss-

hatc

hed

lines

over

who

le o

f on

e su

rfac

e; a

few

par

alle

ldi

agon

al li

nes

on o

ther

sid

eN

eeds

-How

arth

and

Wat

son

(200

7)M

antle

1500

-153

0A

nc. H

uron

unde

term

ined

wol

f/do

g;no

t sp

ecifi

edtr

iang

ular

cro

ss s

ecti

on w

ith

notc

hes

met

apod

ial:

inci

sed

alon

g 3

edge

s; 2

pie

ces

one

inse

rted

an

d bi

rdin

oth

erW

illia

mso

n an

d C

lish

(200

6)A

rbor

Rid

ge14

th C

.M

OI

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

shor

t in

cise

d lin

es a

roun

d ed

ges

in g

roup

sof

3-5

Ada

ms

(200

5: 3

s6e-

12-1

)U

nkno

wn

n/a

n/a

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

spat

ulat

e in

sha

pe w

ith

shar

p no

tchi

ng a

roun

ded

ge o

f “h

ead”

Boy

le (

1899

:20,

fig

.8)

Unk

now

nn/

an/

aun

dete

rmin

edno

t sp

ecifi

edno

t sp

ecifi

edfla

t, lo

ng p

iece

of

bone

, cur

ved

at b

oth

ends

wit

h no

tchi

ng a

long

bot

h ed

ges

at o

ne e

ndB

oyle

(18

92:2

0, f

ig.1

3)U

nkno

wn

n/a

n/a

unde

term

ined

not

spec

ified

not

spec

ified

inci

sed

loze

nge

patt

ern

Boy

le (

1888

:34,

fig

.25)

interpretation of artifact manufacture and decora-tion, it is unlikely we will ever know, with certain-ty, the original intent of the artists who fashionedor subsequently altered artifacts such as the BabyPoint comb. We can, however, look for parallelinterpretations in the symbols that were routinelymanipulated in other contexts where art wasemployed (i.e., rock art, body art, bark scrolls,other forms of material culture, oral histories, etc.).

In the future, one challenge will be to separatechoices that were inspired by worldview fromchoices dictated by logistical considerations—notthat these two choices are necessarily unrelated.While it might be tempting to argue, for example,that Iroquoian perforating devices were made outof deer bone because it was primarily deer hidesthat would be worked with those tools, it is equal-ly likely that deer bone was the most commonmaterial available for manufacturing tools.

Similarly, conclusions about the discovery ofmany bone tools in sweat lodges must be tem-pered with the observation that, outside of mid-dens, such places represented the largest conven-ient holes to be filled with refuse; and it is notalways easy to differentiate between objectsplaced on living floors and those deposited in fill.While the initial function and use-history ofsweat lodges is of immense interest, so too are thecircumstances and lines of decision-making thatled to their being filled with organic and inor-ganic waste.

Finally, it is also tempting to look at these datain light of our constant search for ascribing eth-nicity to populations in the precontact archaeo-logical record. The exclusivity of combs toNeutral and Iroquois groups and the generallyrestricted distribution of human figurines, mas-kettes and armbands are both noteworthy obser-vations. They are comparable to the observationthat the turn-of-the-fourteenth-century Moatfieldsite population along the central north shore ofLake Ontario practiced a burial pattern that isclearly consistent with later Huron practice(Williamson and Pfeiffer 2003). On the otherhand, it is acknowledged that, before the intro-duction of maize (possibly by an Iroquoianspeaking group) in the first half of the first mil-lennium A.D., the various populations in the

Great Lakes region likely shared a pan-Algonquian ideology with a common icono-graphic vocabulary. This fact explains, for exam-ple, the shared use of icons such as thunderbirdsamong (and beyond) historic Iroquoian andAlgonquian societies and the widespread use ofbear ceremonialism. It is in this realm, therefore,that we might find useful data for reconstructingthe social and political networks that led to theformation of the Haudenasaunee, Neutral andWendat confederacies and, perhaps more impor-tantly, the foundation for bringing them andAlgonquian-speaking groups back together tomanage consensually the risk to their collectivecultural heritage posed by twenty-first centurydevelopment.

Acknowledgements. We thank David Robertson,Bob Pearce, David Smith, Catherine Sutton andespecially William Fox for their various com-ments and willingness to discuss related issuesemerging out of their own research. William Foxand Michael Spence provided helpful commentson an earlier draft of the paper. We also acknowl-edge Stephen Cox Thomas for his observationsconcerning the Baby Point comb, not the least ofwhich was identifying its source material asmoose antler.

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Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 37

Une analyse d’artefacts décorés en os et en bois de cervidés des Iroquoiens du nord

La pratique des Iroquoiens du nord de créer des motifs finement gravés sur des outils en os et en boisde cervidés est examinée dans le contexte de communication de messages symboliques, soit privémentou publiquement. Cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse de la littérature archéologique, quic’est concentrée sur le symbolisme inhérent des motifs, ainsi que sur les rôles sociétaux des animauxdesquels les artefacts furent produits. Des tableaux de provenance et d’attributs descriptifs sontprésentés pour chaque classes d’artefacts, ainsi qu’un résumé de leurs faits saillants et de leurs ten-dances décoratives.

Ronald F. Williamson and Annie VeilleuxArchaeological Services Inc.528 Bathurst StreetToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2P9rwilliamson@iasi.toaveilleux@iasi.to