a review of the capability of the 44mm cambridge filter ... · a review of the capability of the...
TRANSCRIPT
A Review of the capability
of the 44mm Cambridge
Filter Pad for trapping
Total Particulate Matter in
excess of 150mg
Cockayne L.; Drake L.; McAdam K.G.; McAughey, J.
British American Tobacco, Group Research & Development,
Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, U.K.
SSPT 09, CORESTA Congress, Sapporo, Japan
23rd – 27th September 2012
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Background
Cambridge Filter Pads (CFP) are used for the collection of the particulate phase of cigarette smoke.
The current ISO standards stipulate a maximum limit of 150mg TPM on a 44mm diameter pad (ISO 4387:2000, AMD 1: 2008)
This is based on the pressure drop of the pad once a synthetic aerosol has been passed through it.
The CFP was first referenced approximately 50 years ago (Wartman and
Cogbill, 1959)
Pre-dating both ISO and HCI smoking regimes
At this time products predominantly 20-30mg (pre-ISO) tar yield (Ogg, 1964)
CFP is used for regulatory analysis of some HPHCs
As current cigarettes’ ISO tar yields are much lower than those used when the CFP was
first used, and some analytes are present in very low levels requiring increasing numbers
of cigarettes to ensure enough is trapped – is the limit still valid?
1970’s studies suggest up to 400mg TPM may be retained on one pad under ISO style
smoking (Johnson, 1985).
This is a fundamental validation step for smoke particulate phase science
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Background cont.
HCI machine smoking regime is of broad regulatory interest
HCI smoking can lead to TPM yields 40-50 mg/cig, under much higher flow
rates than ISO, what is the performance of the CFP under these conditions?
The performance of the pad has not been fully characterised for
contemporary products under contemporary smoking regimes.
Would increasing the TPM concentration above the ISO limit exceed the
capacity of the pad?
What is the limit for contemporary products under ISO and HCI?
Is TPM the limiting factor on CFP integrity?
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To establish the limits for the effective performance of the
CFP under ISO and HCI smoking conditions.
Methods:
Cigarettes with ISO tar yields from 1-8mg NFDPM conditioned
according to ISO (ISO 3402) and smoked under ISO (ISO 3308) and
HCI regimes on RM200A smoke engine
2 Reference products (1R5F and 3R4F) and 3 commercial products
(CP) were analysed.
Correlate TPM, nicotine, water and NFDPM with number of cigarettes
per pad, and total puff volume.
Objective
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4003002001000
400
300
200
100
0
Number of cigarettes smoked per pad
To
tal TP
M y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
150mg ISO limit
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3R4F
Variable
ISO Smoking
ISO smoking regime – Total TPM
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from
under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
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181614121086420
400
300
200
100
0
Number of cigarettes smoked per pad
To
tal
TP
M y
ield
(m
g/p
ad
)
150mg ISO limit
2mg 1R5F
8mg 3R4F
1mg CP
Key
HCI Smoking
HCI smoking regime – Total TPM
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from
under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
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TPM summary
ISO regime: The CFP had satisfactory trapping properties for TPM up to 150mg (ISO) for
all products.
The CFP becomes less effective as the TPM loading increases for 1, 2 and
4mg ISO NFDPM yielding cigarettes, suggesting that the trapping efficiency
of the CFP is compromised.
However TPM from the 7 and 8mg products is trapped with equal efficiency
from 50 to ~380mg TPM
HCI regime: The CFP appears to be an efficient trap for TPM at yields up to at least
380mg with all products tested.
This suggests there may be a link between total puff
volume and trapping efficiency.
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ISO Smoking Regime - Water
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from
data under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
4003002001000
40
30
20
10
0
Total number of cigarettes per pad
To
tal W
ate
r y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
Water Yields - ISO
4003002001000
40
30
20
10
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal W
ate
r y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
150mg ISO limit
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
Water vs TPM ISO
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4003002001000
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal W
ate
r y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
150mg ISO limit1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
8mg 3r4f
Variable
Water Yield HCI
HCI Smoking Regime - Water
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from data under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
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Water summary
ISO regime:
When the ISO TPM limit of 150mg/pad is exceeded, the 44mm CFP
is a less consistent trap for water
The loss of water is greater when the lower ISO yielding products
are smoked
The CFP appears to be a less effective trap for water than TPM
HCI regime: CFP appears to be a consistent trap for water at yields up to the maximum
yield tested of 300-380 mg/pad.
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ISO Smoking Regime - Nicotine
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from
under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
4003002001000
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total number of cigarettes per pad
To
tal N
ico
tin
e y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
Nicotine yields - ISO
4003002001000
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal N
ico
tin
e y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3R4F
Variable
Nicotine Yields - ISO regime
150mg ISO limit
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HCI Smoking Regime - Nicotine
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
4003002001000
20
15
10
5
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal N
ico
tin
e y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
8mg 3r4f
Variable
Nicotine Yields - HCI
150mg ISO limit
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Nicotine summary
ISO regime:
CFP ceases to be an effective trap for nicotine above
150mg/pad TPM for the 1mg product.
CFP has better nicotine trapping properties as cigarette
yield increases
Nicotine from higher yielding products is trapped
effectively >150mg/pad ISO limit
HCI regime:
CFP is efficient at trapping nicotine at yields up to the
maximum yields tested (300-380mg/pad TPM)
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ISO / HCI Smoking Regime - NFDPM
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from
under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
4003002001000
400
300
200
100
0
Number of cigarettes smoked per pad
To
tal N
FDP
M y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
ISO NFDPM yields
35030025020015010050
250
200
150
100
50
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal N
FDP
M y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP ISO
1mg CP HCI
Variable
NFDPM Yields - ISO and HCI
150mg ISO limit
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4003002001000
250
200
150
100
50
Total TPM yield (mg/pad)
To
tal N
FDP
M y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
150mg ISO limit1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
8mg 3r4f
Variable
NFDPM yield - HCI
HCI Smoking Regime - NFDPM
Solid lines are extrapolated yields from under the ISO limit (<150mg TPM)
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NFDPM summary
ISO regime:
CFP is effective at trapping NFDPM at TPM yields in
excess of 150mg/pad, although some deviation above
200 cigs per pad is seen with the 1mg product
HCI regime:
CFP is effective at trapping NFDPM at TPM yields up to the highest
level measured of 300-380mg/pad.
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Total Puff Volume
Order of the failure potential of the CFP appears to be:
ISO
Water > nicotine >TPM >NFDPM
1mg > 2 and 4mg > 7mg > 8mg product delivery
HCI
Nicotine, NFDPM and TPM are consistently trapped up to
380mg/pad TPM
This appears to be linked with total puff volume/number of
puffs the CFP is subjected to rather than total TPM load.
Measurement of CO under both regimes and NFDPM under
ISO is not compromised when measured above the current
limit of 150mg/pad TPM
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ISO Smoking Regime – 2mg product
50000400003000020000100000
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Total puff volume (cm3)
Ra
tio
of
yie
ld (
actu
al/
ISO
exp
ecte
d)
1:1 line
Water
TPM
Nicotine
NFDPM
Variable
1R5F Expected vs Actual results
“Expected” values = data points below the 150mg TPM ISO limit extrapolated up to ~400mg
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Conclusions
ISO standard stipulates a maximum of 150mg of TPM per
CFP
The performance of the CFP under ISO is acceptable up to
150mg for all products tested
Deviations were observed under ISO at higher TPM values
for the lower yielding products (1-4mg).
Water > nicotine > TPM > NFDPM
The performance of the pad under HCI conditions was
satisfactory up to higher TPM values.
Puff volume or number of cigarettes rather than TPM
appears to be a possible driver of upper limits to pad
capacity.
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www.bat-science.com
we welcome your comments
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4003002001000
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal C
O y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
1mg CP
2mg 1R5F
4mg CP
7mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
CO Yields - ISO
Appendix 1
4003002001000
500
400
300
200
100
0
Total TPM (mg/pad)
To
tal C
O y
ield
(m
g/
pa
d)
2mg 1R5F
1mg CP
8mg 3r4f
Variable
CO Yields - HCI
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