a review on aleurites moluccana

www.wjpps.com Vol 7, Issue 6, 2018.

341

Kaur et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

A REVIEW ON ALEURITES MOLUCCANA

Kaur Dilpreet*, Kaur Amandeep and Kaur Jaswinder

G.H.G. Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Distt. Ludhiana (Punjab).

ABSTRACT

Aleurites moluccana is a wild ornamental tree belongs to the family

Euphorbiaceae which include 300 genra and 7000 species. It has a

large spreading crown along with irregular branches. It occurs in

tropical and subtropical regions. The plant is native to Indonesia with

wide distribution throughout the tropics. Almost all parts of the plant

are used as tradition medicine for the treatment of various ailments like

ulcers, headache, fever, diarrhea and hypocholesterolemia and many

more. The oil extracted from seeds has been used as a strong irritant

and laxative similar to castor oil. Aleurites moluccana also contains

natural phytoconstituents like triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons, coumarins and

flavonoid glycosides along with their structure elucidation and due to the presence of such

phytocontituents, Aleurites moluccana is known to exhibit anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory,

anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-nociceptive, hypolipidaemic and wound healing activities. The

purpose of this review is to provide the complete data including morphology, distribution,

phytochemistry, traditional uses & pharmacological activities.

KEYWORDS: Aleurites moluccana, classification, morphology, distribution,

phytoconstituents, traditional use, pharmacological activities.

INTRODUCTION

Aleurites moluccana is commonly known as jangali akhrot in India. Basically, it belongs to

the class Magnoliopsida and genus Aleurites.[1]

It is 25 m high along with soft wood.[2]

It can

be found anywhere throughout the world.[3]

Climatically, Aleurites moluccana is found in dry

as well as wet climate. It can grow in various types of soils with pH 5-8.[4]

Phytochemical

studies of this plant have also revealed the presence of several bioactive phytoconstituents

like triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons, coumarins and flavonoid glycosides such

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.421

Volume 7, Issue 6, 341-358 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

05 April 2018,

Revised on 26 April 2018,

Accepted on 16 May 2018

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20186-11690

*Corresponding Author

Kaur Dilpreet

G.H.G. Khalsa College of

Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar,

Distt. Ludhiana (Punjab).


342


as moretenone, moretenol, acetil aleuritic acid, moluccanin, swertisin, α-and β-amyrin,

stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and campesterol.[5,6]

Aleurites moluccana is a medium sized ever green tree7. In folk medicine it is extensively

used in the treatment of various ailments like gastric ulcers, asthma, inflammation, diarrhoea

(dysentery), headache and hepatitis. The leaves and fruits are also used in the treatment of

gonorrrhoea and for lowering of cholesterol.[8, 9]

Pre-clinical studies on the plant have proved

the evidence of Anti-inflammatory activity, Antipyretic activity[1]

, antinociceptive activity[7]

and hypolipidaemic activity[10]

, antiviral, antibacterial[11]

and wound healing activities.[12]

Table 1: Taxonomy.

S. No. Taxonomy

1 Kingdom Plantae

2 Subkingdom Tracheobionta

3 Division Magnoliophyta

4 Superdivision Spermatophyta

5 Class Magnoliopsida

6 Subclass Rosidae

7 Order Malpighiales,Euphorbiales

8 Family Euphorbiaceae

9 Subfamily Crotonoideae

10 Genus Aleurites

11 Species Aleurites moluccana (L.)[13]

SPECIES

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Wild, Aleurites cordifolia steud, Aleurites cordifolius steud,

Aleurites lanceolata blanco, Aleurites lobata blanco, Aleurites moluccana var.remyi stone,

Aleurites triloba[13]

, Dryandra oleifera lam, Mallotus moluccanus(L.)Mull.Arg, Telopea

perspicua sol.ex seem, Aleurites ambinux pers, Aleurites commutate geiseler, Aleurites

angustifolia vieill, Aleuritesjavanica gand, Aleurites integrifolia vieill, Rottlera

moluccana(L.) scheff, Ricinus dicoccus roxb, Manihot moluccana (L) crantz, Camirium

cardifolium gaertn, Aleurites moluccanus (L.) wild, Aleurites moluccana var. floccosa airy

shaw, aleurites moluccana var. katoi o.Deg, Juglans camirium lour, Jatropha moluccana,

Aleurites remyi sherff, Croton moluccanus, Aleurites triloba forster & forster f., Camirium

moluccanum (L.) ktze.[14,15]


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Table 2: Synonyms.

S. No. Synonyms

1 Latin name Aleurites triloba, Aleurites moluccana

2 English name Candlenut, Indian walnut, candlenut tree, candleberry, belgaum

walnut, varnish tree, filberts, lumbang tree[16,17]

Common names in India

3 Hindi

jangali akhrot, akhrot

4 Kannada

akroda, natakrodu, arkod, naadu aakrotu

5 Malayalam

akroltu, akshotam, karankolam, vadam

6 Marathi

ramakrot, akhod, japhala, ranakot

7 Oriya akshota

8 Sanskrit

akharota, akhota, akshota, asphotaka, gudarshaya

9 Telgu

uduga, natu akrotu[13]

Common names in other Countries

10 Indonesia

kembiri, kemili, tanoan, kereh, anoi, tenu, wiau[13]

11 Vanuatu

Kandeltri

12 North

Carolina Ragaur

13 Samoa

Lama

14 Germany

lichtnussbaum, kerzennussbaum

15 Hawaii

Kukui

16 Fiji

tutui, tuitui, waiwai, toto, lauci, sikeci, sikeli

17 France noix, noisette, noyer des moluques, aleurites, noyer des indes,

bancoulier

18 Mangareva

Rama

19 Marquesans

Ama

20 Caroline

islands Raguar

21 Spain

nuez, nogal de la India, arbol lloron, avellano, avellano criollo[14,18, 19]

DISTRIBUTION

The distribution of Aleurites moluccana is throughout South Asia including India and China

to Polynesia and NewZealand4. Table 3 shows the distribution of Aleurites moluccana

throughout Asia. In some countries the origin of Aleurites moluccana is native while in other

countries it‟s presence is introduced.

Table 3: Distribution of Aleurites moluccana.

S. No. Country Origin Distribution

1. Bangladesh Introduced Present

2. Cambodia Native Present

3. China Native Present

4. India Native Present

5. Sri Lanka Native Present

6. Myanmar Native Present

7. Maldives Introduced Present


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8. Japan Introduced Present

9. Indonesia Native Present

10. Indian Ocean Introduced Present

11. Singapore Introduced Present

12. Thailand Native Present

13. Taiwan Native Present

14. Philippines Native Present

15. Laos Native Present

ECOLOGICAL RANGE

Aleurites moluccana has large geographical distribution and can grow up to 1200 m in most

tropical regions above sea level with at least 700 mm rainfall and the areas with mean annual

rainfall from range 640-4290 mm. it grows in climate with bimodal, summer, winter and

uniform rainfall pattern. It is also well known for its ability to grow on slopes. The main

annual temperature for growing the plant is 19-27°C. The maximum annual temperature for

growth of plant is 26-30°C, mean minimum temperature is 8-13°C and minimum temperature

tolerated is 8°C approximately.[20, 21]

Aleurites moluccana grows in various types of soil including limestone, sand, red loams and

stony clay ground that should be well drained with pH 5-8. But it does not seem to prefer

alkaline soils.[4]

It requires soil free drainage and grows in lightly acidic to alkaline soils and

even tolerates infertile soils. It tolerates quite drought, strong winds, some salt spray, shades

up to 25%, full sun light but intolerant to frost, fire and waterlogging.[19, 9]

MORPHOLOGY

Aleurites moluccana is medium to large sized ever green tree. It can grow up to 20 m in

height and 0.9 m in trunk diameter along with diameter at breast height of 90 cm. In open

areas height increases 10-15 m while in narrow valleys grows as branchless trunk and reaches

maximum height.[23]

The bark (Figure 2) is grey-brown in colour, and fairly smooth with fine vertical lines. The

bark exudes a clear watery sap after applying a cut. The leaves (Figure 3) are distinctive,

simple and alternate with entire & wavy margins. The seeds (Figure 4) are about 2.5–3.5 cm

long and contained within a hard, black, rough shell elliptical in shape. The shells are similar

in shape and texture to walnuts, although smaller and thicker. Aleurites moluccana have

monoecious flowers (Figure 5). The male flowers surround the female flowers. The pistillate

flowers are 13 mm long with 5 white-creamy petals while staminate are longer and thinner.


345


The leaf blades are 10-20 cm long and have two glands at the junction of leaf base and

peptide which produce a sweet secretion. The Younger leaves are deltoid and simple in

shape.[4]

Figure 1: Aleurites Moluccana tree.

Figure 2: Stem Bark of Aleurites Moluccana.

Figure 3: Leaves.


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Figure 4: Dried seeds of Aleurites Moluccana.

Figure 5: Five parted flowers of Aleurites Moluccana.

TRADITIONAL USES

Aerial parts of Aleurites moluccana tree (Figure 1) have been used in traditional medicine.

The tree acquires ornamental shape at an early age.[23]

Bark Decoction of the bark (Figure 2) has been used to treat infertility and secondary

amenorrhoea, hypocholesterolemia, tumors, diarrhoea, fever and the grated bark is used to

make a mouth wash to treat neuralgia and dysentry. In Fiji, the bark and green fruits are used

for asthma, wheezing and cough.[4,24,25]

Bark is also used to treat food poisoning, constipation

and wound healing.[26]

Leaves Decoction of the leaves (Figure 3) have been used in the treatment of

hypocholesterolemia, fever, tumor, diarrhoea, headache, hernia, pain in chest and cough

while the boiled leaves are used in the treatment of gonorrhea, swollen joints, ulcers and

fever. Leaves are also used in poultices for deep contusions, bruises, broken bones,

constipation and food poisoning.[3,24,25,26]


347


Seeds The seeds (Figure 4) of the plant are used externally to the male genitals as

contraceptive. The pulped kernel is used as poultice in the treatment of headache, fever,

ulcers, swollen joints and constipation.[27]

The seeds are toxic and having strong purgative

effect but cooked seeds are eaten as condiment.[28]

Flowers & Sap The flowers (Figure 5) of the plant have been used to treat candidiasis in

children. They are also used in maintaining dental hygiene4. The sap is used to treat skin

fungus and conjunctivitis. The juice of the fruit is squeezed into the mouth of new born

babies to make them vomit and to clear their throat. The fresh sap is used in maintaining

dental hygiene, to treat thrush and candidiasis.[3,29]

By itself the gum is chewed for its

aphrodisiac properties.[30]

Oil The oil extracted from seeds has been used as a strong irritant and laxative similar to

castor oil. The oil is also used topically to stimulate hair growth in Fiji and to prevent stretch

marks on a pregnant woman‟s belly.[31,32]

The oil can be made into soap. Even today, nut oil

is used as skin moisturizer and as protectant. It serves as external lubricant for masseurs.[33]

The oil is also used as an emollient in skin care products.[34]

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Phytoconstituents and pure compounds isolated from the various parts of Aleurites

moluccana are discussed as follows:

Bark

The stem bark contains various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids,

coumarins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids35

. 12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-

podocarpatrien-3-one, spruceanol, 3-acetylaleuritolic acid and acetil aleuritolic acid were

elucidated from dichloromethane extract of the bark of Aleurites moluccana8, 26

and coumarin

scopoletin from methanolic extract of stems.[36]

O

OH

OCH3

CH3 CH3

H

CH3

12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one


348


CH2

CH3

OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

OH

Spruceanol

AcO

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

3-acetylaleuritolic acid

CH3COO

COOH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

Acetil aleuritolic acid

O

CH3O

OH O

Coumarin Scopoletin


349


Leaves

Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids and triterpenes, hydrocarbons, sterols, amino acids

and carbohydrates are present in the leaves of Aleurites moluccana[1,6,8]

Methanolic extract of

leaves after maceration showed the presence of two C-glycoside flavonoids i.e. Swertisin and

2- 2 -O-rhamnosylswertisin[37]

Five megastigmanes [(vomifoliol-9-O-β-apiofuranosyl-

(1‟‟→6‟)-β-glucopyranoside)], [(6S,9R)-roseoside], Debiloside, [3-oxo-α-ionol-O-β-

apiofuranosyl-(1‟‟→6‟)-β-glucopyraniside], [3-oxo-α-ionol-O-β-glucopyranoside3-oxo-α-

ionol-O-β-glucopyranoside] have been isolated from ethanolic extract of dried and pulverized

leaves and described the isolation of a phytocontituent swertisin from methanolic and

ethanolic extracts of leaves of Aleurites moluccana.[8,38]

CH3

O

O

CH3CH3

OH

CH3

O

OH OH

OR

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

CH3CH3

R=

vomifoliol-9-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1’’→6’)-β-glucopyranoside

CH3

CH3CH3

O

OH

O

CH3

O

OHOH

OH

OH

(6S, 9R)-roseoside


350


OH

O O

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3CH3

O

CH3

Debiloside

CH3

CH3CH3

O

CH3

O O

OHOH

OH

OR

O

OH

OH

OH

CH3CH3

R=

3-oxo-α-ionol-O-β-apiofuranosyl-(1’’→6’)-β-glucopyraniside

CH3

CH3CH3

O

CH3

O O

OHOH

OH

OH

3-oxo-α-ionol-O-β-glucopyranoside3-oxo-α-ionol-O-β-glucopyranoside


351


O

CH3OO

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

O

CH3OO

OOH

OH

OH

Orhamnosylswertisin

OH

CH2OH

swertisin 2-2-O-rhamnosylswertisin

Seeds

Aleurites moluccana seeds contain glycerides, fatty acids like linoleic acid, palmitic acid,

stearic acid, myristic acid, oils, proteins and vitamin B1.[8]

Miscellaneous

Other phytochemical studies of whole plant of Aleurites moluccana have revealed the

presence of triterpenes, steroids, coumarins and flavonoid glycosides such moretenone,

moretenol, acetil aleuritic acid, moluccanin, swertisin, α and β-amyrin, stigmasterol, β-

sitosterol and campesterol.[5,6]

Phytochemical investigations from Aleurites moluccana afforded compounds such as: one

coumarinolignoid [molucaninn][5]

, seven trinorditerpenes [moluccanic acid, moluccanic acid

methyl ester, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid, (5b,10a)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-

trien-3-one, (5b,10a)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3one, (5b,10 a)-13-

hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one and (3a,5b,10a)-13-methoxypodocarpa-

8,11,13triene-3,12-diol].[39,40]


352


CH3

O

CH2

OH

H

CH3

OH

CH3

O

CH2

OH

H

CH3

OH

Molucannic acid Moluccanic acid methyl ester, 6,7-dehydromoluccanic acid

four diterpenes [12-hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, spruceanol, ent-3a-

hydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-12-one, ent-3b,14a-hydroxypimara-7,9(11),15-triene-12-

one][39]

, one phorbol diester [13-O-myristyl-20-O-acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol][41]

, triterpenes [β-

amyrin, α-amyrin][6.8]

Two coumarins [6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin and 5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin] (Satyanarayana et

al., 2001). One aliphatic hydrocarbon [hentriacontane][41,6]

and some fatty acids.[42]

O O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3


353


O O

O

O

CH3

CH3

5,6,7-trimethoxycoumarin 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

There are many reported activities regarding the Aleurites moluccana tree. Although the

whole plant has medicinal importance yet leaves are used extensively for pharmacological

activities. Figure 6 gives a review about reported pharmacological activities of Aleurites

moluccana till now.

Antipyretic activity The antipyretic activity was studied against Brewer‟s-induced pyrexia.

After 12 hrs of s.c injection the rectal temperature of each rat was measured. This study

revealed that the methanolic extract of leaves of Aleurites moluccana at dose 300 mg/kg p.o.

lower the rectal temperature due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamus due

to presence of alkaloids, flavanoids and sterols.[1]

Anti-inflammatory activity The anti-inflammatory activity of Aleurites Moluccana was

determined using carageenan induced rat paw oedema assay and methanolic extract

decreased the paw oedema at a dose of 300 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity is a

biphasic in which the first phase is due to release of histamine and serotonin and in the

second phase there is release of prostaglandin which leads to oedema formation and this

effect of Aleurites moluccana is due to presence of alkaloids, sterols and flavonoids.[1]

Hypolipidaemic activity The lipid lowering activity of methanolic extract of leaves of

Aleurites moluccana was studied on high-fat-diet induced hyperlipidemia and triton induced

hypercholestrolaemia. The serum lipids (Triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol &

total cholesterol) and the body weight were found to be lowered at dose 300 mg/kg10

.

Antibacterial activity The study revealed that different extracts of the plant parts showed

activity against Staphylococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas


354


aeruginosa. For antibacterial assay, Minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) was

determined.[11]

Antiviral activity The antiviral activity was determined to a lesser extent by C.P.Locher. In

1995, the study revealed that aqueous extract of husk Showed the antiviral activity against

Herpes Simolex-I virus that significantly exceeded their minimal cellular toxic

concentrations.[11]

Antinociceptive activity Using complete Freund‟s adjuvant (CFA)-induced mechanical

hypernociception, mechanical hypernociception induced by PGE2 and carageenan-induced

mechanical hypernociception, methanolic extract of leaves demonstrated that i.d. injection of

carageenan (300µg/paw) significantly reduced the mechanical sensitivity threshold (p<0.05)

in comparison to control group. Oral treatment of Aleurites moluccana (500mg/kg) reduced

the mechanical hypernociception.[7]

Wound healing activity The treatment of excision and incision wound model with alcoholic

extract of bark of Aleurites moluccana had accelerated the wound healing process in rats. The

extract on the rat dermal wound healing, increasing the tensile strength and enhancing the

wound healing process. The wound healing potential of the plant extract may probably be as

a result of the presence of a mixture of phytoconstituents including flavanoids and tannins.

Ointment from the bark of Aleurites moluccana exhibited significant prohealing activity

when topically applied on rats by 4% w/w and reduction in period of epithelization was also

observed in AEAM.[43]

Figure 6: Pharmacological activities of Aleurites moluccana.


355


CONCLUSION

Natural products and herbal medicines are in focus these days for various medical conditions

due to easy treatment of diseases hence Aleurites moluccana has been found useful in the

treatment of various ailmernts like ulcers, hypocholesterolemia, fever, tumor, diarrhoea,

headache, hernia, pain in chest due to the presence of various phytoconstituents like

flavanoids, coumarins, triterpenoids, steroids, flavanoid glycosides etc. Despite various

claims of medicinal uses on Aleurites moluccana, there is need of some attempts to

scientifically confirm it‟s more potential in the healing of other diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to Principal, G.H.G Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar,

(Ludhiana) and the management for providing us all the facilities.

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a review on aleurites moluccana

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