a review on effect of adding additives and nano additives ... · pdf filerecent research as...

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 5 (2016) pp 3509-3526

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

3509

A Review on Effect of Adding Additives and Nano Additives on Thermal

properties of Gear Box Lubricants

Suresh Babu Koppula

Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, St. Martin’s Engineering College, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. N. V. V. S. Sudheer

Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Guntur, India.

Abstract

Literature review revealed that, advanced additive

technologies used in today’s high-performance gear oils are

capable of inducing the required reactions on the surfaces of

gears and bearings, thus providing reliable damage protection

even under severe operating conditions. In practice, industrial

gears are often operated under lower oil temperatures than

would normally be generated in a fully-loaded gearbox.

Lower temperatures prevail, for instance, while a gearbox is

being taken back into use after prolonged standstill, i. e.

during the time it takes for the oil to heat up from ambient

temperature to service temperature. Similarly, when a gearbox

is being operated below its full load capacity, with reduced

speed, or with frequent stop-and-go, the operating temperature

of the oil will be lower than it would be under full load. Such

applications require gear oils that reliably protect gears and

rolling bearings against damage, not only at full load

operating temperatures, but also at lower ones. The protection

of gears in the gear box against high induced temperature

requires careful consideration. Recent research as reported in

literature review indicated that, addition of nano particles or

particles of nano size (less than 100 micron size) have a great

influence on the thermal properties like heat transfer rate,

viscosity, friction factor of the lubricant etc and helps in

improving the life of the lubricating oil and consequently life

of the gear box. An attempt is made in this paper to review the

current research on lubricating properties of lubricants and

effect of adding nano additives on the performance of

lubricants. Present study includes a review of literature on the

heat transfer rate, viscosity, friction properties of lubricants

etc with and without additives. The major contribution of

present work is to review the current state of research in

lubricating properties of lubricants used in gear boxes with

special referenced to addition of nano particles in the lubricant

and to make preliminary investigations on the effect of

additives on thermal properties of lubricants used in gear

boxes.

Keywords: Additive Technologies, Damage Protection, Gear

Failures, Lubrication, Temperature, Friction, Viscosity, Nano

Materials.

Nomenclature:

nm nanometers

µm micrometre

P Poise

cP centiPoise

Abbreviations:

AFM Atomic Force Microscope

AGMA American Gears Manufacturers Association

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BBN Bayesian Belief Networks

CEM Concept Exploration Method

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

CNT Carbon-Nano Tube

DBN Dynamic Bayesian Network

DHS Differential Hybrid System

DLC Diamond-Like Carbon

DTA Differential Thermal Analysis

DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform

EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

EHD Elasto Hydro Dynamic

EHL Elasto Hydrodynamic Lubrication

EMD Empirical Mode Decomposition

EP Extreme Pressure

FBEPOTM Four Ball Extreme Pressure Oil Testing Machine

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum

FZG Gear Research Centre

GRTM Geared Roller Test Machine

hBN Hexagonal Boron Nitride

HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig

HLB Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Balance

IMF Intrinsic Mode Functions

MFT Multiresolution Fourier Transform

MQL Minimal Quantity Lubrication

MWCNT Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tube

NEDC New European Driving Cycle

OZI Organized Industrial Zone

PACT Partnership for Advanced Component

Technology

PAO Poly Alpha Olefin

PEEK Poly Ether Ether Ketone

PMA Poly Meth Akrylate

mailto:[email protected]



3510

PTFE Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene

R&O Rust and Oxidation

RPD Rotary Particle Depositor

SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy

SOAP Spectrophotometer Oil Analysis Program

SPH Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy

TMP Tri Methylol Propane

XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD X-Ray Diffraction

Introduction Gears normally fail due to lack of proper and efficient

lubrication. The various failures include micro pitting, wear

failure, thermal failure of lubricants, strength failure etc.

Micro pitting is a type of fatigue failure occurring on

hardened tooth flanks of highly loaded gears. This failure

consists of very small cracks and pores on the surface of tooth

flanks. Micro pitting looks grey and causes material loss and a

change in the profile form of the tooth flanks, which can lead

to pitting and breakdown of gears. Wear is an abrasive

material removal occurring on the tooth flanks of gears. This

failure proceeds continuously and causes material loss and a

change in the profile form of the tooth flanks, which can lead

to breakdown of the gears. Typical wear on the tooth flanks of

an industrial gear can be seen with naked eye. Also the wear

behavior depends on different parameters. Further surface

hardness, material, and geometry of the tooth flanks, lubricant

and its operating conditions etc have major influence on wear

behavior. The continuing pursuit for better fuel efficiency

stands behind many recent advancements in engine

technology. “Downsize and charge” has become the major

development trend alongside broad acceptance of fuel

stratified injection. However, there exists a certain gap, both

in attitude and competence, between university researchers

and lube industry professionals as their willingness to venture

out for new products is concerned. Even though nano

materials have been around for quite a while, and numerous

studies have been carried out showing that nano technology

can indeed improve the lubrication properties of oils and

greases, large-scale market introduction of nano-fortified

lubricants is still facing serious technical and legislative

obstacles. One practical issue is that, lubricant formulations

must be balanced with respect to a number of properties. This

hinders market entry of nano additives. The present work

reviews current advances in using nano materials in engine

oils, industrial lubricants and greases. To sum up the review

of papers is split in to: The general properties of gears and

related work [1] to [28], The general properties of lubricants

and related work [29] to [42], Effect of adding Additives to

lubricants [43] to [53], Effect of adding Nano additives to

lubricants/the general properties of nano materials and fluids

[54] to [73], Thermal properties/behavior of a gearbox/

lubrication [74] to [89], Effect of adding Additives on thermal

properties of lubrication [90] to [99] and Effect of adding

Nano Additives on thermal behavior of a lubrication [100] to

[128].

The general properties of gears and related work:

Robert Errichello (1991) [1] stated that the Gear design is a

process of synthesis where gear geometry, materials, heat

treatment, manufacturing methods, and lubrication are

selected to meet the requirements of a given application. The

designer must design the gear set with adequate strength, wear

resistance and scuffing resistance etc. Arvind et al (2012) [2]

given types of failures, were fatigue, impact, wear, plastic

deformation, bending fatigue, contact fatigue, incorrect

assembly, overloads, surface defects, misalignment of gear,

spalling, pitting etc. Crack failure in gear possibly due to the

presence of the number of inclusion cluster consisting of

Al2O2 Complex inclusion in the crack origins zones is mainly

responsible for cracking of the gears. The fatigue life of the

gears was dependent on both the additive and the lubricant

viscosity such that a lubricant with a higher viscosity but

without a good additive would produce a lower fatigue life

than a lubricant with a lower viscosity was studied by the,

Dennis E Townsend (1997) [3]. A. R. Mohanty (2007) [4] did

investigations on fault detection in a gearbox at very low

loads, and it can be determined using motor current signature

analysis, Signal processing done by MFT and Vibration

signals are decomposed into four levels using DWT, Ankit

Gupta et al (2014) [5] studied Fault detection having pitting

defect in driver gear and is done by the signals in time domain

and frequency domain, when the gear is fault free or healthy.

The Time domain signal is converted into frequency domain

with the help of FFT of the signal. At different rpm the energy

dissipated by the healthy gear analyze by using Wavelet

analysis through MATLAB software. James J. Zakrajsek

(1995) [6] stated that the gear tooth bending fatigue, and

surface pitting failure modes damages the gear and the

impulsive behavior of multiple tooth fractures dominate the

time synchronous vibration signal of the damaged gear. Three

gear fault detection techniques, FM4, NA4*, and NB4

(developed at NASA Lewis Research Center), were applied to

the experimental data. A novel method was established by

Nagesh et al (2014) [7] for the design of gears using the

concurrent exploration of the geometry and material space is

CEM. It has the capability to concurrently explore coupled

geometry and material spaces, the capability to explore a

complex multi dimensional space and provide insights into the

final solution. This method will have significant utility for

industry, where the total cost of the product must be optimized

with trade-offs among the cost of material, weight of the

transmission system, and its durability and reliability. J.

Cotrell et al (2002) [8] was considered Drive train noise. And

emissions are also a concern, sealing the gearbox and bearings

may also prove challenging due to the relatively large

diameter seal required between the hub and the gearbox. The

Wind PACT advanced drive train subcontracts will provide a

means to investigate these issues. The multiple-generator

drive train configuration have significant cost reduction

potential resulting from increased energy capture, simplified

assembly, increased reliability, and reduced mass. Yiqing

Lian et al (2013) [9] applied a BBN For the gearbox condition

monitoring and for prognostics, the GeNIe model utilizes a

DBN to predict the temporal probabilistic distribution of the

future condition given the evidence of prior condition and the

vibration signals. Figlus et al (2014) [10] used the wavelet



3511

packet transform, it allows the detection of early cases of wear

of the working surface of the teeth given by vibration signals

recorded in a test bench experiment, during which the wear of

gears teeth increased (pitting and spalling). And the vibration

level was established by F. Chaari et al (2008) [11] and it is

affected by the loading value and local damage modeled as a

reduction in stiffness amplitude affects the vibration level by

impulses corresponding to the mesh of the defected tooth. The

amplitude of these impulses increases as the load increases,

which affect mostly on the teeth. To model such defects three

main techniques are used: Qualitative, quantitative or finite

elements techniques. A qualitative dynamic model was

presented by Alexander Bliznyuk et al (2007) [12] of a spur

gear transmission is developed in order to describe the

dynamic vibration response of the experimental gearbox

system, the separation of fault effect on vibrations to

‘structural’ and ‘dynamic’ components and a supplementary

analysis enable the identification of faulty gearwheel and

possibly fault type in the system and super finishing resulted

in a reduction of friction was elaborated by R. D. Britton et al

(2000) [13] of typically 30 percent with correspondingly

lower tooth surface temperatures under the same conditions of

load and speed. Film generation and frictional traction in the

experiments were simulated theoretically using a thin film

non-Newtonian micro-elasto hydrodynamic lubrication solver.

Next important factor is Micro pitting and it is a type of

fatigue failure occurring on hardened tooth flanks of highly

loaded gears. This failure consists of very small cracks and

pores on the surface of tooth flanks. Micro pitting looks grey

and causes material loss and a change in the profile form of

the tooth flanks, which can lead to pitting and breakdown of

gears. Micro pitting was characterized by Houser (2014) [14],

it is small size of the individual pits with fractures in each pit

and micro pitting is affected by flank roughness, gear

geometry, gear size, gear material and surface treatment given

for teeth. GRTM is used by Wager et al (2006) [15] to test

pitting fatigue failure of teeth for carburized steels with

different austenite compositions; there is an improvement in

fatigue resistance due to cold treatment and retained austenite

on surface of gear teeth. Timothy et al (2008) [16] stated

Failure of gears depend on material properties, and a new

alloy which case-carburized with surface hardness of

Rockwell C66, exhibited better surface fatigue properties but

lesser performance in single-tooth bending fatigue testing

Nagesh et al (2010) [17] presented high-strength P/M-steel

gears, with bending fatigue, impact resistance and pitting

fatigue performance are equivalent to current wrought steel

gears, and the pitting fatigue life, Scoring and wear resistance

of ausform-finished P/F (powder-forged) gears was about

85% higher than wrought steel gears. According to K. Stahl et

al (2012) [18], Gears sizes, position and flank type are

important for pitting resistance in gear tooth of worm gears,

the bronze worm wheels meshing with large centre distances

(more than 200mm), increased noise and gear set transmission

efficiency was reduced, worm and worm wheel sets offer

reduced contact pattern, a quick localized pitting is a common

observation. Bernd-Robert Höhn et al [19] stated that the

Hypoid gears are preferred over bevel gears, without offset if

aspects of gear noise or of installation space are in focus.

Pitting and tooth root breakage are still the two most frequent

failure types occurring in practical applications of bevel and

hypoid gears. Zhifei et al (2013) [20] said the depth of the

diffusion layer, surface carbon concentration and the carbon

concentration gradient of layer were the key to improve the

ability to resist wear surface fatigue pitting based on surface

residual stresses, oil film pressure, and carburizing thickness

and to detect a gear-pitting fault, an EMD is a significant time

frequency tool for adaptively decomposing vibration signals

into a collection of IMF a fault feature can be extracted from

one of IMFs to reveal the fault location and fault level of a

gear or bearing in the mechanical drive system. The EMD can

extract the fault modulation information more adaptively and

intelligently than Hilbert demodulation analysis can (The

conventional method of detecting a gear fault is to demodulate

the vibration signal collected from the gearbox based on the

Hilbert transform; however, this requires human intervention

and lacks sophistication) was given by Wei Teng et al (2014)

[21], Fatigue crack initiation under cyclic contact loading is

presented by Fajdiga et al (2009) [22], and it leads to pitting

and appears in the form of crack initiation and crack

propagation was modeled by computational model, and the

fatigue process leading to pitting on these flanks is divided

into crack initiation (Ni) and crack propagation (Np) periods,

which enables the determination of total service life as N = Ni

+ Np. And Vijay kumar et al (2013) [23] given short crack

theory based on finite element methods gives crack growth,

spalling and pitting on vibration signature of single stage spur

gear box, are captured using MATLAB software. A number of

defects i. e. pitting and spalling are created on driver gear and

signature is captured of healthy and defected gear. On

comparing the signature of healthy and defected gear at initial

stage defect is identified. Finally, with the help of signature

pattern technique the amplitude range of all the faulty gears is

determined; at low speed their vibration analysis did not yield

satisfactory results but at high speeds satisfactory results were

obtained. Stephen Kwasi Adzimah et al (2014) [24]

mentioned the bending and surface strength of the gear tooth

are main contributors for the failure of the gears. A computer

programme developed from Microsoft Excel and Matlab

softwares reduces the errors and omissions when calculating

the bending and pitting stresses using the AGMA

methodology effectively, efficiently and quickly in the design

and analysis of spur and helical gears and hence a lot of time

will be saved in selecting parameters for a gear design. David

Bruce Pickens (2012) [25] stated that Lubrication, speed,

torque, and surface finish, were the parameters in the

dynamics portion of the system. The effect of dynamics on the

performance of an FZG test rig as well as MATLAB based

computer program and an experimental study shows local and

area micro pitting were with no consistent pattern. The

diagnostic method, was established by Christian et al (2014)

[26] which uses the measurement of motor currents in order to

detect defects in electromechanical systems focuses on two

main topics: the acquisition of experimental data, and the

development of the diagnostic method. The data acquisition

was crucial for the successful development of a dedicated

signal analysis method. For this purpose, a test rig for

generating experimental training data was created and the

development of a diagnostic algorithm for defect detection in

technical systems driven by electric motors. For this purpose,



3512

only measurement signals from the motor’s electric currents

are used. Additional sensors were applied to the system in

order to obtain the process parameters, but were not used for

detection of defects and according to Carlo Gorla et al (2012)

[27] efficiency is becoming a main concern, in the design of

power transmissions, hence during the design phase to have

appropriate models to predict the power losses, CFD

simulations were performed to understand the influence of

geometrical and operating parameters on the losses in power

transmissions. The results of the model were validated with

experimental results, then the drag torques of gearboxes are an

important part of the overall losses in today’s vehicle drive

trains from measurements it is well known that overall drag

torques of vehicle gearboxes vary significantly over the range

of operating points and speeds, depending on the interaction

of the losses of the single gearbox elements like bearings,

gearings, etc. Because today’s vehicle emission regulations

are becoming stricter and stricter "drag torque design" of

gearboxes will be even more important in the future.

Prediction of losses helps to save cost (e. g. drag torque

measurements), speeds up the development and allows

assessing many concepts in short time was presented by

Clemens Schlegel et al (2009) [28].

The general properties of lubricants and related work:

John sander et al (2012) [29] stated that Lubricants are

categorized in a variety of ways, they are almost always

categorized first by the application in which they are supposed

to be used, for example, engine oil, hydraulic oil, wire rope

lubricant, electric motor grease, etc. Lubricants often are

categorized next by a description of their chemical

composition. Specifically, they are described as mineral oil,

synthetic or bio-based fluid. Lubricant marketers use

descriptions such as full synthetic, 100 percent synthetic,

partial synthetic, para-synthetic, synthetic blend, and other

derivations. The term synthetic is probably one of the most

overused terms in the lubricant industry. Over the years, this

term has become synonymous with high-performance, and

hence high-value lubricants, the choice of lubricant depends

on the type of gearing. Thomas J Zolper et al (2013) [30]

presented several new siloxane lubricants and were

synthesized, with linear and ring-shaped branch structures of

various lengths and branch contents, aiming at a search for

better molecular design for lower boundary friction and more

effective surface protection against wear of materials. Their

molecular structure and mass were measured by means of

nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation

chromatography, respectively. The new lubricants were

compared by Robert Errichello (1990) [31] with commercially

available poly siloxanes, poly-a-olefins, and perfluoro

polyether in lubricating a steel ball-on-steel disk interface

using a tribo tester, operating speed and load, ambient

temperature, method of lubricant application etc. oil is the

most widely used lubricant because it is readily distributed to

gears and bearings, and has both good lubricating and cooling

properties. Also contamination may be readily removed by

filtering, or draining and replacing the oil. However, it

requires an oil tight enclosure provided with adequate shaft

seals. Grease is suitable only for low speed low load

applications because it does not circulate well and is relatively

poor coolant. Solid lubricants, usually in the form of bonded,

dry films, are used where the temperature is too high or too

low for an oil or grease, or where leakage cannot be tolerated,

or where the gears must be operate in a vacuum. Robert

Errichello (1991) [32] stated that gear teeth are subjected to,

enormous contact pressures on the order of the ultimate tensile

Strength of hardened steel, yet they are quite Successfully

lubricated with oil films that are less than one micrometer

thick, this is possible because a fortuitous property of

lubricants causes their viscosity to increase dramatically with

increased pressure, the molecular adsorption of the lubricant

on to the gear tooth surfaces causes it to be dragged into the

inlet region of the contact, where its pressure is increased due

to the convergence of the tooth surfaces. The viscosity

increase of the lubricant caused by the increasing pressure

helps to entrain the lubricant into the contact zone. According

to Robert Errichello (1991) [33], the simplest and least

expensive lubrication, system for gears is a totally enclosed,

oil-bath of mineral oil. The lubrication requirements of spur,

helical, straight-bevel, and spiral-bevel gears are essentially

the same. For this class of gears, the magnitudes of the loads

and sliding speeds are similar, and requirements for viscosity

and anti scuff properties are virtually identical. Many

industrial spur and helical gear units are lubricated with rust

and oxidation-inhibited (R&O) mineral oils. The low viscosity

R&O oils commonly called turbine oils are used in many

high-speed gear units, where the gear teeth loads are relatively

low. Mineral oils without anti-scuff additives are suitable for

high-speed, lightly loaded gear where the high entraining

velocity of the gear teeth develops thick EHD oil films. In

these cases the most important property of the lubricant is

viscosity. Anti scuff/ EP additives are unnecessary because

the gear teeth are separated, eliminating metal-to metal

contact and the scuffing mode of failure. Slower speed gears,

especially carburized gears, tend to be more heavily loaded.

These gears generally require higher viscosity lubricants with

anti-scuff additives. John Sander (2014) [34] mentioned that

when selecting a gear lubricant, or any lubricant for that

matter, one must consider only temperature, speed and load.

More recently, this advice has been expanded to include

environment. Still others have added lubricant and equipment

compatibility. Antti Valkonen et al (2009) [35] stated Oil film

pressure is one of the key operating parameters, describing the

operating conditions in hydrodynamic journal bearings.

Measuring the oil film pressure in bearings has been a

demanding task and the operating ranges of the bearings were

determined by a novel method and the friction loss was

determined by a heat flow analysis. The oil film pressure was

measured by optical pressure sensors integrated in the

bearings and another important factor is friction in machines

and is a multifaceted phenomenon, Brian Armstrong et al

(1994) [36] incorporated coulomb and viscous friction, and

nonlinear friction at low velocities, temporal phenomena and

the elasticity of the interface. In any given circumstance, some

features may dominate over others, and some features may not

be detectable with the available sensing. But all of these

phenomena are present all of the time in fluid lubricated metal

contacts and, in many cases, present in dry contacts as well.

The use of a more complete friction model will extend the



3513

range of applicability of analytic results and resolve

discrepancies that arise when different investigations are

based on different phenomena, each of which dominate under

some circumstances and the Principles of lubrication oil

condition monitoring and Junda Zhu et al (2013) [37] given

various sensing techniques to directly or indirectly monitor

the basic lubricant degradation features. The basic degradation

feature includes oil oxidation, water contamination, particle

contamination, oil dilution and so forth. These features’

variation can be detected by a set of oil performance

parameters. Most electric (magnetic) and optical approaches

are indirect techniques of oil health monitoring. They usually

monitor the specific property and correlate the data with that

acquired by direct oil degradation feature monitoring

approaches while most of the physical and chemical

techniques are direct degradation feature monitoring

techniques and R. Errichello et al (2011) [38] stated Tribology

is an interdisciplinary topic, involving interactions of fluid and

surface chemistry to the physics of solid contact. In the wind

energy community, tribological failures also are an inter-

industry challenge because they include the bearing and gear

OEM, lubricant formulator, turbine manufacturer, and

operator. The reliability of a wind turbine is highly dependent

on tribological issues associated with blade pitch systems,

main shaft bearings, yaw systems, gearboxes, and generators.

Many of the failure modes that occur in these systems such as

Hertzian fatigue, adhesion, abrasion, corrosion, fretting

corrosion, polishing, electric discharge, and scuffing are

influenced by tribology. Lubricant base oil, additives, and

cleanliness must be correctly specified for each of these

systems to achieve their design life. Currently, bearings in

blade pitch systems, main shafts, yaw systems, gearboxes, and

generators suffer early failures despite well maintained

systems, proper lubricant selection, and clean oil. And in

order to reduce the costs of wind energy Junda Zhu et al

(2013) [39] given necessary steps to improve the wind turbine

availability and reduce the operational and maintenance costs.

The reliability and availability of a functioning wind turbine

depend largely on the protective properties of the lubrication

oil for its drive train subassemblies such as the gearbox and

means for lubrication oil condition monitoring and

degradation detection. The wind industry currently uses

lubrication oil analysis for detecting gearbox and bearing wear

but cannot detect the functional failures of the lubrication oils.

The main purpose of lubrication oil condition monitoring and

degradation detection is to determine whether the oils have

deteriorated to such a degree that they no longer fulfill their

functions, the effects of wear particles on the gear oil was

mentioned by Jain Amit et al (2014) [40] and the wear debris

analysis provide important information about the condition of

gear box and the quality of gear oil which was changed after

different kilometer are investigated by SOAP, RPD oil

analysis, Microscopic test pH value of all sample. Viscosity

test, flash point and fire point, sulphur test, filter gram

analysis litmus paper test (Color test) acid test are used for

wear particles which is suspended in gear oil these test are

very useful in gear oil analysis and provide important

information about the condition of gear box and

hydrodynamic lubrication utilizing SPH, Jonathan P. Kyle et

al (2013) [41] used the SPH and it is a meshfree, Lagrangian,

particle-based method that can be used to solve continuum

problems and transient hydrodynamic lubrication in a pad

bearing geometry was modeled utilizing the SPH method then

the results were validated by comparison to CFD and an

analytical solution provided by lubrication theory further

results for the pressure distribution between SPH and CFD

were agreeable while lubrication theory failed to capture any

inertial effects of the fluid. Velocity profile comparisons

differed slightly between all three methods. However, since

smoothed particle methods have been shown to have the

advantage of being able to model large deformations, as well

as allowing easy definitions of fluid-solid interfaces, they can

be useful tools for complex problems in tribology, and the

elasto hydrodynamic lubrication, of gear teeth using real

surface roughness data taken from micro pitting tests carried

out on an FZG gear testing machine by J. Tao et al (2003)

[42] the Profiles and load conditions corresponding to four

load stages in the micro pitting test protocol are considered

showing the elasto-hydrodynamic response of the tooth

contacts at different times in the meshing cycle for one of the

load stages. The rheological model adopted is based on Ree-

Eyring non-Newtonian shear thinning, and comparisons are

also included of models having constant and different

pressure-dependent specifications of the Eyring shear stress

parameter obtained from the micro EHL analyses are

presented that quantify the degree of adversity experienced by

the surfaces in elasto hydrodynamic contact.

Effect of adding Additives to lubricants:

Jackson A (1987) [43] did extensive work on choosing

synthetic lubricants and analyzed their failure behavior with

mineral fluids. The advantages of synthetics over mineral oils

come from the ability to synthesize selected molecular

structures which are beneficial in lubrication. Amit Kumar

Jain et al (2012) [44] did extensive studies on Non Edible

Vegetable Oil as a Potential Resource for Bio lubricant,

environmental pollution concerns and diminishing petroleum

reserves which brought in attention towards the use of non

edible vegetable oils as an alternative to petroleum oil based

lubricants. Non edible vegetable oil plant contains high

amount of oil in its seeds which can be converted into bio

lubricant. Bio lubricant is a renewable lubricant that is

biodegradable, non toxic and has a net zero greenhouse gases.

There is a urgent need required for full exploration of such

environmental friendly varieties for common cause affecting

living beings. Dr.-Ing. Johann-Paul Stemplinger (2014-15)

[45] conducted Studies on different types of greases in the

FZG back-to-back gear test rig. For the lubrication of open

gear drives used in different industrial applications such as

cement and coal mills, rotary furnaces or where the sealing

conditions are difficult, semi-fluid greases are often used in

preference to fluid oils. For girth gear applications, the greases

are used with a splash or spray lubrication system. When it

comes to the optimal choice of lubricant, the synthetic base oil

shows advantages for frictional behavior and load carrying

capacity whereas the naphthenic base oil cannot be

recommended. A. Akpinar Borazan et al (2013) [46] worked

on obtaining the factors which effect of the quality and

quantities of the used lubricating oils and additives of



3514

companies at the first OZI, industrial park in the center of

Bilecik. In accordance with the attainments taken from the

literature scan, an application has been performed using the

survey technique in companies which are active in

manufacturing, distribution and processing sector at the first

OZI, Bilecik. The data obtained from these questionnaires are

recorded through a computer program and after the statistical

analyses, the influence factors on decision making to choose

the industrial lubricating oil have been determined in Bilecik

industry. Ajay Vasishth et al (2014) [47] conducted

experiments on Industrial Lubricants and described the most

important rheological parameter for lubricants is viscosity as

it also affects the tribological properties like friction between

interacting surfaces and wear. This research intends to study

the relationship between viscosity and temperature at different

shear rates for multiple grades of three different categories of

lubricants used for different applications viz. L1:MG20W50

(engine oil), L2: SAE20W50 (engine oil), L3: MC20W50

(mineral engine oil), L4: EP90 (gear oil), and L5: DXTIII

(steering fluid). Constant high dynamic viscosity, shear stress,

and low compressibility at different temperatures in multi

grade as well as single grade industrial oil will help to

maintain the surface film over the period of time and hence

the reduction in wear. Timothy krantz et al (2007) [48] did

extensive work on wear of spur gears in dithering motion with

polyether gears. The application of interest for this study

required evaluation of wear of gears lubricated with a grade 2

per fluorinated polyether grease and having a dithering

(rotation reversal) motion. Yi Xu et al (2013) [49] did

extensive work on self-repairing material (serpentine

phyllosilicate) in the past few years, such as ultra fining

treatment, surface modification, self-repairing mechanism, the

effect of rare metal on the self-repairing performance of

serpentine, were conducted by them. The phyllo silicate of

serpentine shows excellent tribological and self-repairing

performance for metal worn surface as additive in lubricant.

Shailesh N. gadhvi et al (2013) [50] worked on development

of different chemical additive for enhancing viscosity of

diesel oil and other lubricants. Petroleum diesel is an

attractive renewable energy source, however some time due to

change in crude blend or changing the distillations range of

various stream of refinery we are getting resulting value of

diesel viscosity is lower than specified requirement. In this

review, different additive discussed to enhance the viscosity

or viscosity index of diesel. Factors affecting the viscosity of

fuel are discussed. In addition, various additive used to

improve the viscosity of diesel are also presented, with a

special emphasis laid on the effects of these additive on pour

point of oil. Similarly Shuichiro Yazawa et al (2014) [51]

worked on the role of surface protective additives and

concluded that they become vital when operating conditions

become severe and moving components operate in a boundary

lubrication regime. After protecting film is slowly removed by

rubbing, it can regenerate through the tribo chemical reaction

of the additives at the contact. In this review, different types

of DLCs and additive combinations that are favorable in the

formation of tribo film on DLC have been discussed. Finally,

a hybrid lubrication tribo film consisting of DLC and

lubricants has the potential for not only reducing friction and

wear, but also imparting an environmentally friendly property.

David W. Johnson et al (2013) [52] used Phosphate esters,

thio phosphate esters and metal thio phosphates as lubricant

additives for over 50 years. While their use has been

extensive, a detailed knowledge of how they work has been a

much more recent development. In their work, the use of

phosphate esters and thio phosphate esters as anti-wear or

extreme pressure additives was reviewed with an emphasis on

their mechanism of action. The review includes the use of

alkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates and metal containing

thiophosphate esters. The mechanisms of these materials

interacting with a range of iron and steel based bearing

material are examined. Jianqang Hu et al (2012) [53] worked

on Copper dialkyl-dithiophosphyl-dithio phosphate additives

with different alkyl groups. A four-ball tester was used to

evaluate the tribo logical performance of these additives in

mineral base oil under different loads, compared with

commercial additives. The results show that they exhibit

excellent anti wear and load-carrying capacities and better

than commercial additives.

Effect of adding nano additives to lubricants/ the general

properties of nano materials and fluids: Jacqueline Krim et al (2002) [54] worked on surface science

and the atomic-scale origins of friction with special reference

to Nano scale machine lubrication issues. He indicated that

sliding friction stems from various unexpected sources,

including sound energy, and static friction may arise from

physisorbed molecules. Dan Guo et al (2013) [55] concluded

that the special mechanical properties of nanoparticles allow

for novel applications in many fields, e. g., surface

engineering, tribology and nano manufacturing/ nano

fabrication. The basic physics of the relevant interfacial forces

to nano particles and the main measuring techniques are

briefly introduced by them. Then, the theories and important

results of the mechanical properties between nano particles or

the nano particles acting on a surface, e. g., hardness, elastic

modulus, adhesion and friction, as well as movement laws are

surveyed. K. Arivalagan et al (2011) [56] defined Nano

materials as engineered materials with a least one dimension

in the range of 1-100nm. Particles of “nano” size have been

shown to exhibit enhanced or novel properties including

reactivity, greater sensing capability and increased mechanical

strength. The nano technique offers simple, clean, fast,

efficient, and economic for the synthesis of a variety of

organic molecules, have provided the momentum for many

chemists to switch from traditional method. Zhenyu J. Zhang

et al (2014) [57] worked on lubricant additives which are

based on inorganic nano particles coated with organic outer

layer and can reduce wear and increase load-carrying capacity

of base oil remarkably, indicating the great potential of hybrid

nano particles as anti-wear and extreme-pressure additives

with excellent levels of performance. The organic part in the

hybrid materials improves their flexibility and stability, while

the inorganic part is responsible for hardness. Ngoc Minh

Phan et al (2014) [58] did extensive work on CNT-based

liquids: a new class of nano materials and their applications.

This paper summarizes the recent progress on the study of the

preparation, characterization and properties of CNT-based

liquids including so-called nano fluids. It is expected that



3515

CNT-based liquids can be widely used in the near future.

Shubrajit Bhaumik et al (2013) [59] worked on extreme

pressure property of CNT based nanolubricant technology.

The paper predicts the exceptional extreme pressure properties

of multi walled carbon nano tube as compared with traditional

mineral oil which also contained some additives and graphite.

From the results predicted in the present work we can

conclude that MWCNTs are much more efficient additives

than commonly used graphite. Deepika et al (2014) [60]

concluded that although tailored wet ball milling can be an

efficient method to produce a large quantity of two-

dimensional nanomaterials, such as boron nitride (BN)

nanosheets, milling parameters including milling speed, ball-

to-powder ratio, milling ball size and milling agent, are

important for optimization of exfoliation efficiency and

production yield. In the report, they systematically

investigated the effects of different milling parameters on the

production of BN nano sheets with benzyl benzoate being

used as the milling agent. It was found that small balls of 0. 1-

0. 2 mm in diameter were much more effective in exfoliating

BN particles to BN nano sheets. Jiguo Chen (2010) [61]

worked on eight titanium complex greases (i. e., benzoic

acid/stearic acid and sebacic acid/stearic acid titanium

complex greases, and greases containing PTFE, or nano

titanium dioxide, or nano-silicon dioxide) synthesized using

3-L reaction vessel. Their physical characteristics were

characterized and their tribological properties were evaluated

by using a four-ball tester. Chemical compositions of the

boundary films generated on worn surfaces were analyzed

with the use of scanning electron microscope and X-ray

photoelectron spectrometer. Wei Yu et al (2012) [62]

concluded that nano fluids, the fluid suspensions of nano

materials, have shown many interesting properties, and the

distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many

applications. This work summarizes the recent progress on the

study of nano fluids, such as the preparation methods, the

evaluation methods for the stability of nano fluids, and the

ways to enhance the stability for nano fluids, the stability

mechanisms of nanofluids, and presents the broad range of

current and future applications in various fields including

energy and mechanical and biomedical fields. Ulf Wiedwald

et al (2010) [63] studied on Preparation, properties and

applications of magnetic nanoparticles and stated that though

studies on small particles of various materials go way back

before Nanoscience was emerging, this new interdisciplinary

branch of science not only re-termed them into nanoparticles

(NPs), but also lead to a dramatically enhanced interest in this

type of nanoscaled material with an often given though

arbitrary upper diameter limit of 100 nm. As a natural

consequence of this worldwide growing interest, the toolbox

for preparing NPs has been amazingly broadened including

now both, physics and chemistry related approaches. Boris

zhmud et al (2013) [64] did experiments on effect of adding

nano additives in lubricants and published their results. They

presented an over view of various nano additives in

lubricating oils and current research on above topic. The

following classes of nano materials are considered: fullerenes,

nano diamonds, ultra dispersed boric acid and PTFE. Current

advances in using nano materials in engine oils, industrial

lubricants and greases are discussed. They concluded that

addition of nano material greatly enhance the lubricating

properties of oils. Shubrajit Bhaumik et al (2014) [65] worked

on analysis of tribological behavior of carbon nano tube based

industrial mineral gear oil 250 cst viscosity. The wear test

results show a decrease wear by 70-75% in case of multi

walled nano tube based mineral oil as compared with pure

mineral oil. Furthermore, it has been observed that the load

bearing capacity in case of multi walled carbon nano tube

based mineral oil increases by 20% as compared to pure

mineral oil. K. Yathish et al (2014) [66] conducted

experiments on load carrying capacity of an oil lubricated

two-axial groove journal bearing simulated by taking into

account the viscosity variations in lubricant due to the

addition of TiO2 nano particles as lubricant additive. Shear

viscosities of TiO2 nano particle dispersions in oil are

measured for various nano particle additive concentrations.

Results reveal an increase in load carrying capacity of

bearings operating on nano particle dispersions as compared

to plain oil. A. K. Jain et al (2014) [67] presented a review of

experimental investigation for vibration behavior of roller

bearing. The purpose of this review paper was to summarize

the important published paper on vibration behavior of roller

bearings by using lubricants with and without additives. The

most common viscosity grades, namely ISO (10, 22, 32,

64and 68) and additives (CuO, Al, Cu, Fe, Ni, TiO2, Al203 and

Fe3O4) were considered as working lubricant and additives, by

many authors. Hence various types of nanoparticles were used

to prepare nano lubricants, including Cu, CuO, Fe, Ni, TiO2,

and Al203 etc. The oil lubricating performance using such

nanoparticles as additives was improved in comparison with

pure Al2O3 or SiO2 particles. There was an optimal

concentration of additive, which was 0. 5 wt % for the tested

Al2O3/SiO2 composite nano particles. Kavitha T et al (2012)

[68] summarized some of the recent research work on the

synthesis of nano fluids (dilute liquid suspensions of nano

particles). In the present work, Tio2 Nano particles have been

synthesized by Sol-gel technique. The Prepared powders were

characterized by using XRD, SEM. The Crystalline size of

TiO2 powder was found to ~6 nm for anatase at 400ºC by

controlling the acidity. TiO2 water nano fluids with different

volume concentrations from 1% to 2% were then prepared by

dispersing the synthesized Nano particles in deionised water.

Manjusha Hariharan et al (2014) [69] synthesized Calcium

carbonate nano particles by employing chitosan as precursor.

Synthesized Calcium carbonates were characterized using

SEM, XRD, UV-Visible and FTIR Spectroscopy. The results

were compared with commercial calcium carbonate nano

particles. Cockle shells are the potential source of calcium

carbonate. The materials used were naturally occurring and

also from the byproducts of sea food industry. Olivier

Margeat et al (2010) [70] obtained results from the

investigations of the structural and magnetic (static and

dynamic) properties of an assembly of metallic Fe nano

particles synthesized by an organo metallic chemical method

are described. These nano particles are embedded in a

polymer, mono disperse, with a diameter below 2 nm, which

corresponds to a number of around 200 atoms. The X-ray

absorption near-edge structure and Mössbauer spectrum are

characteristic of metallic Fe. The structural studies by wide

angle X-ray scattering indicate an original poly tetrahedral



3516

atomic arrangement similar to that of β-Mn, characterized by

a short-range order. Z. S. Hu et al (2000) [71] worked on

Nano particle amorphous lanthanum borate with a particle

size of 20-40 nm, prepared with a Replacing Solvent Dry

technique and characterized using TEM and XRD. Its

tribological properties as a wear resistance additive of

lubricating oil were evaluated with a four-ball tribo tester. The

wear scar was characterized with XPS. These tribo chemical

reaction products as well as some depositions of the

lanthanum borate formed a wear resistance film on the

rubbing surface, which provided the oil with an excellent load

carrying capacity. S. F. Abdullah et al (2012) [72] worked for

the stable dispersion of WO3, TiO2 and ZnO nano particles in

oil, surfactants are needed to treat the surface of the nano

particles. WO3, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles are treated using

Tween-20, Tween-60, Span-20 and Polyether and Brij 30 as a

modifying agent. The chemically capped properties of

modified WO3, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were investigated

by means of FTIR. They observed that the HLB value of the

surfactants mixture is 13. 58, while the HLB value of oil is in

the range of 10-13. Both HLB values are compatible. Binu K.

G. et al (2014) [73] analyzed the influence of TiO2 nano

particle lubricant additive on the load carrying capacity of a

journal bearing. Increase in lubricant viscosity due to presence

of TiO2 nano particles is modelled using a modified Krieger-

Dougherty viscosity model. Validity of modified Krieger-

Dougherty model in simulating the viscosities of TiO2 nano

particle dispersions in engine oil is experimentally verified.

Results reveal an increase in load carrying capacity of journal

bearing using TiO2 nano particle lubricant additive as

compared to plain oils without nano particle additive.

Thermal properties/behavior of a gearbox/lubrication:

Bindiya. A. Parikh et al (2014) [74] did extensive work on the

Validation of Temperature Effect on Lubricating oil for 4-

Speed Automobile Gear box. According to them, Out of the

total power in engine, 25% of power is available at crank

shaft. Out of this 25% of power, 4% is used up by accessories,

9% by friction and slippage in the mechanical system

(transmission and differential) and only 12% of the fuel

energy to be delivered to the wheels. Thermal analysis of gear

box is carried out for different viscosity oils. For the analysis

purpose design of maruti Omni’s gear box is used.

Comparison of thermal analysis is done for different viscosity

oils. SAE 85W 140, SAE 80W 90, SAE 75W 90, SAE EDIB

(Suggested Oil) (Corn oil and vegetable oil are popular).

Kazuhisa Miyoshi (2007) [75] an investigation was conducted

to survey anticipated requirements for solid lubricants in lunar

and Martian environments, as well as the effects of these

environments on lubricants and their performance and

durability. Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to

the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA

Scientific and Technical Information (STI) program plays a

key part in helping NASA maintain this important role. The

materials designed for solid lubrication must not only display

desirable coefficients of friction (0. 001 to 0. 3) but must

maintain good durability in different environments, such as

high vacuum, water, the atmosphere, cryogenic temperatures,

high temperatures, or dust. Mark Lee Johnson (2007) [76]

concluded that Oil’s most important property is viscosity, a

quantitative measure of a fluid’s flow resistance. Absolute

viscosity measures the force required to move a square-

centimeter plate parallel to a reference surface at a speed one

centimeter per second at a distance of one centimeter. Units

are expressed as dyne*sec/cm2 or Poise or cP. Kinematic

viscosity measures the time required for a fluid to flow

through a tube under the force of gravity and has the units

m2/sec. Mathematically, it is also the same as absolute

viscosity divided by the fluid density. Kinematic viscosity is

expressed as Stokes (one centistoke = 1cSt=10-6 m2/sec).

Most catalogs and equipment specification sheets specify

kinematic viscosity. Their work formed the basis for viscosity

calculations. L Manin et al (1999) [77] worked on thermal

behavior of power gearing transmission, numerical prediction,

and influence of design parameters and it becomes necessary

in order to optimize all the parts of mechanical systems

(lubrication, cooling device dimensioning, static and dynamic

stress resistance, etc. ). Obviously, the conclusions correspond

with the general trend of thermal behaviors, but the thermal

network method gives a good determination of the

temperature maps of the mechanical elements. At the same

time, cooling effects and cooling device dimensioning must be

done satisfactorily at the preliminary design. The results

presented here become a basis for further fine thermal contact

studies and optimization. K. Stahl et al (2012) [78] worked on

Gearbox Losses By Optimized Tooth Geometry And Thermal

Management, concluded that load carrying capacity, NVH,

available space and manufacturing costs and the efficiency of

a gearbox gain more and more in importance. To predict the

power loss and thermal behaviour of a gearbox. the program

WTplus developed at the Gear Research Centre (FZG-TU

München). As any gearbox structures can be calculated, the

program can be used for industrial, wind energy and

automotive applications. The overall energy loss for the

gearbox after the NEDC amounts to 311 kJ. The lubricant

temperature rose up from 30°C starting temperature to 44°C at

the end of the cycle. Wojciech et al (2013) [79] did

investigations on application of minimal quantity of

lubrication in gear boxes. They worked on measurement of

cutting forces and heat transfer properties. The influence of

lubricating oil on wear was studied. The results indicate that

the hob wear rate is similar for the MQL and for conventional

flood cooling. The investigations have proved that the using

of the MQL method is by all means justified. The results

indicate that the hob wear rate is similar for the MQL and for

conventional flood cooling. This is also confirmed by the

measurements of cutting forces, which values are comparable

for both methods. K. D. Dearn et al (2013) [80] worked on

behavior of polymer gears operating under different

lubricating conditions. Their experimental work included

calculation of theoretical lubricating oil film thickness,

friction coefficient between mating parts and their influence

on polymer gear trains. The efficiencies for all the results

shown in this paper bore similarities in that higher operating

loads (i. e., torques) resulted in higher efficiencies. This is in

common with dry running polymer gears. Derived coefficients

of friction showed that high values can result, for example, for

PEEK/steel combination the coefficients of friction can be

greater than 0. 8. These are very much higher than coefficients



3517

of friction for oil lubricated steel/steel gears and are likely to

be a contributive factor in causing severe pitting damage. H

van et al (2009) [81] worked on determination of pressure-

viscosity coefficient of a lubricant through an accurate film

thickness formula and accurate film thickness measurements

and their results compared well with existing results. The

measurement method is based on spacer layer interferometry.

It is concluded that for circular contacts the newer more

versatile expressions are not better than some older

approximations, which are limited to a smaller region of

conditions, and that the older fits are as least as appropriate to

find the pressure-viscosity coefficient of fluids, in spite of the

limited data where they have been based on. S. Seetharaman

et al (2009) [82] presented the results of an experimental

study on load-independent (spin) power losses of spur gear

pairs operating under dip-lubricated conditions. The

experiments were performed over a wide range of operating

speed, temperature, oil levels, and key gear design parameters

to quantify their influence on spin power losses. The

measurements indicate that the static oil level, rotational

speed, and face width of gears have a significant impact on

spin power losses compared with other parameters such as oil

temperature, gear module, and the direction of gear rotation.

Wei Pu et al (2015) [83] concluded that Spiral bevel and

hypoid gears are key components widely used for transmitting

significant power in various types of vehicles and engineering

machineries. In reality, these gear surfaces are quite rough

with three-dimensional (3D) topography that may

significantly influence the lubrication formation and

breakdown as well as components failures. Previous spiral

bevel and hypoid gears lubrication studies, however, were

limited mostly to cases under the full-film lubrication

condition with smooth surfaces. A comprehensive analysis

has been conducted and computer program was developed for

meshing geometry, kinematics, tooth contact load, mixed

EHL characteristics, and friction and flash temperature rise in

spiral bevel and hypoid gears. H Long et al (2003) [84]

investigated the effects of gear geometry, rotational speed and

applied load, as well as lubrication conditions on surface

temperature of high-speed gear teeth. The analytical approach

and procedure for estimating frictional heat flux and heat

transfer coefficients of gear teeth in high-speed operational

conditions was developed and accounts for the effect of oil

mist as a cooling medium. Numerical simulations of tooth

temperature based on finite element analysis were established

to investigate temperature distributions and variations over a

range of applied load and rotational speed, which compared

well with experimental measurements. A sensitivity analysis

of surface temperature to gear configuration, frictional heat

flux, heat transfer coefficients, and oil and ambient

temperatures was conducted and the major parameters

influencing surface temperature were evaluated. Aristomenis

(2012) [85] worked on gear skiving, a gear finishing process

to reduce distortion process on the teeth due to thermal effect.

A simulation of kinetics of cutting process through CAD

software was attempted by them, to determine the cutting

forces and nature of chips, which determined the initiation of

pitting. Their results compared well with existing methods.

The results of the present work hold significant industrial and

research interest, including the accurate prediction of dynamic

behavior and tool wear development in gear skiving

procedure. Pawan kumar et al (2013) [86] worked on design

and thermal analysis of helical gearboxes. The work presented

here is the study of thermal analysis of a 3 stage helical

gearbox. Firstly the design of the gearbox is done by empirical

formulas. The 2D drawing is then drafted to a 3D model by

3D modelling software. The thermal analysis is done for the

temperature generated at the tip of the mating gears. The

temperature relation is studied for loading and no loading

condition. In the study of designing the gear box by analytical

method with input power of 37 KW, input speed 1500 rpm, it

is concluded that with the module of 5 and 8 mm all the

stresses are within the safe limits. So the design of gearbox is

safe. The heat generated while functioning of the gearbox is

found to be 101. 1900C, which is not within permissible limit,

therefore, further computational fluid dynamics analysis can

be done and find necessary solution using these methods to

reduce the temperature. Shyam K. Dabhi et al (2014) [87]

According to them the Gear box performance is dependent on

viscosity of lubricant oil and due to the thermal effect of heat

generated inside of an oil span of gear box. Thus if we change

properties of an oil, the performance of gear box does change.

The effect on gear box performance will be studied by CFD

Analysis. CFD makes it possible to evaluate velocity,

pressure, temperature, and species concentration of fluid flow

throughout a solution domain, allowing the design to be

optimized prior to the prototype phase. Jixin Wang et al

(2014) [88] made analysis of heat transfer in power split

device for hybrid electric vehicle using thermal network

method. The whole temperature field of DHS under typical

operating conditions is predicted by building the whole

thermal network model considering both the contact thermal

resistance between gasket and planet gear and the temperature

effect on physical property parameters of lubricant; results

show that thermal network method can be effectively used to

predict the temperature distribution and the rule of

temperature Variation. Nirvesh S. Mehta et al (2013) [89]

CFD analysis of gear box is carried out for different viscosity

oils. For the analysis purpose design of Maruti Omni’s gear

box is used. Compression of thermal analysis is done for

different viscosity oils are SAE 85W 140 (High Grade), SAE

85W 140 (Commercial), SAE 80W 90 (High Grade), SAE

80W 90 (Commercial), SAE 75W 90 (High Grade), SAE 75W

90 (Commercial), SAE EDIB (Suggested Oil). So it is proved

that suggested oil SAE EDIB is better than available market

oils. Result of temperature difference for different oils are

shown: Generally high grade oils can be used for life time and

commercial oils can be used for certain kilometers. It has been

observed that if the temperature difference increase viscosities

of oils are decrease from this range of oils. By the analytical

work carried out on different oils having different viscosity

and on the base of that it has been observed that different oils

effects the performance of gearbox due to the occurrence of

thermal effect. It has been also observed that the temperature

difference of suggested oil is the highest, as compared to all

listed oils. Due to these phenomena, the efficiency of

suggested oil is higher among all listed oils. So suggested oil

improve the performance of gearbox as compared to all listed

oils.



3518

Effect of adding Additives on thermal properties of

lubrication:

Armands Leitāns et al (2013) [90] concluded that World's

automobile industry each year was brought ecological

requirements for the automotive internal combustion engine

harmful emissions, as one of the ways fight against frictional

energy losses combustion engine with a friction loss in engine

oil by adding a special anti-friction additives, which can

reduce friction losses. This research is carried out in a variety

of major friction equipment design studies, evaluating their

properties and creates an experimental facility with the

assistance possible to evaluate changes in oil additives on

friction over the existing components and their mutual

friction. Obasi et al (2014) [91] research work was based on

the effect of additives on the performance of engine oil. The

performance which is a function of the properties include

viscosity, density, flash point, colour as well as foaming

ability/stability was studied. The additives whose effects were

investigated in their research work were B023233 (comprising

of anti-oxidant, detergent, dispersant, pour point depressant,

anti-corrosion and anti-rust additives) and B23333 which is

the viscosity modifier additive. All the laboratory tests carried

out were in accordance with the specification of the ASTM. It

is recommended that additives should be used to achieve the

desired properties of the engine oil for enhanced engine

performance. Sevim et al (2000) [92] worked on lubricant

base stocks from vegetable oils. They explored the

possibilities of using vegetable oils as lubricants and the

issues relating to thermal properties of vegetable oil lubricants

were studied by them. Compared to the lubricants made of

petroleum, vegetable-based lubricants are much more

biodegradable but inferior in many other technical

characteristics. Hosny Z et al (2004) [93] worked on heat

transfer characteristics of some oils used for gear box cooling.

They made experimental investigation on heat transfer from a

C. I test specimen to engine oils in contact with high

temperature parts in I. C engines and gear boxes. They

concluded that oil additives have substantial effect on thermal

characteristics of lubricants compared to those produced by

multi-grade oils. Bill gey et al (2013) [94] worked on gear

lubrication and protection at low temperatures. They

concluded that, advanced additive technologies used in high

performance gear oils are capable of inducing the required

reactions on gear surface, providing protection for the gears at

low temperatures. H. M. Mobarak et al (2014) [95] worked on

the prospects of bio lubricants as alternatives in automotive

gear applications. The advantages of using bio lubricants

include low toxicity, good lubricating properties, high VI,

high ignition temperature, increased equipment service life,

high load-carrying abilities, good anti-wear characteristic,

excellent coefficient of friction, natural multi-grade

properties, low evaporation rates, low emissions into the

atmosphere, and rapid biodegradability. Sobahan Mia et al

(2010) [96] worked on high-pressure behavior and tribological

properties of wind turbine gear oil. Different types of

synthetic PAO oils and a mineral oil are considered in this

study. High-pressure viscosity test was done and pressure-

viscosity coefficient was measured for all sample oils. Results

showed the better performance of PAO oils than the mineral

oil. Authors also tested some other tribological properties such

as low-temperature behavior, bulk property, frictional

coefficient, and wear behavior. Low-temperature behavior and

frictional property of PAO oils exhibited the better results.

Study also showed that the prediction of low-temperature

fluidity is possible using the sound velocity in the oil. Finally,

the presence of PMA absorbent in PAO oil exposed

comparatively better results among all PAO oils. Dongare et

al (2014) [97] worked on experimental analysis of tribological

properties of various lubricating oils (i. e. SAE20, SAE30,

SAE40, SAE68, SAE90, SAE120, & SAE140) without and

with extreme pressure additives (i. e. MOLYVAN A &

VANLUBE 73) by using FBEPOTM and It is also concluded

that if Pressure or Applied Load increases the Minimum Scar

Diameter, Weld Load and Temperature also increases. David

W. Johnson et al (2013) [98] concluded that one way to

improve fuel efficiency in today’s jet aircraft engines is to

create an environment for higher operating temperatures and

speeds. New and improved lubricants and bearing materials

must be developed to remain stable in these elevated operating

temperatures. Three lubricants, with varying amounts of

tricresyl phosphate added as an anti-wear/extreme pressure

additive were tested by them on two different stainless steels

at varying temperatures ranging from 300°C to 350°C in

vacuum. It was found that deposits are not formed when

stainless steels are exposed to ester lubricant base stock, but

phosphate ester additives in ester based lubricants form

deposits on both 440°C stainless steel and on Pyrowear 675

steel when heated. Aravind Vadiraj et al (2012) [99] did work

on friction and wear behaviour of MoS2, boric acid, graphite

and TiO2 at four different sliding speeds (1. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 2.

5m/s) and compared with dry sliding condition. MoS2 and

graphite show 30 to 50% reduction in mass loss compared to

other lubricants at all sliding speeds. He concluded that

friction coefficient reduces with increase in sliding speeds for

all the conditions. Friction coefficient of dry as well as

lubricant coated samples varies from 0. 2 to 0. 55 with MoS2

showing the lowest value (0. 2).

Effect of adding Nano Additives on thermal behavior of a

lubrication:

Suresh Sagadevan et al (2014) [100] stated that Nanomaterials

are engineered materials with at least one dimension in the

range of 1-100 nm. Particles of “nano” size have been shown

to exhibit enhanced and novel properties including reactivity,

greater sensing capability, and increased mechanical strength.

The nanotechnique offers simple, clean, fast, efficient, and

economic method for the synthesis of a variety of organic

molecules, which has to provide the momentum for many

chemists to switch from traditional method. To optimize the

utilization of thermal conversion systems, it is essential to

integrate them with thermal energy storage. The present

review paper is aimed at understanding the thermal properties

and its applications of nanostructure materials. Michał

drzazga et al (2012) [101] worked on suspensions of solids in

fluids which are used to improve thermal properties for more

than 100 years. In the 19th century Maxwell proposed model

for thermal conductivity enhancement in suspensions

[Maxwell, 1881]. However, application of micro-and larger

particles was connected with many disadvantages, e. g. high



3519

concentrations of solid phase are needed to achieve satisfying

enhancement of thermal properties. stability of nanofluids

obtained by suspending 30-50 nm copper(II) oxide and 10 nm

γ-aluminum(III) oxide nanopowders in water with different

stabilizers was analyzed. Sayantan Mukherjee et al (2013)

[102] concluded that nanofluid, a simple product of

nanotechnology has become a topic of attraction due to its

extraordinary heat transfer performance in various areas

including cooling, power generation, defense, nuclear, space,

microelectronics and biomedical appliances. However,

preparation and stabilization of such fluids are indeed a matter

of concern for better understanding. In this contribution, a

brief review has been presented to provide an update about the

preparation and stabilization methods of nano fluids. Sangram

J. Patil et al (2014) [103] concluded that wear is the

progressive loss of the material from the operating surface of

machine due to relative motion between surfaces. The

successful design of machine elements depends upon

essentially on the understanding tribological principles like

wear and friction. They suggested that the lubricating oils are

the blood of the machine’s operation, and the service life and

economic effectiveness of the machine are relative to the

quality, performance and reasonable use of the oils. It is found

that the nano-oil mixed with copper nanoparticles has a lower

friction coefficient and less wear on the friction surface,

indicating that copper nanoparticles improve the lubrication

properties of raw oil. Also it is observed that nanoparticles

have shown good friction and wear reduction characteristics

even at concentrations below 2 wt%. However, in some cases,

nanoparticles exhibit a deleterious effect, increasing either

friction or wear. Dmytro Demydov et al (2010) [104] made

extensive studies on advanced lubrication for energy

efficiency, durability and lower maintenance costs of

advanced naval components and systems. active nanolubricant

additives are designed as surface-stabilized nanomaterials that

are dispersed in a hydrocarbon media for maximum

effectiveness. This effort is focused on developing active

nanoparticle composites, optimize process design, physical

and chemical characterization of nanomaterials, detailed

tribological film characterization, and tribological testing to

document friction and wear improvements. Dmytro Demydov

et al (2010) [105] worked on effects of boundary lubrication,

spacing of mating surfaces in direct physical contact in the

scale of surface asperities. These conditions may benefit from

the nanoscale dimension of the advanced nanoparticle

lubricants in the following ways: (1) by supplying nano to

sub-micron size lubricating agents which reduce friction and

wear at the asperity contact zone, (2) by enabling strong metal

adsorption and easy wetting, (3) by reacting with the surface

to form durable lubricating “transient transfer” films, sustain

high loads and also retain under high temperatures, and (4) by

enabling all these at minimal cost and great environmental

safety. These materials specifically designed on antiwear and

extreme pressure chemistries can significantly lower the sulfur

and phosphorus level in the lubricant additive, and therefore

provide environmental benefits. Michael R. Lovell et al

(2010) [106] studied as the industrial community moves

towards green manufacturing processes, there is an increased

demand for multi-functional, environmentally friendly

lubricants with enhanced tribological performance. In the

present investigation, green (environmentally benign)

lubricant combinations were prepared by homogeneously

mixing nano-(20 nm), submicrometre-(600nm average size)

and micrometre-scale (4 µm average size) boric acid powder

additives with canola oil in a vortex generator. Based on the

experiments, it was determined that a colloidal solution of

20nm particles in canola oil provided optimum frictional and

wears performance. Guptha H. K. et al (2012) [107] made an

overview of nano fluids as applied to additives in gear

lubricating oils. They are basically heat transfer fluids. They

concluded that a small percentage addition of nano particles

has the potential to enhance the thermal properties of the

lubricants. The parameters influencing the application of nano

particles were outlined by them. It was also found that the use

of nanofluids appears promising, but the development of the

field faces several challenges. Nanofluid stability and its

production cost are major factors in using nanofluids. The

problems of nanoparticle aggregation, settling, and erosion.

KareemGouda et al (2013) [108] made Studies on nano

particle additives on the performance of the AH-64

intermediate gearbox lubricant. This paper discusses the

evaluation of the effective thermal conductivity and effective

dynamic viscosity for nano-composite enhanced transmission

Mobile AGL Oil (product from AGL Energy Services,

publicly-listed Australian company). Significant thermal and

rheological improvements of the Oil respectively due to the

nano-particle additives. Ehsan-o-llah Ettefaghi et al (2013)

[109] concluded that the properties of lubricants are mainly

the result of adding a material for improving or producing the

required properties. Today, different materials with various

nanostructures are used as new additives which, because of

their unique properties, are used for improving the lubricant's

properties. Also, viscosity, pour point, and flash point of

nanolubricants, which are made at different concentrations (0.

1, 0. 2, and 0. 5 wt. %), and also their thermal conductivity

coefficient as four quality parameters which are effective in

the functionality of engine oil are evaluated. Xiang-Qi Wang

et al (2008) [110] did research in convective heat transfer

using suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles in base

liquids started only over the past decade. Recent

investigations on nanofluids, as such suspensions are often

called, indicate that the suspended nanoparticles markedly

change the transport properties and heat transfer

characteristics of the suspension. Vijay R. Patil et al (2014)

[111] stated that the reduction of friction and wear is critical

to the proper functioning of modern machines. A more

complex machine has a stricter lubrication requirement.

Machine components and mechanism pairs depend on high-

quality lubricants to enable withstanding high temperatures

and extreme pressure (EP). Extreme pressure and antiwar

(AW) additives are typically adopted to improve the

Tribological performance of a fluid lubricant in reducing

friction and surface damage under severe conditions.

Nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest in recent

years because of their excellent physical and chemical

properties. However, inorganic nano particles very easily

agglomerate in many media and have poor dispersive capacity

in organic solvents and oil. Therefore, the applications of

many Nanoparticles are quite limited. However, the dispersion

problem can be solved using some physical and chemical

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia



3520

approaches. The Tribological properties of Nanoparticles used

a soil additives have been recently investigated. Dinesh

Kumar Tyagi et al (2014) [112] made a review of

experimental studies on the effect of viscosity grade on

mechanical vibration behavior of deep groove ball bearing

used in gear boxes. They concluded that the presence of nano

particle, in different concentration levels and particle sizes,

only affects the high Frequency bands of the vibration signal.

Therefore, the signal RMS values for high frequency bands

are Good vibration parameters for Detection of problems of

contamination and the experiments showed that under certain

operating conditions, the fluid film Wave bearings can reduce

the gear mesh vibration and noise compare to rolling Clement

bearings. Ehson et al (2013) [113] did extensive work on

thermal properties of oil based nano fluids. Nanostructures are

used as additives for improving the properties of lubricants.

Viscosity, pour point, flash point and thermal conductivity as

four quality parameters, which are effective in functionality of

engine oil, were also studied. Among the different methods,

which have been applied for dispersing nanotubes inside the

base oil, the functionalization method for carbon nanotubes

and using planetary ball mill have been determined as the best

methods for stabilization of nanotubes inside the SAE 20 W50

engine oil. According to the obtained results, thermal

conductivity and flash point of nano-lubricants with 0. 1 wt%

improved by 13. 2% and 6. 7%, respectively, with respect to

the base oil. Adolfo Senatore et al (2013) [114] worked on the

tribological behaviour of graphene oxide nanosheets in

mineral oil was investigated under a wide spectrum of

conditions, from boundary and mixed lubrication to elasto

hydrodynamic regimes. A ball-on-disc setup tribometer was

used to verify the friction reduction due to nanosheets

prepared by a modified Hummers method and dispersed in

mineral oil. The good friction and antiwear properties may

possibly be attributed to the small structure and extremely thin

laminated structure, which offerred lower shear stress and

prevented interaction between metal interfaces. The results

clearly prove that graphene platelets in oil easily form

protective deposited films to prevent the rubbing surfaces

from coming into direct contact and, thereby, improve the

entirely tribological behaviour of the oil. K. M. Gouda et al

(2014) [115] presenteed a new nanolubricant for the

intermediate gearbox of the Apache aircraft. Historically, the

intermediate gearbox has been prone for grease leaking and

this natural-occurring fault has negatively impacted the

airworthiness of the aircraft. In this study, the incorporation of

graphite nanoparticles in mobile aviation gear oil is presented

as a nanofluid with excellent thermo-physical properties were

studied. Xianbing Ji et al (2011) [116] used CaCO3

nanoparticles with an average size of 45 nm and synthesized

via the carbonation method. The tribological properties of the

CaCO3 nanoparticles as an additive in lithium grease were

evaluated with a four-ball tester. The results show that these

CaCO3 nanoparticles exhibit good performance in anti-wear

and friction-reduction, load-carrying capacity, and extreme

pressure properties. Marinalva Ferreira Trajano et al (2014)

[117] concluded that currently, vegetable oils have been

studied as biolubricants in order to reach new environmental

standards. Besides being non-renewable, mineral oils from

petroleum bring consequences to the environment due to its

low biodegradability. Thus, the aim of their work was to

develop a biolubricant and to add oxide nanoparticles (ZnO

and CuO) in order to improve abrasion resistance and friction.

The tribological performance was evaluated by HFRR.

Mustafa Akbulut (2012) [118] with the advent of

nanotechnology, research into lubricants and lubricant

additives has experienced a paradigm shift. Instead of

traditional materials, new nanomaterials and nanoparticles

have been recently under investigation as lubricants or

lubricant additives because of their unusual properties. Now,

there are numerous different types of nanomaterials with

potentially interesting friction and wear properties. With

increasing amount of possibilities, the key question is: what

types of nanoparticles act as better lubricants and why? This

article will discuss relevant issues to this topic. They

concluded that the overall, designing a nanoparticle-based

lubrication system is a very complicated process governed by

multiple parameters. The relative importance of these

parameters is mostly unknown. Yu Su et al (2015) [119] used

graphite nanoparticles with the diameter of 35 and 80 nm and

LB2000 vegetable based oil to prepare graphite oil-based

nanofluids with different volume fractions by two-step

method. The tribological properties of graphite nanoparticles

as LB2000 vegetable based oil additive were investigated with

a pin-on-disk friction and wear tester. Field emission SEM

(FE-SEM) and EDS were used to examine the morphology

and the content of some typical elements of wear scar,

respectively. The addition of graphite nanoparticles in

LB2000 vegetable based oil made the morphologies of wear

scars smoother. Vladimir An et al (2014) [120] studied the

tribological properties of nanolamellar tungsten and

molybdenum disulfides produced from nanosized W and Mo

nanopowders by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis.

The prepared WS2 and MoS2 powders were examined by

scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, and DTA. For

tribological tests, oil-based lubricants added with

nanolamellar tungsten and molybdenum disulfides were

prepared. The tribological tests show that the friction

coefficient of the nanolamellar powders is lower than that of

commercial powder (𝜇min = 0. 024 and 0. 064, resp. ). It is also

found that the oil-based lubricants with nanolamellar disulfide

additives display higher antifriction and antiwear properties

compared to commercial powder. He Zhongyi et al (2013)

[121] used a middle base number sulphonate-modified nano

calcium carbonate (SMC) with an average size of 35 nm, and

its tribological and antioxidation synergistic behaviors with

ashless antioxidant N-phenyl-a-naphthylamine (T531) in

hydrogenated oil (5Cst) were evaluated. The results

demonstrate that adding this synethesized additive even at a

low amount (<2. 0 wt. %) can evidently improve its load-

carrying capacity by 1. 5 times and enhance its antiwear

performance; in addition, the friction-reducing effect of

additive in the high load was better than that in low load. Yue

Gu et al (2014) [122] concluded that the when titanium

dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) were synthesized and then dual-

coated with silane coupling agent (KH-570) and OP-10 in

sequence in order to be dispersed stably in water as lubricant

additives. The tribological properties and the application

performance in Q235 steel machining of the nanoparticles as

water-based lubricant additives were investigated on an MSR-



3521

10D fourball tribotester and on a bench drilling machine,

respectively. SEM and AFM were used to analyze the worn

surface. The results show that the surface-modified TiO2

nanoparticles can remarkably improve the load-carrying

capacity, the friction reducing, and anti wear abilities of pure

water. Ajinkya S. Pisal et al (2014) [123] stated that the

Nanoparticles can be used as an additive in the engine oil to

improve its Lubrication properties to reduce wear and friction

of the engine. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are added to

engine oil 20W40 and Tribological properties are

investigated. Samples were prepared of varying percentage of

CuO nanoparticles in engine oil (0. 2, 0. 5, 0. 75 and 1 wt. %).

The wear and friction experiment was carried on Pin on Disc

Tribometer and the tests were performed with varying load,

speed and varying concentration of nanoparticles in engine

oil. The obtained results show that CuO nanoparticles added

in engine oil exhibits good friction reduction and anti-wear

properties and also decreased the coefficient of friction by

24% and 53% at 0. 5wt% concentration respectively, as

compared with standard engine oil without CuO

nanoparticles. N. W. M. Zulkifli et al (2013) [124] examined

the tribological properties of two lubricating oils, paraffin oil

and biolubricant added with TiO2 nanoparticles used as

additives. Biolubricant used in the experiments was derived

from palm oil-based TMP ester. The TMP ester is produced

from palm oil, which is biodegradable and has high

lubricating properties such as a higher flash point temperature

and VI (viscosity index). The experimental results show that

nanoparticles, TiO2 added to TMP ester exhibit good friction-

reduction. A. Vadiraj et al (2012) [125] arrived at the effect of

nano boric acid and nano copper based engine and

transmission oil additives in different volume ratios (1:10,

2:10, and 3:10) on friction and wear performance of cast iron

and case carburized gear steel. The results show that

coefficient of friction increases with increase in volume ratio

of engine oil additives and decreases with increasing in

volume ratio of transmission oil additives. Kaviyarasu T et al

(2015) [126] made a review on nanoadditives research and

concluded that many researchers tried to improve the

tribological and thermal properties of the lubricating oil. One

of the methods to improve the property of the oil is adding a

suitable additive. In recent days nano sized materials are

emerged as a lubricant additive which increases the

tribological and thermal property of the lubricant oil like

Copper and Copper Oxide nano particles suspended in the

engine lubricant oil are investigated experimentally. The

results showed that the thermal conductivity was increased

about 4. 2% and 2. 1% when using the Copper and Copper

Oxide nano lubricant respectively. The results indicates that

the Copper and Copper oxide nano particles improve the

tribological and thermal properties of the lubricant oil. YU

He-long et al (2007) [127] did experimental studies on wear

and friction properties of surface modified Cu nanoparticles at

50CC oil additives. The effect of temperature on tribological

properties of Cu nanoparticles was investigated on a four-ball

tester. The morphologies, typical element distribution and

chemical states of the worn surfaces were characterized by

SEM, EDS and XPS, respectively. In order to further

investigate the tribological mechanism of Cu nanoparticles, a

nano-indentation tester was utilized to measure the micro

mechanical properties of the worn surface. The results

indicated that the higher the oil temperature applied, the better

the tribological properties of Cu nanoparticles. Muhammad

Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullaha et al (2013) [128] worked on

determination of the optimal design parameters and to indicate

which of the design parameters that are statistically significant

for obtaining a low coefficient of friction (COF) with hBN

and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles, dispersed in conventional

diesel engine oil (SAE 15W40). Design of experiment (DOE)

was constructed using the Taguchi method, which consists of

L9 orthogonal arrays. Tribological testing was conducted

using a four-ball tester according to ASTM standard D4172

procedures. It was found that a contribution of 0. 5 vol. % of

hBN and 0. 3 vol. % of oleic acid as a surfactant can be used

as an optimal additive composition in conventional diesel

engine oil, to obtain a lower COF.

Issues and challenges associated with additives and nano

additives in lubricants

1. Through lubricant additives are already in existence,

addition of nano size additives, their selection etc poses a

major challenge and requires an in depth study.

2. The size of the nano particles and the material selection is

a major issue to be dealt with.

3. The thermal properties like heat transfer, viscosity etc has

to be carefully considered before fixing the additives.

4. The efficiency of a gear box against lubrication failure is

a major issue.

Scope and objective of present work

The scope of the present work is to review the “as on today”

technology used for additives and nano additives in lubricants

with an objective of making preliminary investigations on the

effective thermal performance of lubricating oils.

Formulation of problem

The technological advancements in power transmission of

mechanical equipments like gear boxes call for a well

structured lubricant for efficient performance of the

lubricants. Hence the formulation of the problem consists of

studying the effect of additives and nano additives in gear box

lubricants for their efficient performance.

Present Work

The concept of gear lubrication additives has gained

importance in recent years. Additives like chlorine,

phosphorous, sulphur, lead compounds, graphite powder etc

are normally mixed to prevent welding of contact surfaces,

reduction in pour point, retaining viscosity at elevated

temperatures, reduced foam formation, reduced thickness of

oil due to oxidation, maximizing corrosion resistance etc.

Different tests are in use, to evaluate above properties.

However different tests have resulted in different conclusions.

Further research has gone in to above area and nano additives

in lubricating oils appear to give still better properties,

especially in terms of better heat rejection due to improved

heat transfer coeffiencet, retaining viscosity even at elevated

temperatures etc. Tests are also developed to find the

condition of lubricating oil and the amount of additives



3522

present. The above techniques can be used with slight

modification for nano addivites The present study pertains to

making an in depth analysis of above issues with a view to

address the same. From available literature, it has been

noticed that, there will be a clear improvement in the thermal

properties of the lubricating oils, when mixed with additives

and nano additives. As part of future work, the type of

additive, additive particle size, percent additive etc can be

analyzed for improving the effective thermal lubricating

properties of lubricating oils used in gear boxes.

Results and Discussions 1. A detailed review of the techniques used for effective

functioning of the lubricating oil used in industrial gear

box applications is presented.

2. Preliminary review of literature revealed that, addition

of nano lubricant additives and lubricant particles of size

less that 100 microns have an effect on improving the

thermal properties of lubricants.

3. Further, preliminary review of literature revealed that, as

the size of the additive particles decreases the heat

transfer coefficient increases, their by increasing the heat

dissipation property.

4. Literature reported that, as we approach nano additives,

the thermal properties of the lubricant have remarkably

improved.

5. As a part of the future work in this area the following

may be considered.

Different nano additives with different sizes can be tried and

for each set, the thermal properties of the lubricant can be

studied and a huge database can be created. From this

database the optimum parameters of the nano additives and

other factors can be arrived at, using suitable algorithms based

on genetic, neural, fuzzy etc.

Conclusions The major contribution of present work is to review the

current state of research in lubricating properties of lubricants

used in gear boxes with special referenced to addition of nano

particles in the lubricant and to make preliminary studies on

the effect of adding additives on thermal properties of

lubricants used in gear boxes. Recent research as reported in

literature review indicated that, addition of nano particles or

particles of nano size (less than 100 micron size) have a great

influence on the thermal properties like heat transfer rate,

viscosity, friction factor of the lubricant etc and helps in

improving the life of the lubricating oil and consequently life

of the gear box.

References

[1] Robert Errichello, “The lubrication of gears part-1”,

Geartech, Albany, www. geartechnology.

com/articles /0391/ The_Lubrication_ of_ Gears,

Part_1, March/April 1991.

[2] Arvind Yadav, “Different types Failure in gears-A

Review”, International Journal of Science,

Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR),

Volume 1, Issue 5, November 2012.

[3] Dennis E Townsend, “Gear and Transmission

Research” at NASA Lewis Research Center, Army

Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-TR-

1339, June 10-11, 1997.

[4] A. R. Mohanty, ” Gearbox Fault Detection By Motor

Current Signature Analysis”, ICSV14 Cairns •

Australia 9-12 July, 2007.

[5] Ankit Gupta, “Fault Analysis Of Two Stage Gearbox

Using Acoustic Emission Signal: Effect Of

Spalling”, IJESRT, [Gupta, 3(7): June, 2014S].

[6] James J. Zakrajsek, “Detecting Gear Tooth Fracture

in a High Contact Ratio Face Gear Mesh”, Army

Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-TR-600,

April 18-20, 1995.

[7] Nagesh Kulkarni, “Exploring the geometry and

material space in gear design”, Engineering

Optimization, University of Oklahoma Libraries, on:

30 April 2014, At: 10:58.

[8] J. Cotrell, “A Preliminary Evaluation of a Multiple-

Generator Drive train Configuration for Wind

Turbines”, Conference paper, NREL/CP-500-31178,

January 14-17 2002.

[9] Yiqing Lian, “ Wind Turbine Gearbox Ice Sensing

and Condition Monitoring for Fault Prognosis and

Diagnosis”, COMDEM 2013, 11-13, june, Helsinki.

[10] Figlus, “Diagnosis of the wear of gears in the

gearbox using the wavelet packet transform”, ISSN

0543-5846, METABK 53(4) 673-676 (2014-05-20),

UDC-UDK 621. 833:620. 178. 1=111.

[11] F. Chaari, “Modelling of local damages in spur gears

and effects on dynamics response in presence of

varying load conditions”, Wroclaw University of

Technology-Poland, 2008.

[12] Alexander Bliznyuk, “Gear Diagnostics-Fault Type

Characteristics”, Annual Conference Of The

Prognostics And Health Management Society 2014.

[13] R. D. Britton, “Effect of Surface Finish on Gear

Tooth Friction”, Vol. 122, JANUARY 2000,

Transactions of the ASME.

[14] Houser, “Micropitting Research at The Ohio State

University”, AGMA Gear Rating Committee

Meeting, February 5-6, 2014.

[15] Wagar, “Examination of Pitting Fatigue in

Carburized Steels with Controlled Retained

Austenite Fractions”, SAE International, 2006-01-

0896.

[16] Timothy, “Pitting and Bending Fatigue Evaluations

of a New Case-Carburized Gear Steel”,

GEARTECHNOLOGY, March/April 2008, www.

geartechnology. com.

[17] Nagesh Sonti, “Bending Fatigue, Impact and Pitting

Resistance of Ausform-Finished P/M Gears”,

Geartechnology, June 2010.

[18] K. Stahl, “Pitting Resistance of Worm Gears:

Advanced Model for Contact Pattern of Any Size,

Position, Flank Type”, This article originally

http://www.geartechnology.com/

http://www.geartechnology.com/



3523

appeared (in German) in the April 2012 issue of

Antriebstechnik.

[19] Ing. Bernd-Robert Höhn, “ New methods for the

calculation of the load capacity of bevel and hypoid

gears”, 85748 Garching, Germany.

[20] Zhifei Wu, “The test analysis of transmission gears’

fatigue pitting”, Journal of Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(9):428-433.

[21] Wei Teng, “Pitting Fault Detection of a Wind

Turbine Gearbox Using Empirical Mode

Decomposition”, Strojniški vestnik-Journal of

Mechanical Engineering 60(2014)1, 12-20.

[22] Fajdiga, “Fatigue crack initiation and propagation

under cyclic contact loading”, Elsevier, Engineering

Fracture Mechanics 76 (2009) 1320-1335.

[23] Vijay Kumar, “Effect of Spalling and Pitting Defect

on Vibration Signature of Single Stage Spur Gear

Box”, GRA-Global research analysis, Volume: 2 |

Issue: 8 | Aug 2013 • ISSN No 2277-8160.

[24] Stephen Kwasi Adzimah, “A Computer Programme

to Determine the Bending and Pitting Stresses of

Gears and the Effect of Varying the AGMA Stress

Equation Parameters on the Stress Values”,

Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, ISSN

2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online), Vol. 5,

No. 3, 2014.

[25] David Bruce Pickens III, “Experimental Assessment

Of The Dynamic Factors Of Fzg Gear Tests As Well

As An Evaluation Of A Micropitting Load Capacity

Formula”, The Ohio State University 2012.

[26] Christian, “Data Acquisition and Signal Analysis

from Measured Motor Currents for Defect Detection

in Electromechanical Drive Systems”, european

conference of the prognostics and health

management society 2014.

[27] Carlo Gorla, “CFD Simulations of Splash Losses of a

Gearbox”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation,

Advances in Tribology, Volume 2012, Article ID

616923, 10 pages, 26 June 2012.

[28] Clemens Schlegel, “Detailed Loss Modelling of

Vehicle Gearboxes”, Proceedings 7th Modelica

Conference, Como, Italy, Sep. 20-22, 2009.

[29] John Sander, “When Do Synthetic Lubricants Make

Sense?”, Le White Paper, The lubrication reliability

source, 2012.

[30] Thomas J Zolper, “Friction and Wear Protection

Performance of Synthetic Siloxane Lubricants”,

Springer, Tribol Lett (2013) 51:365-376.


Geartech, Albany, http:// www. stle. org /assets/

document/Lubrication_of_Gears_ Part_ IV. pdf,

April 1990.


Geartech, Albany, www. geartechnology. com

/issues/0591x/gt0591. pdf, May/June 1991.


Geartech, Albany, http://www. geart echnol ogy.

com/articles/0791/ The_Lubrication _of_ Gears_-

_Part_III, July/ August 1991.

[34] John Sander, “Purchasing Gear Lubricants: Be

Careful When Playing the Numbers Game”,

gearsolutions. com, June 2014.

[35] Antti Valkonen, “Oil Film Pressure In

Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings”, Helsinki

University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering

and Architecture, Department of Engineering Design

and Production. Espoo 2009.

[36] Brian Armstrong, “A survey of models, analysis

tools and compensation methods for the control of

machines with friction”, pergamon, automatic, vol.

30, No. 7, pp. 1083-1138, 1994.

[37] Junda Zhu, “Survey of Lubrication Oil Condition

Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Prognostics

Techniques and Systems”, Journal of Chemical

Science and Technology, July 2013, Vol. 2 Iss. 3,

100-115.

[38] R. Errichello, “wind turbine tribology seminar”,

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), U. S.

Department of Energy. November 15-17, 2011.

[39] Junda Zhu, “Lubrication Oil Condition Monitoring

and Remaining Useful Life Prediction with Particle

Filtering”, International Journal of Prognostics and

Health Management, ISSN 2153-2648, 2013 020.

[40] Jain Amit, “Condition Monitoring of gear oil using

wear debris analysis technique”, International

Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and

Development Issue 4, Vol. 4 (June-July 2014).

[41] Jonathan P. Kyle, “Application of Smoothed Particle

Hydrodynamics to Full-Film Lubrication”, Journal of

Tribology, ASME, OCTOBER 2013, Vol. 135 /

041705-1.

[42] J. Tao, “Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of

Gear Tooth Surfaces From Micropitting Tests”,

Journal of Tribology, ASME, APRIL 2003, Vol. 125

/ 267.

[43] A. Jackson, “Synthetic versus Mineral Fluids in

Lubrication”, December 2-4, 1987.

[44] Amit Kumar Jain, “Research Approach & Prospects

of Non Edible Vegetable Oil as a Potential Resource

for Biolubricant-A Review”, Advanced Engineering

and Applied Sciences: An International Journal,

December 2012.

[45] Ing. Johann-Paul Stemplinger, “An Open & Shut

Case Greases for Gear Applications”, Lubrisense

White Paper 2014-15.

[46] A. Akpinar Borazan, “A case study of effective

factors on the right industrial lubricating oil

choosing”, Journal of Engineering Research and

Applied Science, Volume 2(2) December 2013, pp

161-166 ISSN 2147-3471 © 2013.

[47] Ajay Vasishth, “Study of Rheological Properties of

Industrial Lubricants”, Hindawi Publishing

Corporation, Conference Papers in Science, Volume

2014, Article ID 324615, 14 May 2014.

[48] Timothy Krantz, “Wear of Spur Gears Having a

Dithering Motion and Lubricated With a

Perfluorinated Polyether Grease”, NASA/TM—

2007-215008, International Design Engineering



3524

Technical Conferences and Computers and

Information in Engineering Conference, September

4-7, 2007.

[49] Yi Xu, “Technology of self-repairing and

reinforcement of metal worn Surface”, Adv. Manuf.

(13 March 2013) 1:102-105.

[50] Shailesh N. gadhvi, “Chemical additive for viscosity

enhancement”, International Journal of Advanced

Research (September 2013), Volume 1, Issue 7, 431-

438.

[51] Shuichiro Yazawa, “Reducing Friction and Wear of

Tribological Systems through Hybrid Tribofilm

Consisting of Coating and Lubricants”, Lubricants 23

June 2014, 2, 90-112; doi:10. 3390/

lubricants2020090.

[52] David W. Johnson. “Phosphate Esters,

Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as

Lubricant Additives”, Lubricants 18 December 2013,

1, 132-148; doi:10. 3390/lubricants1040132.

[53] Jianqang Hu, “Evaluation On Antiwear And Load-

Carrying Properties Of Organic Copper Compounds

Containing Sulfur And Phosphorus In Lubricants”,

Petroleum & Coal 54(3) 301-306, September 30

2012.

[54] Jacqueline Krim, “Surface science and the atomic-

scale origins of friction: what once was old is new

again”, Elsevier, Surface Science 500 (2002) 741-

758.

[55] Dan Guo, “Mechanical properties of nanoparticles:

basics and applications”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47

(2014) 013001 (25pp), Published 3 December 2013.

[56] K. Arivalagan, “Nanomaterials and its Potential

Applications” International Journal of ChemTech

Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-

4290 Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 534-538, April-June 2011.

[57] Zhenyu J. Zhang, “Graphite and Hybrid

Nanomaterials as Lubricant Additives”, Lubricants

24 April 2014, 2, 44-65; doi:10. 3390/

lubricants2020044.

[58] Ngoc Minh Phan, “Carbon-nanotube-based liquids: a

new class of nanomaterials and their applications”,

Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology, Adv. Nat. Sci. : Nanosci.

Nanotechnol. 5 (28 February 2014) 015014 (5pp).

[59] Shubrajit Bhaumik, “Extreme pressure property of

Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) based nanolubricant”,

Journal of chemical engineering and materials

science, Vol. 4(8), pp. 123-127, December 2013.

[60] Deepika, “High-Efficient Production of Boron

Nitride Nanosheets via an Optimized Ball Milling

Process for Lubrication in Oil”, Scientific Reports,

Conference Proceedings ACSMS2014 | 4: 7288|DOI:

10. 1038/srep07288, 3 December 2014.

[61] Jiguo Chen, “Tribological Properties of

Polytetrafluoroethylene, Nano-Titanium Dioxide,

and Nano-Silicon Dioxide as Additives in Mixed Oil-

Based Titanium Complex Grease”, Springer, Tribol

Lett (2010) 38:217-224, 23 March 2010.

[62] Wei Yu, “A Review on Nanofluids: Preparation,

StabilityMechanisms, and Applications”, Hindawi

Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials

Volume 11 July, 2012, Article ID 435873, 17 pages.

[63] Ulf Wiedwald, “Preparation, properties and

applications of magnetic nanoparticles”, Beilstein J.

Nanotechnol. 22 November 2010, 1, 21-23.

[64] Boris Zhmud, “Nanomaterials in Lubricants: An

Industrial Perspective on Current Research”,

Lubricants 20 November 2013, 1, 95-101; doi:10.

3390/lubricants1040095.

[65] Shubrajit Bhaumik, “Analysis of Tribological

Behavior of Carbon Nanotube Based Industrial

Mineral Gear Oil 250 cSt Viscosity”, Hindawi

Publishing Corporation Advances in Tribology

Volume 2014, Article ID 341365, 8 pages.

[66] K. Yathish, “Study of TiO2 Nanoparticles as

Lubricant Additive in Two-Axial Groove Journal

Bearing”, International Journal of Mechanical,

Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering

Vol:8, No:11, 2014.

[67] A. K. Jain, ” Experimental study on vibration

characteristics of roller bearing using mixed

nanofluids: A Review” International Journal of

Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development,

Issue 4, Vol. 3 (May 2014), ISSN 2249-6149.

[68] Kavitha T, “Synthesis, characterization of TiO2 nano

powder and water based nanofluids using two step

method”, Scholars Research Library, European

Journal of Applied Engineering and Scientific

Research, 2012, 1 (4):235-240.

[69] Manjusha Hariharan, “Synthesis and Characterisation

of CaCO3 (Calcite) Nano Particles from Cockle

Shells Using Chitosan as Precursor”, International

Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,

Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2014, ISSN 2250-3153.

[70] Olivier Margeat, “Ultrafine metallic Fe nano

particles: synthesis, structure and magnetism”,

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 03 December 2010, 1, 108-

118.

[71] Z. S. Hu, “Preparation and tribological properties of

nanoparticle lanthanum borate”, Elsevier, Wear 243

(2000) 43-47, 10 May 2000.

[72] S. F. Abdullah, “Structural and Tribology Properties

of WO3, TiO2 and ZnO Composite Nanoparticles as

Lubricant Additives”, Journal of Energy &

Environment, Vol. 4 (2012), No. 1, 26-30.

[73] Binu K. G, “A variable Viscosity Approach for the

Evaluation of load Carrying Capacity of oil

lubricated Journal Bearing with TiO2 Nanoparticles

as lubricant Additives”, ELSEVIER, ScienceDirect,

Procedia Materials Science 6 ( 2014 ) 1051-1067, 3rd

International Conference on Materials Processing

and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014).

[74] Bindiya. A. Parikh, “Validation of Temperature

Effect on Lubricating oil for 4-Speed Automobile

Gear box”, International Journal of Advance

Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2014, e-ISSN, 2348-4470,

print:2348-6406.

[75] Kazuhisa Miyoshi, “Solid Lubricants and Coatings

for Extreme Environments: State-of-the-Art Survey”,



3525

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio,

NASA/TM— January 2007-214668.

[76] Mark Lee Johnson, “Lubrication Technology”,

Lubrication Technologies, White paper, January

2007.

[77] L Manin, “Thermal Behavior of Power Gearing

Transmission, Numerical Prediction, and Influence

of Design Parameters”, Transactions of the ASME,

Journal of Tribology, OCTOBER 1999, Vol. 121,

693-702.

[78] K. Stahl, “Reduction Of Gearbox Losses By

Optimized Tooth Geometry And Thermal

Management”, 15th International Conference on

Experimental Mechanics, PAPER REF: 2646,

Porto/Portugal, 22-27 July 2012.

[79] Wojciech Stachurski, “Application of Minimal

Quantity Lubrication in Gear Hobbing”, Mechanics

and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2012)

133-140, 5 January 2013.

[80] K. D. Dearn, “Lubrication Regimes in High-

Performance Polymer Spur Gears”, Hindawi

Publishing Corporation Advances in Tribology

Volume 2013, Article ID 98751, 9pageshttp:// dx.

doi. org/10. 1155/2013

[81] H van, “The determination of the pressure-viscosity

coefficient of a lubricant through an accurate film

thickness formula and accurate film thickness

measurements”, DOI: 10. 1243/ 13506501JET504,

publication on 12March 2009, Proc. IMechE Vol.

223 Part J: J. Engineering Tribology.

[82] S. Seetharaman, “Oil Churning Power Losses of a

Gear Pair: Experiments and Model Validation”,

Journal of Tribology, ASME APRIL 2009, Vol. 131 /

022202-1.

[83] Wei Pu, “Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

With Three-Dimensional Machined Roughness in

Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears”, Journal of

Tribology, ASME, OCTOBER 2015, Vol. 137 /

041503-1.

[84] H Long, “Operating temperatures of oil-lubricated

medium-speed gears: numerical models and

experimental results”, journal of aerospace

engineering, 217 (2). pp. 87-106, 12 February 2003.

[85] Aristomenis, “Gear skiving—CAD simulation

approach”, Elsevier, Computer-Aided Design 44

(2012) 611-616.

[86] Pawan kumar, “Design and Thermal Analysis of

Helical Gearbox”, Global research analysis, Volume:

2 | Issue: 4 | April 2013 • ISSN No 2277-8160.

[87] Shyam K. Dabhi, “CFD Simulation and Analysis of

Lubricating Oil for 4-Speed Automobile Gearbox”,

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced

Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-3,

Issue-3, February-2014.

[88] Jixin Wang, “Analysis of Heat Transfer in Power

Split Device for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using

Thermal Network Method”, Hindawi Publishing

Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering,

Volume June 2014, Article ID 210170, 9 pages.

[89] Nirvesh S. Mehta, “Improve the Thermal Efficiency

of Gearbox Using Different Type of Gear Oils”,

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced

Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-2,

Issue-4, April 2013.

[90] Armands Leitāns, “Oil Additive Testing Equipment”,

ISSN 1691-5402 Environment. Technology.

Resources Proceedings of the 9th International

Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume 1, 2013.

[91] Obasi, “Effect of Additives on the Performance of

Engine Oil”, International Journal of Engineering

and Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 9, October

2014, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 2327-0349 (Online).

[92] Sevim Z. Erhan, “Lubricant basestocks from

vegetable oils”, Elsevier, Industrial Crops and

Products II (2000) 277-282.

[93] Hosny Z, “Heat transfer characteristics of some oils

used for engine cooling”, Elsevier, Energy

Conversion and Management 45 (2004) 2553-2569.

[94] Bel-ray lubricants, “Gear lubrication protection at

low temperatures”, gearsolutions. com, March 2013.

[95] H. M. Mobarak, “The prospects of biolubricants as

alternatives in automotive applications”, Renewable

and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33(27 January

2014) 34-43.

[96] Sobahan Mia, “High-pressure behavior and

tribological properties of wind turbine gear oil”,

Springer, Journal of Mechanical Science and

Technology 24 (October 30, 2010) 111-114.

[97] Dongare, “Experimental Analysis Of Tribological

Properties Of Various Lubricating Oils Without And

With Using Extreme Pressure Additives By Using

Four Ball Extreme Pressure Oil Testing”, IOSR

Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), Vol. 04, Issue 08

(August. 2014), ||V3|| PP 10-27.

[98] David W. Johnson, “Interaction between Lubricants

Containing Phosphate Ester Additives and Stainless

Steels”, Lubricants 17 May 2013, 1, 48-60; doi:10.

3390/lubricants1020048.

[99] Aravind Vadiraj, “Effect of solid lubricants on

friction and wear behaviour of alloyed gray cast

iron”, Sadhan ¯ a¯ Vol. 37, Part 5, October 2012, pp.

569-577, Indian Academy of Sciences.

[100] Suresh Sagadevan, “A review on influence of

thermal studies of Nanomaterials”, International

Journal of Materials Science and Applications

September 01, 2014; 3(6): 370-377.

[101] Michał Drzazga, “Preparation of metal oxide-water

nanofl uids by two-step method”, Prosimy cytować

jako: Inż. Ap. Chem. 2012, 51, 5, 213-215, Nr

5/2012.

[102] Sayantan Mukherjee, “Preparation and Stability of

Nanofluids-A Review”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical

and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-

1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 9, Issue 2 (Sep.-

Oct. 2013), PP 63-69.

[103] Sangram J. Patil, “A Review On Effect Of Addition

Of Nano Particles On Tribological Properties Of

Lubricants”, IJMET, Volume 5, Issue 11, November

(2014), pp. 120-129.



3526

[104] Dmytro Demydov, ” Advanced Lubrication for

Energy Efficiency, Durability and Lower

Maintenance Costs of Advanced Naval Components

and Systems”, Office of Naval Research, February

20, 2010 to May 19, 2010.

[105] Dmytro Demydov, “Advanced Lubrication for

Energy Efficiency, Durability and Lower

Maintenance Costs of Advanced Naval Components

and Systems”, February 19, 2010.

[106] Michael R. Lovell, “Influence of boric acid additive

size on green lubricant performance”, Phil. Trans. R.

Soc. A (2010) 368, 4851-4868, The Royal Society.

[107] Gupta H. K, “An overview of Nanofluids: A new

media towards green environment”, International

Journal Of Environmental Sciences Volume 3, No 1,

July 2012.

[108] KareemGouda, “A Study of Nanoparticle Additives

On The Performance Of The AH-64 Intermediate

Gearbox Lubricant to Achieve CBM Objectives”,

American Helicopter Society International, Inc., Feb

11-13, 2013.

[109] Ehsan-o-llah Ettefaghi, “Experimental evaluation of

engine oil properties containing copper oxide

nanoparticles as a nanoadditive”, Springer, Ettefaghi

et al. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry

2013, 4:28.

[110] Xiang-Qi Wang, “A Review On Nanofluids-Part Ii:

Experiments And Applications”, Brazilian Journal of

Chemical Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 04, pp. 631-648,

October-December, 2008.

[111] Vijay R. Patil, “Some Studies On Tribological

Properties Of Lubricating Oil With Nanoparticles As

An Additive”, Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue

I/Jan.-March., 2014/01-04.

[112] Dinesh Kumar Tyagi, “A Review of Experimental

Studies on the Effect of Viscosity grade on

Mechanical Vibration Behavior of deep groove Ball

Bearing”, international journal of engineering

sciences & research technology, Tyagi, 3(7): July,

2014.

[113] Ehsan-o-llah Ettefaghi, “Preparation and thermal

properties of oil-based nanofluid from multi-walled

carbon nanotubes and engine oil as nano-lubricant”,

Elsevier, International Communications in Heat and

Mass Transfer 46 (4 June, 2013) 142-147.

[114] Adolfo Senatore, ” Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as

Effective Friction Modifier for Oil Lubricant:

Materials, Methods, and Tribological Results”,

Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Tribology

Volume 20 January, 2013, Article ID 425809, 9

pages.

[115] K. M. Gouda, “Nanolubricant Oil Additives for

Performance Improvement of the Intermediate

Gearbox in the AH-64D Helicopter”, Presented at the

AHS 70th Annual Forum, Montréal, Québec,

Canada, May 20-22, 2014.

[116] Xianbing Ji, “Tribological Properties of CaCO3

Nanoparticles as an Additive in Lithium Grease”,

Springer, Tribol Lett (16 September 2011) 41:113-

119, DOI 10. 1007/s11249-010-9688-z.

[117] Marinalva Ferreira Trajano, “Study of Oxide

Nanoparticles as Additives for Vegetable

Lubricants”, Materials Research, September 11,

2014; 17(5): 1124-1128, DOI: http://dx. doi. org/10.

1590/1516-1439. 228213.

[118] Mustafa Akbulut, “Nanoparticle-Based Lubrication

Systems”, Akbulut, J Powder Metall Min 2012, 1:1,

Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000e101.

[119] Yu Su, “An Investigation on Tribological Properties

and Lubrication Mechanism of Graphite

Nanoparticles as Vegetable Based Oil Additive”,

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of

Nanomaterials, Volume 20 April 2015, Article ID

276753, 7 pages.

[120] Vladimir An, “Study of Tribological Properties of

Nanolamellar WS2 and MoS2 as Additives to

Lubricants”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal

of Nanomaterials, Volume 13 October, 2014, Article

ID 865839, 8 pages.

[121] He Zhongyi, “Tribological and Antioxidation

Synergistic Effect Study of Sulfonate-Modified Nano

Calcium Carbonate”, PLOS ONE, 3 May 2013 |

Volume 8 | Issue 5 | e62050.

[122] Yue Gu, “Preparation and Tribological Properties of

Dual-Coated TiO2 Nanoparticles as Water-Based

Lubricant Additives”, Hindawi Publishing

Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2014,

Article ID 785680, 8 pages, 16 January 2014.

[123] Ajinkya, “Experimental Investigation of Tribological

Properties of Engine oil with CuO nanoparticles”,

International Journal on Theoretical and Applied

Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJTARME),

ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume-3, Issue-2, 2014.

[124] N. W. M. Zulkifli, “Experimental analysis of

tribological properties of biolubricant with

nanoparticle additive. ”, Elsevier, ScienceDirect,

Procedia Engineering 68 ( 2013 ) 152-157.

[125] A. Vadiraj, “Effect of Nano Oil Additive Proportions

on Friction and Wear Performance of Automotive

Materials”, Tribology in Industry Vol. 34, No 1

(2012) 3-10.

[126] Kaviyarasu T, “Improvement Of Tribological And

Thermal Properties Of Engine Lubricant By Using

Nanomaterials”, Journal of Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Sciences (JCHPS) Special Issue 7:

2015, NCRTDSGT 2015.

[127] YU He-long, “Tribological properties and lubricating

mechanisms of Cu nanoparticles in lubricant”, Trans.

Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 18(2008) 636-641, 17

December 2007.

[128] Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah,

“Optimization of Tribological Performance of

hBN/AL2O3Nanoparticles as Engine Oil Additives”,

ELSEVIER, ScienceDirect, Procedia Engineering 68

( 2013 ) 313-319, The Malaysian International

Tribology Conference 2013, MITC2013.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228213

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228213

a review on effect of adding additives and nano additives ... · pdf filerecent research as...

Documents