December 2002

F O R E W O R D

Since 1997, the number of ruralfamilies who have access to toilet facilitieshas more than tripled, in Maharashtra.Despite this dramatic increase, however,only 20 per cent of families in the statepresently have access to toilet facilities andeven if the numbers were tripled yet again,this still would not be enough. In fact, untilevery person in every community ispractising safe sanitation, none is free fromthe threat of sickness and disease. Sanitationbecomes meaningful and effective onlywhen it is total and comprehensive.

Sanitation is a habit and not a mereinfrastructure or facility. Until the need forand benefits of sanitation are realized andinternalized, mere provision of toiletfacilities will not achieve total sanitation.You can take the horse to the water, butcan't make it drink until it is thirsty.

Coupled with the fact that thecommunity would not reap the benefits ofsafe sanitation until all the members of thecommunity adopt hygienic sanitarypractices, the Government of Maharashtrahas decided to develop a strategy whichdetermines the most effective ways ofcreating awareness and sensitizing andof mobilizing communities to adoptbetter sanitation practices through acomprehensive, community-wide coverage.

Towards this objective, theGovernment of Maharashtra organized aworkshop in Pune, in partnership with theWater and Sanitation Program-South Asia(WSP-SA), to deliberate and formulate anew strategy for total rural sanitation. Thisworkshop sought to benefit from the valuablelessons learned to date throughout India andbeyond, shaping and refining the country'sown efforts in accord.

BC KhatuaBC KhatuaBC KhatuaBC KhatuaBC KhatuaSecretary, WSSDSecretary, WSSDSecretary, WSSDSecretary, WSSDSecretary, WSSD

Government of MaharashtraGovernment of MaharashtraGovernment of MaharashtraGovernment of MaharashtraGovernment of Maharashtra WSP

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a rura l th ink tank

7 jal manthan jal manthan

Making Sanitation Work

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ABOUT THE WORKSHOPIt is not simply the lack of toilets that keeps people

away from proper sanitation practices. Lack of awarenessof proper hygiene behavior and socio-cultural factors arealso responsible for unsatisfactory sanitation practices.Therefore, any successful approach must be holistic innature. Communities must internalize the need to adoptimproved hygienic behavior; they must know andunderstand the need for proper sanitation as well as how itcan be achieved. A multiplicity of unique financial,personal and household conditions must be acknowledgedand respected, and these must be reflected in suchfundamental issues as the provision of technology options.At the same time, sanitation must be addressed as aparamount issue in public health.

In February 2002, the WSP-SA organized a study tourto and conducted a workshop in Bangladesh, to study andreview the success of an approach adopted by WaterAidBangladesh and its local NGO partner, Village EducationResource Center (VERC). This workshop was attended bygovernment functionaries from Central Government andfour Indian states, including Maharashtra, and byNGO stakeholders.

Following this, the Government of Maharashtra andWSP-SA supported a team of state government officials,Zilla Panchayat and NGO representatives to visitTiruchirapally, Tamil Nadu, where WaterAid India andNGO partners employ a different, but also successful,approach to the promotion of total sanitation.

Marking the end of the first stage in a process,a state-level workshop on 'Strategy Building for RuralSanitation in Maharashtra' was held in Pune, fromAugust 23-24, 2002, in partnership with the Government of

Maharashtra and the WSP-SA. Approximately 71participants had attended, including officials from theGovernment of India, a large representation from theGovernment of Maharashtra, Maharashtra-based NGOs aswell as international NGOs such as WaterAid India andmultilateral agencies (UNICEF and World Bank). Resourcepersons were drawn from Village Education ResourceCenter, a local NGO in Bangladesh, Medinipur District andRamaKrishna Mission Lok Sikhshya Parishad, West Bengal,and WaterAid India from Trichy, Tamil Nadu. Mr. KamalKar, Participatory Development Consultant, hadfacilitated the workshop.

Lessons learned in PuneLessons learned in PuneLessons learned in PuneLessons learned in PuneLessons learned in PuneAt the Pune Workshop, we have shared our knowledge

and exchanged our experiences and will now work towardsrealizing the proven value of the sanitation principles:

S The focus of sanitation effortsshould be on the elimination ofelimination ofelimination ofelimination ofelimination ofopen defecationopen defecationopen defecationopen defecationopen defecation, rather than onbuilding latrines.S Infrastructure must bedemand-drivendemand-drivendemand-drivendemand-drivendemand-driven and this mustoccur at the communitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitylevellevellevellevellevel, rather than at theindividual level.S A variety of technologicalA variety of technologicalA variety of technologicalA variety of technologicalA variety of technologicaloptionsoptionsoptionsoptionsoptions must be available so thatnone are excluded or impededfrom participation.S It is empowermentempowermentempowermentempowermentempowerment, rather thanfiscal subsidy, that provides asustainable triggertriggertriggertriggertrigger for action.S If fiscal incentives areto be used, they must bedirected toward thecommunity-levelcommunity-levelcommunity-levelcommunity-levelcommunity-level rewards.S Involvement of local governmentin strategic partnershipstrategic partnershipstrategic partnershipstrategic partnershipstrategic partnership withNGOs/CBOs is critical to theultimate success of any plan.W

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DRAWING FROMSUCCESSFULEXPERIENCES

The rich experiences from Medinipur (West Bengal),Rajshahi (Bangladesh), Trichy (Tamil Nadu) and theGovernment of Maharashtra's own Sant Gadge Baba Campaignserve to inform a future direction in rural sanitation.

TTTTTriggering change:riggering change:riggering change:riggering change:riggering change:A motivational approach toA motivational approach toA motivational approach toA motivational approach toA motivational approach torural sanitation in Bangladeshrural sanitation in Bangladeshrural sanitation in Bangladeshrural sanitation in Bangladeshrural sanitation in Bangladesh

Success in the sanitation efforts of the VillageEducation Resource Center, an NGO supported byWaterAid, in Bangladesh, can largely be attributed to theconcept of a ‘trigger’ or ‘ignition’. The project which isinitiated by outside sources provides absolutely nofinancial assistance or incentive for communities, whobecome so genuinely intent to improve their own sanitationstatus that this is simply not an impediment. In fact, theyare that convinced of the imperative of investment in theeffort, that better-off families have voluntarily assistedpoorer ones to obtain any necessary technologicalstructures and logistical support.

The process involves the outside party who providesthe ‘trigger’ by engaging the community in self-assessmentof the existing practice of open defecation. The thrust wasto stop open defecation by internalizing the ill effectsthereof. This realization that open defecation by even oneperson in the community poses a collective danger makesthe community acutely and uncomfortably aware that theymust make changes in behavior, collectively. This ismotivated by a felt need, first-hand exposure to theproblem, a fear of diseases or sense of being dirty and issustained by mass consensus and social pressure.

In this case, because technology is neither providednor subsidized, coverage is tantamount to usage andcommunities share their knowledge with others with agenuine sense of urgency.

TTTTTechnology options andechnology options andechnology options andechnology options andechnology options andfinancing mechanism forfinancing mechanism forfinancing mechanism forfinancing mechanism forfinancing mechanism fortotal sanitation coverage:total sanitation coverage:total sanitation coverage:total sanitation coverage:total sanitation coverage:Experience in TExperience in TExperience in TExperience in TExperience in Tamil Naduamil Naduamil Naduamil Naduamil Nadu

WaterAid India, with its NGO partners, createsan enabling environment for the communities ofTiruchillapally District in Tamil Nadu. Community groupsare facilitated to provide fundamental sanitation andhygiene information.

To accommodate the resulting demand for sanitationfacilities, technology is made available at an affordableprice and in various models. Both production andpromotion are decentralized so as to allow for competitivepricing and innovations. However, minimum technologystandards are defined, in order to ensure effectiveness andoptimum benefit. In addition, there is a transfer of skills tothe community and among institutions so that improvementin technology provision is without limit.

WWWWWould you care for some feces on that pau bhaji?ould you care for some feces on that pau bhaji?ould you care for some feces on that pau bhaji?ould you care for some feces on that pau bhaji?ould you care for some feces on that pau bhaji?How about some feces poured over your pau bhaji? In fact, when care is not taken to properly dispose of humanexcreta, the result is that people are indirectly consuming it, washing their clothes in it and rubbing it into their skin.Some people estimate that 15,000 truckloads of human feces are produced, daily in India, and are left exposed.

None of this is pleasant to imagine and these are examples of what the Village Education and Resource Center(VERC) calls a ‘trigger’. These kind of images help people to understand the seriousness of sanitation issues and also tocreate a mental reminder that will not soon be forgotten. In fact, an effective trigger can be so powerful that even thepoorest households find the means to address what they realize as a situation that cannot be ignored.

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As a complement to the availability of facilities,credit and other financial opportunities are also created forthose in need. These are not disbursed as a form of rewardbut rather as an enabling factor for those who mightotherwise not be able to afford a toilet. The individualsubsidy which comes from the Government is re-directed toa village development fund based on community consensusand decision. The fund is managed by the community forcommon village development activities. Banks and localfinancial institutions recognize sanitation as a priorityinvestment and credit is available to community groups atmarket interest rate. This way, no household is excludedand, in fact, both the burden and benefits can be sharedthrough cooperation.

The role of localThe role of localThe role of localThe role of localThe role of localgovernment for ruralgovernment for ruralgovernment for ruralgovernment for ruralgovernment for ruralsanitation: Experience insanitation: Experience insanitation: Experience insanitation: Experience insanitation: Experience inWWWWWest Bengalest Bengalest Bengalest Bengalest Bengal

Experience in Medinipur District, West Bengal drawsattention to the importance of the role of local governmentin coordinating with NGOs. Coverage in the district hasrisen from 8.9 per cent to 56 per cent in the last two yearsalone, and this can be attributed to effective cooperation inthe provision of hygiene and health education as well asregular and extensive monitoring of these activities.

This program uses IEC as a means of informing anddrawing commitment from the community. However, it isimportant to note that it is the dedication and interest ofthe local government that is the driving force.

WATSAN (Water and Sanitation) Committees havebeen formed at District, Block and Gram Panchayat levels.The Zilla Parishad then carefully selects the NGOs whowill best carry out field-level projects, monitoring andevaluation, while the Gram Panchayats select themotivators who establish direct contact with households.Every week, scheduled meetings are held at Gram Samsad,Gram Panchayat, Block, Sub-Division and District levels inorder to maintain close lines of communication, as well asto strengthen capacity at each level.

Fiscal incentive: When does it help and when does it hinder?Fiscal incentive: When does it help and when does it hinder?Fiscal incentive: When does it help and when does it hinder?Fiscal incentive: When does it help and when does it hinder?Fiscal incentive: When does it help and when does it hinder?Successful sanitation models illustrate that communities unite and feel motivated when they cooperate for thecollective good. Finances might be better used for the benefit of the entire community, once sanitation has beenachieved. However, total sanitation can only be achieved with the participation of every household and this canlead to a disproportionate burden upon the poorest families. Therefore:Fiscal incentive might be directed to the communityFiscal incentive might be directed to the communityFiscal incentive might be directed to the communityFiscal incentive might be directed to the communityFiscal incentive might be directed to the community, as a whole, as an incentive to cooperate and, as a whole, as an incentive to cooperate and, as a whole, as an incentive to cooperate and, as a whole, as an incentive to cooperate and, as a whole, as an incentive to cooperate anda reward for their efforts.a reward for their efforts.a reward for their efforts.a reward for their efforts.a reward for their efforts.

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Sant Gadge Baba CleanSant Gadge Baba CleanSant Gadge Baba CleanSant Gadge Baba CleanSant Gadge Baba CleanVVVVVillage Sanitation Campaignillage Sanitation Campaignillage Sanitation Campaignillage Sanitation Campaignillage Sanitation Campaignin Maharashtrain Maharashtrain Maharashtrain Maharashtrain Maharashtra

In view of the access of a mere 6 per cent of the ruralfamilies to sanitation facilities and the imminent threatsposed by insufficient sanitation, the Government ofMaharashtra implemented an ambitious strategy in 1997,emphasizing the need for the construction of sanitationinfrastructure. Within a three-year period, financialresources were poured into the effort and by the year 2000,16.61 lakh toilets had been constructed and expenditurehad reached Rs. 6.5 billion, with a Government subsidysupport of Rs. 4.56 billion. To some, the mere quantity oftoilets provided and the incredible amount of moneyinvested could be interpreted as 'success'. However,subsequent surveys revealed that in the best possible case,only 57 per cent of the toilets constructed were actually

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BANGLADESHBANGLADESHBANGLADESHBANGLADESHBANGLADESHVillage EducationVillage EducationVillage EducationVillage EducationVillage EducationResource CenterResource CenterResource CenterResource CenterResource Center(VERC)(VERC)(VERC)(VERC)(VERC)

S ParticipatoryprocessS Trigger:Self-assessment,oral/fecal linkS Community focus

S DonorS NGOS Community

S No subsidyfrom GovernmentS Some communitymembers wouldassist others

S No prescriptionS Market responseS Focus onelimination ofopen defecation

S Village-to-village

S Empowerment is apermanent changeS Program is notdependant onresources forimplementation

MOTIVMOTIVMOTIVMOTIVMOTIVAAAAATIONTIONTIONTIONTION

TTTTTAMILAMILAMILAMILAMIL NADU NADU NADU NADU NADUWaterAid IndiaWaterAid IndiaWaterAid IndiaWaterAid IndiaWaterAid India(WAI)(WAI)(WAI)(WAI)(WAI)

S Emphasis is on both,individual householdsand the community,as a whole

S DonorS NGO/CBOS NGO/PRIS Banks/financialinstitutions

S Individual subsidiescontributed to VillageDevelopment FundS Micro-credit supportfrom WaterAid andfinancial institutionsS Subsidy isaccessible but is notthe driving force. It isdirected toward thecommunity and notthe household

S Technologyguidelines andstandards aredisseminated

S Village-to-village

S Managed bycommunity-basedinstitutions andsound technology

MEDINIPURMEDINIPURMEDINIPURMEDINIPURMEDINIPURLocal governmentLocal governmentLocal governmentLocal governmentLocal governmentand NGO partnersand NGO partnersand NGO partnersand NGO partnersand NGO partners

S Hygiene educationS Emphasis is on thehousehold, rather thanthe community

S NGO/PRIS Sanitary market

S Low subsidy forthose below thepoverty line...but they tend notto want it

S State-promoted/local government-driven, NGO-runsanitation mart

S Usage has increasedto 56 per cent in thelast two years

S Sustained throughPRI/NGO monitoringand weekly meetings

MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRAGovernment ofGovernment ofGovernment ofGovernment ofGovernment ofMaharashtra (GOM)Maharashtra (GOM)Maharashtra (GOM)Maharashtra (GOM)Maharashtra (GOM)

S Competition (forfinancial reward)S RecognitionS ReputationS Unity of communityfor the common cause

S Government asfacilitatorS State/District/CommunityS’GovernmentParticipation inCommunity Initiativesand Activities’

S Communitycontribution ofapproximately Rs. 200crore, annually,through collectivecommunity actionS Communityreceives a monetaryreward if theirs’ isdeclared the mostsuccessful village

S No technologyis imposed

S Full: State, village,NGO

S Uncertain: Would itcontinue withoutcompetitionincentive?

INSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONINSTITUTION

FISCAL/FINANCIALFISCAL/FINANCIALFISCAL/FINANCIALFISCAL/FINANCIALFISCAL/FINANCIALINVESTMENTINVESTMENTINVESTMENTINVESTMENTINVESTMENT

TECHNICALTECHNICALTECHNICALTECHNICALTECHNICAL

SCALESCALESCALESCALESCALE

SUSTSUSTSUSTSUSTSUSTAINABILITYAINABILITYAINABILITYAINABILITYAINABILITY

Comparison of sanitation modelsComparison of sanitation modelsComparison of sanitation modelsComparison of sanitation modelsComparison of sanitation models

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Key factors in the chain of implementation are:Key factors in the chain of implementation are:Key factors in the chain of implementation are:Key factors in the chain of implementation are:Key factors in the chain of implementation are:

S EMPOWERING:EMPOWERING:EMPOWERING:EMPOWERING:EMPOWERING: Many people are simply unaware of the health hazards and the effects of them on their lives. Throughexplanation and self-analysis, people become genuinely concerned when they realize the impact of poor sanitation onhealth, the environment, employment, financial prosperity and ultimately the entire economy. Awareness of technologicaloptions, how to acquire, use and maintain them is also important in order for people to take appropriate action.S OWNERSHIP:OWNERSHIP:OWNERSHIP:OWNERSHIP:OWNERSHIP: Genuine investment in any cause is relative to the sense of ownership of it. While the GOI may issuepolicy directives, PRIs and community groups must be actively involved and continuously engaged in the effort.S SOCIALSOCIALSOCIALSOCIALSOCIAL F F F F FACTACTACTACTACTORS:ORS:ORS:ORS:ORS: The power of socialization must not be underestimated. Peer-to-peer learning, behavior examplewithin a community, social pressure to emulate ‘a good thing’ or to adopt a habit perceived as a symbol of status areperhaps the most effective tools of influence.S CONVENIENCE:CONVENIENCE:CONVENIENCE:CONVENIENCE:CONVENIENCE: Opportunity to act in accord with newly-adopted behavioral changes must be made available to allsections of the community. Technology options should be available in a variety of designs and at various costs, so thatnone are excluded.S FISCAL INCENTIVE:FISCAL INCENTIVE:FISCAL INCENTIVE:FISCAL INCENTIVE:FISCAL INCENTIVE: Despite a tendency to look toward financing as a means of mobilization, experience reveals thatsubsidy is not an effective way of enabling either households or communities to achieve a desirable level of sanitation.Fiscal incentives should be in the form of reward, upon task completion and recognition of improved practice.

being used for their intended purpose; the rest were beingused for other purposes or not at all.

The findings were more revealing than shocking andlessons were obvious.

The Government of Maharashtra's recent initiativeattributes its success to participant communities, who haveunited in a spirit of internal cooperation and externalcompetition. The idea was to create an atmosphere whichmotivated people to become the driving force in sanitationefforts, while promoting new habits that could besustained, thereafter.

The Sant Gadge Baba Clean Village SanitationCampaign is a contest, whereby communities competeagainst each other in order to gain a reward, to be used forthe collective good. Points are earned as a variety ofcleanliness principles are implemented, ranging from toiletuse to personal hygiene. In the competition, the threehighest-scoring villages at each level (Block, District,Region and State) are awarded with a cash prize to beused for the benefit of the entire community, though notnecessarily for sanitation purposes. The main benefit to thevillages involves reputation and recognition rather thansimply monetary gain and communities stand to lose theirrecognition if they do not maintain their village in waysthat are environmentally sound.

Those villages who do not ‘win’ do not receive eithercash or subsidy from the Government. However, they stillbenefit as they will presumably develop and cultivatehealthier sanitation practices. And there is always achance to win the competition the next time or thereafter.

In addition to other works, an estimated one lakhhousehold latrines are being built in the state as a result ofthis program. A total expenditure of Rs. 6.6 crore in theform of cash prizes leverages the creation of an estimatedRs. 200-250 crore worth of rural infrastructure, annually,through collective community action.

STRATEGIC ISSUESThe participants were divided into groups and the

groups worked on the following three themes based on theirexperiences in the field and lessons from the workshop:S How can the implementation of the existing TSC of theGOI be improved?S Approaches to awareness creation and igniting mindsetchanges and how these can be taken to scale.S Developing functional institutional arrangements,creative use of fiscal instruments, and the issue oftechnical choice.

The outcome of the group discussion andrecommendations made by the participants during theworkshop are summarized here.

I. How can the TSC be modified toI. How can the TSC be modified toI. How can the TSC be modified toI. How can the TSC be modified toI. How can the TSC be modified totake into consideration the lessonstake into consideration the lessonstake into consideration the lessonstake into consideration the lessonstake into consideration the lessonslearnt in past and present efforts?learnt in past and present efforts?learnt in past and present efforts?learnt in past and present efforts?learnt in past and present efforts?How to make current TSC work: Presentation How to make current TSC work: Presentation How to make current TSC work: Presentation How to make current TSC work: Presentation How to make current TSC work: Presentation bbbbby Group 2y Group 2y Group 2y Group 2y Group 2

The GOI Total Sanitation Campaign was revised inMay 2002 and has adopted a holistic approach tosanitation, addressing various aspects of personal hygieneand environmental sanitation. The policy draws attention tothe importance of participation and has served to raiseawareness among both, district administrators andcommunities, in many cases.

However, the full potential of this campaign has yet tobe realized. Many administrators perceive this to be simply‘another scheme’ and give it little priority. Others arguethat the shift to low financial assistance has also decreasedthe willingness to participate, adding to the economicburdens at the household level.

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Instead, the implementation of the TSC might becomemore effective by refining several aspects:S Explicit guidelines: Explicit guidelines: Explicit guidelines: Explicit guidelines: Explicit guidelines: Specific reference must be made tosocial and environmental aspects, the relation of sanitationissues to the spread of disease and the prevention of them,and to the maintenance and sustainability of varioustechnological structures.S Coordination:Coordination:Coordination:Coordination:Coordination: Well-structured and effective coordinationamong all institutions, including government departments(Health, Rural Development, Water and Sanitation,Education, Social Welfare and the Panchayati Raj), NGOsand district administrators must be established. In order toensure that the TSC remains a priority, there should be adedicated, full-time district authority who is responsibleonly for this area.S Orientation:Orientation:Orientation:Orientation:Orientation: Orientation to TSC and its guidelines shouldbe supplemented with regular workshops and opportunitiesto clarify understanding.S Information/Education/Communication (IEC):Information/Education/Communication (IEC):Information/Education/Communication (IEC):Information/Education/Communication (IEC):Information/Education/Communication (IEC): Until bothcoverage and usage are 100 per cent, IEC cannot beconsidered a completed task.S TTTTTechnology options:echnology options:echnology options:echnology options:echnology options: Standards should be issued,addressing all aspects pertaining to the use of latrines. Amenu of technology options need to be demonstrated to beable to cater to all economic sections.S TTTTTarararararget: get: get: get: get: The target should be at the community level.S Subsidy as reward:Subsidy as reward:Subsidy as reward:Subsidy as reward:Subsidy as reward: Any cash subsidy should beconsidered a reward, rather than a cost rebate. In addition,the subsidy should be given to the community, as a group,who would then decide collectively as to its utilization.S Monitoring and evaluation:Monitoring and evaluation:Monitoring and evaluation:Monitoring and evaluation:Monitoring and evaluation: Instead of targets that focuson hardware and construction, more relevant indicators ofproper sanitation are the elimination of open defecation,the reduction in diseases and epidemics and improvementsin health and well-being.

II. What are the best waysII. What are the best waysII. What are the best waysII. What are the best waysII. What are the best waysto raise awareness and toto raise awareness and toto raise awareness and toto raise awareness and toto raise awareness and tomobilize a community?mobilize a community?mobilize a community?mobilize a community?mobilize a community?

The best approach to sanitation mobilization is againa holistic one, involving each one in the process. Thecommunity must be made to understand the benefits ofhygienic sanitation to help them to make informed choicesregarding the technology and design of facilities:

The approach for triggering behavioral change insanitation practices is based on: a) creating awarenesswithin the community for collective action against theadverse impact of inadequate environmental sanitation onhygiene and health; and

b) empowering communities to make and sustain therequired behavior changes. Communities must be assistedin internalizing the fact that every household should adopthygienic sanitary practices and made to understand thatthe benefits of individual behavior change has a collectiveimpact on the entire community.

The change could be initiated through a state/localgovernment-NGO partnership. Local government

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involvement is required to sustain and scale up the effortswhile the field implementation process could be led byNGOs that have the skills of mobilizing communitiesthrough participatory processes and facilitate communityownership and understanding. At the same time, leadershipfrom within the community is critical for catalyzing andsustaining the behavior change. Peer pressures andcommunity dynamics should be recognized to facilitate theprocess of community action.

III. What institutionalIII. What institutionalIII. What institutionalIII. What institutionalIII. What institutionalarrangements should bearrangements should bearrangements should bearrangements should bearrangements should bemade in order to provide themade in order to provide themade in order to provide themade in order to provide themade in order to provide themost effective mechanismsmost effective mechanismsmost effective mechanismsmost effective mechanismsmost effective mechanismsfor service-delivery?for service-delivery?for service-delivery?for service-delivery?for service-delivery?

Current institutional arrangements address sanitationwithin a holistic framework but seem to illustrate theexpression that, “If everyone is responsible...then no one isresponsible”. Sanitation is a local issue that has to beaddressed by communities residing within the spatial area.Gram Panchayats are the appropriate institutions topromote and sustain rural sanitation. Under the sanitationinitiative, the Water Supply and Sanitation Department(WSSD) at state-level is responsible for both rural watersupply and sanitation programs. At district-level, theWater Supply Department (WSD) of the Zilla Parishad isresponsible for water supply and the Village PanchayatDepartment of ZP is responsible for the promotion ofsanitation. There is no one department, however, which isconcerned specifically with and held accountable for theimplementation of proper sanitation measures.

While NGOs have assumed some responsibility asimplementers at the grassroots level, they are onlytemporary in nature, as opposed to the latter three. Inaddition, while they may have a capacity to motivatecommunities, they do not have the institutional capacity,necessary for the eventual expansion and developmentof programs, across the state. Therefore:

For more information on the Rural Think Tank, please contact:jal manthan: a rural think tankjal manthan: a rural think tankjal manthan: a rural think tankjal manthan: a rural think tankjal manthan: a rural think tankWater and Sanitation Program-South Asia55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003Tel: (91-11) 24690488/89 Fax: (91-11) 24628250 e-mail: wspsa@worldbank.orgwww.wsp.org

The Jal Manthan (meaning ‘churning of water’ in Hindi) is athink tank on rural water supply and sanitation. It is a forum that aims to bean open network encouraging frank and informal policy-level dialoguebetween sector practitioners and professionals. Prior to this, sixJal Manthans have been held.

December 2002December 2002December 2002December 2002December 2002Created by Write MediaE-mail: writemedia@vsnl.comPrinted at Thomson Press

The Water and Sanitation Program is an international partnership to help the poor gain sustained access to improved water supply and sanitationservices. The Program’s funding partners are the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, theNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; the United Nations Development Programme, and The World Bank.

u Jal Manthan 5: People’s Initiativefor Total Sanitation. Bangladesh,February 2002

u Jal Manthan 6: ImplementingSector Reforms. February 2002

(Proceedings of the aboveworkshops, and earlier, can beobtained from the Water andSanitation Program-South Asia) jal manthan jal manthanS The capacity of local government institutions must bestrengthened and specifically directed towards theelimination of open defecation, possibly identifying theGram Panchayats as primary implementors.S The role of NGOs need to be recognized and localgovernment-NGO partnership must be forged. NGOs mightbe employed as capacity support in actual projectimplementation, while the State Government develops therules, criteria and system for providing capacity support tothe ZP and GPs. At this point, working relationships wouldbe established between the implementing NGOs andrespective Gram Panchayats.S A Village WATSAN Committee under the GP would beresponsible for the overall promotion.S Most importantly, the community must be simultaneouslyempowered to accept ownership of the process.S An appropriate delivery mechanism will enable ruralhouseholds to identify their own preferred technologyoption, to accommodate their specific budget and personalneeds. This may be achieved by allowing the commercialmarket to respond to demands but could also occur throughNGOs, cooperatives, local entrepreneurs or even throughbasic community innovations

A FRESH APPROACH:WHERE DO WE BEGIN?

After careful consideration of the lessons learned, thenext step is to develop an appropriate strategy to beimplemented in the state.

The strategy proposal will be founded upon:S the objective of achieving total elimination ofopen defecation;S an emphasis on personal hygiene and environmentalsanitation as complementary to this goal;S empowerment of the community to act on its own andaddress the sanitation needs;S a focus on the community, as a whole;S appropriate partnerships between the State Government,local governments, NGOs and market forces, for scale andsustainability; andS providing community rewards rather thanindividual subsidies.

As a result of the experiences shared by othersuccessful sanitation initiatives, a set of issues haverevealed themselves as specific opportunities for theimplementation of improved sanitation in Maharashtra andthese have also served as a foundation:S TTTTTransforming attitudes: ransforming attitudes: ransforming attitudes: ransforming attitudes: ransforming attitudes: Identify catalysts for positivechange in traditional sanitation practices.S Spreading the message:Spreading the message:Spreading the message:Spreading the message:Spreading the message: Create awareness of the needand subsequent demand for improved sanitationthrough communication.S Creating awareness of economic factors:Creating awareness of economic factors:Creating awareness of economic factors:Creating awareness of economic factors:Creating awareness of economic factors: Point to thecorrelation between proper sanitation and the nationaleconomy/personal poverty.S Accommodating the stated community will: Accommodating the stated community will: Accommodating the stated community will: Accommodating the stated community will: Accommodating the stated community will: Supportsanitation as a demand-driven business opportunity.S Implementing effective structure: Implementing effective structure: Implementing effective structure: Implementing effective structure: Implementing effective structure: Establish clear lines ofinstitutional responsibility and accountability.S Ensure quality service delivery:Ensure quality service delivery:Ensure quality service delivery:Ensure quality service delivery:Ensure quality service delivery: Establish standards oftechnology and effectiveness of delivery mechanisms.

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Dr. R. C. Panda Joint Secretary & Mission DirectorRajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water MissionMinistry of Rural DevelopmentGovernment of IndiaNew Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-24361043 Fax: 011-24364113

Mr. Kumar Alok Deputy SecretaryGovernment of IndiaRajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water MissionDepartment of Drinking Water SupplyMinistry of Rural DevelopmentNew Delhi 110 003Tel: 011-24364518 Fax: 011-24364113E-mail: alok105@hotmail.comalok@water.nic.in

Mr. Rajesh Aggarwal PS toMinister of State for Rural DevelopmentGovernment of IndiaRoom No.148, ‘C’ Wing, Nirman BhawanNew Delhi 110 011Tel: 011-23015671 Fax: 011-23015695E-mail: rajeshaggarwal@yahoo.com

MAHARASHTRA

GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA

Mr. B.C. Khatua SecretaryGovernment of MaharashtraWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentR.N. 530, 5th Floor (Main) MantralayaNariman Point, Mumbai 400 032Tel: 022-22885144 Fax: 022-22828129E-mail: bckhatua@rediffmail.com

Mr. S.D. Thakre Deputy Secretary & Director, PPMUWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentRoom 149, Mantralaya, MumbaiTel: 022- 22023338Fax: 022-22828129E-mail: duppmu@bom3.vsnl.net.in

Ms. Usha Maheshwari ParticipatoryDevelopment SpecialistPPMU, Government of MaharashtraCIDCO Bhavan, MJP - 2nd FloorWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentCBD, Belapur, Navi MumbaiTel: 022-27562343,Fax : 022-27562347E-mail: ushamahe@yahoo.com

Mr. Sunil Kumar Shrivastava Sub-DivisionalEngineer (in charge of sanitation)PPMU, Government of MaharashtraCIDCO Bhavan, MJP - 2nd FloorWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentCBD, Belapur, Navi MumbaiTel: 022-27562343 Fax: 022-27562347

Seventh Jal Manthan: List of Participants

Strategy Building for Rural Sanitation in Maharashtra

August 23-24, 2002, Pune, Maharashtra

Mr. Devendra Prabhudas Lodhiya

Deputy EngineerPPMU, Government of MaharashtraCIDCO Bhavan, MJP - 2nd FloorWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentCBD, BelapurNavi MumbaiTel: 022-27562343/27562347Fax: 022-27562343

Mr. Gopal Sharma Project OfficerPPMU, Government of MaharashtraCIDCO Bhavan, MJP - 2nd FloorWater Supply and Sanitation DepartmentCBD, Belapur, Navi MumbaiTel: 022-27562405Fax: 022-27564247

AMRAVATI DISTRICT

Mr. Vishnu Bute Chief Executive OfficerZilla Parishad AmravatiCamp AmravatiDistrict Amravati 444602Tel: 0721-662926

Mr. Ashok Chendasa Shahade Deputy ChiefExecutive Officer (VP)

Zilla Parishad Amravati (M.S.)

Uddaya Housing Society No. 1, Sainagar

Badnera Road Amravati

Tel: 0721-511756

AHMADNAGAR DISTRICT

Mr. Chandrakant Dalvi Chief Executive OfficerAhmadnagar Zilla ParishadTel: 0241-322428

Mr. Lahu Kanade Dy. Chief Executive Officer (VP)Ahmadnagar Zilla ParishadTel: 0241-353695

Mr. S.S. Gohad Executive Engineer, Rural WaterSupply DivisionAhmadnagar Zilla Parishad Tel: 0241-355896

Mr. A.M. Shirke Executive Engineer, RWSAhmadnagar Zilla Parishad

AURANGABAD DISTRICT

Mr. Pratap Savade RangnathraoDeputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Rural Development DepartmentAurangabad Zilla ParishadTel: 0240-380074/329716

CHANDRAPUR DISTRICT

Mr. Rajgadkar Prabhu Tanbaji

Additional Chief Executive OfficerZilla Parishad ChandrapurTel: 07172-58122 Fax: 07172-50671E-mail:prabhurajgadkar@hotmail.com

Mr. Ravindra Nathuji Gabhane

Deputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Zilla Parishad ChandrapurTel: 07172-50660

DHULE DISTRICT

Mr. Vilas Thakur Chief Executive OfficerDhule Zilla Parishad

Mr. Mondkar Executive Engineer, RWSDhule Zilla Parishad

Mr. Jayant Padvi Dy. Chief Executive Officer (VP)Dhule Zilla ParishadTel: 02562-37472Fax: 02562-235162

JALGAON DISTRICT

Mr. Ramchandra Narayan Joshi

Chief Executive OfficerJalgaon Zilla ParishadTel: 02587-223114/260828

Mr. Sunil M. Gaikwad

Dy. Chief Executive Officer (VP)Jalgaon Zilla Parishad, Bachat Pushpa,Z.P. Class I Qtrs., Mahabal Road, JalgaonTel: 0257-229110Fax: 0257-223074

Mr. R.D. Mundkar Executive EngineerRural Water Supply Division, Jalgaon Zilla ParishadTel: 0257-229853Fax: 0257-235162

JALNA DISTRICT

Mr. N.M. Raskar Addl. Chief Executive OfficerJalna Zilla ParishadTel: 02482-36081

Mr. Sunil Madhukerrao Kendrekar

Deputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Jalna Zilla ParishadTel: 02482-31672

E-mail: Sunilkendrekar@rediffmail.com

NANDED DISTRICT

Mr. Vijay Shantilal Nahata

Chief Executive OfficerZilla Parishad, A&P NandedTel: 02462-34207

Mr. Arvind Shankar Kotgire Executive EngineerRural Water Supply Division, Nanded Zilla ParishadTel: 02462-32891/47958Fax: 02462-46156

Mr. Sharat Kulkarni

Deputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Tel: 02462-32891/47958Fax: 02462-46156

NANDURBAR DISTRICT

Mr. S. Chokalingam Chief Executive OfficerNandurbar Zilla ParishadTel: 02564-22265E-mail: chocks@hotpop.com

Mr. T.P. Suryavanshi

Deputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)

Zilla Parishad Nandurbar

Tel: 02564-21010

Fax: 02564-23201

Mr. C.S. Nehete Block Development Officer

Panchayat Samiti Taloda

Zilla Parishad Nadurbar

Tel: 02564-32232

Mr. Devijibhai J. Rajput

32 Janata Park, NadurbarTel: 02569-50278

RAIGAD DISTRICT

Mr. Praveen Darade Chief Executive OfficerRaigad Zilla ParishadTel: 02141-22024

Mr. Shrikrishna Gajanan Dixit

Dy. Chief Executive Officer (VP)Raigad Zilla ParishadTel: 02141-22232

Mr. Bhirud Vasudeo LiladharExecutive Engineer (Civil) PWDZilla Parishad, AlibaugGovt. Quarter No.1, Govt. Colony,Chendhare Village, AlibaugTel : 02141-22046

Mr. Dharola Executive Engineer - RWSRaigad Zilla Parishad

RATNAGIRI DISTRICT

Mr. R. Singh Chief Executive OfficerRatnagiri Zilla Parishad

Mr. Gajanan Balvant ChalkeDeputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Zilla Parishad OfficeDr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Bhavan, RatnagiriTel: 02352-22428/22126 Fax: 02352-22126

SANGLI DISTRICT

Dr. K.H. Govindaraj Chief Executive OfficerSangli Zilla Parishad, Sangli 416 416Tel: 0233-372720/372715 Fax: 0372730E-mail: govigowda@yahoo.com

Mr. Mallinath S. KalshettiDeputy Chief Executive Officer (VP)Sangli Zilla ParishadTel: 0233-372726 Fax: 0233-372730

SATARA DISTRICTMr. Shewale Dattatray Mahadev SecretaryM.N. Roy In Non-formal Education & Re KarasAt Post-Karas, District SataraTel: 02164-71795

YAVATMAL DISTRICT

Mr. Ravindra Jadhav Chief Executive OfficerZilla Parishad Yavatmal, M.S. 445 001Tel: 07232-44251Fax: 07232-44397

Mr. P.H. Rathod Dy. Chief Executive Officer (VP)Zilla Parishad YavatmalTel: 07152-45249 Fax: 07152-44397

MIZORAM

GOVERNMENT OF MIZORAM

Office of the Chief Engineer:PHE Mizoram, AizwalTel: 0389-314078/79Fax: 0389-323672

Mr. Lalrammawia Executive Engineer (Monitoring)

Mr. H.C. Lalnunzira Executive Engineer (P)

RESOURCE PERSONS

WATERAID, INDIA

22 A 1st Street, New ColonyMannarpurum, Thiruchirappali 620 020, Tamil NaduTel: 0431-422276 Fax: 0431-422185 E-mail:waindia@satyam.net.in; try_waindia@sancharnet.in

Mr. Shunmuga Paramasivan

Country Representative

Ms. Chandra Ganapathy Coordinator

Mr. S. Ramesh Sakthivel Advocacy Officer

VILLAGE EDUCATION

RESOURCE CENTER (VERC)

Anandapur, Savar, DhakaTel: (880-2) 7710779, 7710412Fax: 8113095Mobile: 017-404519E-mail: verc@bangla.net

Mr. Yakub Hossain Deputy Director

Mr. Masud Hasan Associate Coordinator

WEST BENGAL

Mr. Chandi C. Dey CoordinatorWater and Sanitation SectionRamaKrishna Mission Lok Sikshya ParishadNarendrapur, Kolkata 700 103Tel: 033-4772207/0975Fax : 033-4772070E-mail: rkmlpndp@vsnl.cal.net.in

Mr. M.V. Rao District MagistrateMedinipur, West Bengal 721101Tel: 03222-62570/62315Fax: 03222-62427E-mail: mv_rao@hotmail.com

NGOs

Mr. Sameer Kurvey DirectorCentre of Science for VillagesWardha Maharashtra 442 001Tel: 07152-44460 Fax: 07152-40066

Mr. S. C. Jain Unit ManagerAFPRO Field Unit-IRose Cottage, Station Road, Ahmadnagar 414 001Tel: 0241-341265 Fax: 0241-323532E-mail: afu1@pn3.vsnl.net.in

Ms. Prema Gopalan DirectorSwayam Shikshan Prayog58, CVOD Jain High School84, Samuel Street, Dongri, Mumbai 400 009Tel: 022-3780730, 3700853Fax: 022-3708000E-mail: ssp2000@vsnl.com

Mr. Santosh Kalyane ConsultantSwayam Shikshan Prayog58, CVOD Jain High School84, Samuel Street, Dongri, Mumbai 400 009Tel: 022-3780730, 3700853Fax: 022-3708000E-mail: ssp2000@vsnl.com

Mr. Santosh KumarSwayam Shikshan Prayog58, CVOD Jain High School84, Samuel Street, Dongri, Mumbai 400 009Tel: 022-3780730, 3700853Fax: 022-3708000E-mail: ssp2000@vsnl.com

Mr. Deepak Sanyal

Hon. Executive ChairmanHygiene IndiaAmeya, Plot No. 27,B.T. Kawade Road, Pune 36Tel: 020-6873070/6877776Fax: 020-4000003

Mr. Prashant Narode

Sanskar Vahini Gram Vikas Sikshan Sanstha

44 Kolhatkar Colony, Shilangan Road, Amravati

Tel: 0721-564917

Fax: 0721-552867

E-mail: sanskar93@rediffmail.com

Mr. Nanasaheb B. Naravade Project DirectorEkatmic Krushi Gramin Vikash SanthaMain Road Harshool, AurangabadTel: 0240-380074/21631

Mr. Munesh Khobragade SecretaryRajaneeben SansthaGautam Nagar, Mahatama Fuley RoadAt-Post-Tah-Sindewahi, District ChandrapurTel: 07172-88174

Mr. Dinesh Bhaurao Shisode PresidentRajarshi Shahu Sevabhavi Samstha27 Saraswati Colony, Dhule RoadAmalner, District JalgaonTel: 02587-25143

Mr. Vasantrao G. Deshmukh PresidentAmbika Krishi & Grameen Vikas SansthaBahnapur, District JalnaTel: 02482-64052

Mr. Vilas Dattatray Dhalkari

Project CoordinatorLate Ulhhas Memorial Trust KondharNear Bus Stand, Kondhar At POTaluka Kondar, District NandatTel: 02462-47958 Fax: 02462-46156

Mr. Vinayak Madhav Tikekar Programme OfficerPRIDE IndiaIngawale Building, Mahad RaigadTel: 02145-22521 Fax: 02145-22492

Mr. Ramchandra Prabhakar Deshpande

Project CoordinatorSiddhi Trust, Pitre Sankul, A/P DevrukhTaluka SangameshwarDistrict Ratnagiri 415 804Tel: 02354-40067

Mr. Rajendra Kumbhar NGO Representative

Mr. Sunil Tote ChairmanGram Bahu Uddeshiy Shikshan SansthaShrinivas Colony, Jojodiya Layout, Wardha 442 001Tel: 07152-45847

CONSULTING FIRMS

Ms. Archana Patkar Consultant, JSe Consulting201A Gagangiri, 10 Carter Road, KharMumbai 400 052Tel: 91-22-26040874/26044934Fax: 91-22-26905700E-mail: patkar@bom5@vsnl.net.in

Dr. Reshma J. Trasi Health Planning &

Administration, JSe Consulting

201A Gagangiri, 10 Carter Road, Khar

Mumbai 400 052

Tel: 91-22-26040874/26044934

Fax: 91-22-26905700

E-mail: jseconsult@vsnl.in

Ms. Akshata Patkar Development Anthropologist

JSe Consulting

201A Gagangiri, 10 Carter Road,

Khar, Mumbai 400 052

Tel: 91-22-26040874/26044934

Fax: 91-22-26905700

E-mail: jseconsult@vsnl.in

MULTILATERAL AGENCIES

UNICEF

Ms.Renu Gera Project Officer, WES

UNICEF

19, Parsi Panchayat Road

Andheri East, Mumbai

Tel: 022-8269538

Fax: 022-8269539

WORLD BANK

R.R. Mohan Senior Social Development Specialist

The World Bank

70 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003

Tel: 011-24617241

Fax: 011-24619393

WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM -

SOUTH ASIA

55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003

Tel: 011-24690488/89 Fax: 011-24628250

E-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org

Mr. Junaid Kamal Ahmad Regional Team Leader

Dr. Vivek Srivastava

Team Leader - India

Ms. Soma Ghosh Moulik

Urban Institutional Specialist

Dr. Kamal Kar PRA Development Consultant

Mr. J.V. R. Murthy

Sector Reform Coordinator, Maharashtra

Mr. C. Ajith Kumar

Sector Reform Coordinator, Maharashtra

Mr. M. Kullappa

Sector Reform Coordinator, Andhra Pradesh

Mr. Susheel Samuel

Sector Reform Coordinator, Kerala

Ms. Poonam Chitkara Program Assistant

Ms. Carolyn Williams Editorial Consultant