a search for anti-biotics & anti-microbials
TRANSCRIPT
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A search for
Antibiotics & Antimicrobials
Human well-being
Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India
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Bacteria
PPRC/INDIA 01
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About bacterial diseases
Caused by bacteria
Range from minor skin infections to bubonic
plague and tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria,
meningitis and syphilis
Bacteria cause diseases by secreting / excreting
toxins by producing toxins internally
PPRC/INDIA 02
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Bacterial diseases
Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax
Gastro-intestinal anthrax
Whooping cough
Bacterial pneumonia
Lyme disease
PPRC/INDIA 03
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Bacterial diseases
Brucellosis
Acute enteritis
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Trachoma
Psiltacosis
PPRC/INDIA 04
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Bacterial diseases
Conjunctivitis of newborn (ICN)
Botulism
Pseudomembranchus colitis
Gas gangrene
Anaerobic cellulitis
Tetanus
PPRC/INDIA 05
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Bacterial diseases
Diphtheria
Nosocomial infections
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
Diarrhoea
Meningitis in children
PPRC/INDIA 06
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Bacterial diseases
Haemorrhagic colitis
Haemolytic-uremic syndrome
Upper respiratory tract infections
Peptic ulcer
Gastric carcinoma
PPRC/INDIA 07
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Bacterial diseases
Legionnaire’s disease
Pontiac fever
Leptospirosis
Lesteriosis
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
PPRC/INDIA 08
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Bacterial diseases
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Gonorrhoea
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Septic arthritis
Typhoid fever
Salmonellosis
PPRC/INDIA 09
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Fungus
PPRC/INDIA 10
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About Fungal diseases
Caused by fungi in the environment
Most are not dangerous
Some types are harmful to health
These are > 1.5 mn different species
of fungi on earth
300 are known
PPRC/INDIA 11
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Fungal diseases
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Candidiasis
Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
C. neoformans cryptococcosis
PPRC/INDIA 12
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Fungal diseases
C. gattii cryptococcosis
Dermatophytes
Fungal keratitis
Histoplasmosis
Ringworm
PPRC/INDIA 13
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Fungal infections (Mycosis)
Estimated to occur in over a billion people / yr
Infects skin, nails, respiratory tract, alimentary canal
‘Candida albicans’ cause most fungal infections
Antibiotics & immuno-suppressive drugs e.g.
Corticosteroids are major factors contributing to
frequency of fungal infections
PPRC/INDIA 14
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Dermatophyte infections
Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)
Nail infections (Tinea unguium)
Ringworm of the body (Tinea corporis)
Ringworm of the groin (Tinea cruris)
Ringworm of the scalp (Tinea capitis)
PPRC/INDIA 15
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Yeast infections
Interigo
Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)
Thrush (Candida albicans)
PPRC/INDIA 16
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Some of the antibiotics
Amkin
Kantex
Neofradin
Netromycin
Neboin
Humatin
PPRC/INDIA 17
Trobicin
Xifaxan
Lorabid
Invanz
Doribax
Primaxin
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Some of the antibiotics
Merrem
Ancef
Keffin
Mandol
Cefzil
Suprax
PPRC/INDIA 18
Keflex
Cefobid
Claforan
Vantin
Fortaz
Cedax
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Some of the antibiotics
Maxiprime
Teflaro
Zeftera
Vancocin
Vibativ
Cleocin
PPRC/INDIA 19
Lencocin
Cubcin
Xithrone
Biaxin
Dynabac
Erythrocin
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Some of the antibiotics
Erythroped
Ketek
Rovamycin
Azactam
Furoxone
Zyvox
PPRC/INDIA 20
Amoxil
Chloromycitin
Tetracyclin
Vibramycin
Teramycin
Acromycin
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Side effects of antibiotics
Stomach upset
Bitter taste
Itchiness
Rash
Anaemia
Headache
PPRC/INDIA 21
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Side effects of antibiotics
Discoloured urine
Nausea
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Sensitivity to sunlight
Enamel hypoplasia
PPRC/INDIA 22
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Side effects of antibiotics
Transisent depression of bone growth
Pneumonia
Mycoplasmal infections
Gonorrhoea
Bacterial prostatitis
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
PPRC/INDIA 23
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Phytoalexins
Plants are exposed in environment
They need defence mechanisms for
survival
The plants produce secondary
metabolites – “Phytoalexins”
Have broad range of activity
PPRC/INDIA 24
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Phyto antimicrobials
in
Drug market
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Styrax
PPRC/INDIA 26
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Styrax
Anti-microbial compound: Benzoic
acid
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 27
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Cinchona & Remijima
PPRC/INDIA 28
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Cinchona & Remijima
Anti-microbial compound: Quinine
hydrochloride
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 29
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Coptis japonica
PPRC/INDIA 30
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Coptis japonica
Anti-microbial compound: Berberine
chloride
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 31
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Rhus japonica
PPRC/INDIA 32
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Rhus japonica
Anti-microbial compound: Tannic acid,
berberine
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 33
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Salix sub fragilis
PPRC/INDIA 34
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Salix sub fragilis
Anti-microbial compound: Salicylic
acid
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 35
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Cinnamomum camphora
PPRC/INDIA 36
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Cinnamomum camphora
Anti-microbial compound: Camphor
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 37
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Antimicrobial compounds
in
Pharmaceuticals
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Aloe vera
PPRC/INDIA 39
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Aloe vera
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae
Compound: Anthraquinones
Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections
PPRC/INDIA 40
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Arnica
PPRC/INDIA 41
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Arnica
Family: Asteraceae
Compound: Sesquiterpene, lactones
Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections
PPRC/INDIA 42
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Tea tree oil
PPRC/INDIA 43
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Tea tree oil
Leaves of: Melaleuca alternifolia
Compound: Terpene hydrocarbone
Bioactivity: Skin infections
PPRC/INDIA 44
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Berberis
PPRC/INDIA 45
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Berberis
Family: Berberidaceae
Compound: Phenol glycoside
Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic
PPRC/INDIA 46
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Cranberry
PPRC/INDIA 47
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Cranberry
Family: Ericaceae
Compound: Plant acids
Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic
PPRC/INDIA 48
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Echinacea
PPRC/INDIA 49
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Echinacea
Family: Asteraceae
Compound: Polysaccharide
Bioactivity: Stimulation of
immuno-stimulant
PPRC/INDIA 50
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Cinchona
PPRC/INDIA 51
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Cinchona
Family: Rubiaceae
Compound: Quinine
Bioactivity: Malaria remedy
PPRC/INDIA 52
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Phyto anti-microbial compounds
for
antiseptics
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Grape
PPRC/INDIA 54
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Grape
Family: Vitaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Pectin
PPRC/INDIA 55
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Thuja
PPRC/INDIA 56
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Thuja
Family: Cupressaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Hinokitiol
PPRC/INDIA 57
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Magnolia
PPRC/INDIA 58
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Magnolia
Family: Magnoliaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Magnolol
PPRC/INDIA 59
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Euonymus
PPRC/INDIA 60
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Euonymus
Family: Celastraceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Capillene
PPRC/INDIA 61
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Forsythia
PPRC/INDIA 62
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Forsythia
Family: Oleaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Pillyrin
PPRC/INDIA 63
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Swertia
PPRC/INDIA 64
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Swertia
Family: Gentianaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Benzoic acid
PPRC/INDIA 65
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Phellodendron
PPRC/INDIA 66
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Phellodendron
Family: Rutaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Berberine
PPRC/INDIA 67
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Tea tree oil
PPRC/INDIA 68
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Tea tree oil
Family: Myrtaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Essential
oil
PPRC/INDIA 69
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Antifungal compounds
from
PLANTS
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Grape
PPRC/INDIA 71
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Grape
Family: Vitaceae
Compounds: Grape fruit seed extract
Ref: Jo. et. al. 1994
PPRC/INDIA 72
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Mustard
PPRC/INDIA 73
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Mustard
Family: Brassicaceae
Compounds: Allyl isolisothiocyanate
Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978
PPRC/INDIA 74
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Clove, allspice, cinnamon
PPRC/INDIA 75
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Clove, allspice, cinnamon
PPRC/INDIA 76
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Clove, allspice, cinnamon
Family: Myrtaceae
Compound: Eugenol
Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978
PPRC/INDIA 77
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Thuja
PPRC/INDIA 78
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Thuja
Family: Cupressaceae
Compound: Thymol
Ref: Grayer & Harbone 1994
PPRC/INDIA 79
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Thyme
PPRC/INDIA 80
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Thyme
Family: Labiatae
Compound: Carvacrol
Ref: Dan Palevitch 1994
PPRC/INDIA 81
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Origanum vulgare
PPRC/INDIA 82
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Origanum vulgare
Family: Lamiaceae
Compound: Organic oil
Ref: Pasture et. al. 1990
PPRC/INDIA 83
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Some more POTENT plants
as
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents
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Tulas (Ocimum sanctum)
PPRC/INDIA 85
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Bael (Aegle marmelos)
PPRC/INDIA 86
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Neem (Azadirachta indica)
PPRC/INDIA 87
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Schima wallichii sp. liukiuensis
PPRC/INDIA 88
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Acacia nilotica
PPRC/INDIA 89
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Bittergourd
PPRC/INDIA 90
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Thank You !!
“BE WITH US”