A SEMINAR PAPER ON

Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality Influenced by Pruning

Course Title: Seminar

Course Code: HRT 598

Winter, 2017

SUBMITTED TO:

Course Instructors

1. Prof. Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam

Department of GPB

BSMRAU, Gazipur

2. Dr. Md. Abdullahil Baki Bhuiyan

Assistant Professor

Department of Plant Pathology

BSMRAU, Gazipur

Major Professor

Dr. EmrulKayesh

Associate Professor

Department of Horticulture

BSMRAU, Gazipur

SUBMITTED BY:

Ananya Sarker

MS Student

Reg. No.: 16-11-4144

Department of Horticulture

BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SALNA, GAZIPUR 1706

Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality Influenced by Pruning

Ananya Sarker

ABSTRACT

Tomato, a member of Solanaceae family is one of the important, popular and nutritious

vegetables. In Bangladesh, the tomato yield is not enough to meet up with the requirement. The

tomato growers of our country do not have much knowledge of using proper manament practices

and due to the lack of improved cultural practices, the tomato yield is decreased. However, soil

and climatic conditions of our country are suitable for proper growth of tomato but without

improved management practices especially pruning, tomato yield can not be increased. Tomato

plant can be severely pruned without affecting the yield. Three stem pruning gave better quality

and desirable growth of tomato. One stem pruning and two stem pruning inhanced overall

growth, yield and quality. Two stem pruning also found better against insect, pest infestation

with a better fruit size, shape and weight of tomato. Therefore, Pruning practice should be

adopted for getting good size and quality as well as maximum fruit yield of tomato.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 ABSTRACT i

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ii

3 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

iii-iv

4 INTRODUCTION 1-2

5 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3

6 REVIEW OF FINDINGS

4-17

7 CONCLUSION 18

8 REFERENCES 19-20

LIST OF THE TABLES

TABLENO. TITLE PAGE

1. Different stage of pruning effect on plant height 6

2. Effect of different levels of pruning on number of fruit cluster

per plant, number of flower per cluster and percent fruit set.

8

3. Effect of different stages of pruning on number of flower per

cluster.

8

4. Effect of different stages of pruning on days to 50% flowering 9

5. Effect of levels of pruning on number of fruit per plant and

weight of fruit per plant.

10

6. Effect of different levels of pruning on fruit width and fruit wall

thickness.

12

7. Pruning effect on fruit firmness, shape index and no. of locules. 15

8. Different levels of pruning on disease and insect attack. 16

9. Effect of pruning method on concentric circular cracking, radial

cracking, rough fruit, and susceptibility to late blight of Early

Girl tomato.

17

LIST OF THE FIGURES

FIGURENO. TITLE PAGE

1 Pruning of tomato plants.

4

2 Simple pruning and Missouri pruning

5

3 Pruning effect on plant height of Tomato plant

6

4 Pruning effect on number of flower cluster per plant

7

5 Pruning effect on response of flowering

9

6 Effect of pruning on single fruit weight (gm)

11

7 Effect of pruning on yield of tomato

11

8 Fruits of tomato 12

9 Mean fruit length as influenced by prunning during 2005 and 2006.

13

10 Mean fruit diameter as influenced by prunning during 2005 and

2006.

14

11 Effect of pruning on brix %

15

12 Effect of pruning on fruit crack (%)

16

13 Effect of pruning on virus infestation

17

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) is one of the most important edible and nutritious

vegetable crops in Bangladesh. It is a member of solanaceae family. Tomato is a self crossing

annual crop. Because of its well adaptability to broad range of soil and climate in our country, it

is grown in all home garden and in the field condition also. It ranks next to potato and sweet

potato in respect of vegetable production in the world. The cultivated area under tomato in

Bangladesh is 6.81%, average yield 5451 kg/acre, total production 368000 tons. (BBS, 2016),

which is very low compared to other countries like India (15.67 t/ha), Japan (52.82 t/ha), USA

(65.22 t/ha), China (30.39 t/ha), Egypt (34.00 t/ha) and Turkey (41.77 t/ha) (FAO, 2008). The

low yield potentiality of this crop is responsible for the lower yield attribute viz., unavailability

of quality seeds of improved varieties, improper management of fertilizers, irrigation, disease

control and lack of suitable pruning practices. Tomato cultivated in all parts of Bangladesh due

to its adaptability to wide range of soil and climate (Hoque et al. 1999).

Tomato fruit is classified as a berry. As a true fruit, it develops from the ovary of the plant after

fertilization, its flesh comprising the pericarp walls. It is a good source of vitamins (A and C)

and minerals (Hobson and Davies, 1971; Kalloo, 1991). It is also the dependable source of

vitamin A, B and C, minerals, Ca, P and Fe (Islam, 1996). More than 7% of total vitamin-C of

vegetable origin comes from tomato in Bangladesh (BBS. 2008). Tomato also contains 385 IU

beta carotene which is very much effective against night blindness (Hussain et al., 2006).

Tomato is used as for salad as well as processed products like tomato sauce, pickle, ketchup,

puree, dehydrated and whole peeled tomatoes. It is equally preferred from the richest to the

poorest people of our county due to its good taste and easy availability. Tomato is one of the

most important crops widely grown, but yield variation was observed in different agro-

ecological zones. Yield as a complex character depends on many quantitative components and is

influenced by environmental factors. Yield also expression of a genotype is mainly governed by

environment and other management factors. Tomato yield in the tropics is much lower than that

in the temperate zone due to several factors like high humidity high temperature, excessive

rainfall, disease and pest (Villareal, 2006, Opena, 2007). Yield variation may be occurred due to

variation in cultural practices.

Removal of excessive and undesirable growth and structures for management of plant growth is

called pruning. Pruning is an art and science. This allows light to penetrate the canopy for

fruiting, balance reproductive and vegetative growth for optimal yield. The size and quality of

fruit increased by pruning for long time. Properly pruned plants bear fruit of good size, color,

texture and chemical content. (Acquaah, 2006). The quality of tomato has major contribution on

the production and changes in socio-economic status of the farmers in Bangladesh. The average

yield tomato was found 32.78 t/ha. The overall socio-economic status of the sample farmers was

found increased by 20.33 percent (Karim et al., 2009).

However, the benefits of pruning according to Chen and Lal (1999), pruned plants that are

appropriately spaced produce larger, earlier and relatively reasonable fruit yield than non-pruned

plants of tomato. Thus, considering the above I have fixed the following two objectives in this

review.

Objectives

To know the effect of pruning on growth and yield of tomato.

To know the effect of pruning on the quality of tomato.

CHAPTER -2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This seminar paper is exclusively a review paper so all of the information has been collected

from the secondary sources. During preparation of this paper I collected key information from

various relevant books, journals, proceedings, reports, publications etc. Findings related to my

topic have been reviewed with the help of the library facilities of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur

Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) and I have also searched related internet web sites

to collect information. I got valuable suggestion and information from my course instructors, my

major professor and other resource personnel. After collecting all the available information, I

myself compiled and prepared this seminar manuscript.

CHAPTER-3

REVIEW OF FINDINGS

Removing of axillary shoots or suckers which grow between the main stem and leaf that will

promote early harvest and enhance disease tolerance by increasing air circulation around the

plant is called Pruning. Fig.1 shows the method of pruning practice in tomato plant. If the

objective is early harvest and while pruning practice may be very labour intensive, tomatoes

within a high tunnel should be pruned incase of field production. Obtaining a balance between

fruit growth and vine is the target of pruning practice. In pruning practice, all the suckers are

removed up to one below the first flower cluster to get two stems per plant (Fig.1). Puning is

done when the suckers are less than 4 inches long and If the suckers are wet the plants should not

be pruned. To protect against disease outbreak balanced fungicide should be applied after

completing pruning practice ( Lewis, 2007).

Fig. 1: Pruning of tomato

Source: Lewis, (2007)

Axillar

y

shoot

Pruning is practiced in two ways, one is simple pruning and another is Missouri pruning. This

two ways deal with a sucker that isn't destined to become a stem. Fig. 2 shows the simple and

Missouri pruning method. Pinching off the sucker entirely not surprisingly is known as simple

pruning. It is the simplst method of pruning. Simple pruning is done when the suckers are small

and succulent. The base should be grabbed of it between thumb and index finger and bend it

back and forth. The suckers should snap off for producing a small wound that will heal quickly.

Knife or scissors should not use because they infect the resulting stump easily. If a sucker is too

robust and leathery to snap off , a sharp blade can be used. A retractable razor knife is

recommended (Fig. 2).

In case of Missouri pruning, only the tip of the suckers should be pinched remaining one or two

leaves. The merits of Missouri pruning is that leaf area of the plant is increased which promote

more photosynthesis and it save the developing fruit from sun-scald. The demerit is that

Missouri pruning give new suckers along the side branch which results another pruning chores

in future (Frank Ferrandino, 2007).

Fig. 2: Simple pruning and Missouri pruning.

Source: Frank Ferrandino, (2007)

Fig. 3: Pruning effect on plant height of tomato plant.

A. Influence of Pruning on Growth of Tomato Plant

Plant height

Pruning has important effect on plant height. According to ( Uddin et. al., 1997), plant height of

tomato is greatly influenced by pruning practice. One stem pruning gave 143.8 cm plant height

and 114.08 cm plant height was obtained from unpruned plant (Fig. 3).

Source: Uddin et. al., (1997)

In another report (Islam, 1996), it was found that plant height was not influenced greatly by

different pruning level. The plant height (117.1 cm) was obtained from single stem pruning up

to 1st flower cluster at last harvest and unpruned plants gave plant height (116.7) at last harvest

(Table 1).

Table 1. Different stage of pruning effect on plant height

Treatment Plant height (cm)

1st Harvest Last harvest

P1 108.8a 117.1a

P2 110.6a 117.1a

P0 108.5a 116.7a

P1= Single stem pruning, P2= Pruning up to 1st flower cluster, P0= No pruning

Source: Islam , (1996)

143.8134 136.3

114.08

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

One stempruning

Two stempruning

Three stempruning

No pruning

Plant Height

B. Effect of pruning on the yield and yield components of tomato

1. No. of flower cluster per plant

Number of flower cluster is greatly influenced by pruning. It was found that number of flower

clusters decreased if the severity of pruning increased (Islam, 1996). One stem pruning gave

(9.25) number of flower cluster per plant because of the presence of more side branches. In case

of pruning up to 1st flower cluster and no pruning , the number of flower cluster decreased. It

was found that pruning upto 1st flowering and unpruned plant gave (7.33) and (5.17) number of

flower cluster per plant respectively (Fig. 4). Similar results were also reported by ( Baki, 2009)

and (Rahman et al., 1988) .

Fig. 4: Pruning effect on number of flower cluster per plant.

Source: Islam , (1996.)

9.25

7.33

5.17

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

One stem pruning Pruning upto 1stflowering

No pruning

No of flower cluster per plant

2. No of flower per cluster and fruit cluster per plant

The number of fruit cluster per plant decreases with the increase in severity of pruning (Uddin

et. al. 1997). Single stem pruning gave (9.15) number of flowere per cluster and (6.28) number

of flower per cluster obtained from unpruned plant. Number of fruit cluster per plant (6.45) and

(43.26%) fruit set found in single stem pruning and in case of unpruned plant number of fruit

cluster per plant (16.70) and (22.57%) fruit set ( Table 2).

Table 2. Effect of different levels of pruning on number of flower per cluster, number of fruit

cluster per plant and percent fruit set

Treatment Number of

flower/cluster

Number of fruit

cluster/plant

Fruit set (% )

One stem pruning (P1)

9.15 6.45 43.26

Two stem pruning (P2)

7.67 7.88 36.39

Three stem pruning (P3) 7.20 8.88 38.39

No pruning (P0) 6.28 16.70 22.57

Source: Uddin et. al., (1997.)

According to (Islam ,1996) , number of flower per cluster did not affected by pruning level.

The one stem pruning plant gave (7.58) , pruning upto 1st flower cluster gave (7.17) and

unpruned plant gave (7.08) number of flower per cluster respectively (Table 3).

Table 3. Effect of different stages of pruning on number of flower per cluster

Treatment No. of flower per cluster

The single stem pruning 7.58

Pruning up to 1st flower cluster 7.17

No pruning 7.08

Source: Islam, (1996.)

3. Days to 1st Flowering and 50% flowering

In a study ( Ara et al., 2007) , it was found that flowering date of tomato plants is greatly

affected by pruning practice. Fig. 5 shows different pruning effect on response of flowering. In

case of single stem pruning and no pruning (55 days) was required for 1st flowering .Two and

three stem pruned plant needed (49 days) and (48 days) for 1st flowering respectively. Similarly

(72 days) required in one stem pruning and (62 days) required in two stem pruning for 50%

flowering. Three stem pruned plant and unpruned plant gave flower at (65 days) and (68 days)

respectively (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5: Pruning effect on response of flowering.

Source: Ara et al.,( 2007.)

In another study (Islam ,1996), it was found that pruning did not affect the days to 50%

flowering. Single stem pruned plant needed (36 days), unpruned plant required ( 37 days) and

incase of pruning upto 1st flower cluster (35 days) needed (Table 4).

Table 4. Effect of different stages of pruning on days to 50% flowering

Treatment Days to 50% flowering

The single stem pruning 36

Pruning up to 1st flower cluster 35

No pruning 37

Source: Islam, (1996)

4 . Number of fruit per plant and weight of fruit per plant

Number and weight of fruit per plant is influenced by pruning (Uddin et al.,1997). Table 5

shows the effect of different pruning level on number of fruit per plant and weight of fruit per

plant . In case of two stem pruning, number of marketable fruits (21) per plant and (16) number

of fruit per plant obtained from single stem pruning. Similarly marketable weight per plant (

2110 gm) was obtained from two stem pruning and unpruned plant gave (1420 gm) marketable

weight of fruit per plant. Single stem pruning gave (240 gm) non marketable fruit weight and

(161.17 gm) non marketable fruit weight obtained from unpruned plant (Table 5).

Table 5. Effect of levels of pruning on number of fruit per plant and weight of fruit per plant

Pruning

Number of fruit/plant

Weight of fruit/plant

Marketable Non-

marketable

Marketable

(gm)

Non-marketable

(gm)

One stem pruning (P1)

16.0 4.22 1900 240.0

Two stem pruning (P2)

21.0 4.77 2110 209.17

Three stem pruning (P3)

20.5 5.58 1870 215.3

No pruning (P0)

17.0 6.82 1420 161.17

Source: Uddin et al.,( 1997)

Single fruit weight is influenced by pruning (Islam, 1996). Single stem pruning gave (111.7 gm)

single fruit weight whereas , unpruned plant gave (79.33 gm) single fruit weight (Fig.6).

Fig. 6: Effect of pruning on single fruit weight.

Source: Islam, (1996.)

5. Yield of tomato (t/ha)

According to the findings of (Ara et al. 2007), yield of tomato plant is affected by pruning

practice. It was observed that the two stem pruning gave (87.18 t/ ha) yield and (78.17 t/ha) yield

was recorded from single stem pruning while three stem pruned and unpruned plant gave(77.43

t/ha) and (58.65 t/ha) yield respectively (Fig.7).

Fig. 7: Effect of pruning on yield of tomato.

Source: Ara et al., (2007)

111.17

86.1480.36 79.33

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

One stempruning

Two stempruning

Three stempruning

No pruning

Fruit weight/gm

C. Effect of Pruning on Quality of Tomato Fruit

1. Fruit width and fruit wall thickness

Fruit characters of tomato are greatly influenced by Pruning. Pruning affects fruit length, fruit

width, fruit diameter, fruit wall thickness etc ( Ara et al., 2007).

Fig. 8: Fruits of tomato.

Source: Ara et al., (2007).

Table 6 shows the effect of pruning on fruit width and fruit wall thickness. In case of fruit width,

single stem pruned plant gave (6.36cm) that was similar to two stem pruned plant (6.27cm) and

unpruned plant gave (5.67cm) fruit width. One stem pruned plant produced (0.8 cm) fruit wall

thickness whereas ,(0.45 cm) fruit wall thickness recorded from unpruned plant (Table 6).

Table 6. Effect of different levels of pruning on fruit weight and fruit wall thickness

Treatment Fruit width (cm) Fruit wall thickness

(cm)

One stem

pruning (P1)

6.36 0.8

Two stem

pruning (P2)

6.27 0.7

Three stem

pruning (P3)

5.67 0.6

No pruning (P0) 5.61 0.45

Source: Ara et al.,( 2007)

2. Effect of pruning on fruit length and fruit diameter

Pruning has an important effect on fruit length and fruit diameter (Muhammad and Singh, 2007).

Fig.9 shows the pruning effect on mean fruit length and mean fruit diameter . Pruned plant gave

(6.30cm) fruit length and (4.35cm) diameter while unpruned plant produced (5.81cm) and

(4.01cm) respectively. Similar results for fruit length and diameter were also recorded from

(Ahmad and Singh 2005). This result was attributed by the authors to get less mutual shading

exhibited by pruned plants for high photosynthetic rate ( Fig. 9).

Fig. 9: Mean fruit length as influenced by prunning during 2005 and 2006.

Source: Muhammad and Singh,( 2007.)

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

Three stem prunning Two stem prunning Unprunned

Fruit length (cm) 2005

Fruit length (cm) 2006

Fruit length (cm) combined

Three stem pruning produced (6.25cm) mean fruit length and two stem pruned plant gave

(6.37cm) while unpruned plant gave (5.54cm). The three stem pruning gave (4.47cm) mean fruit

diameter and (4.34cm) mean fruit diameter was recorded from two stem pruned plant

while,(3.73cm) mean fruit diameter was obtained from unpruned plant. Because of having a

reduced vegetative sink, pruned plant produced larger fruit size than unpruned plant. Incase of

pruned plant a larger portion of photosynthetic area divided into reproductive sink whereas, the

shoots of unpruned plant used most of photosynthats for respiration (Fig.10).

Fig. 10: Mean fruit diameter as influenced by prunning during 2005 and 2006.

Source: Muhammad and Singh( 2007).

0

1

2

3

4

5

Three stem prunning Two stem prunning Unprunned

Fruit diameter (cm) 2005

Fruit diameter (cm) 2006

Fruit diameter (cm) combined

3. Brix % of fruit

Brix % of tomato fruit was differed in different pruning level (Ara et al. 2007). Two stem

pruning produced (4.80) brix % and (4.50) brix % was obtained from three stem pruning (Fig.

11).

Fig. 11: Effect of pruning on brix %

Source: Ara et al., (2007)

4. Pruning effect on fruit firmness , shape index and no. of locules

Fruit firmness, shape index and no. of locules in fruit was greatly influenced by pruning. (Uddin

et al., 1997). The three stem pruning gave fruit firmness (3.03 kg/cm2) and shape index (0.91)

while fruit firmness (2.47 kg/cm2) and shape index (0.86) was recorded from unpruned plant.

Two stem pruning and no pruning produced (3.95) and (3.83) no. of locules respectively (Table

7).

Table 7. Pruning effect on Fruit firmness, shape index and no. of locules

Source: Uddin et al., (1997.)

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

One stempruning

Two stempruning

Three stempruning

No pruning

Bri

x %

Treatment Fruit firmness

(kg/cm2)

Shape index No. of locules

One stem pruning (P1) 2.89 0.88 3.83

Two stem pruning (P2) 2.82 0.88 3.95

Three stem pruning (P3) 3.03 0.91 3.85

No pruning (P0) 2.47 0.86 3.95

5. Effect of pruning on the crack percentage of fruit:

Crack percentage of tomato fruit was affected by pruning( Uddin et al., 1997) . It was found that

crack percentage changed with different pruning levels. Single stem pruning formed crack

(9.98%) while unpruned plant gave crack (3.34%) in tomato fruit (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12: Effect of pruning on crack % of tomato.

Source: Uddin et al ( 1997)

6. Effect of pruning on disease and insect infestation

A prominent pruning effect was found on disease and insect infestation of tomato plants (Uddin

et al., 1997). In case of southern blight, (15.21%) infestation was observed in unpruned plant

and in three stem pruned plant (12.29%) was recorded. Fruit worm produced (9.58%) and

(8.09%) infestation in one stem and two stem pruning respectively (Table 8).

Table 8. Different levels of pruning on disease and insect attack

Treatment Southern blight (%) Fruit worm (%)

One stem pruning (P1) 14.69 9.58

Two stem pruning (P2) 12.71 8.09

Three stem pruning (P3) 12.29 8.40

No pruning (P0) 15.21 8.62

Source: Uddin et al., (1997)

9.98

3.14

5.626.33

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

One stempruning

Two stempruning

Three stempruning

No pruning

Crack %

A noticeable effect of pruning was observed on virus infestation of tomato plant. Single stem

pruned plant gave (3.85%) virus infestation and (1.35%) virus infestation was recorded from

unpruned plant (Fig. 13).

Fig. 13: Effect of pruning on virus infestation.

Source: Uddin et al., (1997.)

Pruning has important effect on the variety Early Girl (Delbert, 2003). Table 9. shows the effect

of pruning on concentric circular ring, radial ring, rough fruit and susceptibility to late blight of

tomato. In case of pruned plant 15% concentric cracking,18% radial cracking and 14% rough

misshapen were found respectively while unpruned plant gave 11

% concentric cracking, 5% radial cracking and 4 % rough missahapen (Table 9).

Table 9. Effect of pruning method on concentric circular cracking, radial cracking, rough fruit,

and susceptibility to late blight of Tomato

Pruning method Conc. Cracking % Radial cracking% Rough misshapen %

Prunned 15 18 14

Unprunned 11 5 4

Source: Delbert,( 2003)

3.85

1.52

2.45

1.35

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

One stempruning

Two stempruning

Three stempruning

No Pruning

Virus infestation %

CHAPTER-4

CONCLUSION

Tomato is one of the most popular vegetable crops with high economic value. However

cultivated area of tomato is increasing but its low yield cannot fulfil our demand. The yield of

tomato is decreased due to the absence of proper cultural practices like pruning. One stem

pruning gives maximum plant height while unpruned plant produces minimum plant height.

Three stem pruning is effective in producing more flower cluster and maximum yield but

unpruned plant produces less flower cluster and low yield.

Poor farmers are not able to apply all the management practices, therefore proper pruning

method can help them to get high marketable yield which will fetch them good prices.

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