a short history of south africa. republic of south africa 48 million people: 80% black african, 9%...
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A Short History of South Africa
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Republic of South Africa
• 48 million people: 80% black African, 9% white, 9% Coloured, 2.5% Asian (mainly Indian and Chinese),
• 11 official languages recognized by Constitution (Top 5: isiZulu, isiXhosa, Afrikaans, Sepedi, English)
• Upper-middle-income country by GDP; industrial economy
• A regional powerhouse, attracting migrants from across southern Africa
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Hominid Species in Africa
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Bantu migration from Central Africa
• Bantu were iron-working farmers
• Reached South Africa around 1000 CE.
• Descendents include the present-day Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Xhosa
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Vasco Da Gama’s trip around the Cape of Good Hope, 1497-1499 CE
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Discovery of diamonds and gold
• Fueled Anglo-Boer Wars (late 19th cent), won by the British
• Prompted migration of young men from across southern Africa to work in the mines and urban areas
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Apartheid (Afrikaans for separation)• Racial segregation existed in
colonial times • But introduced more formally after
the election of the National Party in 1948
• Classification of people into 4 racial categories: Black, White, Indian, and Coloured
• Residential segregation; mixed marriages prohibited (1949); educational segregation (1953)
• In 1970, Blacks denied political representation and deprived of citizenship in South Africa; instead were citizens of their ethnic “homelands”
• Pass laws established to regulate Black migration into areas other than the homeland; one could only live there if one had employment (in mines or commercial businesses)
Homelands
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Resistance to Apartheid• African National Congress (ANC)
played an important role, not always peaceful (some terrorism and military efforts launched from neighboring countries)
• Schoolchildren a major source of protest
• 1976 Soweto riots prompted by introduction of Afrikaans language as language of instruction in schools
• Torture, imprisonment, rigged trials widely used against activists; state of emergency
• Serious political violence in the townships throughout 1980s (e.g., rent boycotts, militant youth)
• Violent confrontation; outright war seemed likely before apartheid’s end
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But instead, a peaceful transition….
• Nelson Mandela released from prison, & state of emergency lifted
• Negotiations between ANC and National Party government 1990-1993; violence between ANC and Zulu Inkatha Party in preparation for democracy
• Elections of 1994: ANC won 63% of the vote
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Post-Apartheid
• Rise of a Black middle class tied to politics and big business
• But high unemployment: 22% (comparison to US at height of Great Recession: 8%). High poverty rate of 30% in rural areas and townships.
• According to the GINI index (way of comparing inequality across countries), South Africa is second most unequal country in the world
• Because a regional powerhouse, many immigrants from across the region, and they are stigmatized and targets of violence
• Fears of violent crime
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Gini Coefficient
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