_________________________________ 1 Free Tibet

A short introduction of Germany

Geography

Location:

Central Europe, bordering the North Sea and the Baltic Sea between the

Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Area:

Total area: 356,910 km^2

༣༥༦༩༡༠

Land area: 349,520 km^2

༣༤༩༥༢༠

Includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German

Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October

1990.

༡༩༩༠ ༡༠ ༣

Land boundaries:

Total 3,621 km

༣༦༢༡

_________________________________ 2 Free Tibet

Austria 784 km

༧༤༨

Belgium 167 km

༡༦༧

Czech Republic 646 km

༦༤༦

Denmark 68 km

༦༨

France 451 km

༤༥༡

Luxembourg 138 km

༡༣༨

Netherlands 577 km

༥༧༧

Poland 456 km

༤༥༦

Switzerland 334 km

༣༣༤

Coastline:

2,389 km

༢༣༨༩

Climate:

_________________________________ 3 Free Tibet

Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional

warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity

Terrain:

Lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Natural resources:

Iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt,

nickel

Land use:

Arable land: 34%

༣༠

Permanent crops: 1%

༡

Meadows and pastures: 16%

༡༦

Forest and woodland: 30%

༣༠

Other: 19%

༡༩

_________________________________ 4 Free Tibet

Irrigated land:

4,800 km2 (1989 est.)

༡༩༨༩ ༤༨༠༠

Environment:

Current issues:

Emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries and lead emissions

from vehicle exhausts (the result of continued use of leaded fuels)

contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide

emissions, is damaging forests; heavy pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw

sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany

International agreements:

party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-

Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-

Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air

Pollution-Sulphur 94, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes

_________________________________ 5 Free Tibet

༨༥

༨༣

༩༤

People

Population:

81,471,834 (July 2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༧ ༨༡༤༧༡༨༣༤

Age structure:

0-14 years: ( ) ༡༤

0-14 years: 13.3% (male 5,569,390/female 5,282,245)

༡༣.༣ ༥༢༨༢༢༤༥ ༥༥༦༩༣༩༠

15-64 years: ༡༥ ༦༤

15-64 years: 66.1% (male 27,227,487/female 26,617,915)

༦༦.༡ ༢༦༦༡༧༩༡༥ ༢༧༢༢༧༤༨༧

65 years and over: ༦༥

65 years and over: 20.6% (male 7,217,163/female 9,557,634) (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༧ ༢༠.༦ ༩༥༥༧༦༣༤

༧༢༡༧༡༦༣

_________________________________ 6 Free Tibet

Population growth rate:

-0.208% (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ -༠.༢༠༨

Birth rate:

8.3 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༠༠༠ ༨.༣

Death rate:

10.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༠༠༠ ༡༠. ༩༢

Net migration rate:

0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༠༠༠ ༠.༥༤

Urbanization

Urban population: 74% of total population (2010)

༢༠༡༡ ༧༥

Rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༢༠༡༥ 0%

Infant mortality rate:

Total: 3.54 deaths/1,000 live births

Male: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 3.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༠༠༠ ༣.༥༤

༣.༨༤ ༣.༢༡

_________________________________ 7 Free Tibet

Life expectancy at birth: (༢༠༡༡ )

Total population: 80.07 years

༨༠.༠༧

Male: 77.82 years

༧༧.༨༢

Female: 82.44years

༨༢.༤༤

Total fertility rate:

1.41 children born/woman (2011 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡.༤༡

HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2009 est.)

༢༠༠༩ ༠.༡

HIV/AIDS -People living with HIV/AIDS

67,000 (2009 est.)

༢༠༠༩ ༦༧༠༠༠

HIV/AIDS –Deaths

Fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༠༠༠

Nationality:

German(s) (Deutscher, Deutsche) German (deutsch)

Ethnic divisions:

_________________________________ 8 Free Tibet

German 91.5%

༩༡ ༥

Turkish 2.4%

༢ ༤

Italians 0.7%

༧

Greeks 0.4%

༤

Poles 0.4%

༤

Other 1.1%

༡ ༡

Religions:

Protestant 34%

༣༤

Roman Catholic 34%

༣༤

Muslim 3.7%

༣ ༧

Unaffiliated or other 28.3%

༢༨ ༣

Languages:

German (Deutsch)

_________________________________ 9 Free Tibet

Literacy:

Age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.) total population: 99% Male:

99%, Female: 99%

༢༠༠༣ ༡༥

༩༩ ༩༩ ༩༩

People – note

Second most populous country in Europe after Russia

Labor force:

36.75 million

༣༦.༧༥ ༣༦ ༧༥

By occupation: industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53%

༤༡ ༦

༥༣

Government

Names:

Conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany

Conventional short form: Germany

Local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland

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Local short form: Deutschland

Digraph:

GM

Type:

Federal republic

Capital:

Berlin

( )

Administrative divisions:

16 states: Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen,

Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-

Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-

Holstein, Thüringen.

༡༦ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤

༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩

༡༠ ༡༡ ༡༢ ༡༣ ༡༤

༡༥ ༡༦

Independence:

________________________________ 11 Free Tibet

18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of

occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II;

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949

and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic

Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the

former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3

October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991.

༡༨༧༡ ༡ ༡༨

༡༩༤༩ ༡༩༤༩ ༥ ༢༣

༡༩༤༩ ༡༠ ༧

༡༩༩༠ ༡༠ ༣

༡༩༩༡ ༣

༡༥

Constitution:

23 May 1949, known as Basic Law (Grundgesetz); became constitution of

the united German people 3 October 1990

________________________________ 12 Free Tibet

༡༩༤༩ ༥ ༢༣

༡༩༩༠ ༡༠ ༣

Legal system:

Civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative

acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

༡༩༩༠ ༡༠ ༣

Political parties and leaders:

Christian Democratic Union (CDU),

Christian Social Union (CSU),

Free Democratic Party (FDP),

Social Democratic Party (SPD),

Alliance '90/Greens,

________________________________ 13 Free Tibet

Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS),

Republikaner,

National Democratic Party (NPD),

Communist Party (DKP)

( )

Other political or pressure groups:

Expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Suffrage:

Universal at 18 years of age

༡༨

Executive branch:

Chief of state:

President

Head of government:

Chancellor

________________________________ 14 Free Tibet

Cabinet:

Cabinet; appointed by the president upon the proposal of the chancellor

Legislative branch:

Bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole)

consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower

chamber or Federal Assembly (Bundestag).

Judicial branch:

Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht).

Diplomatic representation in US:

Chief of mission: Ambassador

( ) chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC

20007, USA telephone: +1 (202) 298-4000

Consulates general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,

San Francisco, Seattle

________________________________ 15 Free Tibet

US diplomatic representation:

Chief of mission: Ambassador

Embassy: Berlin

Consulates general:

Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart

Flag:

1813. At this time a liberation war exist against Napoleon.

Who fight against Napoleon in Germany at that time use a flag black-red-

gold. That means: Black for slavery or suppression. Red for the blood in

the battles. Gold for the light of freedom.

༡༨༡༣

________________________________ 16 Free Tibet

Economy

Five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, progress towards economic

integration between eastern and western Germany is clearly visible, yet the

eastern region almost certainly will remain dependent on subsidies funded

by western Germany until well into the next century. The staggering $390

billion in western German assistance that the eastern states have received

since 1990 - 40 times the amount in real terms of US Marshall Fund aid

sent to West Germany after World War II - is just beginning to have an

impact on the eastern German standard of living,

Which plummeted after unification. Assistance to the east continues to

run at roughly $100 billion annually. Although the growth rate in the east

was much greater than in the west in 1993-94,

Eastern GDP per capita nonetheless remains well below preunification

levels; it will take 10-15 years for the eastern states to match western

Germany's living standards. The economic recovery in the east is led by

the construction industries which account for one-third of industrial

output, with growth increasingly supported by the service sectors and

light manufacturing industries. Eastern Germany's economy is changing

from one anchored on manufacturing to a more service-oriented

economy.

Western Germany, with three times the per capita output of the eastern

states, has an advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports.

The strong recovery in 1994 from recession began in the export sector and

________________________________ 17 Free Tibet

spread to the investment and consumption sectors in response to falling

interest rates.

Western Germany has a highly urbanized and skilled population that

enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and

comprehensive social welfare benefits. It is relatively poor in natural

resources, coal being the most important mineral. Western Germany's

world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced goods. The

region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account for the

dominant share of economic activities, and raw materials and

semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports.

༣༩༠ ༡༩༩༠

༡༠༠

༡༩༩༣ ༡༩༩༤

________________________________ 18 Free Tibet

༡༠ ༡༥

National product:

Germany: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3446 trillion (1994 est.)

༡༩༩༤

༡.༣༤༤༦

Western: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2363 trillion (1994 est.)

༡༩༩༤

༡.༢༣༦༣

Eastern: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $108.3 billion (1994 est.)

༡༩༩༤

༡༠༨.༣

Exports:

$437.0 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

༡༩༩༤ ༤༣༧.༠

________________________________ 19 Free Tibet

commodities:

manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals,

motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, raw

materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993)

༡༩༩༣ ༨༩ ༣

༥ ༥

༢ ༧ ༡

༣

Partners:

EC 46.4% (France 11.3%, Netherlands 7.4%, Italy 7.5%, UK 7.7%, Belgium

and Luxembourg 6.6%), EFTA 15.5%, US 7.7%, Eastern Europe 5.2%, OPEC

3.0% (1993)

༤༦ ༤

༡༡ ༣ ༧ ༤

༧ ༥ ༧ ༧

༦ ༦ ༡༥

༥ ༧ ༧ ༥

༢ ༣ ༠

Imports:

$362 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

༡༩༩༤ ༣༦༢

commodities:

________________________________ 20 Free Tibet

manufactures 89.3% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals,

motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, raw

materials 2.7%, fuels 1.3% (1993)

༡༩༩༣ ༨༩ ༣

(

) ༥ ༥

༢ ༧

༡ ༣

Partners:

EC 46.4 (France 11.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.0%, Belgium and

Luxembourg 5.7%), EFTA 14.3%, US 7.3%, Eastern Europe 5.2%, OPEC 2.6%

(1993)

༤༦ ༤

༡༡ ༣ ༨ ༤

༨ ༡ ༦ ༠

༥ ༧ ༡༤

༣ ༧ ༣ ༥

༢ ༢ ༦

Industries:

Western:

________________________________ 21 Free Tibet

Among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of iron,

steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools,

electronics; food and beverages

Eastern:

Metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building,

food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining

Agriculture:

Western:

Accounts for about 1% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified

crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes,

wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net

importer of food

༡ (

)

Eastern:

________________________________ 22 Free Tibet

Accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal

crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products

include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food

༡༠ (

)

། ། །

Illicit drugs:

Source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors;

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American

cocaine for West European markets

Transportation

Railroads:

Total: 43,457 km

༤༣༤༥༧

Standard gauge: 43,190 km (electrified 16,694 km)

༤༣༡༩༠ ( ༡༦༦༩༤)

Sarrow gauge: 267 km

༢༦༧

Highways:

________________________________ 23 Free Tibet

Total: 636,282 km

༦༣༦༢༨༢

Paved: 501,282 km (10,955 km of autobahn)

༥༠༡༢༨༢ ( ༡༠༩༥༥)

Unpaved: 135,000 km

༡༣༥༠༠༠

Ports:

Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbüttel, Cologne, Dresden,

Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Lübeck, Magdeburg,

Mannheim, Rostock, Saßnitz, Stralsund, Stuttgart, Wilhelmshaven, Wismar

།

Airport :

Total 660

༦༦༠

( ༡༩༩༤

)

༢༠༡༡ ༡༡ ༡