MOBILITY SERVICESA STATISTA DOSSIER PLUS ON

MOBILITY SERVICES FOR PASSENGERS

Terminology

▪ Car-sharing

▪ Ride-hailing

▪ Transportation networks

Supply- and demand-side factors

▪ Vehicle miles traveled by mode

▪ Impact on light vehicle sales

▪ Related costs

Competitive landscape

▪ Investments

▪ Financial figures

▪ Implications

Market potential and outlook

▪ Market size

▪ Emerging markets

▪ Market outlook

2

Table of contents

The 2019 zeitgeist is revolving around the primacy of use over

ownership. There appears to be an underlying assumption that

today's passengers have a desire to reach their destination fast,

at low cost, and in a manner that is environmentally sustainable.

As a result, Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) business models have

begun to conquer the industry. The conventional taxi market is at

risk of going extinct due to the emergence of ride-hailing

programs. Concurrently, the car rental market is facing stiff

competition from innovative car-sharing companies. The

combined market for ride-hailing, ride-sharing, car-sharing, and

smart parking is expected to exceed 400 million U.S. dollars by

2025 (chapter 4).

In light of arising business opportunities, the number of startups

in the field continues to grow, and prices are unlikely to increase

in a highly competitive environment. It remains to be seen how

many of the startups that have entered the scene will eventually

be financially sustainable. As of now, there is only a handful of

transportation network companies (TNCs) that are publicly

traded, the most prominent ones being Uber and Lyft. With 2018

EBITDA of -1.8 billion U.S. dollars and -0.9 billion U.S. dollars

respectively (chapter 3), both companies have yet to prove their

business models’ worth. Ultimately, TNCs will seek ways to take

the human driver out of the equation (chapter 2). The advent of

autonomous vehicles is projected to transform mobility business

models and make them more financially sustainable.

Since they are home to offices, stores, and cultural venues,

urban areas are forecast to spearhead the trend towards a new

breed of passenger vehicles that are autonomous, electric,

connected, and shared. It is projected that urban passenger

mobility demand will almost double from just under 26 trillion

passenger kilometers to almost 50 trillion in 2050 (chapter 2).

Not only are travelers expected to become more mobile overall

and expand the amount of vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) per

person, but they are also projected to switch from more traditional

transport modes, such as public transportation or private cars, to

shared mobility. If the industry continues to increase its focus on

electric drives, the use of car-sharing and ride-sharing vehicles

has the potential to drive down carbon dioxide emissions.

Executive Summary

3

Terminology

▪ Car-sharing

▪ Ride-sharing

▪ Transportation networks

01

The Mobility-as-a-Service market connects regulators,

infrastructure providers, transport providers, platform

providers, and IT service providers to customers. The latter

demand a large number of vehicles they can summon or

borrow, e.g. via apps provided by transportation network

companies (TNCs).

If commuters and travelers changed their travel behavior and

ditched their private cars in favor of sharing, this could

ultimately lead to higher vehicle capacity utilization levels and

fewer automobile sales. A trend towards declining vehicle

sales growth rates can already be witnessed in several mature

markets: North America and Western Europe expect to see

plateauing light vehicle sales in 2019 (chapter 2).

In this report, the terms car-sharing, ride-hailing, and ride-

sharing will be used as follows:

▪ Car-sharing programs enable motorists to borrow cars for a

short period of time and at low cost. Car-sharing is different

from renting inasmuch as car rental customers keep

vehicles for a longer time period, and there is also typically a

designated drop-off zone for rental cars.

▪ Ride-sharing: Vehicle owners and riders use personal

vehicles to share their trips.

▪ Ride-hailing programs enable their users to summon a

vehicle driven by a designated driver.

▪ Transportation network companies use technology to

connect passengers and vehicles.

The Mobility-as-a-Service terminology

5

19.8

16.5

15.4

13.9

4.2

0 5 10 15 20 25

Tokyo

Moscow

Beijing

Shanghai

Guangzhou

Fleet size in thousands of vehicles in 2018

6

Car-sharing providers and car rental

companies serve people who require a

vehicle temporarily.

Usually, car rental customers keep said

vehicle for longer time periods and return it

at designated zones, while shared cars are

available for brief periods of time and at a

cost that is economically viable for short

journeys. Car-sharing programs enable

motorists to rent cars either from a company

(free-floating) or from private automobile

owners (peer-to-peer or P2P). Depending

on the program, free-floating car-sharing

customers may borrow and return vehicles

either at designated pick-up and drop-off

zones or wherever it is convenient. P2 car-

sharing is different insomuch as it enables

automobile owners to rent their personal

vehicles to peers.

The top cities for car-sharing were mostly

located in Asia in 2018, and no U.S. city

made the cut. Car-sharing programs in the

United States have yet to gain the same

popularity as rental cars or taxis.

Car-sharing: Tokyo and Moscow among leading cities

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Bloomberg; Government of Moscow; Frost & Sullivan

Car-sharing markets based on vehicles in fleet in 2018

5.1

13

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2017 2018

Reve

nu

e in

bill

ion

Russia

n r

ub

les

7

Russia’s capital was the second biggest

car-sharing market in 2018 with 16.5

million shared vehicles. According to

PwC, car-sharing was available in 14

Russian cities as of August 2018,

including Moscow, Sochi, Saint

Petersburg, and Krasnodar.

Many Russians, especially Moscovites,

are turning to car-sharing and ride-

hailing services in an effort to mitigate

the growing costs of car ownership and

maintenance they face.

High costs in combination with a lack of

infrastructure and affordable parking in

Russia’s cities seem to have translated

into a rapid growth of the Russian car-

sharing market.

Russia’s car-sharing market grew by a factor of 2.5

Car-sharing market revenue in Russia between 2017 and 2018

Note: Russia

Source(s): TIARCENTER

+7.9 bn ₽

=2.5x growth

8

Notwithstanding the fact that only about

one third of under 30-year-old holders

of driving licenses were registered

users of at least one car-sharing

program in 2018, the younger

generation seems to be the cohort that

is most receptive to sharing over

owning.

19.4%

10.8%

2.6%1.1%

66.2%

15.7%

7.4%

1.6%0.5%

74.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

One programTwo programsThree programsFour programsNone

Licensees worldwide who were registered with at least one car-sharing program in 2018

Under 30s All age groups

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Arthur D. Little

Car-sharing more popular among the young

More than one third of under 30-year-old drivers were registered with at least one car-sharing program in 2018

9

Contrary to car-sharing, members of

ride-sharing programs keep out of the

driver’s seat, unless they themselves

own the vehicle and offer rides to

others, which would make them

members of peer-to-peer ride-sharing

(P2P ride-sharing). P2P ride-sharing (or

carpooling) enables vehicle owners and

riders to share personal vehicles.

Ride-hailing programs enable their

users to summon a vehicle driven by a

designated driver. The ride-hailing

market is very similar to the traditional

taxi market, but connects passengers

and drivers via technology, and

sometimes lacks the type of regulation

that typically puts a cap on the number

of vehicles in taxi fleets. Technology has

given rise to the term e-hailing.

Eastern Asia is expected to remain the

largest market globally. The Statista

Mobility Market Outlook estimates that

this market will grow from 56.8 billion to

105 billion U.S. dollars and serve some

700 million customers in 2023.

Ride-hailing: Asia leads the market

Global revenue comparison - ride-hailing market as of 2019

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Statista Mobility Market Outlook

55,00050,00045,000

East Asia

56,813million

U.S. dollars

North America

52,877million

U.S. dollars South Asia

30,744million

U.S. dollars

27.2%

30.8%

34.2%

37.0%

39.4%

41.2%42.7%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Penetration rate

10

Singapore’s ride-hailing penetration rate among the highest worldwide

Singapore has a population density of

about 20,000 people per square mile.

Road taxes, parking fees, and vehicle

entry permit fees were introduced to

mitigate congestion and air pollution.

As a result, the country’s ride-hailing

penetration rate is expected to grow to

almost 43 percent by 2023.

Note: Singapore

Source(s): Statista Mobility Market Outlook

Projected penetration rate in Singapore’s ride-hailing market between 2017 and 2023

398,437

347,726

308,129

264,822

138,750

249,579

376,509

521,912

18,198 41,472

101,323

142,930

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

Yellow Cab Uber Lyft

11

Ride-hailing companies continue to gain market share

Trips per day taken in New York City with selected taxi/ridesharing services throughout April 2019

2016 2017 2018 2019

Taxi operators serve people

who need a ride but do not

necessarily want to use car-

sharing because they either feel

uncomfortable driving in an

unfamiliar environment or do

not hold a driver’s license.

Ride-hailing operators have

already begun to eat into the

taxi market. At approximately 28

billion U.S. dollars, the United

States is the world’s largest taxi

and limo market. However, the

growing popularity of ride-

hailing services, including Uber

and Lyft, has caused the

number of trips taken by taxis to

decline in the United States.

Note: United States

Source(s): NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission

12

0.8 0.7 0.6

1.9

2.6

4.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

2016 2017 2018 (projection)

U.S

. ta

xi a

nd

TN

C

rid

ers

hip

in b

illio

n r

ide

s

U.S. shared mobility grows at the expense of taxi ridership as of 2018

Young people in the United

States appear to be more

receptive to using ride-hailing

services than older generations;

hence, the level of U.S. taxi

ridership decrease is most

prevalent among Generation Z

and Millennials.

Although the number of rides

given by transportation network

companies has increased for the

third year straight, the car rental

industry continues to appeal to a

large customer base.

Transportation network companies (TNCs): growing popularity in the United States

Note: United States

Source(s): Morning Consult; Schaller Consulting; Various sources (Transportation Research Board, news reports)

36% 31%17% 13%

5% 8%

13%11%

13% 16%17%

10%

46% 45% 53%66%

0%

100%

Generation Z Millennial Generation X BoomersSh

are

of re

sp

on

de

nts

wh

o u

se

d a

ri

de

-ha

ilin

g a

pp

, ta

xi o

r b

oth

in

20

18

Ridehailing app Taxi cab Both a ridehailing app and taxi cab Neither

13

Rental cars: still receive the most U.S. mobility service online bookings

The U.S. is home to some of the

world’s largest car rental

companies: Hertz, Avis, and

Enterprise are located in Florida,

New Jersey, and Missouri,

respectively.

Against all odds, the U.S. rental

car market increased from 16

billion U.S. dollars in 2002 to

almost 27 billion U.S. dollars in

2017.

These companies could benefit

from providing a combination of

car rental and sharing services.

22%

19%

11%

10%

8%

7%

4%

2%

2%

54%

0% 20% 40%

Rental cars

Ride-sharing (short distanceincl. driver)

Local public transportationtickets

Taxis

Car-sharing (short term)

Ride-sharing (long distance)

Bike-sharing (short term)

Motor scooter sharing (shortterm)

Bike rentals

None of the above

Share of respondents who have booked any mobility service during the 12 months prior to March 2019

16.43

21.49

23.63

28.63

0 10 20 30 40

2002

2007

2012

2017

U.S. rental car market size in billion U.S. dollars

Note: United States

Source(s): Statista Global Consumer Survey; Cox Enterprises; Auto Rental News

Car-sharing and car rental may become complementary services as of 2019

14

The U.S. market can be split into

three major conglomerates:

Enterprise Holdings, Hertz

Group, and Avis-Budget Group.

The top three business groups

had a combined share of almost

94 percent of the U.S. car rental

market in 2017.

Enterprise Holdings owns

Enterprise, National, and Alamo;

Hertz Group comprises Hertz,

Thrifty, and Dollar; Avis-Budget

Group is the parent company of

Avis, Budget, and Payless.

U.S. rental car market is dominated by key conglomerates

Note: Worldwide and U.S.

Source(s): Bloomberg; Auto Rental News; Euromonitor; Fortune

Three major groups shared 94 percent of the U.S. market between them in 2017

Enterprise 43,9%

Hertz 14.7%

Avis 10%

National 7.7%

Alamo 7%

Budget 5.5%

Dollar 3.0%

22.3

19.4

16.4

8.8

9

10.8

8.8

8.5

7.9

0 5 10 15 20 25

2017

2015

2013

Global revenue in billion U.S. dollars

Enterprise

Hertz

Avis Budget

Thrifty 1,9%

U.S. market

share in 2017

U.S. market share of car rental companies in 2017

Supply- and demand-side factors

▪ Vehicle miles traveled by mode

▪ Impact on light vehicle sales

▪ Related costs

02

16

“When people want transportation, they want it now.”

– Logan Green, Co-founder and CEO of Lyft

17

Demand and supply in the field of Mobility-as-a-Service

While regions such as Asia and the Pacific have yet to live up

to their car-sharing market potential in the short- to medium-

term, North America and Europe seem to already have

reached their peak (chapter 4). In terms of ride-hailing

services, the Statista Mobility Market Outlook sees ample

room to grow in all markets, with Africa showing the largest

potential for growth. The leading market in terms of ride-

hailing network user penetration is Singapore (chapter 1).

This market is expected to grow at a compound annual

growth rate of about 5.7 percent between 2019 and 2023.

Rising demand for ride-hailing, car-sharing, and other mobility

services is anticipated to result in fewer car deliveries. Tepid

growth rates of car sales in saturated markets are indicative of

a downward trend, and the return on R&D investments will

determine the fate of the industry.

In an effort to mitigate climate change and thus tackle

carbon dioxide emissions, communities will seek ways

to prioritize electric cars, bicycles, or scooters. MaaS

providers need to factor in that the price of electric

vehicles is often higher than that of conventional cars.

Consumers are less likely to hang on to private cars

than previously thought but demand low costs and

widespread availability of vehicles.

Autonomous vehicle technology enables the

introduction of robo-taxis, which are likely to be more

profitable than conventional chauffeur service offers,

albeit only after R&D costs associated with the

technology have been amortized.

TNCs face risks related to the digital network

infrastructure, and opposition from regulatory bodies

looms.

As a result of increased population levels, mobility

demand among urbanites is on the rise.

18

Supply

transport

Demand

transport

Supply

infrastructure

Supply- and demand-side factors

Companies

offering

transport

Use the app

(among others) to

plan and book trips

Provide IT

infrastructure

Regulators

Supply transport

Offering the

appSupply

infrastructure & data

Supply

data

Demand

mobility

solutions

CustomersIT / service

providers

Demand

mobility solutions

Lacking

government

support

No definition

of standards

Generate

and send

data

Transport

providers

Supply

mobility

solutions

Use infrastructure

Define

regulations and

standards

Infrastructure

providers

Demand infrastructure & data

Platform

providers

Lacking agreement &

collaboration across

authorities & operators

No joint vision of

intermodal

transport

Uncertainty

regarding privacy &

data ownership

Critical

mass

required

Wi-Fi, tracks,

streets

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Roland Berger

19

Number of mobility service users and vehicles on the rise globally

Not only has the number of

vehicles increased between the

third quarter of 2017 and the

second quarter of 2018, but the

number of users has also surged

to a record-breaking 938 million,

only about 62,000 users shy of

the one billion mark.

630.49668.3

838.13

938.18

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Q3 '17 Q4 '17 Q1 '18 Q2 '18

Num

be

r o

f d

igita

l ri

de

-ha

ilin

g u

se

rs in

mill

ion

s

134.9

178

199

258.8

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Q3 '17 Q4 '17 Q1 '18 Q2 '18

Num

be

r o

f ve

hic

les in

ca

r-sh

ari

ng

fle

ets

in

th

ou

sa

nd

s

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Bloomberg New Energy Finance; Bloomberg

User base grows in tandem with vehicle fleet as of 2018

750.91

1354.22

2290.23

3981.5

5172.92

6679.76

0.0

1,000.0

2,000.0

3,000.0

4,000.0

5,000.0

6,000.0

7,000.0

1950 1970 1990 2015 2030 2050

Num

be

r o

f p

eo

ple

liv

ing

in

urb

an

are

as in

mill

ion

s

Africa

Asia

Europe

Latin America and Caribbean

North America

Oceania

Total

25.8

35.1

48.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2010 2030 (projection) 2050 (projection)

Passenger demandin trillion kilometers

20

Urban areas are expected to spur demand throughout 2050

Population growth in urban areas will continue to fuel mobility demand

Innovative mobility solutions

facilitate movement between

home, work, and leisure

locations. Since these places

are often located in cities,

urban areas are expected to

push mobility demand, with

Asia positioned at the

vanguard of the trend.

Note: Worldwide * The values for 2030 and 2050 are projections

Source(s): UN DESA; OECD; Arthur D. Little; United Nations

21

Shared mobility will account for just under one fifth of passenger miles worldwide

Global shared mobility: percentage of passenger miles between 2025 and 2035

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): BCG

4%

9%

18%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

2025 2030 2035

Sh

are

d m

ob

ility

as a

pe

rce

nta

ge

of

pa

sse

ng

er

mile

s

22

Asia has also witnessed a

significant elevation in metro

system ridership, unlike the MENA

and North American regions.

Unsurprisingly, the private car

remains the preferred transport

mode in cities such as Dubai and

Vancouver. Meanwhile, Buenos

Aires and Mumbai have surfaced

as top cities for public transport.

While they produce low levels of

carbon dioxide emissions, trains

require an elaborate infrastructure

that would need to be extended in

virtually all markets, and hence

road vehicles will remain the

weapon of choice for as long as

TNCs need to rely on existing

physical infrastructure.

North American and MENA regions fall short on metro ridership

Annual ridership of metro systems worldwide by region between 2012 and 2017

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Global Rail News; UITP

20.8919.66

21.122.32

24.426.69

9.719.59

9.9510.36

10.52

10.754.99

5.275.48

5.65.64

5.91

4.874.97

4.894.77

4.74

4.7

3.353.4

3.63.7

3.64

3.73

1.25 1.37 1.651.77

1.86

1.99

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

An

nu

al p

asse

ng

ers

in b

illio

ns

Asia-Pacific Europe Latin America Eurasia North America MENA

23

Road infrastructure is best suited for mobility services

Road network length is more extensive in key markets as of 2018

Road network length in million

kilometers as of 2018

150,966

85,545

67,36867,278

48,150

33,488

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Total railroad route length in kilometers as of 2017

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): CIA; World Bank

6.59

4.774.7

2

1.281.221.051.04

0.870.680.63

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7The U.S. leads both in terms

of rail as well as road network

length. As is the case in

virtually all markets, the

country’s road networks are

more extensive than its rail

networks: U.S. roads

encompass 6.59 million

kilometers, which dwarfs the

150,966 kilometers of railroad

lines.

24

While urbanites might be willing to travel

more and thus increase their vehicle

mileage overall, mobility demand can be

expected to come largely from other

forms of transport, most notably public

transport and private cars.

However, travelers are unlikely to trade

in their personal cars, unless the costs

related to mobility services are

significantly lower compared to the

costs of car ownership, maintenance,

and parking.

In many other fields, price sensitive

customers have shown low brand

loyalty, suggesting that the market will

favor fast followers who avoid the

mistakes made by first movers and offer

their service at a lower cost.

Private cars and public transport among key passenger flow sources

83%

72%72%

57%

39%

28%

14%14%13%

15%

14%16%

35%

30%

36%

70%

78%

46%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

DubaiVancouverMelbourneNew YorkHelsinkiBeijingMumbaiBuenos AiresNairobi

Pe

rce

nta

ge

sh

are

of tra

nsp

ort u

se

in

se

lecte

d c

ities a

s o

f 20

17

Private car Public transport Walking Bicycle Other

Modal split of passenger transport in selected cities by transport mode as of 2017

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Deloitte

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Em

issio

ns in

mill

ion

me

tric

to

ns

25

Considering that plug-in electric

vehicles (PEVs) currently only account

for a small percentage of the market,

more cars on the road ultimately mean

higher levels of air pollution.

As a result of tightening environmental

standards in many markets, MaaS

programs with electric bikes, scooters,

and motor vehicles in their fleets - such

as Lime, Bird, Ola Electric, VW’s MOIA,

or bike-sharing programs, including

Uber’s JUMP and Lyft’s Motivate - may

have a role to play in climate change

mitigation, especially in car-centric

countries such as the U.S. Here, the

motorization rate exceeded 800 motor

vehicles per 1,000 people in 2018, and

the country is among the most prolific

producers of carbon dioxide emissions.

Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes 1757-2017

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions rise in tandem with growing car parcs

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Global Carbon Project

26

Rising U.S. VMT is fueled by work related business and commuting

Americans traveled some 3.2 trillion

miles on U.S. roads in 2017.

Generally speaking, trips for

commuting were longer than trips

for social purposes. At the same

time, work-related trips are the kind

of trips that could easily be made

using mobility services (e.g. car-

pooling) if such services are

available.

25.9

11.58.7

7.16.86.4

37.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Work-relatedbusiness

To/ from workSocial andrecreational

ShoppingOther family/personal errands

School/ churchOther

3.0 3.03 3.10 3.17 3.21

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Nu

mb

er

of U

.S.

ve

hic

le-m

iles o

f tr

ave

l in

tri

llio

ns

U.S. person trip length is shorter for social and recreational purposes as of 2017

U.S

. p

ers

on

tri

p le

ng

th in

20

17

in

mile

s

Note: United States

Source(s): Federal Highway Administration; St. Louis Fed; Bureau of Transportation Statistics

27

Widespread access to mobility

services might dissuade some of

the 76 percent of American

commuters to use their personal

vehicle.

However, this is easier said than

done in rural areas where

widespread access to mobility

services is still limited. Ride-hailing

is expected to thrive in large

metropolitan areas, such as San

Francisco and New York City.

These areas are already

experiencing rising adoption rates

for mobility services such as ride-

hailing, and yet, car traffic is still

high enough to clog the roads.

Americans prefer private vehicles to commute

Mode of transport commonly used to commute to work as of 2017

Note: United States

Source(s): US Census Bureau

Personal vehicle

Car-pool

Public transportation

(excluding taxicab) 5.0%

Walk 2.65%

Bicycle 0.55%

Taxicab or other

means 1.27%

76.4%

28

TNCs in the United States attract more riders in ultra-connected metropolitan areas

Note: United States; * Includes Manhattan and four other boroughs.

Source(s): Federal Highway Administration; Schaller Consulting

Annual ride-sharing trips in the U.S. in millions in 2017

159

75

45

35

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

New York City*

San Francisco

Washington DC

Boston

Seattle

Transportation network companies – total number of trips in selected cities in the U.S. as of 2017

29

Interest in car-sharing most likely be triggered by lower prices

Drivers interested in car-sharing programs: globally by incentive as of 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Arthur D. Little

Percentage of drivers who would increase use as of 2018

44%

24%

20%

20%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0% 50.0%

Lower price

Free float

More pickup/drop-off stations

Higher availability of cars

30

Motorists would be most likely

willing to leave their cars in the lot

and use a shared vehicle if they

had widespread access to such

services, if more cars were

available, and if sharing programs

were to offer lower prices.

There are several opportunities

arising with car owners’ willingness

to trade in private cars for shared-

mobility services, including lower

road congestion levels, a reduction

in greenhouse gas emissions, and

fewer lives lost in traffic.

Policymakers need to take matters

into their own hands and tackle the

issues related to the growing needs

of an increasing population.

Lower costs of shared mobility are the main reason to ditch cars

Global shared mobility: reasons why consumers would trade in car as of 2018

Note: China, Germany, and the U.S.

Source(s): McKinsey

29%

27%

19%

8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Costs have to be significantlylower

Pickup has to be guaranteedalways

Waiting time close to zero

Access to wide range of vehicletypes

Reasons why respondents would trade in car as of 2018

31

Congestion levels are highest in Asia and South America as of 2018

Populous cities need to solve the traffic jam problem

It remains unclear whether

mobility concepts will reduce

road traffic, but there is hope

that those options with a focus

on PEVs will reduce air

pollution in cities with large

populations where emissions

from congestion have already

become a problem.

52%

41%

38%

36%

34%

32%

32%

31%

30%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Mexico City

Los Angeles

Vancouver

New York

San Francisco

Toronto

San José

Seattle

Miami

65%

63%

58%

58%

56%

53%

53%

53%

52%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Mumbai

Bogota

Lima

New Delhi

Moscow (oblast)

Istanbul

Jakarta

Bangkok

Mexico City

Longer travel time relative to uncongested traffic in selected North American cities as of 2018

Note: Worldwide and North America

Source(s): TomTom

Longer travel time relative to uncongested traffic in selected cities worldwide as of 2018

17.1

36.8 37.117.9

20.6 20.113.7

14.2 14.2

3.2

3.7

3.83.1

3.4 3.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2000 to 2015 (annual average) 2018 2019 (preliminary value)

Sa

les in

mill

ion

un

its

Asia North America

Western Europe South America

Eastern Europe

+23.7million units

stagnation

32

Tightening regulations and the cost-

competitiveness of mobility services

coupled with higher utilization rates of

shared vehicles may lead to stalling

light vehicle sales, while the demand

for car-sharing and other mobility

services is projected to rise.

Automotive manufacturers might see

car-sharing operators as major

customer group.

Projected light vehicle sales are expected to fall in mature markets

Light vehicle sales growth is anticipated to come to an end in 2019

4%

9%

18%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

2025 2030 2035

Pa

sse

ng

er

mile

s a

ttri

bu

tab

le

to s

ha

red

mo

bili

ty

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Scotiabank; AlixPartners; BCG

4.26 4.385.65

1.24 1.06

1.611.4 2.35

1.641.34

1.561.39

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

UK Germany U.S.Costs

in

20

17

in

th

ou

sa

nd

U.S

. d

olla

rs

Car ownership Parking Congestion Parking pain

2.8 2.4

0.4

3.95.3

1.2

66.9

3.8

12.3 12.8

3.4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

European Union United States China

Pri

ce

fo

r 5

km

city r

ide

as o

f

20

18

in

eu

ros

Public transport

Car-sharing

Robo-taxi (onceavailable)Taxi

33

Costs are the driving factor between MaaS demand as of 2018

Falling costs of mobility services and the advent of autonomous vehicles lead to ‘car cutting’

The price of a robo-taxi ride ranges

well below that of a taxi ride in most

markets - with the exception of China.

In markets where parking costs or

other charges are high, the total cost

of vehicle ownership already exceeds

the costs of car-sharing services.

8.24

Total

9.34

Total

10.29

Total

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): INRIX; PwC; Strategy&

34

Almost 80 percent of license

holders are willing to switch to

autonomous vehicles (AVs),

and drivers are more likely to

replace own cars with AVs than

any other form of transport.

It is anticipated that AVs will

become a game-changer once

smart cities have become

reality.

1,161

472

243

188

80

71

50

30

23

10

5

0 500 1000 1500

Robo-taxi service

In-car time monetization

AV production & sale

Fleet management

Sensor modules

L2-3 ADAS options

AV Op. System

Semis: compute

Semis: sensors

Maps

Semis: memory

Projected global AV market size in 2030 in billion U.S. dollars

44%

29%

22%

9%

2%

21%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Own car

Publictransport

Taxi

Bicycle

Other

None

Transport modes that will be replaced by AVs, according to a 2018 global survey

Autonomous vehicles might make transportation cheaper, safer, and less congested

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): UBS; Arthur D. Little

Motorists who are willing to give up their personal vehicles may drive AV demand by 2030

35

TNCs are expected to thrive once

human drivers and associated labor

costs are taken out of the cost

equation.

AVs would also most certainly solve

issues related to parking, as they could

just keep roaming the streets even

without passengers on board.

That said, AVs require a fully

developed digital network, and

research and development costs

related to AV technology are often

considered excessive: Uber incurred

about 457 million U.S. dollars in AV-

related R&D costs in 2018. Between

2016 and 2018, the company has

spent over a billion U.S. dollars on its

self-driving unit. 0.1% 0.17% 0.29% 0.49%

0.84%

1.7%

3%

5%

8%

12%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Ma

rke

t p

en

etr

atio

n r

ate

Projected autonomous vehicle market penetration worldwide between 2021 and 2030

Autonomous vehicles are anticipated to account for 12 percent of worldwide vehicle sales

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): UBS; Intel; Nvidia

36

Uber has spent more than a billion U.S. dollars on its self-driving unit

Uber’s worldwide research and development expenses attributable to its self-driving unit between 2016 and 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Uber; Bloomberg

230

384

457

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2016 2017 2018

Exp

en

se

s in

mill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

Competitive landscape

▪ Investments

▪ Financial figures

▪ Implications

03

38

“The opportunity for mobility services to generate revenue is

there, and it’s true, but getting from here to there is messy.”

– Stephanie Brinley,

principal automotive analyst at IHS Markit

In 2019, Daimler and BMW joined forces to launch their new car-

sharing joint ventures. Earlier that year, General Motors had

started scaling back its car-sharing company, Maven, and Ford’s

ride-sharing service, Chariot, went out of business due to low

ridership levels. Furthermore, the most recent financial results of

the likes of Uber or Lyft have failed to impress. All this can be

seen as indicative of an industry struggling with high costs and

weak prices. In the wake of both companies’ initial public

offerings (IPOs), shareholders have begun questioning the high

valuations of Uber and Lyft (chapter 3).

Is the technology that lies at the core of many MaaS business

models enough to justify the valuation? As it stands, mobility

apps do not seem to be unique enough to be immune to copying.

As a result, various competitors with very similar applications

have entered the scene, all of which are vulnerable to the

bargaining power of buyers: Low prices are necessary to attract

customers, but high costs prevail, and it is easy for customers to

switch operators. Since travelers will be inclined to use the

service that is most familiar to them, effective branding will gain

in importance.

At the same time, incumbent rental car businesses have not

remained idle. Enterprise Holdings and Avis Budget are eagerly

adding to their car-sharing fleets. The current strategy of many

operators active in the field seems to consist of going through

trial phases in order to find out which use cases work best for

them.

Transportation network financials

39

TNCs will require large investments for testing and

to maintain dense networks, as well as to support

research efforts; however, there is no guarantee they

will succeed in a cut-throat environment.

Individual business models need to become more

unique and add more value to win over consumers

and merit their loyalty. While some companies,

including SIXT, are betting on an integrated

approach towards several services within the

mobility field, others have begun to offer additional

services, the most noteworthy ones being Uber Eat

and GM’s Maven Gig.

40

When compared to startups in

other segments, e-hailing

startups received the highest

amount of funding between the

beginning of 2014 and

February 2019.

While Lyft and Uber may no

longer count as startups, both

companies will have received a

fair amount of funding ahead of

their initial public offerings

(IPOs) and over the course of

the past four to five years.

E-hailing startups garnered the most investments in the past 5 years

11.4

7.4

5.6

3.9

3

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.4

0.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

E-hailing

Semiconductors

AV sensors and ADAS components

Connectivity/ infotainment

EV and charging

AV software and mapping

Batteries

Telematics and intelligent traffic

Back end/ cybersecurity

HMI and voice recognition

Global investments between 2014 and 2019 in billion U.S. dollars

Mobility startups - global investments by technology between 2014 and 2019

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): McKinsey; Capital IQ; PitchBook

41

Car-sharing is another market segment

with big potential for growth. Asia and

Europe are expected to become the

leading car-sharing markets by 2021

(chapter 4).

BMW’s DriveNow and Daimler’s car2go

were merged in 2019 to form part of both

carmakers’ new mobility services family

joint venture, which will be comprised of

FreeNow, ReachNow, ParkNow,

ChargeNow, and the moovel app.

Through this app, customers will be able

to book shared services offered by

Daimler and BMW, as well as those

offered by competitors. Car2go was

among the top three car-sharing services

already prior to the joint venture.

72

56

11.5

7.1

6

3.8

1.6

0.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Uber

DidiChuxing

Lyft

Daimler

Grab

Ola

BlaBlaCar

BMW

Daimler & BMW are ahead of other OEMs in the mobility services market

Global mobility service* market value by key operator as of May 2018

Note: Worldwide; * The term mobility services was represented as ride-hailing in the original report.

Source(s): UBS; Various sources (Media reports and company data)

Market value as of May 2018 in billion U.S. dollars

42

India is the leading market in terms of ride-

hailing usage frequency, ahead of China

and the United States. However, the latter

two countries are not only important

markets for frequency, but they have also

emerged as the largest markets for ride-

haling services in terms of revenue.

Considering the sheer sizes of both

countries, policymakers in China and the

United States alike are in dire need to

provide the infrastructure and services

required to satisfy their citizens’ mobility

needs.

Ride-hailing services seem to be best

suited to cater to travelers in both markets.

China’s most successful TNC so far, DiDi,

kept its crown in 2018 but faces stiff

competition from several Alibaba-backed

startups.

When it comes to mobility services in the

United States, Uber and Lyft have certainly

taken center stage, and the U.S. market is

divided between a de facto Uber-Lyft

duopoly.

86%

80%

42%

61%

17%

10%

11% 18%

46%

34%

69%

64%

3% 2%

12%

5%

14% 26%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Japan Germany U.S. South Korea China India

Sh

are

of re

sp

on

de

nts

wh

o u

se

d s

erv

ice

as o

f 2

01

8

Never Rarely At least weekly

India, China, and the U.S. are the leading e-hailing markets

Ride-hailing: frequency of usage according to respondents as of October 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Deloitte

43

Uber, DiDi, and Lyft are the leading ride-hailing operators globally

Ride-hailing: market value globally by key operator as of 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): UBS; Various sources (Media reports and company data)

72

56

11.5

7.1

6

3.8

1.6

0.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Uber

Didi Chuxing

Lyft

Daimler

Grab

Ola

BlaBlaCar

BMW

Market value in 2018 in billion U.S. dollars

44

How DiDi and Uber compare

11.56bn USD

15.70bn USD

Funding Valuation

69 bn USD

50 bn USD

Transportaion

network

for ride hailing

(private and taxi),

car pooling

Transportaion

network for

ride hailing

and

ride sharing

Cities

About 400

Over 400

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Statista

Over 100 mn

40 mn

Monthly Users

2009

2012

2005

2010

2015

Launched

Core Business

Main differences between DiDi and Uber as of July 2017

45

DiDi was king of the Chinese

ride-hailing market in 2018, but

the company had come under

scrutiny after amassing losses of

around 1.6 billion U.S. dollars (or

10.9 billion Chinese yuan) in

2018.

Therefore, it must have come as

a boon when the Toyota Motor

Corporation announced in July

2019 that it would invest about

600 million U.S. dollars in DiDi.

China is one of the key markets

for ride-hailing. The other major

regional market in this field is the

United States, where Uber and

Lyft remain the most important

operators.

250

10,900

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2017 2018

Lo

sse

s in

mill

ion

Chin

ese

yu

an

DiDi is burning through cash

DiDi losses between 2017 and 2018

Note: China.

Source(s): DiDi Chuxing; Caixin

-370

-4,033

997

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

2016 2017 2018

Net

Inco

me

or

loss a

ttri

bu

tab

le

to U

be

r in

mill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

-682.79

-988.3-911.34

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

2016 2017 2018

Lyft

’s n

et in

co

me

or

loss in

m

illio

n U

.S.

do

llars

46

Net losses soar at Uber and Lyft

In light of both firms’ initial public

offerings in 2019 and their Form S1-

filing releases, investors have begun

questioning the respective levels of

profitability of Lyft and Uber.

Share-prices dwindled, as

shareholders remained unconvinced

that the bet on AV technology was

enough to turn a profit.

Note: Worldwide.

Source(s): Uber; Lyft

Net losses hint at weak business model as of 2018

47

Uber and Lyft were off to a bad start following initial public offerings (IPOs)

Uber and Lyft - share-price changes in May 2019

0.00%

-10.80%

3.40%

0.00% -0.10%

-1.50%-2.80%

-34.70%

-38.50%

-29.00%

-30.20%

-27.10%

-27.30%

-26.40%

-45%

-40%

-35%

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

May 10 May 13 May 16 May 20 May 24 May 28 May 31

Pri

ce

ch

an

ge

Uber Lyft

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Wall Street Journal; FactSet

Gross Bokings Revenue

Uber Lyft

48

Due to their user-friendly apps and low

prices, Uber and Lyft are the leading

companies in the area of ride-hailing in

the United States. While the majority of

car-sharing businesses, such as

Zipcar or Enterprise CarShare, is

incorporated into larger companies,

investors were able to catch a first

glimpse of Lyft and Uber’s financial

figures shortly before both companies

went public.

The financial figures of both firms can

be seen as an indicator that MaaS

business models have yet to prove

their financial sustainability.

As it stands, mobility apps do not

seem to be immune to copying.

Moreover, consumers might attempt to

minimize the number of mobility

companies they interact and share

data with. This has resulted in the

emergence of various competitors with

very similar applications and has made

e-travel aggregator apps, such as

Whim or moovel, enter the scene.

Uber and Lyft form a de-facto duopoly in the U.S. market

EBITDA

50bn USD

8.1bn USD

11.3bn USD

2.2bn USD

-1.8bn USD

-0.9bn USD

Note: Worldwide; * Uber’s earnings exclude proceeds from the sale of its Russia and Southeast Asia businesses; EBITDA stands for adjusted

earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortization

Source(s): Uber; Lyft

How Uber and Lyft measured up in 2018*

2.1

4

5.23

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2016 2017 2018

Ube

r’s a

nn

ua

l ri

de

rsh

ip in

b

illio

ns

162.6

375.5

551

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2016 2017 2018 (forecast)

Lyft

’s a

nn

ua

l ri

de

rsh

ip in

m

illio

ns

49

Uber’s ridership is almost 10 times higher than that of Lyft as of 2018

Uber dwarfs Lyft in terms of ridership

Due to its global presence, which was

expanded through the acquisition of

Emirati TNC, Careem, in 2019, Uber’s

ridership figure in 2018 was about ten

times higher than that of Lyft, but both

companies have total costs and

expenses exceeding their revenue

streams.

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Business Insider; Lyft; Forbes; Trefis.com

0.34

1.06

2.16

-3.5

-2.5

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

2016 2017 2018

Reve

nu

e in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

Revenue in billion U.S. dollars

50

Lyft’s global revenue shows steady growth

Lyft's revenue worldwide between 2016 and 2018

-1.04

-1.77

-3.13Total costs and expenses

in billion U.S. dollars

Cumulative cash flow in

operating activities

between FY 2016 and

FY 2018:

-1.2 billion U.S. dollars

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Lyft

51

Global net revenue of Uber crosses the 10 billion U.S. dollar mark

Uber's net revenue worldwide between 2013 and 2018

6.5

7.5

11.3

-16

-11

-6

-1

4

9

14

2016 2017 2018

Ne

t re

ve

nu

e in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

Cumulative cash flow in

operating activities

between FY 2016 and

FY 2018:

-5.9billion U.S. dollars

Total costs and expenses

in billion U.S. dollars

Revenue in billion U.S. dollars

-6.87

-12.01 -14.3

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Business of Apps; Business Insider; Fortune; CNBC

52

Lyft’s total assets amount to just under 3.8 billion U.S. dollars

Total assets of Lyft between 2017 and 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Lyft

3.02

3.76

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2017 2018

To

tal a

sse

ts in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Computer equipment

Construction in progress

Leasehold improvements

Leased computer equipment

Building and site improvements

Land

Internal-use software

Furniture and fixtures

Leased vehicles

Dockless e-bikes

53

In its 2018 fiscal year, Uber held about

24 billion U.S. dollars in total assets,

some 10 billion of which were

categorized as investments. These

investments were mainly divestitures

Uber made (in exchange for a non-

controlling interest or equity ownership

interest) to competitors such as DiDi

and Grab, as well as Yandex, the

Russian parent company of MLU.

The gains Uber made from investments

were also the main reason for the

company’s positive net income in 2018.

At the same time, leased vehicles only

contributed 34 million U.S. dollars to

Uber’s property and equipment assets,

which totaled about 1.6 billion U.S.

dollars in the 2018 fiscal year. As Uber

keeps losing its first-mover advantage,

the sources of future profits are waning.

Computer equipment is the main driver of Uber's property and equipment assets

Uber's property and equipment assets by component in 2018

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Uber

P&E asset value in million U.S. dollars

Market potential and outlook

▪ Market size

▪ Target groups

▪ Emerging markets

04

55

“At the end of the day you still have to make something

people want. You have to find a way to produce it. You have

to find a way to distribute it.”

– Travis Kalanick, co-founder of Uber

Between 2025 and 2030, the market for mobility services is projected to grow at an annual compound growth rate of just over eight

percent and reach 250 billion U.S. dollars by 2030.

In the long run, micro-mobility (i.e. bicycle- and scooter-sharing) will be at one end of the spectrum, while eVTOL (electric vertical take-

off and landing) drones and hyperloops will be positioned at the opposite end of the spectrum. While the market for micro-mobility looks

most promising in bicycle-centered cities such as Copenhagen or Amsterdam, eVTOLs will most likely struggle outside affluent markets.

Size of the Mobility-as-a-Service market

56

New market potential will arise in the field of eVTOLs,

hyperloops, and micro-mobility with electric scooters at

the vanguard of the trend.

Transportation networks are a good opportunity for

carmakers to sell vehicles into network fleets. This

procedure cuts out the dealership, and carmakers

need to become increasingly service focused. Daimler

and BMW lead the pack by operating one of the most

prolific car-sharing joint ventures.

Policymakers should not leave

mobility strategies to private

firms alone.

57

New mobility technology is expected to account for 40 percent of automotive industry profits

New mobility tech – projected share of global auto industry profits between 2025 and 2035

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): BCG;

17%

26%

40%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

2025 2030 2035

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

ind

ustr

y p

rofits

58

China will become the mobility services market leader by 2030

Mobility services: global market size by region in 2017 and 2030

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): PwC; Strategy&

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2017 2030

Ma

rke

t siz

e in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

U.S. EU China

350

43.1

10.1

9.1

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Ride-hailing

Smartparking

Ride-sharing

Car-sharing

59

By 2025, the market for new mobility

services is projected to be in full swing

with the ride-hailing segment holding

the highest potential for revenue

generation.

While the total addressable market for

passenger drones seems small, this

segment might receive some extra

attention from those policymakers who

are concerned with the growing

congestion in the political geographies

under their auspices. Similar things can

be said about the smart parking

segment and the market for micro-

mobility services, which is anticipated

to reach a size of 330 to 500 billion

U.S. dollars by 2030.

The ride-hailing segment holds the largest market potential

New mobility services: global market forecast by type in 2025

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Frost & Sullivan; UBS

Projected revenue in 2025

in billion U.S. dollars

127,765

153,591

183,677

216,810

251,268

285,585

318,765

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

60

Revenue in the ride hailing market

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Statista Mobility Market Outlook

Market size in million U.S. dollars between 2017and 2023

61

North America’s market share is

projected to decline over the next

couple of years. One reason for this

may be that North America has

already fulfilled its potential.

At the same time, markets outside

Europe and North America are

expected to grab almost 50 percent

of the global market by 2021.

Insurance costs are among the

main barriers of entry into this

market.

Car-sharing markets outside North America have the greatest potential

Car-sharing: global market size by main region in 2015 and 2021

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Roland Berger

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2015 2021

Sh

are

of th

e m

ark

et

Asia Pacific & others Europe North America

62

Fleet-based and peer-to-peer car-sharing segments are anticipated to grow

The car-sharing market is poised

for growth, both in its peer-to-peer

and in its fleet-based segment.

It is expected that peer-to-peer

programs will have twice as many

vehicles as the fleet-based

counterpart, though.

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): Merrill Lynch; Bank of America

200

440

990

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2015 2020 2025

Ve

hic

les in

pe

er-

to-p

ee

r ca

r-sh

ari

ng

pro

gra

ms th

ou

sa

nd

un

its

110

220

430

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2015 2020 2025

Ve

hic

les in

fle

et-

ba

se

d c

ar-

sh

ari

ng

pro

gra

ms in

th

ou

sa

nd

un

its

Peer-to-peer car-sharing programs are expected to increase the most between 2015 and 2025

30

50

100

150

200

300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Low estimate High estimate

Mic

ro-m

ob

ility

ma

rke

t siz

e in

20

30

in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

China

Europe

United States

1

4

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

2025 2030 2035

Urb

an

pa

sse

ng

er

ma

rke

t siz

e in

bill

ion

U.S

. d

olla

rs

63

Outlook: micro-mobility and urban passenger drones will be next

(Electric) bike-sharing and scooter-

sharing operators have already

begun to pop up, and passenger

drones are predicted to take off

soon. They are anticipated to

become the next form of passenger

transport; the sky is no longer the

limit.

Note: Worldwide

Source(s): McKinsey; Porsche Consulting

The United States is projected to become the leading micro-mobility market by 2030

Demand trends

As a result of increased population levels in urban

areas, mobility demand among urbanites is on the rise.

Younger generations are already receptive to MaaS,

indicating that the market has untapped growth

potential among the more senior age groups.

In an effort to mitigate climate change and thus tackle

carbon dioxide emissions, communities will seek ways

to prioritize electric cars, bicycles, or scooters.

Consumers are less likely to hang on to their private

cars than previously thought but demand low costs

and widespread availability of vehicles.

New market opportunities will arise in the field of

micro-mobility with electric scooters spearheading the

trend.

Risks and opportunities

Policymakers should not leave their nations’ mobility

strategy to private companies alone.

TNCs will require large investments to maintain their

dense networks and support research efforts;

investments need to be made in the field of

autonomous vehicles, digital network infrastructure,

and marketing.

Individual business models need to become more

unique and add more value to win over consumers and

merit their loyalty.

Autonomous vehicles hold the promise to introduce

robo-taxis, which are likely to be more economical than

conventional chauffeur service offers, but prices need

to reach financial sustainability to cover costs first.

Transportation networks are a good opportunity for

carmakers to strengthen their brands by selling

vehicles into network fleets. This may be important in

times of slowing light vehicle sales growth.

Key takeaways

64

AV – Autonomous vehicles

BEV – Battery electric vehicles

CO2 emissions – Carbon dioxide emissions

EBITDA - Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization

EV – Electric vehicle

eVTOL – Electric vertical take-off and landing

IPO – initial public offering

MaaS – Mobility-as-a-Service

Micro-mobility – vehicles that carry one or two passengers: (electric) scooters, pedelecs, bicycles, skateboards

OEM – Original equipment manufacturer

PEV – Plug-in electric vehicle

Robo-taxi – autonomous car operating for an on-demand mobility service

TNC – Transportation network company

VMT – Vehicle-miles traveled

Glossary

65

Alix Partners

Arthur D. Little

Auto Rental News

Bank of America

BCG

Bloomberg

Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Bureau of Transportation

Statistics

Business Insider

Business of Apps

Caixin

Capital IQ

CIA

CNBC

Cox Enterprises

Deloitte

DiDi Chuxing

Euromonitor

FactSet

Federal Highway Administration

Forbes

Fortune

Frost & Sullivan

Global Carbon Project

Global Rail News

Government of Moscow

IHS Markit

Intel

INRIX

Lyft

McKinsey

Merrill Lynch

Morning Consult

Nvidia

NYC Taxi and Limousine

Commission

OECD

PitchBook

Porsche Consulting

PwC

Roland Berger

Schaller Consulting

Scotiabank

Statista

St. Louis Fed

Strategy&

TIARCENTER

TomTom

Transportation Research Board

Trefis.com

Uber

UBS

UITP

United Nations

UN DESA

US Census Bureau

Various sources (media reports

and company data)

Wall Street Journal

World Bank

Sources

66

Recommendations

67

Dossiers

Car sharing in Europe

Car sharing in Germany

Car sharing in Italy

Lyft

Mobility-as-a-service fleets

New mobility solutions in China

Peer-to-peer travel in the United Kingdom

Ridesharing services in the U.S.

Uber Technologies

Mobility Market Outlook

Online Mobility Services

Digital Market Outlook

Ride Hailing

eTravel

68

Author

E-M ail: isabel.wagner@statista.com

Released: March 2019

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Isabel Wagner

Senior Researcher

Isabel Wagner is the Statista

specialist for research on

transportation, metals, and

electronics in the U.S. She is

an expert for mobility-related

trend topics such as electric

and autonomous vehicles.