A

A

STI"]DENT'S

ENGLISI{

GRATVIMAR

WORKBOOK

Sylvia Chalker

being a Workbcrok fbrA Stucil:nt's Grarnnrctr of'the English Longu,oge

bv Sidney Grecnbaum and Randolph Quirk

E '-'"GMAN

Addison WesleY l-ongman Limited,

Ikl i r tbt r rg/.t (|rttc, IIrr rlrttr'.

I:sst'.t' ( )XI 2O 2./ll, Iirt,ql r u ul

ottr l Assrrcirt let l ( ' l t tnt l trut i t 's thnttr,qltr t t t t the trvtr lr l

O S ( lhalkct 1t)t)2

A l l r ig l r ts rcscrvcc l : l l ( ) l )a r t o1 ' t l i i s l l t r l : l l i c : r t io r lnrlrv bc rcproclrt<-ecl, stot-ct l tn : t rctr icr ' ' : t l syslcl l l '

. r i r- , ,nsrrr i i tecl i rr ut-ry l i r ' ' r ,r l ty lrny l t tcl l l ts, ele:clr,nic' ,

r r rcc ' l iun ice l , p l to toco l l y ing ' t '<orc l ing , o r o t l l c ru ' ' i sc l ,'uv i t l to t t t l l r c p r io t ' u ' t . i t t cn l l c r t r l i ss io t . l < i1 ' t l r c I ) t r l r l i shers '

l r i r s t P t r l r l i s l t cc l 1992

Scr. 'r 'nl l t i r t i l>rcssiol l l1)99

t l r i t i s l i l . i l r r . r r r '1 ' O: t t r t log t t i t l t l i r l I ' t r l r l i c : r t io t l l ) : t1 : t

A r - ' l r t l t l og t l c tc toL t l l i r l t l r i s l loo l< i s l t r ' : t i l l l r l t ' l ro l t l

t l r c l l r . i t i sh L r l r r r r r t '

l : i l ' ,N 0 5l l2 08fi l9 ' t

Sc t in l . i r to ty l l t ' ( i l t t l t r t to l t c l

l ) r in tec l in Ch inasw' l ( . , ,07

Gontents

I n t roduc t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1

I Thc Engl ish language . . . . . . . . . . . -5

2 A gcncra l f l 'ar rcwork . . . . . . . . . . . .1

. l V e r h s r r r r t l a u x i l i u r i e \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |

, 1 Thc scn ran t i cs o f t he ve rb ph rasc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I

5 Nouns anc l c l c t cnn t r t c r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6 P r o n o u n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

7 Ad. jcct ive s ancl advcrbs . . . . . . . . . -53

U Thc se n ran t i cs and g r l r n rna r o f ac l vc rb ia l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

t) Prcposi t ions ancl preposi t ional phrascs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

f 0 The s i rnp l c scn tcncc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

I I Scntence types and c l iscourse l 'unct ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1J2

12 Pnl- l i r rnrs ancl c l l ips is . . . . . . . . . . . t l6

| 3 C loo r r l i na t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

14 Thc co rnp l cx scn tcncc . . . . . . . . . . 99

l5 Syntact ic and scnranl ic I 'uncl ions o l 'subordinatc c l luscs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

l6 Complcnrcntat ion of vcrbs ancl at l jcct ivcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l2 |

l 1 Thc r t o t rn p l t r r r sc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I l l

l l l T l rcr rc . l i rcus, ancl in f i rnnat ion proccssing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

19 From scntcnce to text . . . . . . . . . . . . l -52

KI IY Suggcstcc l i tnswcrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . l -58

4

lntroduction

TIr is workbook prov idcs pr-act icc nrate r ial l 'or A St tr t lc t t l ' s () r 'uttr t tru r r t l t ht Ert,ql i .slr

l t l t ,qtru,qc (.S(i [) by Siclrrcy ( irccnbaurn lnt l Ranclcl lpl t Quirk. antl rcl trctrccs l tr

l t ' l c v r r r t l s e r ' t i o t t s ( ) 1 . \ ( ; L l t l t ' g i r t ' t t .' fhc

wrtrkbook shoult l . howcvcr. provc uscful to othcr aclvattcct l Icarncrs ol '

I lng l i sh who want p rac t icc n ra te r ia l . and s i rnp l i f i c t l gn tu t t t l t t i c i t l t to tcs a rc g i re t t

on po i r r ts w i th l vh ich such s tu r lcn ts rna l 'bc l css lanr i l ia r . S t t t t l c t t t s t t ta ;v l t l so l in t l

l t l i c t io r ta ly usc i r , r l .

T I tc cxcr -c iscs c lo no l havc to bc r lone in ln l p i t r t i c t t l l t l ' o r t l c t ' . l r l th t t t tgh s i t l cc thc

vn ,orkbook t i r l l ows Ihc santc gcncr - l l p lan us . ! ( i [ . th is t r tca t ts t l ta t scc t ions I a t td

I sc rvc us an ovcrv icw. scc t ions 3 l l dca l w i th h ls ic p roh lc t t t s . a t r t l I t l9 w i th

rnore cor r rp lcx s l ruc tL r rcs . A l r ' r v cxcr -c iscs , cspcc ia l l v i t t scc l i r l r r r . i l r c co t lcc r t tcc l

w i th l c r tn ino logy ' . wh ich is in rpor tan t l i r r acur lcnr ic s tu t l c t t t s l t l t t l a r rsc f i r l a i t l lo a t t

6vc l r l l undcrs la l r t l i ng o l ' lhc g r -unuuat ica l svs lc l l t . Thc nr l r . jo r i t y o l ' thc cxc le i s , :s

arc. irowcvcr. cnl i fc l) , pl irct ica l . The 1' arc blrsct l r tn t t tot lcrt t Eng I ish. covcr i l \ l l f ict-\

111 l '11r l t i cs a t r { u r -c in tc l l ( l c ( l to hc lp l c i r r r tc t ' s inc rcasc thc i r owr t t l )as tc ry o l ' t ' .ng l i sh .' l ' hc rc

i s u kcy to lhc cxcrc iscs t r t lhc l ruck . bu t i t r r tus t hc po i r t t cd ou t lh l t t l l l so l l t c

cascs l l t c rc n rav bc o the r accc l t t l rb lc unsu 'e l s . ( i l l t tnn tar i s t rn t l cn ia t r l y i t t t ta l l c l o l '

n r l cs anr l l ' r -c rp rcn t lv o i " r igh f ln r l ' l l ' t ' o t tg ' : bu l i t c l r r t a lso l rc t t r t t l t t t c t -o l ' r igh t ' l r l l t l' r igh t ' u cho icc hc twccn Iw( ) ( ) r n lo rc g ra tn tnu l i cu l wavs o l ' say ing so t t tc t l t i t tg .

dcpcnd i r ru < tn thc cxr tc t t t lea l l i t lg i t l t c t t t l c t l .s( '

I -ondon

I 992

1 The Engl ish language

Prescript ive and disputed grammar

Although thcrc is l 'air ly gcne ral agrccntcnt about what you carl ancl canttot

say in s tanc la rc l t tng l i sh . therc a re a te w 'g rey areas 'o f t r t s t ' t l t t , l r usagc wherc

rrat ivc spcakcrs cl isagrcc. F-or cxatnplc. can you or cal l yot l l lot sayl

Al l ol t 'ou vt ' i l l rrot ruxlcrstutrLl.

Sorrrc pcoplc f incl this total ly acceptablc: othcrs want to re word i l t ts Nttt ul l

t l t ' 0 t t x , i l l u tu le rs tund i f tha t i s what thc r t t can ins is . c la i ln ing th i l t thc

r r r ig ina l sc r r tcncc ' rca l l y tncar rs ' Nr tn t ' r t f . t ' t t t r u ' i l l u t rd t r ' s t t t t r t l .

Othcr p rob lcn ts a r isc hccausc t t f t ' n t ,s t H t t " t t v t , ru lcs . so t t tc t t l ' thc r r r c la t ing

l l ' r t rn a t i rne whcn pc t tp lc thought tha l t rng l i sh g r i t t l t t l ta r shou ld hc l i kc La t in

gran lnar . Thcsc ru lcs s l tou l r l no t rc i t l l y app ly to f tng l i sh a l a l l . bLr t r r lany

Eng l ish pcop lc havr - he-ard thcnr anc l (c l r i t c n t i s takcn ly ) th ink i t i s wr t t r tg t t r

brcak thcn't . I ixarrtples of t l rcsc cloubl l ' t r l rulcs:

[)on' l ettcl a scl l tcl tcc with lr prcposi l ior l .

Say / t ' . r ' / . (Don ' t s r ty / l ' . i r i i r ' . )

P a r l l y a s a r c s u l t o l ' p r c s c r i p t i v c r u l c s . w c t t l t c t t g c t l l l l ' l i l { ( ' o R l t l , ( ' l l ( ) N w h i c h

is pcop lc sc r ious ly r t r i sap l t l y ing a ru le . ' l ' hus sor l l co t te w l to l t l t s bccr l to l t l t t r

say l t 's / ptay gct thc idc.r t hal r i i r is sorncltow urtgrattt t tr t t ic l t l i t t atty pos i t ion.

so t lrcy stty ' i ' l t t lv ' t ' t ' r t l t t tr t t t t t i l .

Ano lhcr causc o l 'd ispu te t l t t saqc is l la t t l l a l char lgc . Lar rgu i tgc ch lngcs a l l l l r c

l i r1c . Pcop le w l to no t icc changcs o l tcn ob jcc t 1o thcr t t and co t ls i t l c r l l t c t l l

wron !1 . (Perhapr i in t in rc l t t t t t , c t ' t t . t t tu u t t l / w i l l bc l cncra l l y acccptab lc . )

Exercise 1 Prescr ipt ive rules, disputed usage and hypercorrect ion

l l c rc u rc sonrc au thent ic c ra rnp lcs o f 'n rodcr t r Eng l ish . E l tch sc t t tc t rcc c ( ) l l t l t l l l s

s9r1c kip{ ol 'cl ispr-r lcd usauc pe rhups sotncthirtg that stt t t tcbotlv wott l t l ob.icct t t l

bccausc i t brcaks u prcscript ivc nrlc, or a hypcrcorrccl iol l , ()r 'a rtcwislr t le ve lo1-r l t lc l t t .

(-an you spot thc problct l ts ' /

I I u r r i i rnprcsscd b1 ' thc knou" lec lge hc ur tc l h is l l - ien t ls s l ' tow o l 'd i f ' l c rcn t

gp ivers i t i cs and courscs . . . ' l hcy u rc l i tppc( l i t t l t t l t t t c twork o l i r t t i r rn ra l ion . l l

c l i t l not usccl to bc l ikc t l iat.

2 I t woulcl havc crtclecl rn trt luedy.

v ic t i rn . (Po l i cc t t f f i cc r spcak ing

i t ' i t hac ln ' t havc bccn f o r '

on lc lcv is ion)

lhc courasc o l ' thc

6 The English language

3 The doctor clismisscd the symptoms and suggested she take up a relaxinghobbv.

4 Q: What would you have been had you not been born a sportsman'/A: I may have fbllowed rny father into the Servrces.

5 I wondcr if he were indeecl herc vesterclay.

6 As to r wc Eng l ish . wc shou lc l rcs is t thc tc rnp ta t ion to rnake. jokes .

7 Thc bcauti ful stal l ions wcrc kcpl to onc sidc of thc nrutc arrcl us spe ctators wcrc

kcot to thc othcr.

t l Nearly l irur l inre s us nlany girls in Brit l in sul' l 'cr I 'rorn lsthrna than in thc 1970s- but all thosc who clt irn to be aller.uic arc not sufl 'ering l iorn it.

9 Poct ry nccds lcss words . (P laywr igh t A lan Bcr r r rc t t . spcak ing on lc lcv is io r r

about t loctrv ancJ rrove ls)

l0 Thc carbor t c l iox idc locks in thc sur t ' s heat , l i kc s lass locks hca t in to agrecnhousc .

l l Wr i t ing rny f i rs t ruuby rnatch rcpor t u tcc l ing ot unreal i ty h i t rnc

l2 The wor lc l can brcathc u l i t t le casicr at tcr th is h is tor ic sunrrn i l

l 3 You Lrsc a di l ' l 'crcnl sort ol ' Engl ish in a T i l ic.r ' lcaclcr than in a convcrsation in

a nub.

1 .1 I f a regu la rcu : i lonrc lwcrc to n take ar rangc lncn ts w i th thc i rown brar rch , i t n l ry

bc possiblc to nrakc arrangcnrcnls lbr spccdy clcarartcc.

l -5 A sa lcs rn l rn cxp la incc l tha t the rnanu l ls inc luc lcd w i th rnos l conrputc rs wcrc

hopc lcss . Thev c i thc r wcrc in rposs ib le to unc lc rs tanc l . t ' u l lo f n r is takcs , r l r bo th .

l6 Nonc of thc bodics so l 'ar rccovcrcrl 'uvcrc wearin!r l i f l iackcts.

l7 Sar t rc huc l onc o f thc bcs t cc luca l ions avu i lab le - to u ml r r r o l 'h is gcncra t ion

I t l The ic lca sccmed ta r to t r c l t re l to uc tuu l l l ,e ru ' ry ou t

l9 No sooncr arc onc scl ol pcri ls sunttortr-t tcd than i tnotlrcr lot. cvcn rnorc

in t rac lab lc . takc thc i r n lacc .

20 Thc Princc te sts sclrne ol'thc inventions. inclucling the prototypc of a sportscar : p lus there is t rev iew ol ' lhe nrost successl 'u l innovat ions in tcn years of theawarcis.

2 A general framework

Exercise 2 Sentences and clauses [SGE 2.2-31

How much dil you know about scntence structure'l Complete the sentenccs by

matching thc predicates (a)- ( j ) to the subjccts ( l -10) . The f i rs t answcr is lc .

I A scntence2

'fhe sub.ject3 Thc verb4 The prcclicatc-5 Thc rnain clements

of sentencc structure6 Not a l l o f lhese7 Objccts8 Cornplcments9 Thc vcrb bc

l0 Aclverb ia ls

(a) are usual ly opt ional .(b) is thc most important copular verb.(c) contains a subjcct and a predicate.(c l ) only occur wi th t ransi t ive verbs.

(c) have to occur rn evcry scntencc.(f) usually conres befi lrc the verb.(g) fbllow ctrpular vcrbs l ikc ltc or lx'Lrtnrc.(h) are subjcct, verb. object, complctnenl. aclverbial.( i ) consis ts o l 'a verb ancl possih ly othcr

cletnct'tts.(-i) has to agree witlr thc subjcct.

Exercise 3 Sentence elements: forms ISGE 2.241

Reacl the pas:ja-qe ancl then choose the otld tbrm out in each sct l isted below.

I sat down on a stonc. I was exhausted. My ankle was aching and leg nruscles that

I ncver knew cxisted wcre beginnins lo complain. The sun wi.ls castinc long

shadows and the silence worricd me. Thcre was no sign of thc path, and tto tlther

t ra i l lookecl at a l l convinc ing. I could not scc a s ingle house, there werc no tarn i l iar

lanclmarks, ancl the lndus u'as ttnly a glinting trickle far belo"v. If 'elt t irccl.

Words arc ot icrt . joined togcthcr ir t grt lups cal lcd 1rlrrtrst 's. Vcrb pl lrases.

noun phrtses, adverb phrascs and acl icct ive phrases tnay consist o1'a singlc

verb, noun /pronoun, aclverb or acl. jcct ivc t tr ol 'scvcral words bui l t arountl

thc 'hcacl worcl ' . Hcrc arc solt tc cxltnrples.

vcrb phrascs thit tks. n'us l t t t1t i t t14, ntrt t ' huvt 'u' t t tulrred

n<lun phrascs nt(, sottt(()t t( , s()t t t(()t t( el 'sc, ntv l t t tntc, utt t tr l rcr t t l

thost' prttblenrs, u plucc I rttttt' r'isitt'd

irdjcct ive phrascs un rt .suul, q uit t ' t ' t 'nru rkult l c, vtrt ' t xl t l i trdctt l

advcrb phrases rcnrorkult l t ' , t t t t t 'e, ruthcr txl t l l t '

Prcposit ional phrases arc ralhcr dif fbrcnt becausc preposit ions clo nt l l

function on thcir own. A preposit ional phrasc ttrust cctt ' tsist ol 'a preposit ion

+ another word, usually a noult.

preposit ional phrases ir t t t trr t t t trctr l , uttdcr t l te tul ' t le, tut nt l stu'1tt ' ist '

B A general framework

rniscrable ancl sl i ,uhtly f i ightenecl. I sat for ten nrinutes without ntoving, unsure ofwhat to do . A l l op t ions secmcc l cqua l ly unappca l ing . Thcn. i rnn tcc l ia tc ly above

me, I heard gunshots . On o ther occas ions the no ise nr igh t havc been s in is te r . Now

they seemecl welconrinr. alrnost honrcly. I clurnbe rcd upwalcls, ancl soon lbund a

t rack . Fo l low ing i t a round a b lu f f o f rock I saw the sourcc o f thc shots : a v i l lagc

of f ra l f - t imbcrcd hu ts c l ing ing to the shccr h i l l s ide . (Wi l l ian t Da l ryn tp lc : / l

Xuttudu A Quc.rt)

[ ' . . tunrplt ' . a stonc rnv anklc cornplain rro sigrr gunshots

Atr.su't ' r". conrplai l-r I thc rcst i l rc noulr phrascs]

I vcrb phrascs was cxhauslccl l l 'as achin.u

wcre bcg in r r i l l g l t l conrp la in cou ld no t s rcc

rn igh t havc bccn

I noun phr;.rscs lcg r r tusc lcs tha l I ncvcr kncw cx is tcc l

cas t ing long shac lows nrc no s ig r r o l ' thc pa th

thc s< lu rcc o l ' thc shotsI ad . jcc t i vc ph lascs l i r cc l , n r isc r lb lc and s l igh t ly l i ' i sh tcned

r . lnsurc o f wha l to do cc lua l l v unappca l in t

"1 advcr-b phrases

alrnost horncly l i r l lowing i tncvcr l l r bc low i rnrncdiatc lv lbovcnow r. lpwilros

5 p lcpos i t ionu l phrascs on a s to l rc f i r r 1cn rn inu tcs w i t l r r l r - r t n ruv i r rg

on o t l rc r occrs ions a l rnos t l ro rnc lv

Exercise 4 Sentence elements: funct ions ISGE2.3-4]

Whcn we ta lk o l 'phrascs wc arc ta lk ing o l i ,oR\1 , \ r ca lcgor ics - thc way

phrascs arc f i r r rncd . Whcn w 'e ta lk o l ' scn tcncc c lcnren ts (sub. jcc ls , vc rbs .

ob . jec ts , cornp lcnrc r r ts anr l a r lvc r t r iu ls ) wc arc th ink ing o l ' thc way d i f fb rc r r t

k in t l s o t f i r rn ra l phrascs l , t N( r ' roN. h l rw thc s i tn te k inc l o l 'phnrsc can cxprcss

dif l 'crcnt clcrncirts.

' I 'hc vcrb c lcnrcn{ in u scntcnce nrusl bc u vcrb phrasc. but th is docs not upply

to o lher t i r rnrs und funct i r lns. For cxarnplc ( in thc pussugc in l lxcrc isc 3) :

Noun phrascs cun bc:srrb. jcct

ob.jcct

ob.icct ot ' prcposit ion

l l so comple nrcn t

Acl jccl ivc phrascs can bc:

coniplcr-ncnt

Prcpos i t iona l phrases can

part of l noun pltrasc

an aclvcrbial

T l t t s i i t ' t r t t ' . . .

. . . lwor r icd) l r r , .

. . . ( o n ) ( t s t ( ) t t ( .(TIre writcr ts) u truvc!lcr

t q uu I I v u t ru 1t1tt'u I i tt.q

( r io s ign) t t l thc pu t l t(sat dorvn) ()n u st()n(

Word classes I

Look at the passage again (Ercrcise 3) and clccide what function cach of the

fbllowing phrases has.

NPs I my ankle? lcg rnuscles that I never knew cx is tcd3 long shaciows.1 a g l in t ing t r ick lc5 thc sheer h i l ls idc

AcljPs 6 at all convincing7 tirccl. nrise rablc ancl slightly t 'r ightcnctl8 welconting, altr-tost horrrcly

PPs 9 o l ' thc pathl0 lbr tcr r minutcsI I u i t l t o u l t t t o v i n gl2 on othcr occ l ls to l ts

S L B J t l ( - l

Exercise 5 Words and word classes ISGE2.6-11]

l l ow rnuch c lo you know about wr t rd c l tsse s (par ls o f spccch) ' /

Choosc thc hes t op t io t ' t s . Thc l i r s t answcr i s la .

I Wc d iv idc words i r . r to (a ) two (h ) th rcc (c ) f i ru r b roa t l c i t t cgo i ' ies . c lcpcnt l ing

on whcthcr thcsc c lasscs l r rc rc l l r t i vc ly l i xcc l o r cons tan t ly ch l rng ing .

I C loscd wo lc l c lusscs ( l )havc in rpor ta r t t g ra lnnra l i ca l l i rnc t io t ts (b ) o l ' t cn gc t

ncw worc ls a rk lcd (c ) co t ts is l la rgc ly o l ' l cx ica l ' rvo t 'ds .

--r Thc closed clusscs inclut lc (a) l i r l l vcr ' ' r ' rs nttci Inotlal vcrbs (b) prirnarlr ancl lul l

vcrbs (c) printary artcl lnocl i t l vcrbs.: l Thc opcn c lasscs (a ) a rc cons tan t ly ga in in -u r rcw wor t l s (b ) inc luc lc n ta i r t l v

'q ramrnat ica l 'wor i l s (c ) inc luc lc i t l l verbs .

5 Thc tcmrs 'gcncr ic ' i tn r l ' spcc i t i c ' a lc tpp l i c r l to thc n rcan i t tg o l ' ( l r ) a t i vc rh ia l

phrascs (b ) noun phr i tscs (c ) p rcpos i t iona l phr l t s t rs .

6 T h c t c r r n s ' n r a r k c c l ' a n c l ' u n r n a r k c r l ' r e I a t c t o ( a ) i n f l e c t i o t t o n l y ( b ) n t c l r t i r t {

on ly (c ) bo th in l l cc t ion and t t t ca t t in { .

7 S ta t i vc verbs (u ) a t ' c t t ra i r t l y L tsc t l in lhc pass ivc (cg : ro / . rc l t r t t r t ) (b ) a rc ra rc lv

uscc l i r r p rogress ivc tcnscs (cg : l t c lo t rg , k t rou ' .ov ' t r ) (c )show l lack o l t t to t io t t

(cg : / i c , r ' c ,s t . . t i l ) .

1 3 A p r o - l i r r r n i s ( a ) a s p c c i a l k i n t l o f p r o n o u n ( b ) a n y w o r c l t t r l t h r a s c t h l t r e l t r s

to aitothcr cxpression without repeating i t (c) a covcr tcrtn l i rr both prottt t t" t t ts

ancl clctcrr-tr incrs.

9 Opcrator nreans (a) a f ini tc verb phrasc (cg: t ' t tuld lruvt.fr t t 'grt t t t ' rr) (b) thc

aux i l ia r i cs i r r a vc rb phrase ( . . . . t ' r t t r l t l l ra lc f i r rgo t tcn) (c ) t l re f i rs t o r on lv

aux i l ia ry ( . . . . t ' ou ld havc f i r rgo t lcn) .

l0 Non-asscr t i ve app l i cs to ce r ta in worc ls tha f a re rcs t r i c tec l in use to (a ) ncg l t i vc

questions (b) ncgative statemenls and questions (c) negative statcrncl l ts.

10 A general framework

Exercise 6 Word classes: def ini t ions [SGE2.6-11]

Complete the sentcnce s with thesc words:

ut l jec t i vc : adverbs eon junc t ions t l c t t rm iners nouns prcpos i l io r rspronouns verbs

I Dt ' na tn i c.. f t ni rc, l i i l l , tru t r . t i t i t 'c al l describc . . y. i l l l . . . . . .

2 CollcLtiva, courtt . ,qctr i t i t 'c, l)rolrcr are used in clescribing

3 Attri but i t'e, 1tt'cdi cutit'c, (ontpdrdtit'c, sultcrlot it,t, relatc to

4 I)cnrott.r t t 'ut i t ' r ' , i t t tcrro.quti t ' t ' , l tcr.sotrul, rclut i t . t ' describc cl i l ' l -crcnt kincls of

5 . . . . . . o f ten tc l l us I ' row, when. whcrc o r why sorne th ing happencd.

6 Many . . . . . . have rncan ings conncc tcd w i th p lacc or t i rnc . Thcy conncc ltwo un i ts o f a scn tcncc togethcr anc l show a re la l ionsh ip .

7 Thc art iclcs rr larr ancl thc ttc spccial kinds ol '

t t . . . . . . . jo i l t worc ls , phrascs unc l c luuscs togc thcr . Sornc urc coon l ina t ingl ln ( l \ ( , l l t c i l r ( ' s t rh ( ) r ( l in i l l i ng .

Exercise 7 More about word classes ISGE 2.6-111

Choosc thc odcl word out in cach sct thc word that docs nt)t bclons to thatpar t i cu la r wor r l c lass .

F,.turtrple' . bui l t . door, garclcn, roorn. winclowAtt. tu' t ' t" . bui l t IThc othcr worcls arc nouns.l

l c o u l d r l r a y s h o u l c l w i l l w a n t2 i trc can did has was3 nrc cvery oul 's sorncone thcy4 at ie-r ut during into upwarcls-5 and be-causc or too whcn6 col lege cl lss gral l lnar lcarn tetchcr'7 angry hungry lonc ly obv ious ly s i l l ylJ causc insist must pcrsuaclc : iuggcst9 an how nty no whosc

l0 af ierwards bacl ly l i icncl ly now soon

3 Verbs and auxil iaries

Therc arc three nta. ior typcs ot

I r ' r r r { o r l e r i c u l v c r h s t - e g :

A ln tos t a l l vc lbs a rc i r r th is

2 r 'ntrv.rnr- ve rbs - /rc. r1o artt l

3 vo l r , r t . a r - rx i l ia r i cs - (u t t ,

w i l l . v ' t t u l d

t verbs:l , t l i t r t ' , / i l r ' . . r , l r ' . t t r t t t l . . .

ca t cgo ry . c xccp t t o r

I tut ' t '

t ou l t l . t r r r n ' . r n i , q l t t , t t r r r . s l . s l t u l l .

Exercise 8 Full verbs: functions of the base form [SGE 3-2-3]

l Thc r , r , rs t , l i r r rn o l ' thc vc rb is t l t c r . r t r i r t l l cc lc t l l i r rn i o l 'a l ' i r l l o r p t ' i t l ta t -y vc rb ,

t l rc l i r r rn l l ta t con tcs t i rs l i r r a r l i c t ionary (es : / ) r '1 i r l t ' . l i kc . l t t , r io . But Nr r t '

l t r I i cvt,s, I i kcl. lx ' i n.q. dtt rrt ' ) .

Thc basc is uscc l in l i vc t l i l ' l c t ' cn l ways :

I o l i cn t o l r r hc rc . [ in i t c p rcsc l l t l cnsc ( l ) f cs ) l

C . ' t t t t r t ' l r l oncc ! | in tpcra t ivc ( i r r rp ) l' f

hcy c lc rnanc lc t l tha t I t t t t t tL ' to thc i r . o t ' f i cc . l s t r l l . i un t : t i vc (sub. i ) ]' l "hcy

wan lc t l t t t c to c t r r t t ' . l i r l f i n i t i vc w i th lo ( to - in l i l r ) l

I c a n c o i r r r ' t o l l t o r r o w . I i n l i n i t i v c w i l h o u t r o ( b a r c i n l i n ) ]

Fi lc l thc busc l i r r rns in thc f i r l lowing. and dccic lc which way cach onc is being uscd.

F,.tttnrplc'. Whcn yorr havc Ilothing to say. say nrlthins' Who said that' l

At t5u, t , t " . l ra lc (prcs) /1) . r ( / . \ ' ( to in f in) . r rn ' l i r r lp) . IBt t t t lo t .sr r r r l , becausc. l r r r r l is r lo t

a basc firrrtt I

I L is tcr r carc l 'u l ly .2 I f you won' t l is tcn. I ' rn to ing.3 My parents a lways ins is tcd that I l is tcn to what thcy said..tr But why am l supposccl to l istcn'l

5 Actual ly I a lways l is ten anYwaY.6 If you can't stand thc hcat, gct out ctt ' thc kitchen. [] larry S Trunran, I l l l l : l- lc.)72.

US president l7 Who was he tcll ing to gct out of thc kitchcn, ancl why'l

U lt has nothing to clo with kitchcns. He was suggesting to pcoplc whtl could not

work undcr pressure that they get out and lincl othcr wclrk.

9 Oh I get i t ll0 I don't know whether anyone actually did get out as a result.

Exercise 9 -ed form: regular and irregular [SGE 3.3-10]

In rcgular verbs. the past tcnsc and the past part iciple both encl in -cr l :

I lookcd lpastl , I have lookcd [past part iciplcl

So the label ' -cr l f i rnn' is of ien used lbr both these parts of the vcrb. cvcn

with irrcgulal vcrbs: He .r 'ax . He has .r 'ccri .

12 Verbs and aux i l ia r ies

Cornple{c thc lbl lowing passage using -rr l lbnns ol t l rcsc rcgular ancl irregular

vcrbs :

cicsccncl cl isappear clrop givc

say scl stancl wrap

lead pcrclr populate r isc rouncl

l ' , . runp l t ' . 'That ' s r igh t . ' s . , r to thc doc tor . 'Look a l tc r your I ro thcr . '

My nro ther ( l ) . . . . n re d i rcc t io l ts l tow to rcach t l t c c l i spcnsu ly , anc l I (2 )

. . . . . . o f l ' w i t h a b o t t l c ( 3 ) . . . . . . i n b r o w n p a p c r u r t r l c r r r t y i l r r n . ' I h c

r o a d ( . 1 ) . . . . . . u p h i l l . t h r o u g h a t h i c k l y ( - 5 ) . . . . . . p o o r ' l o c a l i t y . a s l a r

a s t h c b a r r a c k s . w h i c h w a s ( 6 ) . . . . . . o t r l h c v c l y l o p o l t h c l r i l l , o v c r t h c c i t y .

a n r l t h c n ( 1 ) . . . . . . . t . t t w c c n h i g h w a l l s . t i l l i t s u c l t l e n l y a h t r o s t ( 1 3 )

i n u s t o n y p u t h . . . . t h a l ( 9 ) . . . . . . s t c c p l y . s t c c p l y . t o l h c v a l l c y o f t l r c l i t t l c

r i v c r ' . . . . a n c l l l t c o p p o s i t e h i l l s i d e . . . ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . t o t h c g c n t l y ( l l )

. . . . . . t o p . o n w h i c h ( l l ) . . . . . . t h c p u r p l c s a r t r l s t r r t c t o r v c r o l ' t l t c

ca lhcd la l .

Exercise 10 -edform: funct ions [SGE 3.3]

Thc f ini tc 'pust ' i '11 t irrrn is usetl l i rr :

Sirnplc past tcnsc: I l txtkcd. Wc ,ran

Thc nonl ' in i tc

[)crttcl:Passi vc:

cr1 part iciplc is r.rsecl l i rr

lh i rvc l t x tkc t l . Thcy had. r rc r i i t .

Yott wcrc .rt ,r ,r ; .

t rc r r l ' ronr a d is tuncc , i t i s lovc ly .P l r t i r ' i p lc e lause

Dcciclc whal l 'uncl ion thc -crl t i rrrns lracl in cxcrcise 9. ancl nri trk lhcrn Dasl lcnsc

(pas t ) , o r non l in i tc par t i c ip le :

A

6

Completc the fbl lowing with the -.s fbnn of the verbs indicated. Then arrange the

vcrbs into three l ists according to the wav the encl ings arc pronouncecl.

31

l l

Exercise 11 -s form: pronunciat ion and spel l ing [SGE3.4-10]

The 3rd person srngular of the sirnple prcscnt tensc (thc -,s f irnn) is pro-nounccd in three dif ' ferent ways, accordirrg to the souncl that it tbllows:

v'uits lsl weieJt.s lzl v' i.sltes lvl

Past form 13

E.tunrplc'.

I Bad money DI i t vEs ou t good. (d r ive)

I r l - in thc u ( ' i ( r . \ l i s t .

2 Abscnce . . . . . . . the hcar t g rou ' l i tnc le r . ( lnakc)

3 l t ' s thc car ly b i r t l tha t . . . . . . . l l r c wor t t t . (ca tch)

4 T r a v c l . . . . . . . t h c n r i n c l . ( b r o a c l c r t )

5 C h a r i t y . . . . . . . a t h o r n c . ( b c g i n )

6 - l ' o rnor row

r tcvcr . . . . . . . (c t ' r t t t c )

7 H c u , h o . . . . . . . i s l o s t . ( h c s i t a t e )

8 l l . . . . . . . b c l i e l ' , b u t i t ' s l r u c . ( p t s s )

9 I t . . . . . . . t o a d v c r l i s c . ( p a y )

l 0 T h i s p o w c l c r . . . . . . . w h i t c r l h r r n w h i l c . ( w a s h )

l l H i s t o r l ' . . . . . . . i t s c l l ' . ( r c p c a t )

l 2 A n a p p l e a d a v . . . . . . . t h c c k r c t o r i t w a l ' . ( k c c p )

l l P o w c r . . . . . . . t o c r l r r u p l . ( l c n d )

l - l lnd ubso l r . t te p ( ) \ / c r . . . . . . . l rbso l t t t c ly . (cor ru l ' r l )

Exercise 12 Past form: regular and irregular [SGE 3.5-10]

Complc tc the l i r l l t t rv ing w i th t r ras t tc l t scs o l l l t c vc rbs g ivc t t .

My r r ro thcr ( l wa lch) . \ \ ' \11 ' l l l r l ) . . t t re l i r t t ' t thc k i tcher t t looru ' l t y a l t t l I c t tu l t l

i r u l r r : i l t c h c r k c c n c v c s p i c r c i n g l h c c l o t h o l ' r t t y b l u z c t l o u h c r c t l t c w a t c l t ( 2 r c s t )

. . . . . . g u i l t i l y i n r n y p o c k c t .'A rc you go ing on 1 'our b ikc . thcn . Wi l l ' l '

I ( 3 s l r y ) . . . . . . . ' \ ' c s . M o t h c r . . ' a n d . l l ' c l i n g u r t c o r t t f i r r ' l a h l c u r t d c r t h i t t

r l i r cc t guzc . ( -1 l x 'g i r t ) . . . . . . to whcc l thc b ikc across 1hc y l r r . i l .' l ( 5 t h i n k ) . . . . . . y o u 1 6 s a 1 ' ) . . . . . i l ( 7 n e c d )

nrc i r r l i r rg o r so t t tc t l r i t rg be l i r l c vou ( l t r i t l c ) . . . . . . i t l tga i r l ' . ) '' 1 1 ' s o n l y l l i t t l c t h i n g . ' I ( 9 l c l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l r c r . ' l t ' l l b e a l l r i g l r t . '

[ ( l O u l v c ) . . . . . . . . s o o r l b v c a n d ( | | p c d i t l ) ou t in l ( ) I l l c s t rcc t

w l r i l c s h c ( l l w u t c h ) . . . . . . n r c . a l i t l l c t l o u b t l ' u l l i ' . I ( l 3 t h i n k )

O n c c o L r t o l ' s i g h t o l l l t c l t o t t s t ' I ( l - 1 P t r l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l l t l l y s t r c l l l l t l l o r l l h c p c c l a l sa n r l ( 1 5 r i d c ) . . . . . . l i k c t h c w i n d . N l y g r a n t l l l t h e r ' s l t o t r s c ( l ( r b c )

. . . . . . in onc o l ' thc o l t l c r par ts o l ' lhc town ar t t l t t t y way ( l7 l t -a t l )

. . . . . . l l rn rugh a l l t i t zc o t ' cobb lcc l s l rcc ts bc twccr t lo r tg r t tws o t houscs . I ( l8

k e c p ) . . . . . . u p r n y s P e e r l . c x c i l c r n c n l c o u r s i n g t h r o u g l r u r c a s l l l t ) t h i n k )

. . . . . . o l ' t h c w a t c h a n d ( 1 0 r c v c l ) . . . . . . i r t t t t y l t a t r . e c l o l ' ( ' r . l w l c y .- l . l rcn

fr-0rr i un crl try bclwccn lwo tcrr i tccs t l f l lottses a tt tot lgrcl puppy (21 dalt)

. . . . . . i r r l o t h e s t r c e t . I 1 2 2 p u l l ) . . . . . . a 1 I n y b u c k h r a k c . T h c c i t b l c

( 2 . 3 s n a p ) . . . . . . w i t h a c l i c k - t h i t l w l t s w h l r t l h a t l ( 2 , 1 i n t c n d )

to f i x . I (25 . janr ) . . . . . . o r1 the th rn t b luke w i th fhc puppy cowcr ins f i ro l i sh ly

in rny pa th . J 'he b ikc (26 . ia r ) . . . . . . lo a s t l tnc ls l i l l , the back er rc l su i r t r . t i t tg

as though (27 ca tapu l t ; . . . . . . o \ /e r thc p ivo l o f thc s ta t ionary t i ' t l n t whcc l

and I (2 t l go) . . . . . . ovcr the hanc l l cbars .

14 Verbs and auxi l iar ies

Exercise 13 -ed form: pronunciat ion ISGE 3.5]

Cio th rough a l l thc rcsu la r r r1 to rnrs in Excrc isc l2 and pu t fhc rn in th rcc l i s ts

l r r ' e o t t l i r t g l o l l t e i r p r o t t u r t t i r t l i o r t :

[:.tuntltlt: ( I ) v'trtclrtl likc r.r'r.rlrcrl/t/

Exercise 14 Spel l ing rules and except ions [SGE 3.6-8]

Crr rnp lc tc the t i r l l ow ing . us ing -L ' t l o r - i t rg l i rnns o l ' thcsc vcrbs :

r lcvckrp dyc l ic rnislay occur ol ' l l ' r panic rcpay suc whingc

I l n c v c r ( l ) r x l r r t R r r ) t o n r e t h a t l r c w a s ( l ) . . . . . . . o r - I w o u l d n ' t h a v c ( 3 )

. . . . . . t o l c n d h i r n t h c n r o n c y i n t l r c f i r s t p l a c c . H c s a y s h e ( . 1 ) . . . .

n ry l c l t c r . and tha t ' s why hc l rasn ' t yc t ( -5 ) . . . . . . n rc . I I c rca l l y s ta l tcc l ( ( r )

. . . . . . w h c l r I s a i c l l ' d t a k c h i r n t o c o u r t . B u t I a r r r s c r i o r , r s l y t h i n k i n g o l ' ( 7 1

. . . . . . h i r r , b c c a u s e I ' n r I ' c t l u p w i t h h i s ( u ) . . . . . . o n a b o u t h o w

ur rk inc l I a rn a r rc l how un la i r l i f ' c i s . I l c ' s a (9 ) . . . . . . in - thc-woo l sc rounscr

i l ' y o u a s k n r c , w i l h i l n o v c r ( l 0 ) . . . . . . s e n s c o l ' g r i e v a n c c .

Exercise 15 lrregular past part ic iples [SGE 3.10]

Ncwspapcr hcadlincs of ' tcn usc prcscnt tcl lscs to re port thc lalcst ncws - i t sounrls

nrr lrc inrrnccl iatc. Irnagine thcse hcacl l incs arc in loclay's papcr. ancl tcl l sonrconc

what has bccn happcning. [ . lsc prcscnt pcrf 'cct tcnscs, nraking any rninorgranmtl l ical

changcs that rnay bc ncccssary.

F,.r u n t 1t I c ' . Art th icvcs stcrl Ciai nsborough.

At rsvrc r ' . Ar t th ievcs have s to lcn a (pa in t ing by) Ga insborough.

I Riot ing spreads to city centrc.

2 Drcam comcs lrue lt lr octogcnarian

Thc regular -r,r/ fbrr.n is pronounccd in thrcc dilferent ways according to thesound i t fo l lows:

u islred ltl u'tiglted ltU v'uitcd lrcU

3 Boy sleeps through pit ordcal.

4 Tottenham lose out in a dif fercnt bal l samc.

5 Thousands strike in dock unrest.

6 Postal charges rise again.

7 Madman shoots 5.

Primary and auxi l iary verbs 15

8 MP fights otf death threat from muggcr.

9 P&O profits f:rl l 22 per cent at half-year

l0 Ferry sinks in harbour.

I I Refugees flce rencwed fighting.

l2 Last ol 'the re tirgees fly horne.

l3 Wcst Country bears brultt of galcs.

l4 Ciun victirn unclcrgocs ctncrgctlcy stlrgcry.

l -5 Ncw prcssure group swl l lgs l l l to ac t l (x l .

l6 C,-oun lcaclcr broadcitsts to natiol l .

l7 J 'enor h i ts back at cr i l ics.

Exercise 16 Primary and auxil iary verbs: contractionslsGE 3.11-181

Wri tc thc abbrcv ia tcd worc ls in f t r l l .

L . . runr1 t l t ' . Dar l ing . thcy ' rc p lay ing our lu l l c .

A t rsn 'c t " . Dar l ing . thcy arc p lay ing our tunc .

I Thcrc's no f irol l ikc an olt l l t lol .

2 I 'm only hcrc l i rr lhc bccr.

3 D o n ' t c a l l u s ,

4 w . ^ ' l l c a l l y o u .

5 l l ' s t u l n e r l o u t t t i c t ' l t g l t i t t .

6 l 'c l no idel you carccl

7 Who 'c l have thought i t ' /

lJ I 've arr ivecl, ancl l t t prove i t I 'nt here

Exerc ise 17 Auxi l iar ies ISGE 3.11-18]

Flerc arc twelve rentarks. Show your surprise by asking a short qucstion (using bc.

fiut'e, t lo or tt modal auxil iary ) and thcn add a short stutcttlent. point ing out that you

differ from the speaker.

E,runrytle: I watch a lot of TV. ...... Do votr' l I oolt 'r.

I I don't watch the news very otien, though

2 I can't understand that weatherman's accent.

J I missed the f i rs t programmc in thut ncw nl ture ser ies.

4 I 'd fbrgot ten i t was on. . . . .

'16 Verbs and auxi l iar ies

5 I 'vc bcen l l 'atching the tennis.

t r M y h r o t h c r ' \ r o t t i c k c t s l i r l t h c f i r t r r l : .

7 B u t h e ' s

n o t i n t e r e r t e t l i n u h r t r . r i n r . . .

X l ' r r r g o i n u t o u l t c h t h e l i n u l s ( ) n t h ( ' h ( ) \ .t ) W c d o r t ' l l t l r v e t h . ' t . ' l l r o r t l r t h r c i r k l l r s l l i r u c . . .

l0 Wc ' l l p robab ly g ivc up te lev is ion i l ' thc l i ccncc lcc gocs up aga in .

| | l ' d r r r i r : i t t e r r i h l . . ( ) l ' ( ' ( ) L l r \ e .

l l W c h u v ( ' l l ' t - ! r ) t l l t i . l i . . . . . . .

Exercise 18 do: auxi l iary or main verb? ISGE 3.15]

L l s c r l o ( l s l r u r i l i a r l , o r a s r t t r i r t v c r h ) t o a t i t l t t c g l t t i v c c ( ) n r l r c n t s o r t o l t s k q u c s t i o n s

as i r t t l i cu tc r l .

I I cn . jo1 ' r r t \ ' ' *o r -k .

3 u t w i u r l c x a c l l , v ( v o u ) . r x r i o r i ; o . ) l l l c l c t h c l i r s t , / , r i s l r n a r r x i l i u r v a n r l t h c\ e L ' ( ) l l ( l t : r t I t | i r i t t r t ' t l r . i

- I ( io rr 'scafchi ) h . t v o t r r . . .

I I th ink i raru l " l 'ork

is goot l f i r r rou.Wc i l . I s i r pposc i t . . . . . " r r nv l t r r r n

-1 I: iul rnv parcnts ciisul-rpror"c ol rrv u,ork.Oh sure ly . the y

5 M1 ' b ro the r s tays in bc t l ha l f ' thc r la r ' .

. . . . . . . . r e l r l l v . '

6 Hc has u ra ther pecu l i l r r . job . i l ' , vou c i t t t ca l l i t l . j ob

W t r v ' . ' W h a t . . . . . . . . , ,

7 Wc l l . a t onc t in rc hc workcr l in co lnpr . l l c rs .

oh.8 But hc t lcc ided to c ivc th l t up.

S o w h a l . . . . . . . . a f t c r t h a t ' /9 Var ious th ings. But now hc p lays h is gui tar i r r thc st rccts.

I d o n ' t b e l i c v c i t . H c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !l 0 Awfu l . i sn ' t i t ' l

Wc l l I ' ve gc l t t ' r i e nds who . . . . . . . . l ny th ing a t a l l .I I Why clon't thcy '.)

Lazy. I suppose. Thcy . . . . . . . . anyth ing when they wcrcat school either.

l2 Maybe one day I ' l l join rly brother - we could fcrrrn a band.Oh . no . . . . . . . . You wou ldn ' t l i ke i t .

i * ' i l r . ' an t l a rna in " . r t r , ,

1s in lV lr t t t t r t tr

l/ )o can bc ur r uux i l iu rv rs i l t I )o . t ' t t r ryrt' dti! l'\' ltttt tu't' t'otr tlrtirrJ'!

Primary and auxi l iary verbs 17

Exercise 19 lnf ini t ives [SGE 3.12. 3.17- ' l8 l

Cornpletc the fbl lowing with a suitable inf ini t ive. Remenlber somc vcrbs need 1

4.,- inf ini t ive i ind sornc nced a barc inf ini t ive.

I I l vou lc l . . . ! i r ) . | - . \ l l . . . . . .n ry . iob i i I hac l thc chance .

2 [ wot r l c l l i kc . . io . rR.A\ .1 : l - . . . .when I ' rn c l lder .

3 I wou l c l r a thc r . . . . . . t han ' 1

5 I r n a y . . . . . . . . . t l t h o u g h I o u g h t 6

7 I hatl trcltcr .

lJ I t lulcrt ' tr ) I nccdn ' t . . . . . i i I ( l on ' t wan t t o .

l 0 I don ' t t h i nk [ ' n r l i k c l y .

l l W h a t a r n I . . . . . . . . i l t h c t ' a s k r n c ' l

l l I wus aboLr l rvhelr thc phottc rang

Exercise 2O used to [SGE 3.17]

I Thc r la rg ina l n i i t r la l r r . r t , t1 lo . rc l ' c r r ing l ( ) u p l l s t [ rabr t . c l rn o t t l v bc t i r l l owt : t l

h y a n i r r l i r r i t i v c

We t ts l r l fo l i r t in I -o t tc lo t l . b t t t wc i l t ln ' t t ton ' .

I )0 l r0 t ! :on lusc t l t i s rv i t l i l t r . , f ,qc l t r , sc t l , ' r r (n rcu t t i t tg l ) ( f q ( l ( t ( ( t t . \ t r t r r t t t l I r t \ .

wh ich is l i r l i owct i b ; . ' l r r r i r r ,g lo t t t t o t i l l l oL l l ) P l l l i . t sc '

S0nrc Pc0 l l i c ncve r ( r / t r . s ( t l to l i | , r ,q in i l h ig c i tv . ' l ' hcv c i t t t ' l ,4 t ' t t r , t t t l l r t

: l t ( r ' r ( ) t (1 . \ . Thcv , t l? r t . t L t . \ ( ( l l ( ) l l t ( t t l .' l ' hc r -c

i s r t l so r t rcg t t l i t r -vc rh t t , t t 'wh ich l r lw l tvs I l t l c t i s l t l t o i - r l cc t :

i i r l a k n i l L ' . { / . s t ' l h i s .

( 'oprp lc tc the sc l t t cnccs I l ( ) i r r a g r -unrnra l i cu l l t t r t l sc t ts ih lc w l tv b l ' t rs i r tg t l t c

cnr l ings l . i . ' l

hc rc t t t i t y l t c scvc t -a l poss ib le a l l s \ \ ' c rs

I A l u n c t i l t r c n r a n v [ l r i t i s h w o r k c r s u s c t l t t t . . . . . . t h t l 1 t l ' . \ l l ) l l \ i \ s l l .

I No ' "v r t tos l o l thc r t t have go t usc t l lo . . . . . .

I Th is n re iu ls I t )os I o l ' l hc popu la t io t l a r -e t tsc t l t t r

J l t t re t r . ' l l l y ( ' i l r : l l l ( ) \ l o l u : i l l t r c Sot t t s t ' t l l t t " '

5 Thesc arc a t tcw ish i r t vcn l io r t . ' I l t c t t r t t sc t l lo . . . . . .

6 Pcrhaps onc c l i t y o l t r ch i l c l rc t t w i l l I ravc becor l le so use t l [o . . . . . .

7 t h a t t h c y w i l l a s k i r t a r t t a z e t l t c t t t , ' [ ) i t h t ' t y o u L r s c [ o . . . . . .

t t A n d d i d y ' o u a l s o u s e t t t . . . . . . . . 1 "

9 I sht l l rcp ly not ( lu i tc t ruthfu l ly - 'Wc ncver uscd to

l0 t - ike cvcryone c lsc I was usccl to

A rcal old-l irshionecl casl't lcss socicly' l

(a) l iv i r rg in a cashlcss socic tY(b) having thcrir ntclney paid into the ir banks

1B Verbs and auxil iaries

(c) using crcdit cards(d) bartering goods for other goods(e) paying fbr things by cheque(f) pay for things by chcque(g) carry moncy arouncl coins and things(h) be paid in cash at the enci of thc weck( i ) be no such th ing(i) use ntoncy

Exercise 2'l Yerb phrases ISGE 3.19-22]

A verb phrasc may consist of a singlc worcl ( l ' r ' l /c) or scveral vcrb fbrtns(lutt l bcctr v 'r ' i t i t tg). A verb phrasc rnay bc l ini tc. ancl ref 'crto t intc (n'r ' i lc.r.

wrot() or t tortf ini tc

He tk r t ' s i l ' l l t l r vc l i r t t c [o r r | i / r ' .

Writ i tr .q isn't casy.

Ic lcn t i t y thc l in i t c vc rb phrascs in the l i r l l ow ing . Take cac l t p l r rasc as who lc - c lo

not classify cach worcl scparatcly. Thcn I ind at lcast f ivc nonl initc vcrb phrascs.

L . tuml t l c : r t t i ,qh t sc t ' r t r ( f in i t c ) . t t t l t l u t r (non l in i tc )

It rnight sccrn oclcl in thc twenticth ccntury to pltn ancl carry out cxpccl i l ions as u

rncans o l ' r rak i i rg a l i v ing . yc l I ' c l bccn do in -e . jus t tha l lo r lhc - pas t 1wo ycars . I hac ln '1

consciously choscn such a l i f 'c; i t hatl . just workccl oLrt that way.

ln l9'13. l i rur rrronths bcfirrc I was born. rrry f ir thcr t l icd ol wouncls rcccivccl I tot

f i r r nor th o1 'Montc C i tss ino wh i ls t conrmlnd ing a ta t rk rcg i tncn t . thc Roya l Scots

Grcys . Whcn I was s ix lccn , I dcc idcc l 1o r r rakc thc a r rny nry carccr [ (x ) . I ' c l inhcr i t cc l

rny l 'a thcr ' s t i l l c bu t no l h is b ra ins . so lhc Roya l Mi l i ta ry Acuc lc rny a t Sar r r lhurs t

wus out. Howcvcr I nranagcd to scmpc through . . . Cladet Sclrool ancl into thc Grcys

on a th ree -ycar shor t sc rv i ce cornrn iss ion , wh ich I spcnt p lough ing about ( i c r t t tany

in tanks , canoe ing l long ELr ropcar t r i vc rs . . . a r rc l sk i ing in Bavar ia . A l l th is g rvc

mc a taste f irr travcl. (Ranulph Ficnncs: ' l 'o

t l t t l ' , t rds t l t l tc Eurt l t l

Exercise 22 Subjunctive [SGE 3.23-241

The so-callccl mandative sub.junctivc is usecl in //tal-clauscs afierexprcssions(which rnay bc vcrbs, nouns or acljcctivcs) of orclering. recomrnencling,intcnding. This subjunctive takes the basc firrrn of the verb - with no -.r lbrm.and no changes tbr past tensc:

Thev sucsested II

ThL- suggestion wls I that he leave irnmediately.I

l t wts cssent ia l I

Not ice thc negdt ive subjuncl ivc:

They ordered that he not leave.

A commcrn alternative is a verb phrase with shoulcl.

Voice 19

Rewrite the fbl lowing. using the subjunctive where appropriate. Make any other

changcs necessary:

E:untple' . The govemor directecl that al l pr isoners bc closely supervised . ' .

The governor dirccted that al l pr isoncrs should bc closcly supervisccl at l l l t i rnes.

Hc orclcrccl that al l pr ison off iccrs shoulcl str ict ly observc lhc regulat i t lns. [{c

insistccl that they shoulcl not lct any visi t t l rs snrugglc in we aJtons or clrugs. I t was

v i ta l . hc sa ic l . tha t t l l v is i to rs shou lc l bc scarchcd.

Thc prison ol ' f iccrs statccl that t h is has alrvays trccrt dortc. B ut thc l i tcl is thrrt thrcc

prisoncrs r:scapctl ott Saturt lay.- fhc

ncw regu lu l io r rs s ta lc tha t i1 i s csscnt ia l tha t a l l scc t io r ts o l '1 l t c p r is t ln s l tou lc l

bc scarchccl ntorc l icqr,re nt ly and nrorc thoroul lhly. Thcy also rccotttr t tcnt lcd that

e x l r i l s tu l l ' a rc rcc ru i tcc l so lha l no r t t i t t t c r hou ' sk i l l i r l thc p r iso t tc rs a lc , thcy w i l l

no t bc ab lc to csc l rpc . , , \ s i l ' i t was or t l y l s in rp le c lucs l io t l o l ' s ta l l ing l

Exercise 23 Passive voice [SGE 3.25-26''

Most t rans i t i vc vc t -bs ca t t bc ac l i vc a t t t l pass ivc . 1 'hc pass ivc vo icc i s t t sc t l

l i r r var ious rcasons . Whcn i t i s t t sc t l u ' i l h t lL r t t l l c t l t io l l i r t - t1 thc agcr l t ( thc

sub jcc t o t t [ c ac t i vc vc rb) t [ i s t t tay l rc bcc i t t - t sc thc agcnt i s t t t rk t t t lw l l 9 r

ru6 i l rpor la r t l . o r bcc l tL tsc t l l c t tgc l l t w l t l l l s Io avo ic l rcspot ts ib i l i t l ' ; o l i t n tay

bc tg c r t t l t l l t s izc thc ac t io r t o f t l t c verb by h i . t v in t lha t r rc l t r lhc c t r t l 9 l ' t [ c

scn tencc .

Whcn l l rc i tgc l t l i s t r t c t r t i t t l t c t l w i th a / r . r 'p l l rasc l l ' t c l t l t c verb th is l lu ts thc

agcnt in lhc in rpor la l l l pos i t io r t a t l l t c c t l t l .

C 'onrp lc te thc l i r l k rw ing w i th su i tab lc pass ivcs o f thc l i r l l ow ins vcrbs :

advcr t i sc l l l t c t a l low b t r i l t l g ivc hcar ho l t l in l i r r rn ( l )

inspec l kccp I ro t i l y ob ta in p lacc se t rc l t c l l

ln ccl lain c irculnstanccs a publ ic inqu iry rnuy ( | ) Hr, t t t , t- tr i t t t t l proposit ls put f i )rward

by thc Dcpar tn rcn l o l thc Env i ronmcnt o r a loca l h ighway au thor i ty bc f i r rc a new

r91d (2 ) . . . . . . Whcn thc Sccrc ta ry o l 'S ta tc t i r r lhc E ,nv i r r )nmcnt o r is i t t l t r -s

roa( l p r ( )pos i l l s thcy (3 pub l i c ly ) . . . . . . and lhc rc i s oPpor tun i ty t t t ta is t -

ob icc t ions . wh ich n tay lcac l to such i t l l i nc l t r i ry . Thc Inspcc lo r in chargc o l thc

i lqu i ry w i l l hcar v icws o f ob . jcc to rs anc l o thcrs su tha t Min is tc rs n lay ( r l )

. . . . . . by the lnspec tor t l f a l l ma lc r ia l fac ts . Thc Inspec tor ( -5 ) . . . .

al l thc relcvant crtrresponclencc lrom ob.jcctors to the proposals ancl fr t tr tr othcr

in tc rcs tcc l par t i cs , so tha l he w i l l (6 iu l l y ) . . . . . . whcr t conduct ing the

inqu i ry .

A copy o f thc ru les govcrn ing such inqu i r i cs can (7 ) . . . . . . l ' rom Her

Majes ty 's S ta t ionery Of f i ce . The ru lcs en t i t le pcop le who (8 d i rec t l y ) . . . . . .

by the proposals to take part.

A pub l ic announcement (9 ) . . . . . . in l t l ca l newspapers no t la te r than l4

clays befbre the inquiry. People who have obiccted to the road proposals (10)

. . . . . . ind iv idua l l y , a t leas t s ix weeks be tbre the da te o f the inqu i ry . They

20 Verbs and auxi l iar ies

u ' i l l c i t h e r ( I I ) . . . . . . t h e D e p a r t m e n t ' s S t a t e n r e n t o f R e l s o n s . c l r( l l ) . . . . . . w h c r c s u c h a s t a t c l n c n t c a n ( l 3 ) . . .

Thc pro t :eed ings (1 ,11 . . . . . . As i r r t i r rn ra l as poss ib le . bu t thc Inspcc tor

nrus t kccp ordcr . [ :ach pcrson w i l l ( l -5 ) . . . . . . to pu t h is casc in h is own way.

A t t c r a l l t h c i n t e r c s t c c l p a r t i c s ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . t h c D c p a r t n r c n t ' s r c p r c s c n t a t i r e

nrakcs h is c los ing rcnrarks .

Exercise 24Agents ISGE 3.25-26]

Hcr-c a rc sor rc o t ' thc 'a {c l i l s 'who p lay u p . t r l in pub l i c inc lL r i l i cs abou{ roads :

(a) pcoplc l iving ncar the proJrosccl ne w roucl(b ) thc Dcp l r t rncn t o f ' lhc Bnv i ronnrcn t o r loca l h ighu 'ay au thor i t i cs

(c ) lawycrs(d) thc Sccrc ta rv o1 'S1atc l i r r thc l lnv i r . r )n lncn t h in rsc l l '( c ) an Inspcc lo r uppo in tc r l bv thc I )cpur l l l r cn t o l t l t c [ fnv i ro t t r t t cn t

Wl i tc ou l lu l l ansrver -s to lhc l i r l l o rv ing qucs l io l rs . us inS l r l ' r : r r r i ve tensc an t l u r . t

agcn l .

I Who hu i lds ncw roar ls in Br i t l i n l' [ ' l t c v , r H t ,

t ] t l . t t \ ( b ) t r r r , t ) t : t , , \ l i t N n N I o t . l l r l t N \ ' n t o N N ' l t t N t o l i l . ( x . \ t . u t ( i n w , \ \ '

, \ t i l t ( ) R l l l l l s .

I Wha l sor t o l pcop lc ru isc ob jcc t ions ' . '( ) h . j e t t i t r r r s

I Who conducts t l rc r lav to du1 ' [1 i1s i1 lcss o l ' l r t In t ;u i ry?

I t . . . .t l l )ocs lnyonc rcprcscnl lhc ot-r. icctors.)

T l te y t l r r t

5 Who nrakcs lhc f inu l c lcc is ion ' . )

T l t e l i r r l r l t l t ' e i r i o t t

Exercise 25 Active or passive? [SGE 3.25-26]

f ' o rnp lc lc thc l i r l l ow ing in u s r r i t r rb lc uc t i vc o r pass ive lcnsc us ing t hc vcrbs g i r e n :

A soldicr ( l shool ) \ \ ' r \s sl r( r lnd cri t ical iv wounclct l as l tc ( l si t ) . .

in h is cur ou ls idc an arnry carcc ls o l f i ce in nor lh [ .on( lo r1 ycs tc l r lay . Two nre n w l t r r(3 bc l i cvc l . . . . . . lo bc ruc t t tbc rs o l a tc l ro t . i s t o rgu l l i z i t t io l t , ( - l

I r p p r o a c h ) . . . . . . h i s c a r o n l r n o t o r c y c l c . j L t s l a f t c r I p n r . T h c p i l l i o r r

p u s s e n g c r ( - 5 r u n ) . . . . . . l o w i t r r l s l l t c e u r ' . w h i c l t ( 6 p a r k ). . . . . . o r . r t s i d c t h c o l t i c e . H e ( 7 s l t o o l ) . . . . . . t h e

so lc l ie r th rcc t i rncs , thcn (8 n rn) . . . . . . hack to lhc n lo to rcyc le an t l

( t ) f lec ) . . . . . . in the rus l r , l tour t ru t ' I i c . The v ic t im. a a l l -ycar -ok l

r n a r r i c d n r a n . ( 1 0 h i t ) . . . . . . i n l h e c h c s l . H c ( l l s a y )

. . . . . . to bc in a c r i t i ca l bu t s tab lc conc l i t ion in hosp i ta l .

An t i - t c r ro r is t de tec t ivcs la tc r ( l1 corc lon) . . . . . . o l ' f ' the arca .' T h i s a t t a c k ( l 3 p l a n w e l l ) . . . . . . a n d i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e o l ' l i c e ( l 4 t a r g c t )

. . . . . . lb r some t ime. '

A motorcyc le la te r ( l -5 f ind) . . . . . . abanck tned about ten mi les

away. bu t i t ( l6 no t know) . . . . . . ye t whether th is was the ge taway

mach inc .

4 ,n"semantics of the verb Phrase

Time and tense [SGE 4.1-6]

Although vcrb tctrscs ol ' ten rcf 'er lo t irnc rcal

tensc are not thc satlc. Tensc is a qratntt lat ical

ol 'gr i tmtt ' t i t t ical tncanirtg. So prcscti t antl past

prcscnt ancl Past l i rne.

Exercise26 Present simple tense: what t ime? [SGE 4.3-4]

Thc sirnplc presclt t tc!tsc carl rcfcr l t l prcscl l( , plrst artcl {utt t t-c t i r l tc:

I l t r t l i r l r t ; r r i t ' l l r l t ' . I l p r " * " , . , t s l . l e . S lT l r e y / i l r ' i t t S t o l l r r t t t l . I

I usual ly rr . rn 'r , / by l rain. l Inut, l r _ H Il lc Ircvcr /rrArs a hol iclaY. I

I rcgr t t to s l ty . . . I l l r s ta t r laneous I I

| / r rd | you havc go t cngr tgcd . lPas t ' l hc r r t l f cccn l l y ' - I ) l

Wl rcn r1o to r r l x , .q i r t your ncw. iob '? ] lFu tur " F lCottte alrcl scc t l : i l lcxt t i l l lc yorr alr ' i t t l t lwtr. I

t i rnc in thc worlcl t i tne ancl

ca tc l lo ry . w i th var ious k inc ls

tcnscs rkl r tot i t lways rcftr t tr

_tDec idc wh ich k in< l o l t i t t t c thc p lcsc t t ttcnscs i t t thc t ir l lowing rel 'cr to, atrd t t tark

P ( l s t ) o r . I r ( u t u r c ) .thcn) S( ta lc ) , l l ( L rb i t ) . I ( l t s ta l l lancot ls ) .

l ' . . t t tnt1t lc ' . I l ikc work. (S).

Dcur Si r ,( l ) I r n t o l c l t h a t y o u ( 2 ) o r g a n i z c s u u r n r c r ' c n V i r o t t t l t c t l t c i t l l l P s l i r r p e o p l c t t l l ' t c l p

w i th conscr -vu t ion work . anc l I ( l )wr i t c to ask l i r r l ' u r thcr t l c ta i l s .

I norna l l y ( .1 ) work in n ty vacat ion anc l I p i t r t i c t r la r l y ( -5 ) l i kc lhe ic lca o l 'work ing

in thc count rYs ic lc .

Cor"i lcl you plcasc lct t trc know:

whc lc thesc c t tnps usua l ly (6 ) takc p lacc ,

- whcn th is ycar 's carnps (7 ) s ta r t .- whcthcr the current progranlmc (f3) contintrcs to the cncl of thc ycar'

and also - I (c.)) apologizc f irr asking , but I l t tn a stuclent

- whether vcl luntecrs ( l0) rcce ive any pockct moncy'?

I ( l l ) cnc lose a s tampec l adc l resscc l cnvekrpc t i r r your rcp ly , and (12) l t lok

lb rwarc l to hear ing f ro in you. I (13) hope very tnuch tha t you s t i l l ( lu l ) havc

vlcancies 1or this year, and I wi l l of course lct yt lu kntlw i ts sootl as possiblc

whatcver I ( I 5) decicle.

Yours faithl 'ul ly,

22 The semantics of the verb phrase

Exercise 27 Past simple: when exactly? [SGE 4.1-6]

Look at al l the instanccs of the past simple tense he rc and decide whether they rcf 'crto :

An even t (E ) :A hab i t (HAB) :A state (S) :

Thc Nonnans itrt 'udetl Englancl in 1066.They hrrilr some splcndid cathccfi'als and castlcs.Thcy cri ioltt l f ighting.

or whcthcr thc past tcnsc is uscd l i rr :

An a t t i tudc (A) : I t l to r r ,qh t tha t . . .Inc l i rcc t spccch/ t l rourh t ( l ) : . . . cvcryonc fu rc r . r ' about the Nor rnans .

I l ypo thes is (HY[ ) ) I f Wi l l iam y i .s i t c t l ] las t ings today . . . .

[ : tu r t tp lc ' . ( | ) wunr lc rcd (A) . . .

| ( l I x ' o t r l t : t c r 1 . . . . . . w h c t h c r y o u ( 2 ) k t t c v t ' . . . . . . t h u t 1 0 6 6 i s t h c r n o s l l a r r t o u s r l a t c

in Eng l ish h is to ry '?

I t t J a r t t r a r y l 0 6 6 t h c o l d k i n g ( E c l w a r d t h c ( ' o n f e s s o r l ( 3 l l i & l . . . . . . a n d l l a r o k l .thc Ear l t r f Wcsscx . (4 ) 1u ' r tL l t t i r r t t ' t l . . . . . . h i rnsc l f k ing . But across l l r c C ' l rannc lI )ukc Wi l l i i rn t o t 'N t t r t t ta t t r l y (51 u ' t t t r t t t l . . . . . . the Er rg l i sh th ronc . an i l i rnnrcd ia tc ly( 6 ) . s l u t ' t c l . . . . . . a s s c r n h l i r t t h i s a r r n y u n d l l c c t .

Throughou l {hc sur t . r rncr [ {a ro lc l (J ) l r tok td . . . . . . ac ross to France. bu l r ro

N<r r r r rans (13) r ' r l r i r . . . . . . Sh ips in t l rosc c lays (9 ) t t t ' c r l t , t l . . . . . . w indpowcr . un t l

con t r i l r y w i r rc ls a r rd s tonns (10) dc luvu l . . . . . . Wi l l ianr cvcn whcn hc ( | I ) 11 ' . , / r . . . . . .

rcarly.

Ar rc l thcn in Scp lc rnbcr ' . another c la i r t ra r r t 1o thc l l r r -onc , Hara ld o l 'Norway,( 1 2 ) l u t u l u l . . . . . . i n n o r t h c r n L , n g l a n c l a n d ( 1 3 ) t ' u 1 t t u t e t l . . . . . . Y o r k . M c d i e v a lk i r r g s o f c o r r r s c ( l ; l ) l c d . . . . . . t h c i r o w n a r r n i c s . s o f l n g l i s h H a r o l c l ( 1 5 ) t t x t k . . . . . .

l r is army north.

Pcrhaps you w ish tha t twcnt ic th ccn lu ry a rn t i cs (16) r r . l c r l . . . . . . such s in tp lcwcapons as bows anr l a r rows wh ich is w l ra t a l r t r i cs in thosc c lays ( l7 ) / i r r r ,qh t . . . . . .w i t l r b u t t h c y ( 1 8 ) t t t u l t l . . . . . . i n f l i c t l a t a l i n . j u r - i c s . A n a r r o w ( l ( ) ) k i l l c d . . . . . . t h cN o r w c g i a n k i n g . . .

Two days la te r Wi l l iam o f Norn tandy l ina l l y (20) lu t rd rd . . . . . . in southern

Englancl. a t 'cw milcs wcst of Hastings on the south colsl of 'England. Harolcl (21)

n turched. . . . . . h is t i r cc l a rmy south (a rmies (22) u ,u lkc t l . . . . . . cverywhcrc in thosc

i l a y s ) . T h c t w o a r m i c s ( 2 3 ) n e t . . . . . . o n l 4 O c t o b e r . F l a r o l d a n d t w o o f h i s b r o t h e r s(21) d icd . . . . . . l i gh t ing . Wi l l iam was thc Conqucror l

The ba t t le tha t (2 -5) chunget l . . . . . . thc coursc o f Eng l ish h is to ry i s known as theBat t le o f Has t ings , bu t i l ' you (26) u 'en t . . . . . . to Hast ings today you wou ld f inc l a

busy seasiclc town. To visi t the actual batt lef ield you must go to the vi l lage that is

s imp lv known as Bat t le .

Aspect ISGE 4.7-'l2lAspect is a grammatical label that coversp rcgressive andpe(ect.Progressiveand perf'ect tenses look at t ime in a special way.

Progressire (orcontinuous) stresses activity, action in progress, and theretbremay imply that the action is incomplete or not going to continue fbr long.

Perfett isconcemed with action(s) or a state in a period befbre now (or, withpast perfect, before 'then') and continuing to the present time (or until' then ' ) .

Tense and aspect 23

Exercise 28 Present simple and progressive [SGE 4'7'111

Complelc the I 'o l lowing us ing:Present simplc tense [1 ask, he a.rA.r ...1

or Prescnt progressive l l utn uskittg,, thev arc asking ...1

Indicate any places where both tenscs are possiblc.

Thc increasing use of pcsticicles and other chcmicals by farmers in rccent years,

( lcurrcnt ly /cause)rsc.LrRRr- .Nr I -y( 'AusrNcib i rc lsofprcyto lcave thccountrys idc lbr

urban arcas.Bi rc ls o l 'prcy (2 f ted) . . . . . . on smal l mi tmmals, so in thc

c6untryside thcy ( 3 pick up) . . pesticidcs through eating poisoncd

prey. ln towns they (4 eat) . . . . . the occasi t lna l 'garden b i rd ' . but

thc nta in rcascln thcy (5 thr ivc) . . . . . . i r r our s t rects is s imply lcss

po l l u t i on .Thc i rp rcsencc (6e rnphas i ze ) . . . . . . t hc t r cnd ( ) l 'w i l c l l i t c

to lnovc fiorr thc harassmenl of rural areas intcl cit ies and towns a lrerrcl which

(7 bc shown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l s< l by t hc i nc rcas ing nun lbe r ( ) f f ox r - s i r t

Lonclon.t t ( t l appear) . . . . . . that thcre arc n<lw considcrable t tu t l rbcrs of

sparrgwhawks in thc wcll wooclccl arcas of Lontlon. [Jut as a rule thcsc bircls (9 not

a t t a c k ) . . . . . . . . 1 h e t t l o r c f ' a r . u i l i a r b i r c l s w h i c h ( l 0 n c s t )

c l t l s c t o t hc t t t

At thc samc t i t r t c tawny owls , wh ich norn ta l l y ( l I t t cs t ) . . . . . " In

t r c c s i n t h c c o u n t r y s i c l c ( l 2 a c l a p t ) . . . . . t o c r c v i c c s i n t a l l b u i l d i n g s .

The l -onc lon Wi ld l i f c Trus t ( l3 say) . . . 'B i rds o f p rey havc

incrcascc l in such nu l 'nbcrs tha t wc ( l tX I row ask) . . . ' ' . ' l o r

vo lun tccr observcrs t0 hc lp us ge t sonrc i c lc i l o l ' thc s ize t t f th is ncw p t lpu l : r t ion . '

Exercise 29 Present simple and progressive [SGE 4.3-6, also 4.10-

111

Contplcte thc fblkrw ing using thc prcsent sirnplc or prescnt progrcssive. Rctl lclnbcr

that both tcnses t 'nay rcf'er to thc f uturc.

.lrt lnt '. Crn you cotne ancl help'? What ( I you/clo) ... ' ,}! i ' t ' .Yl1!r.l} l l f!: .... ' l

. lout r ' . | (2 watch) . . . . . . TV. I t 's M<ln ica Jat l rcs. Shc (3 g ivc)

. . a ctlokcry clcmonstrltiot"t. Shc (4 nlakc )

ntennSucs.. lohtr ' . Bul you ( -5 knt lw) . . . ' . . how to c lo thetn. You (6 rnake)

. . . . . . n ra rve l l ous rnc r i ngucs .

./ocrr: Yes, but these are chocolatc tneringucs, and you (7 know ) .

the Bookcrs (u corne) . . " " next Sunclay, and I 'd l ike to do

somcthing diff 'erent tbr then.r. Besidcs I always (9 enjoy)

watching hcr . I (10 prorn ise) . . . . . . I ' l l come and hclp the

m o m e n t t h e p r o g r a r n m e ( l l e n d ) . . . . I t ( 1 2 t i n i s h )

a t 3 . 3 0 a c t u a l l y . P l e a s e ! Y o u ( l 3 i n t e r r u p t )

. . . . . . I ( 1 4 m i s s ) . . . . . . h e r .

Monit 'u James: And now we ( l5 whisk) . the egg whites unti l

thev ( 16 stand) . .... . up in peaks. And a useful t ip to remember

24 The semantics of the verb phrase

here - slightly stale cgg whites ( l7 rnake) . . ... . better meringuesthan absolutc ly f iesh ones. Wel l . that ( l8 look) . . . . . r ight . Nowfbr the sugar and grated chocolate. See, I carefully ( I 9 fold )th is in to the whi tes wi th a fbrk. I ncvcr (20 whisk) . . . . . . i t in .

Exercise 30 Present perfect ISGE 4.7-121

Cor lp lete the fo l lowing us ing e i ther :

Prcscnt pcrt 'cct sirnple She hrr.i t l toughr about it.Present perf'ecl proercssivc Wc ltnc ltectr thinkitt,q.

l)uvid'. Whatcvcr ( I you/do) nAVu yor ntIlx rxrrxr; ' l You don't look ltxr grxtcl. Isanything thc rnatter';)

( ' l rur lcs ' . Oh. I 'nr a l l r ieht . But | (2 ovcrwork) . . . la te ly and| (3 no t / s l ccp ) . . . . . . . . . . . . p ropc r l y . Anc l I ' n r a f i a i t l I ( i l ovc rca r ;

" , r r , ,ur .

" t . . ' I ( '5 pLr t on) " ' ncar ly 12

I)uvitl ' . You nccd a holiclay. (6 you/trook) ... anything yct'.)Tonr(7. just / rc lurn) . . . t ' rornCireccc saysi t 'sntarvc l lous.Hc (tl go) .. . t l tcrc firr vcars.

Clrur l t .s ' . Wcl l I (9 somel i r .ncs/ th ink) . . . o f goins to ( i rccccaga in .

. ) tn ' id : ( ) l ' t you ( l0 bc ) . . . . . . . . . . thc re bc l i r r -c . havc you '?t ' l tu r le .s ' . Ycs . I ( | I spcnd) . . . so l l c very {ooc l ho l i t lavs

there . bu t ac tua l l v I ( l2 t lways /w i ln t ) . . . to s ( ) to thc Fari l l s t . ln l ' l c t . I ( l - l t c lch) . . . n tvsc l f Tha i ib r thc las t- :oup lc o1 'vcars .

, )uv i t t ' . Bu t | ( l - l hcar ) . . . vou suv scvcra l t i rncs you l i kccheap ho l i c lays in l ru ropc .

t ' l t t r r l c . s ' . W e l l I ( 1 5 s a v e u p ) . . . . r h o u g h I ( 1 6 n o t s a v c ). . . . e n o u g h y c t r c a l l y . B u t a n y w a y . I 1 1 7 n o t h a v c )

o,,i,i v,,, i is r,., ': ' l::l i: l l l.,l::t:] l:i j;ffi:; ' i:;n...( -hut ' lc . t ' . Wcl l , ycs. ancl I ( lg . iust n lovc) . . . to a new f la t .

Bul unywuy. I th ink I rca l ly s l ra l l so to lJanskok in October.Duvi l : Ah. So yoLr (20 nrakc) . . . vour rn ind up a l last l

Exercise 31 Present and present perfect tenses ISGE 4.1-121

Cornplctc thc fir l lowing, using a suitablc prcse nt tcnsc - prcscltt or prcscnt perf'cct.(bothc i thcrs inrp lcorprogressive) I lcurn, lunt l turn i t r ,q , l huyc leornt l leurnt ' t l ,I lruvc lrcert lcurtrittg.

Maria ( l lcarn) HAs BEFN r F'\RNtN(i English ft lr sevcral ycars now, but (2 onlyreccn t l y / s ta r t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . t o wo rk ha rd a t i t . Now she (3 makc )

. . . . . . . . . . . . g o o d p r o g r e s s . a n d ( 4 e n j o y )

r t .Ever sincc shc started she (5 alway:, f incl) . .. reading

Engl ish the easiest . She (6 l ikc) . . . novcls best , and now (7

Tense and aspect 25

::i:::' ; ;;; ,:".*'':*l;-';:.i''H: ,'ili.,1',j;l'",;l. . .all the words shc ( l0 not know) . .

bu t ( l l t r y ) . . . t o g r - l css t he mcan ing anc l she 112 say )

. i a , , r "g; i r i ; . " she ( 13 get) ' " tnuch bet tcr n.w

P e r h a p s n o t s u r p r i s i n g l y l ' o r s u c h a n a v i d r c a c l c r ' . s h c ( l z l l i k c ). . . spe l l i ng . ' l t ( 15 o f t ' e r ) . . . you a

cha l l cnge ' . shc ( l 6 dcc la rc ) . . . Shc a l so ( l 7 w r i t c )o" i,T; l "il' ", ili " n i'ill j.','"; :1," ::','i" lli " l ffi : ]rnakc) . . . t l tc samc r t t is takcs.

She (20 l i r rd) . . . an Engl ish penl ' r ' ie nd th is ycar ancl she( 2 1 a l r c a d y / w r i t c ) a n c l ( 2 2 r c c e i v c )

. tw ( ) l c t l c r s . ' Th i s i s t hc t i r s t t i n r c I ( 13 cvc r / c l o )t h i s . t h o u g h i t i s s o n r c t h i n g | ( 2 - 1 a l w a y s / w a r r t )

i,,i)r,. i,,",i.;; l.,u:l l1*lt:l'li,'"i,,, i"*i,,,,u ,,"-i ;",,,.. ;,li*J;,1s h c ( f t ' i n c c t l ) . . . . . . n r o r c

c o n v c r s a l i o n p r a c t i c c . S o n c x t w c c k s h c ( 2 9 a t t c r x l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . h c r

f i rs t ' conve rsa l ion workshop ' . - l ' ha t ( -10 nrcur r ) . . . p rac t ica l

::::l::::i :l ' l-:': '.:i:1',IIl an'crr(rrr'lx';kfi';rw'trrcr)

Exercise 32 Past simple or present perfect? ISGE 4.5-8]

Cornp lc tc t l rc t i r l l ow inq w i th c i ther :

pust s i rnplc t l r ' ( ) / ( ' , t1 ' ( / . f . l l t ' t t t t t t t ' . . .

prcscnl pcrf ccl l ru.r l l tuvt 'u' t i t t t ' t t . l rr tsf l tuvt l trctr. l ru.sl lrut 'c l tccotrtL' . . .

Agath l M i l l c r ( | bc bo ln ) w; \S I r ( )uN or r 1 .5 Scptenrbcr 1890 in Tor .c ;uay in sout l r

w c s t E n g l a n d . B c t t c r k r r o w n a s M r s A g a l h r r C h r i s t i c . s h c ( 2 w ' r i t c 1. . . a l togc thcr 7 l l rnys lc ry nove ls anc l l9 p luys .

Vcry fcw o thcr c r i r .nc wr i tc rs 13 wr i tc ) . . . rnorc books

than t l i i s , and tcw (4 becorne ) . . . so in . t r .ncnse lv popr - r la r .

Evcr s incc shc ( -5 pub l i sh) . . . l t c r f i r s t nove l . 1 / r r

M.t'.s t c r i r t u s AfJtril al.Sl.r'1r.r i n I 910. hcr books ( 6 Ircvcr bc )o t r t o f p r in t . They (7 hc l rans la tcd) . . . a l l ovcr thc wor lc l .

and. perhaps surp l i s i n t l y . hc r su lcs ( l l ac tua l l y i r t c rcasc )

s i n c c s h c l c ) d i c ) . . . i n 1 9 7 6 . F o r a s h o r t t i n r c a l i c r h e r c l c a t h

t h c y ( 1 0 t i r l l ) . . . s t r r t r r " l t s p c r h a p s t l t c s c r e e t t t h a t ( I I

r c v i v e ) . . . h c r p o p u l a r i t y .

Two i rnnrcnse ly succcss l ' l r l f i l n rs ( l2 bc n radc) . . . u le u

ycals a1lo, l)c ut l t t t t t t l r t N i l t t tnt l M rrnltr t t tr t l r t ' Ot ir ' t t l L.\7)/ ' { , . \ . \ . artd thcse ( l J tnorc

r ( ' e c r l l l - \ h c l i t l l o u c t l t . . . . . . . . . . b1 ' t c lcv is ion sc l i cs . rvh ich 1 1 .1

br in -e) . . . tw 'oo t 'hc r rnos t success fu lc le lec t i vcs . thc Be lg ian

l le rcu lc Po i ro t anc l t l r c c lc lc r l l 'En- l l i sh lac l l 'M iss Marp lc . to n r i l l i ons o t ' v icwt - r ' s .

In 1990. thc centenarv o l ' her b i r th . her l r i r thp lacc Torquay (15 honour )

26 The semantics of the verb phrase

... hcr memory with a special 'mystery t 'estival' - goodpub l i c i t v f o r t he t own o f cou rsc . I n 1992 a Lc lndon thca t re ( l 6 be ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a b l e t o b o a s t :

' f h e M o u s e t r a l t , n o w i n i t s 4 f t h y e a r , ( 1 7

b reak ) . . a l l r eco rds . 'Thcre is now cvcn a rose that ( l lJ be named) . . . . . . . . . . . a f ier her .

Pcople 1 l9 cnjoy) Agatha Chr is t ie 's s tory- tc l l ing fbryea rs , and he r popu la r i t y cu r r cn t l y see rns h ighc r t han i t ( 20 eve r be )

. . I t is not of coursc t l rc f i rs t t in te that an author (21

bccomc) . . morc popular in dcath than in l i fc .

Exercise 33 Past simple or past progressive? [SGE 4.5-121

A past pro.urcssivc tcrtsc ol ' ten rct 'cls lo an activi ty in a periocl that inclucles

thc t in rc o f a pas l s i rnp lc cvcn t . as in cxarnp lcs ( i ) a l tc l ( i i )bc low.

Two pasl sirnplc tcrtscs usually show str i t ightf i l rward t i t t tc scqucnce

f i rs t onc cvcn t . and thcr r the o t l rc r ( i i i ) .

Wr i tc ou t thc dc ta i l s bc low in co t .np lc tc sc l t t c t tccs , us ing c i lhc r :

past sirnple nct. lcl l . . .() / ' past progrcssivc n'u.slvt 'crc t tr t ' t ' t i t tg, u'u.slu' t ' t ' t . l t t l l i t rg

arrd aclcl ing v'hctror n' l i i l t ' as sui lablc.

E.runtltlc.s'.

( i ) Prcsiclcnt Ke nncdy bc us.tt tssitrutcl l l tc t l r iva through Dallas.

P lcs idcn t Kcnncc ly was assass ina tcc l wh i lc hc was c l r i v ing th lough Da l las .

( i i ) L,vcryonc al ivc at thc t intc rclnctrtbcrs what thcy r/o/ l ' rcsiclcnt Kcnncdy /rt '

killcd.

I iveryonc .. . rcr lcrrtbcrs what t lrcy wcre clt l ing whcn Prcsiclcnt Kcnltct ly was

k i l l c d .( i i i ) Kcrrncdy bc ussu.s.sirtutcri / l -yndon Johnson Dt' swtlrn in i ts prcsiclclrt ,

Whe n Kcnncdy was assassinatccl, Lyndon Johnson wus sworn in as presiclcnt.

I Jul ius CacsarTrrl ' .srrc a pol i t ical r ival into Egypt/hc f irst r t ta' l Cleopatra.

2 Jtr l ius Citesar nrcct Cleopatr ir lhc lul l in lovc with hcr.

3 Phil ip l l of Muccdon bc u.sstrssin urcrl in 336 nc' lhe plutt an invasiott of Pcrsia.

.1 Marco Polo ( | 254- 13241 btgit t to writc rn accounl of his travels in China/hc' , l t , l i t t t t " i n l t C c n t t c s c p r i r o n .

-5 Christopher Colurlbus look.f l tr Asiuf i ic ' t l i .st t t t ' t ' r ' Arnerica in 1492.

6 He rctut 'n to Spain/hc rL'ct ' i t 'c a hcrtt 's welcotnc.

7 Capta inJamesCooknra t t 'h is th i rc lg rea tPac i f i cvoyage, /hebck i l le t l inHawai i

i n l l l 9 .

8 Cook t l ielhis crew rrrf te his ship back lo Bri tain.

9 The French rcvolut ionary Marat .r ' l r in his bath/Charkrtte Corday l l .r ' f t in ancl

t - r11h im.l0 She esso.t. \ in(tte him/ she l te orrcstet l i rr .rrnccl iatcly.

I I Dr Livingstonc trolcl near Lake Tanganyika (t . tow ' Ianzania)/the journal ist

-TI

Tense and aspect 27

Henry Morton Stanley /inrl him in lt37l.l2 Stanley l i r id h im/he.r 'ar ' . 'Dr L iv ingstone. I presume. '

Exercise 34 Past simple or past perfect ISGE 4.5-9]

rc rnuin use of the past pcrl 'cct is lbr an earl ier pasl:

By thc cnd of the ninctccnth ccntury Antarct ic cxpl<trcrs l tul nrult l tcd

out t l rc coast of this f i rrbiclcl ing continent lntt l I l tud I tr tkkcl inland as f i tr

sou th as 7 fJ . -50S. But i t rvas no t un t i l l9 l I tha t thc Sor . r th Po lc i t sc l f was

rcac hccl.

Stucly thcsc nolcs aboul thc f inal racc l i rr thc P<llc bclwccn Robcrt Falcort Scotl (ol

Br i ta in ) iu rd thc Norwc{ ian cxp lo rc r Roa lc l Ar t tunc lscn . Thcr r wr i tc ou t thc s to ry

us ing thc pas l s in rp lc o r the pas l pc l ' l cc t .

l : . t tr t t t l t lc ' . Scott alrcady lcutl tn'r carl icrcxpccl i t iort lo lhc Antarcl ic in l90 l .1. whcn

hc .st, t orrt on his f 'atcful last. jotrr-ncy.

Ar r . rn 'c r ' : Sco t t had a l rcac ly l cc l an car l i c rexpcc l i t ion . . . w l tc t t hc sc t t t t r l . . .

l2 Ot to l te r l9 l0 - Scot t ' s sh ip rcachcc l Mc lbournc (Aus t r i t l i a ) . wherc Sco l t

rcccivccl a cablc l i 'onr Macle ira: 'Bcg lcavc to i t t t i rr t tr you proccccl int Attture t ie u.

Art. tutrclscn. '

1 . lu t r l9 l l Sco t t reac l tcc l ( iapc Evans o t t Ross Is lanc l .

l l . lutr Arnunclsen reachecl Bay ol Whalcs. (r0 rni lcs rtci t t .er thc Polc than

Scott 's basc. Both part ics laicl clcpots as lar south as they coult l atrt l thcn wuited

firr thc Antarcl ic spring.

l9 Oct - Anrunc lsen 's par ty l c l i the Bay o f Wha lcs .

I Nrn' Scott 's party sct oLlt .

l l Dec Scott rcachccl 2.(XX) l 'cct above thc sea. Amurtdscrt reachccl thc l)<l lc,

ancl raisccl thc Norwcsinn 1lag.

2 | Dcc Scot t cs tab l i shcc l h is canr r l . l3 a t 7 ,1 (X) t 'ec t . Scnt back t tnc o l h is

support part ics.

l . l u r t l 9 l 2 S c o t t c s t a b l i s h c d a d c p o t o n l y l 7 t 3 r n i l c s f r o r t r P o l c . S c n t b a c k l a s l

support party. Scotl now with four ctt lnpalt ions (Wilson, Oates. I ivi tr ts i tncl

Brl lvcrs).

lS. lutt - Scott 's parly rcuchctl thc Polc ancl t i runcl thc Norwcgii tn f l l rg. Bcgan

t3(X) rn i l c rc tu rn march lo thc i r basc o t t Ross Is la r t t l .

I7 Fclt - Evarrs t l ict l .

2 l l4urch Reachcd Midcl lc Barricr Dcpot. whcre harcl ly cnough I 'ucl oi l left

bccuuse o f l cakagc to take thc tn to Onc Ton Dcpo l .70 n t i les nor th . (Thcy

ncvcr rcachcd i t . )

I7 Mut'ch Oates u'alked out cl t the tent to his clcath. httping the othcrs nt ight

surv ivc w i thout h in r .

2 l Murc l t - Scot t made f ina l can tp , on11" l l rn i les s t lu th o f Onc Ton Dcpot .

d

r)

t 0l l

l 2

28 The semantics of the verb phrase

Frostbitc and heavy gales pre vcntecl thern from goin-u to thc clcpot fbr fuel.

)9 MIur th - Scot t wro tc in h is . journa l : 'Thc cnc l cannot be ta r . '

l2 Not' - Scarch party tbuncl the bocl ics of Scott. Wilson ancl Bowcrs.

I Scott lcar ' l r Mclbournc whclr he lcr 'ctt 'c news that Atnundsen was alscr

heaci ing f irr the Polc

I W h c n S c o t t s r , l r r 7 ; h i s f i r s t b a s e o n - 1 J a n u a r y l t ) l l A n r u n c l s c n t t o t . t ' e t r c u t ' h I l t e

Bay o l 'Wha lcs .

- l Sco t t ' s pa f ty . r11 o l r l on I Novcnt t re r . Ar t rundsc t t ' s par tv a l rcac ly 1cr r r . .:1 Scotl 's pal '11'only,qcl 2.(XX) ftct abovc sca lcvcl r.r ,hcn t l te Norwcsiarts lr trr ' l r

thc Po lc .

5 Scrrtt trol krrt tr t ' that Arrrtrndscn bt 'rrr hirrt t t t i t .

6 O n l J a n u u r y l 9 l 2 S c o t t b r ' , g l r h i s l i n a l a t l a c k a r t d , r t ' r i r 1 b a c k h i s l a s t s u p p o r l

par ty . ' l "hc o thcr suppor l par ty / rc . r ( ' / r1 back tc r t t lays car l i c r .

7 Scot t r t r r r ' l i thc Po lc on l8 . lanuu ly l9 l2 on ly to d iscovcr A lnunc lsc t t ru is t ' thc

Noru'cgian l lug thcrc a rnortth bcfi trc.

Thcy co lc r l { (X) n r i l cs . b t r t thcy / i r l c thc l J00- r t r i l c tc l t t r t t . io t t r - t te } .O r r r c r r c h i l r g M i c l d l c B a r r i c r D c p o t o n I M a r c l t t h c y l i r r r / t l t a t v i t l I t i r e I o i l l c t t k .

On l7 March Oatcs r / i c i l . I rvans t / i r ' r l l i l u r wccks car l ie r .

Tlrcy bc lcf t 'atct l by t l tc appall ing wcall tcr cottt l i l iorts bcl ir lc thcv tt tutt(t ,q( lo

rcuch Ottc ' fon

Dcpot.

Scotl arrt l Ir is conrl 'xrnions /rc dclr l ovcr scvclr ntonths whcn lhcy l tc , l i .st tn'L'r ' t t l

b f l scurch pa l tv i r r Novcr r rhcr l ( ) I l .

Future time [SGE 4.13-201

J ' l rc rc i s no in l l cc tcd l i r t r . r r .e l cnsc in Er tg l i sh . b t r t lhc rc a rc sc l ,c r i t l ways o f '

t l l k ing ubout t l t c t 'u lu rc .

Exercise 35 Future time: present progressive or will?

lsGE 4.13-201

' l ' hc p |csent p ( rg rcss ivc i s ( ) l l c r r uscr l l i r r l i r tu rc cve t t ts a r is ing l )o rn p rcsc t t l

pf lr ts or arrartgcrttctt(s - l |c ut ' t : t t tct ' t i t t ,q |() | t t() t ' t -()t t ' .' l 'hc 'u' i l l f i r tLrrc' is sornctir t tcs t tcutnt l - I v ' i l l hc 2l trL' . t t l t i r thdut ' , but alstr

has lnc i tn i r tgs o f p rcd ic l io r t , i r t t c r t t io t r . w ' i l l i ngr te ss l :1 .27 l

Cornp le tc thc l i r l l ow i r rg us ing c i ther thc p rcscn t p rosrcss ivc o r thc 'w i l l l i r tu rc '

( ' c I iu ' . I hcur yo t t ( I go) ' rn r , ( i ( ) lN( i o r t ho l i t l l y soon.

I t c l c t r : Y c s . w c ( 2 g o t . . . . . . . t o l t a l ) ' . , , \ p i t c k i t g e t o u f i t c t L r a l l ) ' .

C r ' 1 r t r : O h . ; o u ( . j l o v e ) . . . . . . . I t a l r - . V y ' h c n ( - 1 v o u l c a v c )

[ t t ' l u t ' . Wc l l , i vc 1 .5 l l1 ' ) . . . . . . .1 t1 Rt tn tc t t r t the l -5 th .

C r ' l i a : T h a t ( 6 b c ) . . . . . . . t l r c c .

I ta le t r ' . Yes . i t s l iou lc l bc . Wc (7 go l . . . . . .o l l i l c t lach tour ac tua l l v .( ' c l ra : ( l l vou no t gc t ) . . . . . . . t i r cd s i t t ing in a couch a l l c la1 , :

Future time 29

H c l e n ' . W e l l , i t c e r t a i n l y ( 9 b e t . . . . . . . t i r i n g , I s u p p o s e . B u t w e ( l t )

v i s i t ) . . . . . . .S iena , F lo rencc , Ass i s i and Rome '

Cel iu : You ( I I get) . . . . . . . . cu l tura l inc l igcst ion but i t souncls

marvc l l ous . How lo r . rg (12 you s ta ! ) . . . . . . i n Ass i s i ' l

Hel t ' t t ' . Untbr tunate ly we ( l3 only havc) . ' . . . ' .a quick stop there.

Maybe we ( l r l actual ly s tay) . . . . . . . therc ant l ther year .

Ct ' l iu : l t souncls a good tour . But you (15 come)

exhaustecl.

l l c l c t r ' . N o . w c ( 1 6 n o t ) . . . . . . . W e ( 1 7 h a v c ) . . . . . . . 4

s c c o n c l w c - c k i n S o r r e n t o . r t r t c l w c ( l u i u s l r e l a x ) . . . . " . b y t h c s c a .

Exercise 36 going to or will? [SGE 4.13-20]a

The 'gorrr,q /rr ' l i r t t trc usually t t tcat ls t l . tc l 'uturc as a result ot prcscnl

I intcntions Wt' r ' t ' grt irrg t t t l te nrurr ict l .

I o r thc I 'u tu rc as a resu l t o1 ' l r r cx is t ing . p rcsc l l t causc l t ' . s ,q t t i t t i4 l r t ru i t t . I

t l r i t t k I ' r t r go i t t .g lo l tL ' . s i t ' k .

Conrp le tc thc l i r l l ow ing w i th ,g r r l r r ,q ro Ic lo l o r l ' i / / -

I I hcar you ARr : ( io tN( i ' to go on a co i l ch to r . r r . I thought you c l idn ' t l i kc roa t l

. journcys'/W c l l i f I t a k c t r a v c l s i c k t t e s s p i l l s I . . . . . . h c a l l l i g h t .

I W h a t ' s i t l l t h a t g e a r l i r r . ' . ) . . . . . . y o t r . . . . . . t a k c t r p s n o r k c l l i n e ' l

W c l l , I . . . . . . t r y .

- j My su i tcasc has brokcn.

l ) o n ' t w o r r v . L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l c r l d y o t t t t t i t r c .

-1 I lavc yo t l g ( ) l t ravc l l c r ' s che c lucs ' l

l l c a v c t t s . I ' t l l i r r g o t t c n . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p h o r r c t l r c b a n k l o l l l o r r o w .

5 I ' v c b o u g h t a p h l a s c b o o k . b c c a u s c L . . . . . t r v 1 o s p c i r k l t a l i a r l .

6 Whcn yo t r ' r -c i l t Rot t te . . . . . . . y ( )u . . . . . . t lo so l l l c l l l i n l l t i r r n rc ' l

7 Why l tavc vt lu botrglrt stt tr larty l i l t r ls ' .)

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i t k t - l o t s o l ' p i c t u l c s o l c v c r y t h i n g .

l { Wc ' rc u b i t wor r icc l l tbou t l c l t v i l l g thc h t l t t sc cn lp ty .

W c . . . . . . k c c p l l r l c y c o l l i t i l y o u l i k c .

9 . . . . . . yo l l . . . . . . sc t rd n lc l t pos tc l t r ( l l l ' t l r l t Sor rc r l l r l . p lc lsc l

Exercise 37 Things are hotting up! [SGE 4'13-201

Choosc thc bcs t l cnsc l i r r r r rs 1 ( ) cxprcss the l i r lu lc in thc l i r l l o rv i l lq .

Sc icn t is ls s1v tha t thc levc l o l carbon r l iox i t le in thc car lh 's a t t t tosphcr t i s

i l c rcas ing a t i ln a la rn l in ! ra tc . and t l ' t cy t i r rccas t l l l i l t i 1 ( I ) ( l ) con t inLrcs ( t r ) i s

c o n l i n u i n g ( c ) l v r r . r . ( ( ) N t r \ l r , 1 o r i s c r v l t i l c u ' c ( l ) ( a ) c t t t t t i t l t t e ( t r ) w i l l c o t t t i t t u c

(c t w i l l bc cont inu i t rg to burn f i rss i l l ' uc ls . T l ie l bc l i cvc tha l lh is bu i l c l - t rp t l t

c a r b o n d i o x i c l c ' ( 3 ) ( a ) c a u s c s ( t r ) i s c a u s i n g ( c ) w i l l c a t r s c a l l l a r k c ( l r i s c i n t h e

ear th 's lempcra turc in thc ' t ' , vcn l1 r - f i rs t cen tury . l f thcy ( ' l ) (a )are (b )arc be i r t s (e )

tu re go ing to be provcc l r igh t . u ,e (5 ) (a ) sec (b ) a rc sce ing (c )w i l l he se t - i r lg

home

lII

30 The semantics of the verb phrase

unprecedented cl imatic change in the next century. Because when the earth'stemperature (6) (a) r ises (b) wi l l r ise (c) wi l l have r isen ice caps wil l melt and seaswi l l r i se . And as the scas (7 ) (a ) r i se (b ) w i l l r i se (c ) a re go in -e to r i sc , there w i l lbe widespread f looding.

A reporl some years ago suggestecl that in the thircl quarter of the next century,the concentrat ion of carbon dioxicle in the atrnosphere (8) (a) is doublin-e (b) wi l lhave doub lec l (c ) w i l l have bccn c loub l ing . I f th is rnass ive bu i ld -up o f carbond iox ide (c ) ) (a ) occurs (b ) i s occur r ing (c ) w i l l havc occur red the avcrage ear thtcmpcra turc w i l l inc rease by sevcra l c lcgrces anc l wh i lc th is (10) (a ) i s happcn ing(b) has happened (c ) has bccn happen ing . thc sca leve l ( I I ) (a ) r i s ;cs (b ) i s r i s ing(c ) w i l l bc r i s ing by as rnuch as A nrc t rc .

Anothcr repc ' r r t c la i lns tha t thesc scr ious c l imat ic changes ( I 2 ) (a ) ac t r . ra l l y bcg in(b) t re l c tua l l y bcg inn ing (c ) w i l l ac tua l l y beg in ra ther sooncr ' . I t says as thcchangcs ( l3 ) (a ) take (b ) havc takcn (c ) w i l l takc e f ' t cc i . sornc nor thcrn arcasNcw York fbr cxanrplc - could becurnc scrni-tropical. This rcprtrt also says thatthc gnrw ing sc l rson (1 .1 ) (a ) bcco l l cs (b ) w i l l bccurnc (c ) has bccorne lc lngc l i r rsorne arcas . bu t tha t in the south c l r ie r con t l i t ions (15) (a ) c lcc rcasc (b ) a rcc lcc rcas ing (c ) w i l l dccrcasc c rop y ie lds .

Noth ing tha t wc (16) (a ) c lo (b )arc c lo ing (c )w i l ldo in thc ncx t f 'ew c lccac leswi l l rnake rnuch c l i l ' l c rc r rcc . i t sccrns . un lcss we ( l7 ) (a )s top (b ) a re s topp ing (c )

w i l l be s lopp ing burn ing fbss i l l i re ls . I on ly hopc thc sc icn t is ts ( l t t ) (a ) rnanagc(b) a rc rnanag ing (c ) w i l l bc rnanug ing to cor l t c up w i th a so lu t ion . I f thcy(19) (a ) don ' t (b ) won ' t (c ) havcn ' l . thcn thcrc a rc g loba l pn tb le rns ahcad.Pc lhaps we

' l l on ly rea l i ze lhc cx tcn t o f the prob lcn t whcn wc (20) (a ) l cavc (h )arc

lcav i r rg (c ) havc lc f t i t too l t t c .

Modal auxif iaries ISGE 4.21-241

Most of the ruodal verbs can bc puirccl into prcscnt ancl past l irrrns (cg: n,r//u 'oul t l ) . But , as wi th othcr vcrbs, tcnses havc v l r ious t lcanings bcsic lcs t in te :

Thcrc 's the phonc. I ' / / answcr i t . IFuturc ( l i ) lI t I ' i l / be Mothcr . r ' ing ing aboul thc chik l rcn. lPrescnr (Pres. t lWc l t r r r l r lo l icn swirn bc lorc brcaklust when wc wcrc yoLlng. IPast (PrrI rca l izcd i l u ' t tu ld soon bc rny tcnth b i r thday. lFutu lc in thc past lWhat x t r r r l r i you c lo i l 'you won thc pools ' / [ lypothct ic l l f i r lurc ]Worrlt l you l ikc surne ntorc col'f i 'c' l I 'Social ' usagc ( hcrc firr politcncss)rcf'crring to the prcscnt I

Exercise 38 Modals - what 's the t ime?

Dccidc what t i tnc is broacl ly bcing ref 'errecl to by thc rnodals in thc tbl lowins. Mtrke ach senteltce Pasl. Prcsent or Futurc - or iruture in thc past. (Wc are not conccrne cl

Modals 31

in this exercise with whether the event is real or hypothetical')

I Come ear ly ar . rd \ /e (a/ r have a p icnic " " 'F 'L lT! l$P""" '

2 Cutt therc be lif'e on N'tars l

3 l t nrut 'wcl l rain tomorrow.

: l You r ira-\ ' be old, but that clocsn't excuse you'

5 I l 'you n'r/ / cat scl t t ' tuch. no wonclcr you're fat.

6 S lu l lwe cvcr d iscovcr thc t ru th ' l

7 Thc sea t 'oulLl bc very rough that winter.

l l My cousin Lrtult l bc ovcr thcre. but you'rc in thc way'

9 You n' i l / bc Paid.l0 Ch i lc l rcn n ' r / / c lo thcse th ings .

I I Shc hasn ' t t c lcphoncc l - shc n i rg l i t bc i l l .

l2 Try as hc nrlglrt hc was unablc to opctl thc salc'

l3 Hc r i r i .q / r l s t i l l c t l rnc .

l :1 l t ' s so co lc l i I t t t r r l l bc thc n l i t l c l l c o f w in lc r .

l5 | cor r l t l t c lcphor tc la tc r i l ' yo t r l i kc .

I ( r 6 in to 5 r t r r r ' l go .

l7 AII hc u't t tr l t l t l<t wds accept f5.

I t3 I t was l t tc in thc ye ar. Sootl i t wrtrr ld bc ( 'hr istrnas'

l9 | . shou l t l th i r rk i t ' s t l tuch lo t t cxpc t ls lvc .

20 I tclcphortct l so that l l ' tcy slt t trr l l t t ' 1worry.

l l l ' rn sor ry yo t l sh t t r r l t l th ink so .

r2 Jar rc ( )ug l t l lo bc in Ncw York by I row.

Exercise 39 Modal meaning ISGE 4-2'l-341

* , rd r * , i t l .u . n .u iuu , k in t l s o f t l r ca t t i t l s . suc l t as :

Ab i l i t yI)crrtt issiorrPossib i l i ty

Obl igat ionLogical l lccessl tYTcntativc inttrcncc

I r ' r l i : ;cc pcrl 'cct ly wcl l withor.rt slasscs.

Ycttt t rut l t t tulr l / l t t t l , l bt lrrow l l ly car.

Arryonc crl l i t t takc l l r l l istakc.

Cornc c l r l y . a t t t l wc (11 l r t l l l k .

Aclaru l i tn' l rr i i ,q/ i t know t l tc i t trswcl-.

I l t t t v t ' .q t t t k t ln r t t . t t l sJ r t t r r l t l l t t r rg l t t t t t p ly thcsc b i l l s

Thcrc rrt tr . l / bc sotrtc rnislakc.

Thc weallrcr t tu,qht t t t l sl t t tulr/ bc bcttcr st l t tn.

Dccidc what is thc ntcaning o l ' thc nroc l t ls in the t i r l lowir lg , at r t l rnark thct r l

A (b i l i r y ) . Pc r (n r i ss ioD) . POss ( i b i l i t y ) . ob ( l i gL t t i on ) . Log i ca l I r cccss i t y (LN) .

Tcntativc int'ercncc (Tl )

A personal ctlmputer word processor

Befitre Vou ( I ) can start usirrg y'oLrr PC]W firr wtlrcl processil lg. your PCW (2 ) ncccls

to bc sct uP.The pr intcr (J) r lust bc cor l l lcctec l to -v-oul P( 'W'you ( - l )ncecl t ( ) p feparc copi t -s of lhc suppl icd c l iscs. You (5) shotr l t l t t t l lV cver

work w' i th copie s o1 ' lhesc c l iscs.

32 The semantics of the verb phrase

A -5 arnp fusc (6)r"r'rust be fitted to the plug. The colours of the wircs in thc mainslead (7) may not corresponcl with thc colourecl rnarkings in your plug.

There arc nrany dif-fbrent kincls of col.nputer clisc. so you (fl) shoulcl alwayschcck that you arc buying thc right sort. Labellccl discs fiom anl' leaclinsrnanuf'acturcr (t)) shoulcl givc goocl service.

I (10) can'1 rnake the th ing work. I t sure ly ( l l ) can ' t bc brokcn - i l 's a ncwrnachinc. l l ' I prcss th is kcy I (12)ought to be ablc to s tar t a ncw c locunrcnt . butnoth ing happens. Therc (13)ought lo bc a s i rnplcr inst ruct iorrs book.

( l ' 1 ) 'May I say so rnc th ing '? ' 'Ycs . ' 'You (15 )n r i gh t ck r bc t t c r i l ' you p rcsscdthc kcy rnarkccl rNrr ,u - you havc got to do that rnost o1 ' thc t inrc. I l ind. '

I P o s s I 3 . . . . . . . . . - + . . . . . . . . . - 5 6 . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . 8c . ) . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . . . . . . . . . 1 , 1 . . . . . . . . . I - 5 . . . . . . . .

Exerc ise 40 Modals [SGE4.21-34]

1' l11r1rsc t l l \ ' h( 's l :u ls\ \ ( ' r ' \ .

l l o w ( I ) ( a ) t , r r ( h ) r n a y ( c ) n c e d I k r s c w c i g h l ' l A t o n c t i n r c I r n a r l c a b i g e l l i r r t- l ( 2 ) ( a ) r n u s l ( b ) s h o u l c l ( c ) w o u l c l t o l i r r . c l a y s w i t h o u t e v c n l o o k i n g a t b u l t c f

o r p o t u t o c s o r c a k c s . B u t I ( 3 ) ( a ) h a d n ' t t o ( b ) c o u l d n ' t ( c 1 n r i g h l n ' 1 r , i v c u ; r

c h o c o l a l e . I . i u s t ( : 1 t ( a ) h a d t o ( b ) n r u s t ( c ) 0 u g h t t o c a t i l i r r s c c r c t t r c t w c c n n r c a l s .

W c l l i l ' y o u ( - 5 ) ( a ) c a n ( b ) w i l l ( c ) w o u l t l c a t c h < l c o l a t c . y ( ) u ' r c n r a k i n g t h i n g s

t l i f l i c u l t f i r r y o u r s c l l ' . Y o u ( ( r ) ( l ) n c c r l ( b ) s h o u l c l ( c ) w o u l t l r i v c u p a l l s w c c t s a n d

choco la lc t i r l a s ta r t . anc l y 'ou (7 ) (a ) n rus t (b ) nccr l (c ) wou ld cu l down o l r s r - l sur .

A r r d y o u ( l J ) ( a ) c o u l d n ' t ( b ) n l i g h l l l o t ( c ) r ) r u s t n ' t c a t b c t w e e r r r n e a l s .

S u r c l y I ( 9 ) ( a ) r n a y n o t ( b ) u r . l s t l r o t ( c ) n c c d n o t c u l o L r l a l l s w c c l s . ( l 0 ) ( a )

rnay tb ) n rus t (c ) r recr l I ' l

W e l l I t h i n k y o u ( I l ) ( u ) r n u y ( b ) o u g h t t o ( c ) s h r r l l . y o u k n o w .

But I gc t so hungry . ( l2 ) (u ) Can ' t (b ) May no t (c ) Nccdn ' t I ca t any th ing

bctwectr t t tci t ls ' l

W c l l p c r h l r p s y o r r ( 1 3 ) ( a ) c o u l d ( b ) h a v c s o t l o ( c ) w o u l t l c a t a n a p p l c i f ' y o u ' r c( lcsperatc.

A n a p p l c ! I ( 1 4 ) ( x ) c a n ( b ) w i l l ( c ) r r c c t l s l a r v c ! Y o u a r c s a y i n g t h a t I ( l - 5 ) ( l t

havc go t lo (b ) necd (c ) wou l r l s ta rve .

N o . r u b b i s h ! Y o u ( 1 6 ) ( a ) r n i g h t n ' t ( b ) s h o u l d n ' t ( c ) w o u l d n ' t s t a r v c i t ' y o u c a t

s c n s i b l y . B u t y o u ( l 7 ) ( x ) w i l l ( b ) r n a y ( c ) r r r i g h t t r y c a t i n g l c s s . T h a t ( l l J ) ( a ) n r u s t(b ) nccr ls to (c ) shou lc l ge t your wc igh l c lown.

( l9 ) (a ) Ought i t to (b ) Shou ld i t (c ) Wou ld i t bc a cood ic lc t to take : v i tunr in

tab le ts . do you th ink ' /

No. tha t (201 111 cou ldn ' l (b ) shou ldn ' t (c ) nccdn ' t bc necessary i f you ea t

p lcn ly o l ' f ru i t and vcgetab les .

And rvhat e l se (21 ) (a ) may (b ) sha l l (c ) w i l l I do ' . '

(12) (a ) Wi l l (b ) May (c ) Wou ld I t c l l you sornc th ing to g ive up '? S top th ink ing

so rnucl't about ttrocl.

Modals 33

Exercise 41 Modal perfect infinitives [SGE 4.34]

Cornplcte thc fol lowin-e using a suitable rnodal pcrt 'ect inf ini t ivc. cg ntut ' l tut 'c

f lr ,gtt tetr. t oult l lurt 'e l tr l r ' , that keeps closc to the meaning of thc sentences siven.

Wc t l iecl to get t ickets t i trT-l te M otrst ' t la7r last Saturclay evening. but thc thcatrc was

solcl ou1.

I Oh what a p i ty - I l i ke the ic lea . bu t i t ' s too la tc now.

Oh wha{ a p i ty - i t wo l l . t . r t t rv t t Hr , t tN l 'un .

f I t was poss ib lc to buy t i ckc ts f i r l F r iday . bu t wc d ic ln '1 .

W c . . . . . . . . . . . . t i c k c l s l i r r F r i c l a y .

3 Wc thought you had pclhaps tt t tclc ' olhcr l l rral lgct l lcnts.

W c t h o u g h t y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . o t h c r a r r l t n g c l l l e n t s .: l Wc l l F r ic lay wou ld have bccr r in tposs ib le f i r r us .

W c l l . w c . . . o n F r i d a Y .

-5 [ l was i l rn is takc lcav ing i t so la tc .

W c . . . . . . s o l a t e .

6 Thc scns ib lc th ing wou lc l havc bcc t r to book wccks aso .

W c . . . . . . . . . w c c k s a g o .

7 Ncr t wcckcnd is l p rob le rn . hccur . rsc Mothcr i s con t ing 1o s tuy i tnc l i1 i s poss ib lc

shc w i l l bc hcrc by thcn .

Mothe r . . . havc ar r i vcd l ry thcn .

l { I was cxpcc l ing he r lo te l cphone ycs tc lday bu1 shc d idn '1 . bccausc I w i ts in a l l

clal ' .

S h c . . . . . . y c s t c r t l a y , b c c a u s c I w a s i r t a l l t l a y .

9 But wc sha l l dc l i r r i t c ly know by to r r to r row r t ig l t t .

W c . . . . . . . . . . . . h c a r r l b y t o r t t o r r o w I r i e h t .

l0 ' l ' o rn

says hc 's surc shc has l i r rgo t tcn a l l ubout i t .

H c s u y s s h c . . . . . . . . . a l l a b o t r t i t .

I I Ianr t 'ea l l y cc r ta in lhu t she hasn ' t f i l rgo t tcn . Tha l ' s r to t t l t c sor t o l th ing shc

tkrcs.

S h c . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 i ) r g o t t c l l .

l , ' [o rn

wcnt on and or . r apo log iz ing ahout i1 . wh ich was t1u i le un l rcccssary .

T o n t . . . . . . . . . I q u i t e u r t t l c r s t a r t c l .

Exercise 42 be able to, have to, be allowed fo [SGE 4.35]

Cornplctc thc tbl lowing usinq parts <tt l t t oblt : to, l tuve 1o, ancl bc ul lovt 'et l /o, antl

any other words r.rcccssary so that thc rneanirrg is as closc as pttssible to thc

sentcnccs g lvc l l .

I Whcn I was a l schoo l . gamcs wcrc conrpu lsory .

When I was a t schoo l . wc t t \ t ) to I ' l -AY ( i r \N lus .

, I t was the fact that thcy wcrc ccttt tpulsory that I disl ikecl.

I t w a s . . . . . . . . p l a y s a t t t e s t h a t I d i s l i k c d .

3 But lbotbal l wasn't ct ' r t t tpulsory.

But wc

34 The semantics of the verb Phrase

4 Running was permitted as an alternativc.

W e . . . . . . . . . . . . g o r u n n i n g i n s t e l t d .

5 I w ish I cou lc l p lay tenn is rea l l y wc l l '

I ' d l i k e . . . p l a y t e n n i s r c a l l y w c l l .

6 I f you can ' t p lay gantcs we l l , i t ' s a d isac lvantagc .

N o t . . . . . . . . . . . . i s i t c l i s a c l v a n t a g c .

7 I t hasn ' t becn poss ib lc f t t r t rc to co t . l t i t ' tuc p lay ing tenn is s ince I le t t schot l l .

I . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . s i t ' t c c I l e f i s c h < t o l '

8 l ' rn sor ry bu t I tnus t say yo t l c lon ' t look l i t .

l . . . . . . . . ' s r t v y o u d o n ' t l o o k l i l '

Exercise 43 More modals ISGE 4.21-341

Cl roo : c l l t c hcs t i . l t l \we t \ .

I Why c l idn ' t you go 1o work ycsterday ' l

I (a) ncccln ' t havc gc lnc (b) d ic ln ' t t rccr l to go (c) l l lustn ' t go (d)c i lu l t l r r ' t havc

l lol lc.2 Ac tua l l y I thoLrght you a lways wo lkcc l t l r t Tucs t lay evc t t i t tgs ' /

I (a ) u r igh t (b ) rnus t (c ) wou lc l (d ) uscc i to ycars a l ]o . bu t r to l t tow, tha l tk

gooclttcss.

S l n f a c l a l t t t r c t i t t r e [ ( a ) o u r r h t t o ( b ) h a d l o ( c ) r l l t l s t ( d ) w a s 1 o w o r k l w t l c v c n t t r g s

l wcck .. l ' fha t (a ) can ' t havc hccr r (b )cou ldn ' t bc (c )nr . rs tn ' t [ )c ( t l ) s l to t t l c l l . t ' t l t l t ve bcc t t

vc ry p lcasar t t .

5 O h i t w a s n ' l s ( ) b i l d . I h a d l o l s ( ) l ' t l ' i c n t l s l h e r c . W c ( a ) r n i g h t h a v c ( b ) w i l l h i t v c

had (c ) wou lc l h i tvc (d ) rvo t r l t l h r t 'n ' c l t l t t l l o ts o l ' f ' u r t .

( r l -6ek i1g back . I I in t l i1 od t l tha t (a ) I wouk l cn joy (b ) I wot r l t l havc cn joycd (c )

I sh( )u lc l havc cn . joyec l (d ) Iought 1o havc cn . ioycd cvc t l i t tg wt t rk s t t r l luch .

T lJu t n6w, a r l l r igh t ' / You (a ) n )ay no t (b ) n rus tn ' t (c ) nccdn ' t (c l ) t rscc l I lo t to work

cvcr t i t tgs .' l ' ha t ' s

r ig l t t .

lJ Ol 'coursc. Y1lu cl icl te l l rnc. I (a) coulcl rcnrcrtrbcr (b) tnay l tavc rctnctt l tre rct l 1c)

should havc re rtre I t . tbcrecl (cl) l l l ight rcl) lcl l lbcr.

Exercise 44The Mary Celeste: mixed tenses [SGE Chapter 4]

TIrc nryslcry of the Mrrrr. Ct,lcslc is onc of thc greitl l i lysterics of thc sea. An

An-rcrican sail ing ship. thc Mut't 'Cclcstt 'set sail fronl New York on 5 Novcrnbcr

1872 bouncl t irr Clcnoa in ltaly, witl.r a cargo ot' 1.7(X) barrt--ls ol 'ctlr l l tncrcial

a lcohol . Usc sui t tb lc tcnscs, inc luding p lss ives i f ncccssary, to hncl out t t tore.

A nronth latcr on -5 Deccmber - sl.rc ( I sight ) . . . . . east t lf the Azttrc-s. in

the easlern At iant ic , by a Br i t ish ship. thc DciGrut i t r . By an amazing coinc idcncc

the mastcr of thc Brit ish ship, Captain David Reecl Morehousc. ancl lhe rnastcr t l l

the Murt' Ccleste. Captain Benjarnin Spooncr Briggs. (2 dine)

togethcr in Nerv York thc night berfore thc Mrrrl Celestt (3 set sail)

SoMorchouse ( . l r ca l i z -e ) . . . . . . . . t ha t l he - l l 4u rvCe l t ' s l t ( 5sa i l ) . . ' . " " " 1 t1

Modals 35

thc w rong d i rec t i on . Wha t cou l c l t hc sh ip be do ing . he (6 wonc le r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' lHav ing ha i l ed h i s f r i cnd ' s sh ip and go t r1o rep l y . he (7 go ) . . . . . . t oinvcsl igate . There ( l l be) . . . . . .nobocly on board. Capta in Br iggs. h is wi t 'cancl two-ycar-o ld daughter (9 a l l vanish) . . . . . . The last e nt rv in thc ship 'slog was lbr 2-5 Novcmber. on which clay thc Mury Cclcstt 110 bc)wi th in s ix rn i lcs o l ' the Azores.

An cncpr i r l ' ( I I ho ld la tcr) . . . . . . . in Gibra l tar . but to th is c lay thc lnystcryol ' t l rc Maly Celcst t ' ( l l r rcvcr so lvc) .

Exerc ise 45 What do you th ink happened?

' fhcrc rvcre , anr l havc cont inuccl lo bc. var ious lhcol ics about lhc l i t tc o l ' thc Mru ' r 'C 'L ' l ts tc . Rcr i ' r i tc thc f i r l lowing theor . ics us i r tg rnot l i t l pcr lcct in f in i t ives l .S( i l r-1.3- l l . A l tcrnut ivcs arc sonlc l inrcs 1 ' ross ib lc .

l : . . t tur t1t lc ' . Pcrhups lhc crcw nrLt l i t t ic t l ar td nrurc lcrct l t l tc Br i -ugs larr r i l l ' .r l r i . rn ' r , r - : Thc crc ' " l , rnuv havc/nr ighl huvc/coulc l huvc ntu l i t t ic t l a t t t l n turc lcrct l thc

tsr iggs l i r rn i ly .

I No. thal 's i rnpossib lc . Thc crcu ' hat l v i t t t is l tc t l too.No . t hc c re w . . . . . . t l t t t t c l l t a l . o r

J thcy' . . lott ltd ort thc slt ip.

Ibut thcr- we rc not f i ru t t r l or t thc ship. IJ I urn convincct l thut thc crcw g.ot dnrnk. nrur- r le r -cr l t l rc lur t r i ly unt l t l te n cscapcr l .

l - l t r ' t l t 'u-1 Anothcr poss ib i l i t v i s l l l r l p in r tcs l rour . r l c t l t l t c sh i1 . r and k i l l c r l cvcryonc .

( ) t P i l t l t ' :-5 But rvh l r l rcason r lo \ ( )u suggcs l lhcsc p i ra lcs ha t l ?

I S r r l i v l r l . . . t l t i r l . '(r No. obviously' that t l i t l r tot l t t l ' rpcrt.

No. th l l . . . l t cc t t what hup l tc r tc t l .

7 I l c ' c l cc r t l r in t l t c curgo o l a lco l to l cxp lo r lc t l .( ) l r v i o t r r l ) . I I t t ' t l t t . L r r r r l r t l t t , l l t t l . .

8 Thcn poss ib ly C ' lp ta in Br iggs dcc i t l c i l l ' n r o r t l y qucss i t )g to gc1 cvgpy l ; '1 .

in lo thc l i l cb tx r t o t t i t Iow I -o1- rc . o l c ( )u rsc .

C ' r p t u i l t B I i l g : .

9 I l ' hc c l i c l tha l . i t was a r r r i s takc [o c lo so .

W e l l l t t ' . . . l l l l l .

l 0 Ar r r l lhen . obv ious lv . l w i r rd caught lhc Mrr r r ' ( ' t l t s lc . the ropc l r rokc ur t r l

cvcryonc was t l rowt tc t l .

A w i n d . . . . . . . . . . l h e r o p c . . .

an(l cvcrvone t lr t lwrtct l .

Nouns and determiners

Count and noncount nouns [SGE 5.1]

Sornc conr rnon nouns l i re cou l t l (countab lc ) nout ls - l l ke fux tk , ,q i r l ,

problent ' , ancl othcrs arc l tol tcot lnl ( l t lass) l lot l t ls. cg: t iL t ' , int l t t tr ' ! t tr l t r ' . Thc

c l i s l inc t ion is par t l y rc la tc t l to tnean i r tg . bu t i s a lso vcry i t l rpor tan l

g ranrmat ica l l y . bccaLtsc thc usagc o f t l c tc r r t l i r t c l ' s w i th thcn l i s d i f ' t c rcn t .

Exercise 46 Count and noncount nouns

C6ur r t n t lu ls r lus t havc a r le tc r rn incr (u .o t tc . t tn ' , th is . . . ) in thc s ingu la r . t l tough

this is not l tcccssury in thc plural. Norrcounl nour.ts rkr t tr t l nccrl a t lctct-tr t t trcr.

L lndr - r l inc a l l thc won ls tha t w i thout f 'u r thcr a l tc ra t ion can l i t in to the l i r l l t tw ing

scntcnccs . I l ' t t cccssarv . c t t r ts t t l t l t g t lo t l t l i c t ionary .

l i runrplt ' ' . Tonr is always ol ' l 'c l i rrg 4dvtcclu!$l ludidca/suggcsti t ln. l rzlcrr arlcl

, fr l ,q.qc.rIk)/r l l rc coul)t r tott t ts. Wc cott lcl say: l lc i .s tr lutr. t 's t t fJcri t t ,q i lau.si

srrq,qc.i l ior is. But ntt t ' t ' l lc i ,s t t lxu.t ' .s t t lJtr ir t ,q idt 'ulsLry,,qcsti t t t t . ]

I You shou l r ln ' t . judgc l r i r t t o r t o t t t ' ac l t i cvc t t tcn l / l ' a i l t r rc / l l rog lcss /s t tcccss .

I I t was di l l icult t i rr-hint to f incl carccr ' /ctt tplovrr lcrrt / . iob/work.

3 H is ncu , . job is sonrc lh ing to i lo w i lh i t t l vc r l i sc tnc t t t /a t l ver t i s ing /pub l ic i t l " /

r r ra rkc t ing .. l Buv now i1 's a rca l barga in /sav ing /sav i r tgs / rc t luc t io t t .

5 Thcrc is a/an f ir l tunc/incoutc/uroncy/wcalth to bc ultcle I ' rott t cotnputcls l l tcsc

clays.

6 I nced a r tcw c lo lhcs /c lo th ing /su i t /u r tc lc rwe ar .

7 Medc-rn anrnrunit ion/ar-rns/eqr-r ipnrcnl/wcapotrs/wcitporrrv is sophist iclr lcd.

8 You ' l l havc to gc t t l cavc /pass /per rn iss ion /pernr i t to gc t in to thc l i t c l t t ry .

9 D i r l 1 ,o r r havc a gooc l expcr icncc / l i r r tunc / luck / t i rnc wh i lc v< tu wcrc l tw i ty ' l

l0 Orrc sccrtc/sccncry/vicw/cotrntr.vsit le parl ictr l l rr ly stays i t l t t ty rt t i l lc l .

Exercise 47 Count and noncount usage

Man1, 'no t rns havc bo lh coun l an t l noncount us lgc . Sot r tc l i t t t cs lhc t l i f l c rc r rcc

is bctr.r 'cen r-uri1 rucart i t tg i t tr t l Inorc qcttcr l t l l t tcl trr i l - tg: u t l t i t kur = a [t i r-d;

t l r i t kc r r = thc rncu t l l .onr i l . Sourc l i r t rcs t l rc rc i s a g rc i l t c r c l i l l c rcncc : t t . t i ,q l r t

= sonrc lh ing sccn : . r i ,g / t1 = c ) 'es igh t .

( 'on- rp le tc the pa i rs o l ' scn lcnccs bc lovn ' . us i r tg lhc l i r l l ow ing worc ls . o l l cc l t s a coLtn t

attcl ot ice as rt l tol lcol- l l l l l ioul l .

Determiners 37

business cheese dinner expcrience glass ice

l i fe noise paint ing paper plcasure worry

Use a .rood dict ionary to he lp you i f necessary.

I Where can I get e p,rpEn'J I want to know what's happening. I also ncccl p'rpnn

to wrap up some parcels with.

2 D o y o u s e l l . . . . . . ' l l n t e a n , c t l u l c l y o u c u t a p i e c e s o t h a t l c t l u l c l r c p l a c c

a brokcr . r w indow' l A lso I ' rn hop ing to f in t l . . . . . . to rcp lace onc I b roke

when I was wash ing up .

3 Shopp ing in th is hugc s lo rc - i s qu i tc . . . . . . Thcy sc l l every th i r rg . b r . r l

sornc o f thc s l les s ta f fa rc vc ry young and lack . . . . . . , so thcy c lon ' t

k n o u w h c l c i l n y l h i n g i s .

4 S t i l l . I f i n c l i t . . . . . . t o s h o p h e r c . I t n c a n I c l o n ' t c x a c t l y s h t t p f i r r

. . . . . . . b u t I I i k c t h c a t t n o s p h c r e .

5 I shal l havc lo contc back anothcr clay ancl go to thc art clcparlnrcnt. Torr ancl

Mo l ly havc tskcc l l i r r . . . . . . i t s a wedc l ing prcscn t . I c l t ln ' t th ink thcy l i kc

( n r o r l c r n ) . . . . . . r r t u c h .

6 so i t ' s . . . . . . lo k t tow what t< t choosc . S i l l y , i sn ' t i t ' / C lh t los i r rg a p ic lu rc

s l r o u l t l t t ' l h c l t e l r u s c l i r r . . . .

7 D i d y o u J r c a r . . . . . . ' l O t ' c o u r s c , t h c r c ' s a l o t < l f . . . . . . b u t l h c a r c l

sorncthing lhal sounclccl l ikc a bontb.

tt - I 'hcy

cl icl havc a tcrrorist botttb go ol ' l 'hcrc sonlc years ato. brl l lhcy wcrc opcn

n c x l c l a y . . . . . . . . i t s t - t s u a l . ' l ' v c s o t r t c l i t . n e s t h o u g h t I ' d l i k c t o s t i t r t

. . . . . . bu t i t I t tus t bc a n igh t r t r i t rc thcsc t lays .

9 Oh, I nlust go to lhc f irod clcpaltrt tcnt. Thcy scl l (vcry s1'rccial)

rnadc 1 ' ronr goat ' s r r t i l k . o t rc Ica l t ' t uc t i r t tny loca l g roccr 's . Yo t r don ' t l i kc

. . . . . . ' J Y o u c l o r t ' t k n o w w h a t y o u ' r c t l i s r i t t g .

l0 And what anr I lo ing to cook l i r r . . . . . . th is cvcn in l l ' l I th ink so t t tc l l t ing

s i r n p l c . h c c a u s c t o n l o r r o w w c ' r c g o i t t g 1 o . . . . . t t r g a n i z c d b y B i l l

B rown 's tu rn i l y to cc lcbr i t l c h is n ine t ic th b i r thc lay .

l l H c ' s l c d ( v c r y a c t i v c ) . . . . . . a n c l c l i r n b c d a l t t t o s f e v c r y I n o u n t u i n y o u

can th ink o l ' . Bu l I tow, poor t l l c l chap. hc ca t t harc l l y wa lk . S t i l l . tha t ' s

. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . !

l2 Wc l l , I th ink wc 'vc . ius l t in tc f i r r thc rcs taurant . l ' r t t go ing to havc . . .

What abou l vuu ' l Are you go in t to have lca . o r w i l l you havc your fuvour i l c

g i n a n d t o n i c w i t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

Determiners [SGE 5.3-1 0]

Count ancl noncounI nouns urc par t ly r l is t inguishcd by thc c lc tcrnr incrs thcycrrrr lakc. r\ .qrtul t l tul t t t ' tutd r i i t tr ' l t t tr t lY go with l lol tcot l l l l l lot- l l ls:

Thr- toLrr isl ot ' f icc cl icln' t I tave a great dcal of/rnuch intbrrual iort.

rr /or of gocs with rtortcttutt t or plural l toLtl ts:' I l rey

gavc us a lot of aclvicc/a lot of brochLrrcs.

38 Nouns and determiners

Exercise 48 Nouns and their determiners

Underl ine al l the worcls that f i t the lbl lowitts sentcltces without any othcr

alterat ions. I l necessary. consult a good cl ict iorrary.

I Not a greal clcal of experit'nents/investigations/walLAglqllE]l has bcelr clonc

o n t h i s .

I A ln ros t cvcry dc la i l iexp lanat ion / in lb r rna t ion / t rews hc gavc us scc t . t . t c t l

inaccura tc to r t t c .

3 Yor,r scc a lol of 'hatl bchaviour/conduct/custorn/nranrrcr at l ixrtbal l nratchcs..1 Docs i l do much darnagc/rarrn/hLrl t / in. iury' /

-5 l 'hat picturc i srt ' t ol ' lnuch i tnpttrtancc/price/r, i t l trc/wolt l t .(r T'hcy huvc such tcrr i b lc c l i nralc/slortt ts/tctt t pcratut 'c/wcalhcr.

7 E,ach bag/ba-l lgagc/l Lrggagc/su i tci tsc sltott ld bc I l rbc I lct l .

l l Nc i thcr cour l ' ru tc r /cqr r ip r r rcn t /n rach i r tc / rn l tc l r i r t c ly i s su i tab lc .

9 ' l 'hcrc's

not clror. lgh 1un/. iokc/. iov arottt tcl thcsc t l l tvs.

l0 bu t p lcn l1 ' o l conrp la i r t l / couragc /1 ' r l t l i cncc .

Exercise 49 some, any, no [SGE 5.5]

C' r r r rp lc tc thc f i r l l ow ing . t t s ing . \ ( )n t r , . \ ( ) t ) tL ' l l t i t t ,q . t t t t v t t r t r t t .

I Torn shoLr l r l bc l t c t ' c . \N l r l i r tu lc t to 'u r , ' . l l e s i t vs hc l i r rgo t bc l i r rc .

I ' l ' h a t ' s

. . . . . . c x c u s e a t a l l . H c ' s t c r r i b l y i t r c o t t s i t l c r t t t c .

. l H c c c r l a i n l v k n o w s r v h u l l t c ' s t l o i n s . l l c ' s . . . . . . f i r o l .

. . . . . . . . c h i l d c u n s c c l h a t : i t ' s c l e t t t c t t l a r v-+5 ; ; ; ,

t h l l .

W c l l .616()

t 0il

t 2

a n t l . . . . . . c l l t l s 1 " o u l o s c .

l ' d b c g r . l l c l i r l l i r r . . . . . . h c l p y o t t c a t t e i v c .

l ' l l r n c c t \ o u . . . . . . l i n t c y t l u l i k c . t o t l i s c u s s i t' l ' h c r c ' s

. . . . . . t i t t r e l i k e t h c l ) r c s c r l t .Soure pcop lc u lways w i tn l . . . . . . l i r r r r t l l h ing ;

b u l I b c l i c v c l h c r c ' s . . . . . . l l ' c c l u n c h l

Exercise 50 Central , pre- and post-determiners [SGE 5.3-10]

Whcn nrorc lhan one t lctcrrnincr

spcc ia l o rder they havc to bc in .

togcthcr.

\ ( ' I i \ r ' r l 1 o t t t : t ' l l t l t t i l r

. . . . . . t l l l l \ ) o t l u i l l :

p r o b l c n r , p n r n r i s i n g t o h c l p h i n r l i k c

all l 'ew last thcscvery t ry lng.

rnore scveral this there

tryrng

Unscrarnble these scnlcnccs.

LrrrnrTrlr ': I bccn havc I 'nonths vcryAtr.nrer'. All these last f 'cw months havc becn

? arc cornplaints rnattcr alone one ab<tut

usua l l y

- l bolh evcry seconcl thcsc two clay surgical dressings be changccl havc tcr

Articles 39

amount fbod needecl pcople t imes fbr of al l that those three they

take hours tablet a cvery fbur half

1

-5

o

1

6

9

l 0

all few first the those worsc wcre rest than claYs

at bccause it 's now clisgraceful hall ' gct clotrble a you thc packct pncc

agc husbands were Mary's bolh her twicc two lasl

l i l ) o l l r e I o l l r c f r ) ( 'w l t ' n l hc s l t e t l l t y t l t r ' s scs ho1 rg l11

one onc ones you thc dozen as lbr coulcl l i t l lc big sarnc scvcral

pricc gct

Exercise 51 few, a few,little, a /iffle [SGE 5.10]

Fcu'antl l i t t lc t trc rathcr Ircgativc i t t t trcart i l t -{ , atrcl cttntrasl wi lh rr. f i ' l 'arrt l t

/ i l l f t . wh ie l r l r r , ' pos i l i ve .

Rcwr i l c thc l i r l k rw ing us ing . / r '1 . u f t ' v t ' . l i t t l r o r u l i t r l t in p lacc o l ' thc t rnc lc r l ined

worc ls , rnak ing ar ty o lhcr cha l tgcs nccess t ry .

I l .rurttplc' . Not rnarty pcoplc al 'c exacl ly thc wcight thcy would l ikc lo lrc.

A t t .sv rc r ;Fcw pcop lc a rc cxac t ly thc wc ig l t t t l t cv wot r l t l l i kc to be .

I Flitld!1_i1lfy w()ntcll nowarlays want to spenrl hours cookirtg, atrcl cvctt ftwcr

want to spcnc l a l l d ry i t r thc k i tchcn.I Sontc pcople say they'r.e not intcrcstc(l in lbocl. urtd a stt t i t l l nutttbcr acttral ly

rnei ln l t .

3 Crazy starvrt ion dicts clf '1f r harcl ly tny prospccl ol 'succcss.

4 It is al l r ight to havc sotle butlcr. but try to cut clown the al l lounl.

-5 Sorne people do ove rcal. but t tot as l l tal ty as yotr rnighl think.

6 A s rna l l amoun l o f ' s i t l t i s a l l r igh t . i sn ' t i t /

7 There 's no t much chance o f kcep ing s l in t , un lcss yor . r s t i ck to a c l i c t .

l { Mlny pcoplc err joy f irrcign restaurants, btt t not ntany pcople know anything

about Tibetan ltrocl.

Exercise 52 Articles: a or the? ISGE 5.11-24]

Crlrnplete the f ir l lowing ttsing a/rr i i or / / tc.

South Af i i ca bcc i l r le ( l ) . . . . . . l i r s t c t lun t t ' y to c lcc la re (2 ) ,

g r c a t w h i t e s h a r k ( 3 ) . . . . . . p r o t c c t c c l s p c c i e s w h c n ( ' l ) . . . . . . . . . .

ban w i th in 200 nr i les o1 ' (5 ) . . . . . . coas t was in lposec l

. . . . h ; " ; i " ;ye stc-rclav.

40 Nouns and determiners

(6) . . . . . . jawbone can f 'e tch f4.000.' l f ( 7 ) . . . . . t h i e f i sde te rm incdandp ro f -ess iona l . he ' sgo ing tob reak in to

you r housc . 'Th i s b lun t asse r t i on i s a l l ( 8 ) . . . . . . mo rc a la rm ing whenut terec l by PC Alan Husher. (9) . . . . . . cr imc prcvent ion of f icer fbr(10) . . . . . . Mctropol i tan Pol ice. More than -500 c l i rnes wcrc commit tec lcvery hour in E,nglancl and Walcs last year , according to ( I l ) . . . . . . la testt i gu rcs . I n (12 ) . . . . . . e f l b r t t o pe rsuade (13 ) . . . . . . pub l i c t o p lay(14 ) . . . . . . g r ca t c r ro le i n t ack l i ns c r i r nc . ( l - 5 ) . . . . . . Ho rne O f f i cchas launchcd (16) . . . . . . , t4 .5 mi l l ion nat ionwic lc ac lvcr t is ing car t rp l ign.(17 ) . . . . . . pub l i c ' s gcnc ra l a t t i t uc l c . acco rc l i ng t o PC Hushc r ' . i s ' l t won ' thappcn to me. '

In h is own par t of Lonclon, many res ic lents hcacl lbr ( l t { ) . . . . . . countryat ( l9) . . . . . . wcckencl . leaving (20) . . . . . . way l i 'cc f i r r cornnt i t tcr lth icvcs. But hc says l l ra t 94 pcr ccnt of cr i rnc against propcr ly last year was la lgc lyprcvcntablc.

Exercise 53 a/an, the or zero ISGE 5.11-241

lnscr t r r , d t r . t l t ( (or noth ing at a l l ) as ncccssary.

( I ) . . . . . . w o r l d w i l d l i t c i s i n ( 2 ) . . . . . . d a n g c r . ( 3 ) . . . .rc l tso l ls arc cot t ]p lcx - ( .+) . . . . . . wor ld 's populat ion is cxpancl inu. arrdi n c r c a s i n g l y ( - 5 ) . . . . . . r n a n i s c l e s t r o y i r r l r . n o r c a n d r l o r c o l ' ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .natura l cr tv i ronntcnl .

( 1 ) . . . - . . l as t c l odo i n ( l t ) . . . . . . wo r l c l d i c t l o r r ( 9 ) . . . .i s l anc l o f .Maur i t i us i n ( l 0 ) . . . . . . l a t c scven tccn th ccn tu ry . Toc lay . ( l l )

. . . . . . b l ack rh ino i n Kcnya co r . r l c l eo ( l 2 ) . . . . . . s i u t l t : wuy . Thc rc i s( 1 3 ) . . . . . . w o r l c l - w i d c t r i l ( l c - n r u c h o f i t i l l e s a l i n ( l . l ) . . . . . . r a r cani rnals and h i rds. ( l -5) . . . . . . par t icu lar favour i tc , ancl o l . rc scvcrc lyth rea tcnec lw i t h (16 ) . . . . . cx l i nc t i on th rou ths r .nugg l i ng i s (11 ) . . . . .orang-ula l l . which only sulv ivcs in ( l l t ) . . . . . . l i r lcsts o l ' Bornco andSunratra.

( l t ) ) . . . . . . l ic rcc r l rgunrcnl is no* r lg ing aboul how to pnr lcct (20). . . . . . urost cnclangcrcc l spccics. Sonrc pcoplc arguc thal (2 1 ) . . .

zoos, with thcir rcscarch work ancl brcccling prosralltntes, otl 'cr (22)bcst hopc. and (23) . . . . . protcct iun f rurn in lcrnat ional sr lugglers. Butso rnco f (2 .1 ) . . . . . . ok l c r zooshuvc (25 ) . . . . . . c l i sac l van tage c l f ( 26 )

. . . . . . c ra lnpcd c i t y cond i t i ons . t hough (21 ) . . . . . . zoo w i th (2 t t )1a i1 lc l rpcn \p rces l i ke Whipsnac lc Zoo in (29)

Betl l i rrclshire countrysidc north of Lonclon is scen as olf 'cr ing (30) . . .p lcasan l hab i t l t .

H o w c v e r ( 3 1 ) . . . . . . p u b l i c - a t a n y r a t c i n ( 3 1 ) . . . . . . W e s t i s

less in tc re s tcc l than thcy o l rcc wcrc in look ing l t (33 ) . . . . . . cap t ivc an in ra l s .so (34) . . . . . . zoos . par t i cu la r lv t rad i t iona l o r . rcs . losc (35 ) . . .nrol ley.

Somc zoos havc sought (36) . . . . . . so lu t ion in rnodern is ins . In ( -17)

. . . . . . r e c e n t y c a r s . ( 3 8 ) . . . . . . B r o n x Z o o i n N c w Y o r k . f o r c x a n t p l e .

-56

Proper nouns 41

has increasecl (39) .. .... attendances by introducing ('10)

na tu ra l hab i t a t s - ( 41 ) . . . . . . j ung l c wo l l c l ' ( 42 ) . . . . . . E th iop ian

mountain ancl so on. But (43) . . . . . . increased at tendances must be par t ly

due to (4 ' 1 ) . . . . . . f ac t t ha t i t opens f rec t h ree days (4 -5 ) ' . - . . . week .

and (46 ) . . . . . . zoo s t i l l ge t s (17 ) . . . . . . sove rnmen t subs i c l y '

Nei ther ( r18) . . . . . . t rac l i t ional zoos. nor (49) . . . . . . ' theme' zoos

appcal to all anirlal lovers however. Sonrc 'conscrvationis{s' would apparently

l ikc to see a l l zoos abol ishcd. ancl thc i r in tnates rc turned to (50) . . . . . . wi ld .

But this could perhaps lead to some cnclangcrccl spccies bccorning e xti l lct.

Exercise 54 Articles in fixed phrases ISGE 5.19-20]

Crrrrrplctc thc qucstionnairc by inscrting suitablc prcpositions, ancl aclcling tt ttt ' t lrt '

i l 'ncccssary. (Whcn vou have cornplctccl thc tlucstit ltt:t. you cttulcl try thcttl otl a

liicncl I )

I Whcrr you wakc up. clo you gct ()t 1'ot bccl irtrrlrctl iatcly'?I Do you gct t l rcsscd bc l i r rc or . . . . . . brc lk fast ' l

3 Do you walk . . . . . . school /work '?

4 I f thc answcr to (3) is yes, c lo yot l go . . . . . . l i r t l t , bccat tsc yt lu l ikc thc

cxcrc ise , r t r bccausc thcrc 's no sui tablc t ranspt l r t '?

I f ' t h c a n s w c r i s r t o . d o y o u t r a v e | c a r . . . . . . ' . . t r u s / o r . . . . . . . . . t r a i n ' l

W l r e r r t l o y o t t u o r k h c s t . ' { r t ) . . . . . . l t t o r t t i t l g t h t . . . . . . l t l l c r t l o t r t )

( c ) . . . . c v c n i r r g 0 r ( d ) . . . . . . n i g h t ' l

7 What t in tc t lo you nor t l la l l y gc t . . . . . . hor t tc ' l

l l I f y o u h l c l l o w o r k ( a ) . . . . . . r r i g h t . c o t t l d y o u s l c c p ( b )

clay'?

9 Do you cvcr trtve I . . . . . . air, l ls parl t l l ' your job ?

l ( ) I l y e s . w h a t c l O y o u d o . . . . . . p l a l t c ( a ) r c a c l ( b ) s l c c p ( c ) w a t c h t h e

rnov ic ' l

l l l l a v c y o u c v c r l r a d . . . . . . i n l ' c c t i o u s c l i s c a s c s u c l l a s ( a ) . ' . .

r n c a s l c s ( b ) . . . . . . l l l t l l l l p s ( c ) . . . . . . w h o o p i n u c o u g h ' /

l 2 1 1 ' s o . w c r c y o L l . . . . . . h o s p i l a l w i t h i t ' . '

l 3 Do you gc t up a t y t lu r usua l t i r t t c when you arc . . . . ' . ho l iday '?

1 4 D o y o u p r e t c r t t l h a v e a h o l i d a y . . . . . ' s p r i n g / . . . . . . s u t t l t t t c r /

. . . . . . a u t u t l t l t o r . . . . . . w i n t c r ' l

Exercise 55 Proper nouns ISGE 5.25-34]

M() \ l n111cS 1rc ( ( ) rnp le t . ' in lhc tnse lvcs . hu l sp t t t t ' l i tncs / / l ( ' i s l tn , - ' ssCn l i r l' lpart of thc nanrc. I

_t

Find out about Scotlancl by inscrting l/tr whercvcr l lccessary.

Cometo ( l ) . . . . . . spcctacular Scot lancl fbra per t 'ccthol idaylAncl f i rs t to

(2 ) . . . . . . Ed inbu rgh . (3 ) . . . . . . A thens o f ( ' l ) . . . . ' . No r th l

Vis i t (5) . . . . . . Edinburgh Cast le. perchecl on i ts rock 443 tect abovc sea-

42 Nouns and determiners

leve l . Admire (6) . . . . . . Scot t Monument, a memor ia l to (7) . . .Scot land's rnost famous novel is t , (8 ) . . . . . . . S i rWal ter Scot t . Wander down(9) . . . . . . Royal Mi le, a ser ies of narrow st reets l ink ing the cast le to (10)

. . . . . . Ho l y rood House . o r ( I I ) . . . . . . Pa lace o i ( l 2 )Holyrood House, to g ive i t i ts fu l l name. Begun by ( 13 ) . . . . . . K ing JamesIV of (14) . . . . . . Scot land in 1501. but much restored in thc e ightccnthcen tu ry , ( l - 5 ) . . . . . . Ho l y rood House i s whe re ( 16 ) . . . . . . p resen t

Quccn stays when she v is i ts ( l1 \ . . . . . . Scot t ish capi ta l .A lso not to be rn isscd is ( l t t ) . . . . . . E,d inburgh Ncw Town. which souncls

likc a rnotlern horrsing cstatc. but actually clatcs fiorlr the sevcntccnth anclc ighteenth ccntur ics.

A s a c h a n g c t i o r n s i s h t s c c i n g , s h o p l b r s o u v c n i r s i n ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . b u s t l i n gPr inccsS t rec t .Pampcryou rsc l f byc l i n i ng in (20 ) . . . . . . H i l t onHo tc l .Sccpyoursc l f in the at rnosphere by rcacl ing that l ine newspaper. (21) . .

St t isntut t .

I f y o u ' r e i n l c r c s t c c l i n a r t . ( 2 2 ) . . . . . . N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f ( 2 3 ) . . . . . . . . .Sco t l anc l i sa rnus t .Thc le ' sa l so (24 ) . . . . . . Roya l Sco t l i shAcac l c rny ,w l r i chholds an annual cxhib i l ior r o l 'work by l iv ing ar t is ts . But thc h ighl ight of (25)

. . . . . . Ec l i nbu rgh yca r i s (26 ) . . . . . . t r c l i nbu rgh In t c rna t i ona l Fes t i va lhc lc l evcry ycar i r t (27) . . . . . . August ancl Se p lcrnbcr .

B ut perhaps you wunt arr lway-frorn- it-all holiday. Thcn to you (2lt ) . . .Highlancls arrcl Islands furthcr north bcckon. And how hard to choosc! Hcadingnor lh-west you coulc l c l r ivc thnrugh (29) . . . . . . Pass of (30)C i l c r r c o c . s c c ( 3 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S c o t l i u r c l ' s h i g h c s t r n o u n t a i n , ( 3 2 1 . . .Bcn Ncv i s , anc l t akc (13 ) . . . . . . l i u t rous Road to (14 ) . . . . . . . I s l cs . O r 'you coulc l t ravc l by t ra in a long (3-5) . . . . . . . sccnic Wcst Highlancl l inc andc r o s s t o ( 3 6 ) . . . . . l s l c o f ( 3 7 ) . . . . . . S k y c . O r y o u c o u l d t a k c a b o a tto thosc renrote is lancls . (3t t ; . . . . . . Outcr Hebr ides.

Vis i tors wi th a lastc f i r r act ivc spr l r ts wi l l f inc l thcrn in (39) . .Highlands. ( .10) . . . . . . Rivcr Dcc is furnous f i r r i ts sa l rnon f ish ing; (4 l )

. . . .. . Rivcr Spcy arca is e vcn rnorc fiunous firr its Scotch whisky. Frorn thcmoun ta in reso r to f ( : 12 ) . . . . . .Av iemore .youcangosk i i ng inw in t c r i n (43 )

. . . . . . Cai rngorms, which boast lhc h i -ehest rcs laurant in Br i ta in.Another s ight not to bc rn issccl in (4z l ) . . . . . . nor thcrn Sccl t land. is (4-5)

. . . . . . Great Glen (a g len is a nrc lunta in val ley) s t lc tch ing f rom ( , :16)

. . . . . . I nve rncss on thc cas t coas t t o (47 ) . . . . . . Fo r t W i l l i an t on thcwcst . Thc Glcn consists of a scr ics of lochs ( lakcs) l inkcc l by (4t l ) . . .Caledonian Canal , sa id to be the home of ( r l9) . . . . . . Loch Ncss Monster ,a vast prchistoric bcast surviving in thc dcep renrotc waters of this loch. Sontcpcople doubt the very existence of this strange creature - others are ccrtain that(50 ) . . . . . . 'Ne ss i c ' i s r ca l .

Number [SGE 5.35-44] and irregular plurals

Most count nouns form their plurals by adding -s or -e.s, but some haveitregular plurals.

Number 43

Exercise 56 ISGE 5.37-40]

Complete the fbl lowing using the correct plural fbrms.

E.rumplc'. I want a chocolate mouse.

At rsv 'e r ;We haven ' t any ec l ib le v tc 'e . Sor ry !

I I want a Christrnas card with a snownlan on i l .

I ' rn a f ra id we ' rc ou t o f cards w i th . . .

2 And I ncccl sonrc sort ol 'bookshelf.

Wc have sonre goocl valuc wtloclcn .. . . . . at L49.9L).

3 Ancl whcrc can I -uct a si lk scarl 'artt l a purc l inen hanclkcrchicf l

Wc havc sornc bcaut i f t r l s i l k . . . . . . . bu t wc or t l y sc l l co t t t ln

'1 Ancl cun y()u ask your t i locl t lepartnlcnt to scncl t l lc a largc plaice ' l

I ck rn ' t th ink thcy 'vc l l l l y . . . . . . a t a l l t t l c lay .

5 Oh. and I nccd a t l t lzctt cuur - t lo. t l take i t twtl .

6 And I walt l a slory about spacccral l .

l ' rn a l ' ra id thcrc 's no c lc rnanc l t i r r . . . . . . ab t l t t t

7 Oh, ancl I rrcct l a hunclrccl pins.

Wc sc l l p i r rs in packc ts o f two . . . . . . a t 99p. Yot r t l t t sccr l l to wa l l l so l l l c

l r r l l t c r p t ' cu l i l r l lh i r rgs .

13 Ycs. wcl l , that 's thc lot. I ' r ,c only gol about a poulrcl in cash. bul I sul.rpt lsc I catt

pay by crccl i t card'/

A l l t h i s i s r a t h c r a t a l l < l r c l c r ! G i v e n t e a c l r c q u c l i r l r l i l l c t y - r r i t t c . . . . . . . - 5 0 p .

Exercise 57 'Foreign' plurals ISGE 5.41]

Conrplcte thc f ir l lowing. ' Ihcrc

rnay bc alternativc i l l lswcrs.

I I s th is thc on ly ser ics o l ' ch i ld rcn 's books you s tock '?

No. wc have scveral t l ther st lntt ,s f i rr olclcr chi lclrcn.

2 I ' r l buying atrothcr cncyclopaecl ia.

How r -nar ty . . . . . . havc you go t n t tw ' /

3 Shc's busy writ ing an i t tclcx. i tncl lhc appcntl ix to hcr book.

S h c s c c n t s t o s p e n d n l t l r c l i l r t c w r i t i n g a n c l

than thc actual books

4 This is a cr is is .Oh clear, your wholc l if 'e is a serics ot

5 Hc'l l send yott a mem<lranclunl.He's a lways sending

6 Have you got a PrtlsPcctus?Thcre are two . . . . . . Which do you warr t ' l

7 He needs a st imulus.But he never reacts to any . . . .

8 What's your criterion fbr personal success'l

I th ink d i f fbrcnt people have d i f ferent ' . . . . . '

44 Nouns and determiners

Exercise 58 Singular or plural nouns? ISGE 5.43-44]

Wri tc ou t a l l thc poss ib lc a l tc rna t ivcs in thc l i r l l ow ing .

I Sonrc/this/thcse f ir lk clon't /clocsn't know how to sperrcl i ts/thcir nloncyAtr.stt ' t ' r .s ' . Sorne t ir lk don't know how to spcnd thcir lnoltcy.

Thcsc lblk ckrn't know hnw to spcncl thcir tnoncy.

f i r l l is norrnal ly p lura l IThisithcsc bclongings ol'John's was/were firuncl in the cupboarcl

Some nouns ending in -.r are not plural (eg:7rlrr.sl t . i ) : but sonte nouns without-s ttre (pcoltlc).

Co l lec t i ve nouns (eg : au t l ie t tcc . t o t t tn t i t t cc , . lun t i l \ ' , teun t l a rc s ingu la rnouns- thcy nccd a cletc-rminer such as u. tha, t l t is - but sornetintcs take a pluralvcrb: 7' lr is t t 'unt l tuve donc u't l l thisst 'u.tott .

This/thcsc f iuni ly neccl/neecls hclp.

I pa ic l t l (X) l i r r th is / thesc b inoculars. but i t l thcy isn ' t /arcn ' t vcry gooi l

Thc pol icc has/havc r hard job to clo

2

3

,1

5

6

1

6

r)

l 0

l l

l 2

l 3

What was/werc the ncws on tc lcv is ion las t n igh t ' l

Thcrc is/ i trc r couplc of pcoplc or.rtsiclc who/which walt l /wants to talk to you.

Thc Prirnc Ministcr's ol 't icc has/have issued a statcl 'ncnt.

Thc ou tsk i r ts o t ' thc town is /a rc n t thc l du l l .

A nra.jority of t lrc strikcrs want/wants lo rcturn to work

Our MP's rna jo r i t y was /wcrc h ighcr th is t in re than l i t s t t i rnc

Whv is/ale thcrc rernains ol ' lbod on the tablc' l

Thc public has/havc a r ight to know what moncy is bcing spcnt in i ts/thcirnanle.

l4 The audience was/wcrc cnrapturecl

Case [SGE 5.48-55]

The genitive case of the noun souncls thc same as the regular plural. It rswritten [ 'sl after regular singular nouns or a plural without an -s: u girl ' ,snante, the children's ntother: and simply with an apostrophe ['] atier aregular pluraf : rfte girls' ntother.s.

Case 45

Exercise 59 Genitive or of-construction [SGE 5.48-55]

Usc thc information sivcn to conrplete the sentences using a gcnitive . ln sontesente nce's you u'i l l have to usc a noun clcrivccl frorn another word in the sentcncc.

E.runtlt lt ' . Henry behavccl vcry badly. which upset all ol 'us., ' l r is l 'c r ' . ' Wc wcrc a l l upsct by t tn lnv 's g, \ r ) g i :n : \ \ ' ror R.

I My parcnts ins is tcc l on tak ing thc dog on l ro l ic lay. This causccl problents.l 'he re wcrc problcrns bccausc o1 ' (2) .

2 My uncle says hc was cducalcc l dur ing thc sc l rool hol idays.. . . . . . . . . . he says . t r x r k p lacc i n t hc sch tx r l ho l i r l avs .

-1 My tunl has hcr in i t ia ls orr a l l hcr th ings.

' l B i l lhus bcen orn i t tcd l ' rorn thc tcaur . I l is u grc l l surpr isc to us a l l .W t ' l t t t ' l t l l s t t l p r i s . ' t l i I I . . . . . .

-5 B i l l has bccr t vc ry" loya l to thcnr . I t i r r rp lcsses r r rc .

I l r r t t i r t tp lcs :c t l h1( r My gr -anchno l l rc r i s a lways los ing hc l s l - rcc tac lcs , anc l cxpcc ts us to l i r r t l t l r cnr .

W e ' t t ' l t l r . r r t 1 : l o o k i l t t l i t r ' . . . . .

7 Thc pcop lc who ar lv iscd rny uranc l f i r thc r wcrc no t cx lc l l y hc lp l i r l .

M y . . . .- *1:r::'r:r r:r: r''::::o.,r:r''u l1:l :.nll:l:l is,,bvi,,usExercise 60 Genit ives: London landmarks [SGE 5.48-55]

[ . ] sc thc undcr l i t t cd wo lc ls to wr i l c scn tcnccs about whc lc to f inc l s r ln rc l j r rnous

l ,ondon lan thr i t rks . [ . l sc l g t 'n i t i vc s l ru t tu rc l s in thc cxarnp lc w l rc r r you can.

But in f i ru r cascs you w i l l nccd an r l / -cons tnrc t ion i r rs tcac l . Rcnrentbcr thcsc arcr ) i ln lcs . so usc cap i ta l l c t le rs .

I u cor r re r l -cscrvcc l l i r r thc tonrbs in Wcstn t i r rs tc l Abbcv

lnd rnontrrne nts of pocls

At rsn 'c r ' . Poc ts ' f ' o rncr i s in Wcst rn ins tc r Abbcy .

2 a ca thcc l ra l c lcd ica tcd to S t Pau l in thc C i ty

3 thc ' l louscs ' whcrc Par l ianrcntconr luc ls i ts business a l Wcs l r r r ins tc r

. l thc lar.nous club f ir l travcl lcrs i n P a l l M a l l

-5 a park in honour oi pa!_t!19.[ ncar the Gencral Post Of tice

6 an obcl isk (cal lcd a nccdlc)- on the E,rnbankment . nearnot in fact conncctcd with Cleopatra! Charing Cross

7 thc Royal Academy. a societv devotcd

to the fine arts in Piccadi l ly

46 Nouns and determiners

ll the waxworks ntuseum fbunded byMaclanre Tussaucl neiir Bakcr Street station

9 the rnuseum about childhoocl in Bcthnal Grecn

l0 Thc most tunrous towcr in Lonclon.begun in thc c lcvcnth ccntury at Towcr Hi l l

I I A colunrn cor)mrelr()r i t t ing Adrniral Nclsorr in Tralalear Squarc

l2 l ga lc thnrugh wh ich t ra i to rs uscr l to bc

lakcn to p r ison (and o l tc l r cxccu t ion) a l (Scc qucs l ion l0 ! )

Pronouns

Central pronouns

The so-callcd ccntralpcrsonal pronounsrcllcx ivepossess I vc

lsGE 6.2-161

pronouns inc lude:I, mt. sltc. t ltcnr, clcnt y.s t lt, attr'.rr'/t't's, etcrnittt ' , \ ' t turs, / l lci l 's, ctc

Exercise 61 Personal pronouns [SGE 6.2-16]

( ionrplctc with str i table pcrsotral ancl rcf lcxive pfonoulls.

I Thcy to lc l us to hc lp o rRsr l v r ,s to any th ing wc t rcc t lec l . Bu t thc t roub lc i s thcy

l ' r . cc lucn t ly gc t in to c l i l ' l ' i cu l t i cs . . . . . . anc l thcn cxpec l us to hc lp

. . . . . . o u t .

2 I spokc ro thc ch i l c l rcn l i t r ncar ly an l t t t t t r , t ry ing to ta lk lo . . . . . . as s i r l lp ly

as I cou lc l about thc s i lua t ions wh ich wou l t l con lh ln t . . . . . . i t s l l r cy passc t l

thrgugh l i l -c. I ct lulcl not havc hacl a rt tore l ivcly aucl icncc. arl t l when I hatl

f in ishcc l thcy brokc up in to g roups t t t t i t l k ovcr bc twect r . . . . . . thc po in ts

I had raisccl.

3 S5c clrcalcd dinncr. At t l inncr, shc thoughl. l l tc cortvcrslt t ion tt l t tst l rc sct ' iotts.

S l rc to i tk Ar t sc r ious ly . . . . . . u r rc l bc l i cvcd tha t o lhcrs l l l us t wa l l t to ta lk

scr ious ly abou l . . . . . . t (x ) '

4 I rnight go up thcrc f irr a f 'cw clays ir t thc hol idays. Pcrhaps yt l tr would l ikc lo

conrc w i th . . . . . . a r t t l wr t tch a b i t o f ' parachut ing . t t r . iu tnp

cvcr t !

5 Wc lgst c91tr9l 6f thc boat ancl wi lhin an anrazingly shtlr t spacc of ' l i tnc f iruncl

. . . . . . i n r n i c l - r i v c r . E v c n t u a l l y w c S i o t . . . . . . b a c k t o t h e b a n k w c

hacl lel l ancl somc gir ls frorl thc oppositc bank camc antl rescuecl

6 I r h i r r k h c w o r k s . . . . . t o o h a r d , b u t l w i s h . . . . . a l l s u c c e s s a n d

unhcs i ta t ing ly rec t tn tn lcnd . . ' - . . fo r thc 1 ' ros i t io t l .

7 S o r n e p c o p l c c l o n o t s e e m t o t t t i n c l l i v i n g b y . . . . . . . b u l I . . . . . . . . . . ' . . " f i n c l

i t rather loncly.

8 I f y o u ' r c g o i n g c a n l p i n g , t a k e a t o r c h w i t h . . . . . . I c a n ' t l c n d

mine. bccause I need i t . . . . . . So I 'm a f ia ic l you ' l l have to buy

. . . . . . . . . o n e .

48 Pronouns

Exercise 62 The pronoun if; What does if mean? [SGE 6.9]

Sometimes the worcl it is usecl as a grammzrtical subject. and the rncaningsubjcct conrcs later:

1r is very sad thut vou huvc lttst t ' tttrr . irh.

But sonretinre s ir has no tncaning but is usecl its a 'cluntrny' bccausc there is

no other sub.iect:

/ r is ra in ing.

Dis t ingu ish thcsc two i l i t f l r cn t uscs by undcr l in ing what r t rc fc rs to . i l any th ing .

L , . tun tp lc : I t ' s bc t te r to havc lovcc l a r tc l los t than t rcvcr to havc lovc t l t t a l l .

I I1 's no usc c ry ing ovcr sp i l t r l i l k .

? I ' vc ncvcr knowr . t i t ra in so tnuch.

3 l t rca l l y i s a p rob lc ln sontc t i t t . t cs to know wha l to do ., l You 'vc had t l ra t long c r tough. I t ' s r t t y tu rn .

5 Wc corrsiclcr i t intportant to kccp ottr options opctl .

6 I t says hcrc that thcrc arc I to pcrt i trr t tattccs t ln Sunclay.

7 Who 's ca l l ing '? I t ' s t t t c . yo l t r c t l t t s i t r , l t t t t l I wat t t t t t ask yo t t a l l t vo t l r .

8 Docs i t n ta t l c t ' i l ' I ' rn la tc ' l

9 I ha tc i t whcn you t t l k l i kc lha t .

l0 Can you i rnag inc what i t ' s l i ke hav ing no lh ing to ( lo ' l

| | I t ' s no l f i r r n rc to l c l l you what to t lo .

l2 As i t happcns , I a l rcad \ , know.

Exercise 63 it

Sornctinrcs tltc word i l is uscd in rathcr idiornatic pltrases with rathcr s1'rccial

rurcanirts. Find the it-phrascs in thc l ir l lowil lg scntcnccs that ttrcan:

(a) (sorncth ing) is f in isht- 'c l /worn t tu t :(b) thcrc 's no a l lcrnat ive:(c) hurry up:(c l ) conrbinc two apparc l t t ly cxc lus ivc choiccs;(e ) l ivc at a fast and cn.joyablc pacc;( f ) c lc l ibcrate ly t lo sonrcth ing by oncscl l ;(g) put up wi th pr i rn i t ivc concl i t io t ts :(h) to want to hur l or upset (sontcone ) .

f i . tumple ' . l (c) ls tcp on i t = hurry up]

I Stcp on i t - or wc ' l l rn iss the t ra in.2 Wcl l , i f the last t ra in 's gone. thcrc 's noth ing f i r r i t . We' l l have to walk.

3 This car 's cer ta in ly hacl i t . I 'vc got to l le t a new one.,l You can't have it both ways - cithcr do thc job properly. or resigtt.

5 Your t rouble is you just l ive i t up a l l the t i rne. You shouldn ' t have so rnany l i t tc

n ights.6 Why have you got it in fbr me'l What have I donc tcl annoy you'/

Wh-pronouns 49

7 When his partner lefi the firm, he decided to go it alone.

8 I don't mind roughing it - but I 'd l ike something a bit more corntbrtable rcally.

Exerc ise 64 i t again! [SGE 6.9]

rS

ex l f i l

truth

:I l l rcfc

fil

th

s f irr a wholc scntcnce or clause:

, and r l turned out to be thc ncighbours.

nce w i th two verbs Ia ' c le f t ' sen tcnce ] lb r

wc lcarn t thc t ru1h. (Wc on ly l carn t thc

I incl icatcd t<t show clcarly wltal lhc wttrc

Sometimes the word i / stancls

I rskccl v'lro lrul told ltinr.

Sornctimcs wc usc an i l -scntcl

c rnphas is :

/ / was only ycslcrt lay that

veslcrclay. )

wr i te thc l i r l l ow ine in thc wav

lII:Rcto .

I Hc l l i l c t l thc cxar t t . I t w ls a g rca t h low to h is p r i t l c .

H i s t . ' r l t - t N t ; I l l l l I i x , \ N ' l w . . \ s . ' \ ( ; l i l : ' \ ' l I J I - o w l r ) l t l s I ' R l l ) l : '

2 I t ' s a l l thosc la tc n igh ts tha t wcrc lhc l roub lc .

n i l . . . . .3 'Do you think hc slrould l ry again'? ' ' l 'nr al l l i r r i t . '

| ' n r a l I i r r l a v o u r . .'1 l )c rhaps Ishou lc ln ' t say i t . bu t I th ink hc 's lazy .

I ' rn al l 'aicl

5 Wc l l , l c t ' s l ' acc i t . l l c ' s t to t so i t tg t t l t r t kc o t t r adv icc .

Wc l r l vc to f 'acc thc lac t . . . .

6 I th ink hc rcsc t t ts adv icc . A t l cas t i t appcars so .

I lc uppcars

7 I t ' s a l l h is t t l k o l povcr ty tha t rea l l y a l l l l oys l l l c .

W h a t . .

l l Hc nray ask l i l r a loi tn. thouch I t loubt i t .

I doubt

9 Qu i tc l I cou ld l c r r r l h i rn sornc n loncy . bLr t I ' c l ra thcr no t r i sk i t .

I 'ur nol kccrr t t t t the iclclr

l0 I f i t hacln't bccrr l i t r your hclp hc woulcl bc i t i i t worst- I t . tcss.

l 1 ' y o u . .

Exercise 65 Wh-interrogatives and relatives ISGE 6'17-18]

Relativc ancl intcrrogative pronouns arc sirnilar. bul not cluite lhc sarnc.

relat ivc pronoLlns u'ho. vt ' l ronr, u' l tost ' , rr l t ic l t , t l tut ancl 'zcro

interrogative pronoutts v'htt , trhtt t t t , n' l t t tst ' . v 'hit h t tr td vrl tut

Whose. nlrrt /r and h'hut catl also be detcnniners.

50 Pronouns

Thc police are discussing a crime. They havc somc clucs, and they ask themselvessome quesfions. Write out the qucstions. using N'lr-question worcls.

I Someone helpecl them.wtr<t rrnt-pED tuett '?

2 lhey got insicle hclp fiorn somcbotlv.

3 Thcy wcrc looking firr sorncthins

; l Wc have sonrc clues alrcady.

so lar ' j

-5 Wc arc l ikcly to get some help fronr thc slaff ' .

6 C)nc of thc th icvcs lc l ' t h is iacket bchinc l .

7 They usccl sorneonc's kcy

t{ This. jackct bclongcrl to sotttcbotly.

9 Thcy cntcrccl by onc of thc ckrors.

Now cornp lc tc thcsc phrascs about who thc po l i cc \ ^ 'an t to i t t l c rv icw ln r l what thc

pol icc arc looking for.

Lisc rclat ivc pronouns (v' lro, v ' l tonr. v ' l tost ' . v 'hit h or t l tut) ' .

l0 sorncor tc . . . . . . had a g rur lgc aga ins l lhc Muscunt

I I sorneone lo . . . . . . lnoncy wou ld bc in lpor tan t

I J l u r y o r r c . . . . . . 1 u r i s r t t i s s i r r g

l 3 e v e r y o n c . . . . . . h a s a k c y t o f h c h u i l d i n g

l ;1 cvcryonc to . . . . . the rnys ter ious tc lcphonc ca l l c r spoke

l 5 a n y t h i n g . . . . . . c o u l c l h c l p s o l v c t h c n t y s t c r y

l 6 s o r n c o n c . . . . . . t u m i l v i s h i d i n s t h c n t

Exercise 66 thts and that ISGE 6.19-20]

Conrplete thc tir l lowing using tlrrs, thut, thcsa or th()s( (somctir.ncs they arepronouns, ancl sonrclir-ncs cletcnniners).

E.runrplc'. In ruosn f ar-ol ' l 'clays. l i l 'e was less stressful.

I May I in t roduce you'? . . . . . . is Hcnry ancl Ela inc.2 What 's . . . . . . I hcar about you two get t ing engaged' /3 | hope . . . . . . who can help, wi l l .4 We were ta lk ing of . . . . . . and . . . . . . noth ing in par t icu lar .5 I wonder i f . . . . . . odd- looking couple ovcr the re can help '?6 l t 's been one of . . . . . days. Noth ing 's gone r ight .7 Perhaps one of . ..... f inc days you'l l realize the world doesn't owe you

a l iv ing.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i s my l uggage he re - whe re ' s you rs ' ?

Indefinite pronouns 51

9 Cou ld you p lcase pass mc . . . . . . cush ion beh inc l yo t t ' /

l O . . . . . l t r e w o n y i l t t 1 i ; n c s \ \ ' e l i v c i l r .

I I I s a y . W h a t c l o y o u t h i n k o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I l t s a y s h c r e t h a t b c c r i s c o r u i n g c l o w n

in p r ice .

l2 Wi l l . . . . . .o f vou wh i l u t tn t t i cke ts p lcasc ra ise your hanc ls '

Exerc ise 67 Indef in i te p ronouns [SGE 6 .21-28]

Cornp lc tc thc fo l l t tw ing w i th :

any th ing cvcry th ing no th i r lg sor l l c t l l i ng

oranybocly/ortc evcrvbodv/t l t tc t lobocly/nootlc sorrtchody/t l t tc

l , , . . t t t t t tp lc : , \N \ ' r ' r t rN( i you ca l l t lo I ca t t d t l bc t l c r l

I Don ' t . jus t s i t lhc rc - c lo . . . . .

2 W h y s h o u l d I ' . ) l t ' s . . . 1 o t l o w i t h r n c .

I . . . . . . . . . . . . s t t t t t c w l t e r c w o u l c l l i k c a l e t t c r f r o t r l y o u .

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . I t a s t o l c a t l t h c i r . o w n l i t l ' .

5 Not . . . car t bc boss . t l to t rgh .( r . . . . . . . . . . . . i s o b v i o u s l y w t l r r y i n g h i r n - b n t w h a t ' l

7 I ' v c n u i d c i t i t ' s . . . . . . . . . . . . ' s g t l c s s ,

l { I ' n r a lways thc las t t t t k t tow. . . . t c l l s n lc any th in t .

9 Somebocly rt tust krtow .. . , l ' rul who' l

l0 Har t l l y . . . wot t l c l agr t -c w i lh you.

I I l l ' y o u c a n b c l i c v c t h a t . y o u ' l l b c l i e v c

l 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . i n t h c i r r i g h t t t t i r r c l w o u l t l c l o s u c h a t h i l l g -

1 3 M o n c y i s n ' t . . . b u t i t h c l P s .

l '1 Every l i t t l c hc lps - i t ' s bc t tc r thar t . . . I supposc .

Exercise 68 both, either, neither, each, all, half ISGE 6'23-28)

C'ornplctc thefb l lowingusingDr, , l / r , t i r l t t ' t ' . t r t ' i t l t t ' r ,cut l t ,u l lor l r t r l tQrs pro l louns

or clclerminers).

Au rong rncc l i ca l l y r cco rdcd mu l t i p l c b i r t hs , t hc h ighe s t whc rc ( I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hc

chi lc l ren havc surv ivcd are scve ra l cascs <t l 'sextuplcts (s ix at a t ime). In 1974 a Mrs

Rosenkowitz gave birth to six chilclren in Cape Town' South Afiica . (2) . . . .

wcre boys and (3 ) . . . . . . were g i r ls .

In thc UK. (4) . . . . . s ix Wal ton g i r ls born in l9 t t3 surv ive, as do the

Colcman sextuplcts born in 19136. ( -5) . . . . . - o f thcm arc g i r ls , and (6)

. . . . . . are boys. (7) . . . . . mother had any previ t ' rus exper icnce of

sextuplets !Perhaps the most famous twins in h is tory were thc 'Siamese' twins born in

I t 3 I l . ( 8 ) . . . . . . we re n ra le - Chang and Eng Bunke r . ( 9 ) . ' . . . . . . . ' . . . . . o f

them can have had any privacy as they werejoined at the chest. If( I 0) .

o f t hemwan ted togoanywhere , ( l l ) . . . . . . had togo . I n l 843 theymar r i ed

s i s te rs , and (12 ) . . . . . . coup les had ch i l d ren . (13 ) . . . . . ' coup le

fbrtunately produced 'siamese' twins. ( 14) .... brothers died in 1814 -

wi th in three hours of (15) . . . . o ther .

52 Pronouns

Exercise 69 Television and chi ldren [SGE Chapters 5 and 6]

Cornplctc thc 1'ollowin-rr with suitablc pronouns ancl clctcrnrincrs.

Anvone who l ' t l s thought about ( l ) t t 'w i l lhavc conc luc lcc l tha t too nruch scx anr l

v io lence on lc lc 'n ' i s ion cannot bc good l i r r ch i l c l rcn . (2 ) . . . . . . i s perhaps

r n o r c l i k c l y t o c l e a c l c n ( 3 ) . . . . . . r n i n c l s t h a r r t o t u r n ( - 1 ) . . . . . . i n t o s c x

nraniacs or ganqstcrs. but no rnattcr. In so ftrr as a rcport publ ishccl yestcrclay

rcpeats comnron scr rsc op in io r ts . (5 ) . . . . . . i s u r tc rcept ionab lc .

Y c t i l ' ( 6 ) . . . . . . l o o k s c l o s c r a t ' l \ u t t l ( ' l t i l d l ' ( ' / r . o n c f i n d s a c c r t a i n n r o r a l

p l igg ishncss anr l au thor . i ta r ian is rn , ( l \ . . . . . . i s pcrhaps no lcss dangcrous

t h a r r t h e s c x a n r l v i o l c n c c ( t t ) . . . . . . a | 1 c l c p l o r c . ( 9 ) . . . . . . a u t h o r s o l ' ( 1 0 )

. . . . . . r c p o r l s c c n l l o h a v c ( I I ) . . . . i d c n t i k i t l . r i c t u r . c o l ' s o e i c t r , .

J u c l g i n g b " " ( l 2 ) . . . . . . c r i t i c i s r r t o | l ) u l l u s . ( l 3 ) . . . . . . i d c a l s r r c i g l l '

w o u l c l b c u n l i - r n a t c r . i a l i s t i c . E l s c w h c r c ( 1 . t r ) . . . . . . c o n r p l a i n t h a t

hrx r . roscxua ls . b lacks , ( l5 ) . . . . . . c l i sab lcd anc l o lc l pcop lc a rc no t rcprcsc l r te ( l

o r c l s c s h o w r r i n ( l 6 ) . . . . . . t r r d l i g h t .

W c l l . r r o d o u b l ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . a r c c l l l l c t l' s c n s i t i v c t r c a l n r c l r t ' . F l u t ( I 8 ) . . . . . . o l

sornL- !roLlp of ' 1'rcoplc clcar to ( l 9 ) . .

1l t-otrarttr t tc ' .)Thc nrc r i t s o t t c lcv is ion l i c in (10)

rn inor i t i cs ( l ( ) no t l lways rccc lve

rus has ttol bccn outnrgcd to scc

hru la l l y sa l i l i zcc l in sor lc l ' a tuous

. . . . . t l i r e r s i l y . { l l ) .

rca l l y i s l i r r parcn ts to gu i r l c (22) . . . . . . ch i l t l r cn uwav t l ' o rn tas tc lcssness .

Morcovcr ( l - l ) . . . . . . shou ld n ( ) l l r ss tmrc tha t ch i ld r -c r r havc abso lu tc ly no

. j r r d g c r r r c n t o l ( l ' + ) . . . . . . o w n . ( 2 - 5 1 . . . . . . i s b c t t c r t h l t ( f ( r )

. . . . . . shoLr lc l be l l ' ec to choose w i th i r r cc r ta i r t bour rc ls than bc assau l tc r l l r y

l l r c k i r r d o l ' b o r i r r g u n i l i ) f n r i l y . c a l c u l a t c r l t o r n a k c ( 2 1 \ . . . . . . i r r t o t r e t l e r . a n c l

n r o r c u s c l u l c i t i z c n s t h l t ( 2 f i ) . . . . . . u u t h o r s o l ( 2 9 ) . . . . . . r c p o r l

l r avc i n (10 ) nr inc l 's cyc.

7 Adjectives and adverbs

Exercise 70 Attributive and predicative [SGE 7-3, 7 -'17-221

A fcw ac l j cc t i ves usua l ly on ly cornc bc t i r rc a noun. a r t t l a fcw nor t t ra l l y on ly lo l low

a vcrb.

Dcc i {c about thcsc ac l j cc t i ve-s . a r tc l usc thcr t t to co l r tp lc tc thc c lc f in i l io r rs

s rarnn la t i ca l lY .

al l 'aicl asltat.nccl contcnl cldcr glacl i t l t tct t trait l

r-naxlnlutt t occasit lnal only outcloor rcatly

[, .ru t t tpl t ,s ' . A travc l lcr who l tas nobody w i th thcnr is rt l - t . tNt, t l t ; \VLI. l . l , l t . ( tr t t t ] ' lottc )

Wlrcn pcoplc i tre by thcttrsclvcs thcy l fc \1.()Nl:. ( ' r 'alotrc pcoplc)

I234561IJ

I f i r pc rson is c rnb l r r rasscc l a t h i tv ing bch lvcc l bad ly ' s /he is . . . . . .

A ch i ld tha t l ' ec ls l ' r igh tcncc l i s . . . . . .

An cvcnt lhat r locs ttot happcn vcry ol icn is . . . . . . .

S l R . r r q lh lh l r t ( ( ) r I l c \ l j ' , r r r r r . r ' i t h in l t pc t ' so t l ' r c l t l l l l l ( l t ' l ' i \

A p r r r t y l r e l t l i r r t l r c ( ) p ( ' l t r l i r i s . . . . . .

I1'a chi lcl has no l ' rrot lrcrs or sistcrs s/hc is .

A pcrso t r w l ro i s rca l l y p lcascd about so t t tc th ing rs .

l l 'you havc scvcral worrics about snnre-thing, but orrc lhlt l worrlcs yotl lnorc

thar r a l l lhe rcs t . tha t i s .

l l 'a pe rson is aclcquatcly satisf icd, s/hc is .

I f thc top spcec l a l lowcc l i s 70 tnph. thcn tha t i s . . . . . .

I f ' l unch is a l l p rcpa lec l anc l cookcc l . i t i s . . . .

I l ' y o u r b r o t h e r i s o l d c r t h a n y t l u , h c i s . . . . . .

t)

l 0l lt 2

Exercise 71 Adjectives and participles ISGE 7.5-6]

Rephrasc the scntc-nces, using -irt,q or -crl participles l lorn thcsc vcrbs instcrrd o1

the worcls in italic. but keeping roughly the sanre meaning. Make any othcr srnall

changes necessary.

i lnnoy astonish btlrc t l isappoint cxhaust

frighten intcrest puzzle surprisc wot'ry

I The play had an absolutely (incrediblc) p|ctt.

The p l r y had an ubso lu t c l y r s t , r x t s t t t r r ; P lo t '

Adjectives ISGE 7.1 -26]

Most adjectivcs can corttL- in attr ibutive posit ion befbrc a noun (a /r.r l t ' / r '

l rcrusc) and in prcci icat ive pt lsi t ion al icr a vcrb such as /rc, htt t tnrt, 'satnt (Thc

hcrusc is lot 'elv).

54 Adjectives and adverbs

2 Thc way the murclererbehaved was rcally (.rt ar.v)3 But I was ( . rar l ) . . . . . . that my tavour i te actor wasn' t in i t that n ight .4 Somc people get real ly (ar i ,qn ' ) . . . . . . when they have come specia l ly

to see a particular actor.5 I also thought thc first scene was ralhcr (t lull utul tcdious)6 I r rcan. who ( rcal ly tukcs ut t i t t tcrcst ) . . . in sp idcrs '?7 But t l re last act was rcal ly (un( . \p(( ' t (d) . . . - hr i l l iar r t .f l Irrcicle rrtally, thc incrcase in seat prices is (u t uusc.for urrict.t ')9 lt is (dit/tcult to trttdcrstutrtl) .... .. wlty nrorc peoplc clon't complain.

l ( ) hu t I suppo .c l l t ey { / t , r t t ' r t , , t ' t t t ' t < . \ ' l ( . f l ,

Exercise 72 Adjective position [SGE 7.7-8]

Rcwr i tc thc t i r l l ow ing , us ing thcsc ac l i cc t i vcs to rep lace thc w<t rc ls in i ta l i c . Makc

any othcl changcs ncccssary. You wil l ncccl sorne ol ' t l te worcls rrore thart ortcc.

abscnt ccrtain conccrnccl conscious clect

involvcd l i t tc prcscnt pr()pcr

I Our rror ' l r ' clct tcl chairrnan takcs ovcr irnrnccl iately.

Our cha i rn ran l i r . r , ( ' r ' takes ovcr imrncc l ia te ly .r bccirusc our . f l t t 'ntcr chairnran rcsienccl suclclcnly last Scptcrnbcr l i rr hcalth

rcasol ls.

3 Most ot ' thc pcoplc v'ho v'crc t l tcrt ' t r t the rnceting arc dcl ightct l ,

4 bul xnrc pcople (thut I 'nr tr t t .qtt i tr ,q t t t trunrc\,

5 peoplc who wcre not (t t t | lc rnceting. havc tclcpholtcd to say that thcy shoulcl

h l rvc hu t l por tu l vo tes .

6 Thcy say thc t>nly correct thing tct clo now is holcl anothcr elect i<lt t , which is

r id icu lous .

7 One of our dif f icult ies is we do not always have the up-tt t-dutc addresses of al l

our members.

8 The secretary is au'ure of the problern.

9 Wc once wrote to a member saving his subscription was ot'erdue,

10 and we had a letter f iom a very distressed lady saying her husband, v,ho hatlclied recently, had always paid on time.

Adjectives 55

I I We iire now rnaking a deliberote effort to bring our records up to date.

l2 The secretary has spoken to all the people u'ho httve ott,-thirtg ttt do w'ith the

ntdttcr

f . l and is t r t r r l t t l t t r t lhu t wc w i l l ge t i t r ig l t t .

l4 But i t coulcl bc a long and t r tnt l t l icalcr l busine ss.

Exercise 73 Adjectives with prepositions ISGE 7.9, 16.38]

Sornc prcdicativc ad.icctivcs are oficn lbllowecl by a particular prcpositit ln.

Usc worcls frorl thc tlblc to rcphrasc thc scntcnccs as showrt. Usc thc words in the

tirst and last coluntn oncc cach. You wil l ncccl to usc two ol'1hc pre positiot'ts twicc.

satisI actory rcf 'crcrtccs

thc < lppor tun i ty

the c l i f f i cu l t i cs

any aspec t o l ' the work

thc boart l

cop lng

ncgot ia t ion

your rcrrnarks

a l l n ry p rcv ious jobs

rny las t . job

)

Thcjob is yours provided your rcl 'crcnccs ltrc satistitctory.

The.job otlcr is r)t.tt ' ttNt)tiN I oN sAl tstrl(tr)RY l<t' l l ;ttRLN('l,s.

I we l r 'ornc lhe chrr l le nge .I a r r t . . .I rca l izc i t won' t bc easy.I a m . . .I t 's unl ike anyth ing I 'vc tack lcd beforc.I t i s . . . .Is therc anything about thejob that worrics you': '

Are youCan wc discuss salary'/ls thc payWe have cvery conhdence in your abil ity ttt manage.

We're sure you' l l beI appreciate what you've just said.I a m . .I 've just le f t a very dul l job.

I w a s . . . . . .You'l l have to report to the directors.You' l l be

-t

5

answerab lcg l a dgratcfu I

dif fbrcnt

ilwarc

dcpcnclcnt

sub.jectgoocl

bore-r'l

worriccl

about

a t

tr lr

trorrr

ot

o l l

to

wit lr

l 0

56 Adjectives and adverbs

Exercise 74 Discontinuous adjective phrases ISGE 7.8-9]

It is not usually possiblc to put a long adjective phrase in tiont clf a noun(*u bettcr.fot'this problenr solutitttr). What wc can do is rnake the phrasediscontinuous with thc adjcctivc befbre the noun and the rest ollhe phrascafier it - u lsettcr solutiott fttr tltis Droblcnt.

Rcwr i tc what you say in lhe lb l low ing s i tua t ions , in such a way tha t the ad jec t ivephrase is d iscont inuous .

I You want a can lc ra tha t wou ld bc su i tab le fb r a ch i ld .

You say: I want ,q sutT'AIl t . I t ( , \MIRA I()R A c'uu.t).

2 You think the ctmera that you arc showrr looks irnpossiblc f irr a beginncr.

Thr t l looks

3 Thc next rnclclel the assistant sh<lws you looks sirni lar to l l rc last onc.

Ant l t l r i s l t r t rks . .; l You ask i t this ci lnrcra is casy to usc.

I s t h i s . .

5 You ask i1 hc has any rnlkcs lhat are cl i l ' f 'erent l ' rortr these two.

H l t v c l t ' t ) t t u . . .6 You l i ke the nex t curnera bccuusc the s izc i s morc su i t tb lc f i r r a ch i ld .

( ) h . l h r r l l o o k s . .

7 You ask f irr a bag that is big cnough to carry sparc t i lnrs in.

l ' d l i k c

l l You ask thc assistanl i l 'hc has any bags that arc chcapcr than t lrese.

Hr tv r ' l t lu

9 You a lso want an a lbunr tha t i s as b ig as poss ib lc .

Oh ln t l I wru t l .

l0 Thc ass is t l ln t th inks t l r l t you ure a cus torncr who is hard to p lcase.

Th is i s .

Exercise 75 Adverbs: functions ISGE 7.31-37]

Identify the single word adverbs in thc following. and then decide in each casewhich word or phrase the adverb belongs with.

E,runtple: This is not particularly diff icult.Answ'er'. particularly [= adverbl; particularly diff icult.

Adverbs [SGE7.27-371

Advcrbs somctimcs bclong to the vcrb or thc wholc precl icatc:

\ Ic t f i trr uot 's.t 'ot ' lotrg wulks.

But sorne t in rcs they . jus t bc long lo a r to thcr advcrb ( t ' c r t s t rangc ly ) ; to an

adjectivc(/ ir l r ' l r .stupid); losonrcothcrword: huUn'ut ' lhroughthcafiernoon.

/.)o many, ruthe r a lnistake; or evcn l i rrm part of a phrasal vcrb (think olrt) .

Adverbs 57

Richard Long walks round in circles.I

2

3

4

5

o

l

6

9

l 0

l l

t 2

t 3

t4

l 5

l 6

t 1

I u

He also walks in s t ra ight l ines.

He has bccn on some very long walks - in Britain, Spain. Mexico. theSahara. Nepal.

Somcl in tes he ' re l r r rang.cs ' lhc l r rndsc lpe i rnd pho iogr l rp l rs lhc resu l t .

In onc photoeraph that hc took hal l 'way up the highest nrounlain in Mcxrco

you can make out a circle ol 'stclncs that hc rnacle.

Long c lnce descr ibed a ten-nr i le walk in Br i ta in as a tcn-rn i lc sculpturc,

though whcthcr sculpturc is quitc thc word cvcryonc would usc is arguablc

F lu t L r r r tg i s u r t u l l i s t a I t igh ly lu lc r r l c t l onc i r r sor r rc pc( )p l ( " \ c les

ri l thr 'r u . jokcr to othcrs.

Hc 'works ' w i th s tunes anc l rocks ar rd mud, la i r l v

quickly crctt ing grcat circlcs ancl othcr shapcs on thc walls lrrcl l loors of arlga l l c r ie s .

l lc has had wcll ovcr a hundrcd uncl thirty onc-rnan shows

This sor t o l 'a r t ' does no t sccrn tcchn ica l l y d i l ' l i cu l t

Lons agrccs in a scnsc that almost anyonc could do what hc cloe s

But nobrx lv has prcv iously donc th is and cal lcd i t ur t !

'For rne i t 's cnough to gather thc matcr ia ls together ' , hc is quotcc l as saying,

' l f I macle them into nry own shapes i l would be too rnuch. '

Many acljectives have a corresponding -/.r ' adverb (as in A cut'e.fhl t lr iverdrivts curefir11.v..) Rut the re are also sorne pairs that look l ike this. whe rc thcword without -/r 'can bc an ad.jective or an adverb, so that there arc in fircttwo advcrbs, otien with dit l 'erent meaninss.

Exercise 76 Adverb pairs

58 Adjectives and adverbs

All the fol lowing words can bc aclvcrbs. Cornplete the exercisc. using adverbs

from among this l ist. Do not use any word morc t lran once. Use a dict i t lnary i f

necessary.

f irst f i rst ly hard hardly high highly . iust . iust ly last last ly

near nearly latc lately r ight r ightly wrol lg wrongly

The re has bcen an unfortunatc incrcase in burglarics ( I ) r . ,q'r ' r :r-v which thc pol icc

- ( 2 ) . . . . . . o r ( 3 ) . . . . . . a t t r i b u t c t o t h e c a r c l e s s n c s s o l ' t l t r t n y

houscholclcrs. So. i i you value your propcrty, yt lu shoulcl think (zl)

about thc p rob le rn . and no t ( -5 ) ' . . . . . h t lpc lb r the bcs t '

(6 ) . . . . . . , make sure tha t a l l yourouts ide c loors havc sccurc locks '

N e x t . c h c c k t h c w i n c l o w s . ( 7 ) . . . . . . a l l c a s u a l b u r g l a r s g e t i n t h r o u g l l i l n

insccure door, cvcn a wirrclt lw lct i opclt .

So . whcncvcr you go Out , lock t rp . l t ( t t ) . . . . . t l l akes scnsc t t l i t l v i t t -

burglars into yttul ht lr l lc l

T h c n . i 1 ' y o u ' r c l i k c l y t o g c t h o t r l c ( 9 ) . . . . . ' ' l c a v c a l i g h t o n '

Ncxt. considcr sol l tc rpgrc sophist icatct l utctsut 'cs. Marry irouschcl lclcrs toclay

havc in l l ' l r - rcc l ou ts ic lc l igh ts - so l t l cwhcre no t too (10) " ' " ' on a wa l l -

w h i c h g 0 o n a u t O n t a t i c u l l y i l ' s t l t t r c o r t c c o t t t c s ( I I ) . . . . . . O t h c r p c o p l c t h i r t k

( l2 ) . . . . . . t t f a la r t t l sys tc l l l s ' wh ich arc a lso sc t o l ' l ' by an in t ruc lc r '

( l l ) . . . . . . t l o r l ' l j u s t t h i n k a b o u l i t . A c t n o w ( 1 4 ) " " ' l w r r y !

Exercise 77 Adjective and adverb pairs

As wc l l as rcgu l i l r ac l . i cc t i vc /adve rb p i l i r s l i kc curc l r r l l t u rc . l u l l t

and sc ls l i ke / i r r r t i (ac l i ) . / r t r r r l (adv) . / i ru ' r l / r ' ( ldv ) .

thcrc arc pt irs whc[c bolh lravc thc satrtc l i rrnl wi lhout /r ' (eg: /rr.r t) '

pa i rs w l rc rc b ( ) th ad jcc t i vc anr l ac lvc rb e t tc l i l r -1 r ' (c r r r ' l . r ' , lu i l . t ' ) ,

arrcf srrnrc -1r 'worcls t l tat arc acl. icct ivcs only (trtr f i ' i t ' t t r l / .r ' ) . Hcrc. to rnrtkc att

aclverbial. wc havc 1o usc a phrasc, eg: tr t rrr i t trr f i ' i t ' i l t l lv u' tr . \ ' l r t t trntrt ' t ' .

Wrifc cxplanalions rs inclicatccl, using advcrbs or aclvcrb phrascs. Consult r

clictionary i f necessarY.

E.ranplc'. If you arc a hcavy snlokcr. you stnoke hcavily'

I l f you are a harcl wtlrker. you wclrk

2 l l 'you are the last pcrson tt l he ar about somc llcws. y()u hclrr it '

. l l l ) . , t r urc thc l i r : t pe r :ot r to : t r r i r t ' s t r t t te where ' you l t r l ive

,1 If you do sornelhing cowardly, you act

5 If you arc early for an appotntment. you arrlve .( r I l lou l t re lu tc . You arr ivc

7 If a plane is very high in the sky, it may be flying too

fi If you havc a lcisurcly lunch. you have lunch .( ) l l \ o rnc ( )nc i sv t ru rnc l r rne ighh . ru r . l hc l l i r cqu i t c ' .

l0 A just iudgc is a judgc who acts

Comparison 59

Exercise 78 Gomparison of adjectives [SGE 7.39-43]

Thcre arc three typcs

Equa l :(No t equa l ) :More:Supcr lat ive:

r r e l r r r l l l l 5 t t t c l l t ' s t I I t . . .

ptxrr Kr was lcss i l t t ' i .607.

l l veres t . i t sec t t ts . t t r l t ta i l t s ( l2 ) . . .

o f compar ison :

Thc rat was rr. ! big a.r ' a catl

A rat is n() l usf so big a. i a cat.( ' r r l : u rc h igge r l l t r rn l l r t s .

Augustus is rAc biggcst of t t ty cats.

Augustr.rs is l l i t ' biggcst cat rr i thc roatl .

Not icc X is thc . . . ( ' . r1 ( ) r r (a l l thc Xs)

but X is thc . . . r ' . r '1 t r (so tnc p lacc)

Conrp lc tc thc t i r l l ow ing us ing : ( thc ) h ighcs t ( in /o t ' ) . h ighcr ( lh ln ) . (as /so) h igh (as )

I ' . . . trr t t t1tIa' . l low tt t t ; t t is Mttr-rnt I lvcr-cst ' l

I ro r 135 vcars . l l ' o r r r lu -51 to l9 l l7 . nobor ly d ispLr tcd tha t Mt Evercs l was

( l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . n 1 o r - r n t a i n ( 2 ) . . . . . . t h c w o r l d . T h e a c c c p t c ( l h c i g h t w a s t l . 8 : 1 0

r ) l c l rcs (19 . (X) l l ' l ) . un t i l in l97 l thc C l r incsc ur rnoLrnccc l tha t i t was ac tua l l y

( 3 ) . . . . . . l t f i . l t - 1 8 . 1 l l t c l r c s .

Thcrc wcrc o l ' cor r r -sc o thcr i r t tp rcss ivc ly ( .+ ) . . . . . . pc lks in thc I I in ta layas

f i r r c x u n r p l c K r . a l s o k r t o u ' n a s C h < t g o t - i , b u 1 t h i s w l t s l t o t ( - 5 ) . . . . . . , b c i t t t t

a n rerc l J ,6 I I rnc t r .es . I l vc rcs l rc t t ta i l t cd (6 ) . . . . . . a l l thc I l in ra layar r peaks .

Thc l t . in Mru 'ch l t )1J7 . lhc L iS K2 cxpcd i l ion c lu in rc r l tha t K l was i r r luc t

( l \ . . . . . . har l p r .cv ious ly hccn cs t i r t t i t t c t l . Thcv sa i t l i t was poss ib ly

( l J ) . . . . . . t l .9013 n lc t rcs . n ruk ing i t . r t t t t [ ] vc t ' cs t . (9 ) . .

l l owcvcr ' . in Ausus t l t ) l l 7 thc C 'h incsc rca l ' l i ru ted thc i r cs t i rnu tes o l 8 .u , lu

lnc t rcs l i r r I l vc lcs t and l l . ( r I I rnc t rcs l i r l K2 , u l t i t t t i t i r t i t tg tha t K l w i ts I lo t

( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . F lvc lcs l . ' f

hcn in Octobcr o l thc s l ln lc ycur . the Rcsca lch C 'ounc i l

in Ror r rc unnor rncc t l ncw s l tc l l i t c n rcasurcn lc r t l s . Evc t -cs [ . the C 'o t rnc i l sa i t l . rvas

thc Ch incsc es t in ra tc . a t t .116- ln rc t rcs . 'uvh i l c

. . . l r l l t t t o t t t t l l t i l t r

8 The semantics and grammar of adverbials

Exercise 79 Adverbials: formal realization ISGE 8.91

An advcrbial is onc of the f ivc major elemcnts of sentcncc structure, along

with subjcct.vcrb, objcct and corrplement. ISGE 2.3]

An aclverbial is ol ten a sir lple adverb: tvervv' lr trc , tr i rr 'als, r 'crr ' , . ia.t r . But

ai lvcrbials can also takc other f irrrt ts:

Noun phrasc: (We go) cvct ' t ' t lut ' .

Prcposit ional phrasc: (Ciornc) i tr tr t tht ' gurdctr

Vcrb lcss c lause: I f ' po .ss i b lc . . . .

Nonf in i t c c lausc : ' l

l t i uk i t t s t t l t t tu t i t , . . . . . .

F in i tc c lause: Wl tc t r I reu l i : c t l . . . . . . .

Pick out thc advcrbials in t lrc l i r l l<twi l lg passagc - l l rcrc are twenty-two altogcthcr

ancl group thcrn as showrt.

Thcrc wcrc pi lcs of pupcrs ol l thc stairs ancl pi lcs cvcrywlrcrc in t l tc rt l t l tn. He

k ickcc l a t idy heap w i th h is toc . 'That p i l c . ' hc sa ic l , ' has bccn thcrc lb r 1cn years .

Thc troublc is I work al l tht-- t i r lc. Thcrc isn't t i rnc to sort things. I would gct arttuttcl

to buying cupboarcls i f I coulcl bc bothcrei l . Sornchow l i fc is ful l t l f ob.iccts that

suclcle nly takc ovcr. C)nc wcck thc placc is t icly: ancl thc Itcxt weck i t is t t lo latc. Now

I can ' t th row th ings ou t . '

I l c t r ing h is cxp lunat ion . I . i t r s thcs t .u hcn t ' vc r p r rss ih l t ' . l to l lo t r i l i e

vcry i rnprcss ivc about a l l tha t chaos .

s ing lc ac lvc rbs ( l2 ) cvcrywhcrc

srn i lcc l . I havc a lways thought that i t isizc othcr pcoplc. And thcrc was sotncthing

notu t Phnrscs ( - l )

p rcpos i t iona l phrascs ( -1 ) o l t thc s l r t i r s

v e r b l c s s c l a u s e ( l )

n o n f i n i t c c l a u s c ( I )

possib le

onc wcck

f i n i t c c l a u s c ( l )

lntensifying and focusing adverbs 61

Exercise 80 Adverbials of space and t ime [SGE 8.2-3, 8.16-26]

Rewritc the following in the rnost straightfbrward worcl order.

I Thc p r i zc l i gh l . . . . . .on 22 Apr i l /wi l l bc hc ld/ in Glasgow/at St Ancl rcw's Sport ing ClubAnsv 'cr ;The pr izcf ight wi l l be held at St Andrew's Sport ing Club in Glasgowon 22ncl April.

2 ' lrun t i l Thursd ty /aga in /so Ican re lax and prac t isc r b i t / c lon ' t p lay . '

- l s r r id .

latcr/the clct 'cncl ing snookcr charnpion/at Shcfl iclcl 's Cruciblc J'hcatlc whcrc

thc championsh ips arc bc ing he ld- l T l r i s

lbr sornc ycars/ in Lonclon/rnay bc thc last t inrc arr IAAF conrpcti t ion is sttscrl

5 Aceon l i r tg

in a nrinur nrat l nrcc/ lo hcr coach/Rosa Mola's rt-rost irnprcssivc pcrt i lnlancc

was/last sr- lnrnrcr

6 S l r e .

run ly two day 's a l i c l a l0 k rn rn in i - rna la t l ' tu r r in Ncw York /10 k rn /a t Bou ldcr ,( 'oIorarkr/ran

7 H t r l l : u n W o l r r ' s r k i p p r ' r '

fhrrn ne ar lhc l inc/ in lhc closing scconcls of thc gaurc/ l{on H inclnlrrch clcul thc

ba l I

l { No l l i r t r : l t l t r r t For t ' s l

l t City ( irounrl/bcat C'hclscu 7 O/ycstcrday

9 C io l l c r F rc t l C 'oup lcs o l thc LJSA

in Par is /a l la Bou l ic / l cd thc f i c l t l in thc Tourno is Pcr r i c r r l c Par is / to r lay

I 0 T h c t l l c n t c t l y o u n u Y u g o s l u v t c n n i s p l a y c r h i t 2 ) u c c s . .

lasl year' /on clay/to bcat Bcckcr/al l l rc lrrcnch Opclr

I I B . io r r r [ Jo t t wot t

l i ve t i rncs /bc twcen 1976 and l9 lJ0 / thc Wi rnb lcc lon lcnn is chanrp ionsh ips

l l Af tcr re l i r ing in l9 lJJ. hcon 2. j Apr i l / rc lurr rcr l 1o tcr rn is /199 l / in thc Monlc ( ' r r rkr Opcn

Exerc ise 81 Intensi fy ing and focusing adverbs [SGE 8.32-39]

Advcr -bs tha t r lo no t a f l cc t 1hc nrcun ing o f thc vcrb or thc u ,ho lc p rc r l i cu tc .

bu t th l t havc sonrc sor t o l subur - r l i r ta lc o r -n r i r lg ina l l i rnc t ion urc son lc l in tcs

cu l l c r l sub . junc ls . Thc lc a rc vur ious k inds . l l . ' i th var ious nrcar r ings . inc lud ing :

E, r r rphas iz in t und in tcns i t ' r , ing : I t rvas . i r r . r ' t ' i zu l l . t ' i " s i t t r l t l . t u 'ondcr l i r l l

Focusinr ] :

\N c .fi r I l.t' i t t t t L t// r',/rrl1t'r'l.r' ls rcc

I r t t r l.t' f t t t t' r c l.t'/.r lirTrlr' askerl.

Many words can bc use(l l roth us sub.ir-rncts uttcl as other arlvcrbs. so thc posit i trrr

in thc sc-ntcncc is irnpoltant. Cclrnpalc:

62 The semantics and grammar of adverbials

She was wcaring a clark blue jurnper (. tu(t! . \ ' / rAz' Laura's.

Isubiunct how 1l l ' t" ] l

I t was an odd cxperiencc. though i t is harcl t t t lc.st r i lx '( . td(t l \ ' .

I tnanner aclvcrb lc.st r ibe in what rval ' '?]

Adcl the advcrbs below in the hcst placcs in thc scntcnccs to plot lucc thc ntcrtrt i l t i rs

that are incl icatccl in thc brackcts.

I :- tu trt 1t I c ' .

untu: i tr .qlt ' . I lL ' r t t tr tru,qt.t t t t r lutrt t 'vt 'cII vi t Ir hi.s t t t t 'ntI Icg.

( a ) ( l t i s a s r r r p r i s i n g l ' a c t t h a l h c c a l t c l a n c c . )

Ar r . ru r ' r ' : Ar r raz ing ly , hc t t ta t tages lo t l l t t t cc wc l l w i th h is r l rc ta l l cg .

(b ) (vc r . ! ' u 'c l l in r l ccd ) .

, l r rsu t ' r ' : I l c n ta t tagcs t t t t la t tcc l rn raz ing l , r ' l vc l l w ' i th l l i s r t rc ta l l c ! . .

I l t t t t l l t ' ' .

l t t I t t t t r l t , ' t r t / r , ' / 1 , . r r . ' r ' r r r r r r t l r r .

(b l ' l l r r . t ' r t r ,qt t t r i : c r I I I r c t t r t ' t t i rr ,g. ( r t t

) c t ' t ' t t ; l t l t t t t ' l t t \ ' l ( ) t t t t ( l ( r . \ l ( t t t ( l t l t (( l t ) { T l t c t e

' : t t o | o i 1 1 1 i t t l l r i r t r : . t . . . .

(h) (You tt l ty l-rc sr-rrpl isct l thl l I ol al l pcoplc t lotr '1. ) .

\ j r r . s l : Ls t t t t t t t t l t t r t i tL ' t t lo t ' t t ' t t t t t i t t t t l ( . \ .

( l ) ( T h l t ' s r r l i I t l i r l . t( b ) ( l i r r t c n r n i n u l c s c x a c t l l ' )

4 kit tdl, t ' .( , r l l i . t l t l t t i t t w l tu t o r t ( ( t r l l t . \ ' ( ) t t l t t t t l i r t r t t i r t t l . ( l l t l l t c ross . ) .

t b l l ' I I t , ' l I \ t t i l i | \ t , u . \ l t t t t k t t , t t t t . t l r t ' k i r t t l ) . . . . . . . .

5 t t t t l t ; l l t u v t ' t o t t t t ' l t c t t t t t , t t ' l t l t i r t k v t t r t t t t t t l t t l l t .

( a ) ( I havc rto ot l tcr rcl tstt t t I or cott l t t tg. )t h t t N t t h o r l ) ! ' \ ( ( ' l ) l ) ( l t t r ' i l t l l t r ' l l ) . ) . . . . . . . .

( t l to.s.s ib l t ' ; l l r t ,qt r i r lc lo l l r r .s t tL ' t or t l t l t t ( ) l . ! ( t t r t i \ .vL ' i l t r t t t ' . t t t l t t - t ' .

(a ) ( I lu r no t su lc whut the qu i t l c t t t ld t t s . )( b ) ( H c s a i c l t h c r c w u s r t o p o s s i b i l i t v o l o r t r g e t t i r t g t h c r c . ) .

J rcul l t ' : Ictr. jot 'cd i t .

{ l l ) ( v ( ' ry t t t t t r ' l t t .(b ) ( in lac t . I ac l rn i t )

f3 .r i l r7;1.r ' . Plcust ' trv Io t ' . t l t lui tr v ' l t tr l i t i .s . t t trr t t ' t trr l .

{ i r , ( D ( } n ' l l r ' \ t ( } ( l ( , i l t l ) l l t i t t s t ' l s t . ) . . . . . . . .

( b ) ( D o n ' t u s c s u c h l o n g w o r d s l ) . . . . . . . .

9 . ; t i l l : I doti t l tuvt ' l tertrt i .ssirt t t t t t trst ' t l tc l ibrur.t ' .

( a ) ( I a r n s t i l l w a i t i n g l i r r p c n n i s s i o n . ) . . . . . . . .( h ) { M ) l i h r u r ; t i t k c t i s o t r l o l t L t l c . } . . . . . . . .

l0 v t ' t ' y n tuL h :(t) H c l txtkcl I ikc l t is futhe r c.rt t '1tt t hut l t t ' t t 'u.s.f t t t .

r t l r l l r l l r , r e l l ) . . . . . . . .

\b)T'o tel l \ 'ou t l tc t t ' t r t l t I lutvctr ' t t l totrght ultoul i t ut ul l tht:sc lust.few nt()t t t l t . l

Disjuncts 63

Exercise 82 Disjuncts - and other adverbs [SGE 8.40-421

Disjuncts arc a special typc of aclvcrb t lrat havc a sort of supcrior role to the

rest of thc scntencc. Thcre are two tnain kincls: ci ther t l rclr incl icatc how thc

speakcr is spcaking _ t ' iutrkl t , l tct ' .sortul lv - or they cornl l lct l t on thc content

- pcrhults. cet tuirt l t . lool isl t lv, qtr i t t ' t ' igl t t l r ' . Again. nrany of the sc wtlrcls can

also I 'unction as othcr sorts t t f aclvcrbs, so posi l ion is inlpt lr tant to incl icate

mcan ing .

Ac ld thc ac lvc rhs show' t t , in thc bcs t p laccs to g ivc thc tnc i t r r i t lgs ind ica tcd .

I turl( ' t ' . \ tun(hrlr1r ' : Shc was vcry upsct. ( l ci tn unclcrslatrcl thal).

S l I t l W . \ S t I N | ) l ' l R S f ' \ N I ) \ l ' i l . \ ' V t I R Y t r P S t l l . ) / -

t l \ l ) I l R S ' l ; \ N I ) r \ l ] 1 . \ . S l l l l W , \ S V I : R Y t l l ' S I : l .

2 l i u n k l r ' : l t i s n ' l c a s y t i l r s o n t c p c o p l c t o l i t l k t o t l r c i r i ' i c r r t l s a r r c l l r t r n i l i c s a b o u t

thc i r p rob lcnrs . (Thcy l ind i t ( l i l ' l i cu l t to d iscuss thc i r lec l ings . )

\ f i ' unk l . r ' I don ' t know why I s i t hc rc t l r i nk ins w i t h yo r r . ( l l ' l say wha t I t h i nk .

t ha l ' s how I l c c l . )

l r t u t l q l i l l t ' : l l c h a d l r i c c l t o w r i t e a l c t t c r l l t a t t l c s c l i b c d w l t a t i t w a s l i k c h c r c . ( l l c

warrlccl t l rc dcscrint iott to lrc I 'ai l artt l t tccuratc. )

t r t r lh l r r l l t . : I t was l 'a i r l y obv ious t l ra t hc c l i r l r r ' t wur t t r t )c i t l l y t t to rc : i t l t t l I t l i d r t ' t

wa l t t h i rn uny n lo rc c i thc r . ( l anr tc l l ing thc l ru th whc l t I s r ty I t l i t l n ' t w i l t t t h i r l l . )

6 l t o r t t ' , s t l t , ' . l ' l l g o i l y o L r l i k c . I d o n ' 1 r n i r r d . ( l t i s l c a l l y l r t t c t h i t l l t l o n ' t r n i n c l . )

J l to r tc .s t l . t " . Dca l ing w i th l ce l i r rgs . t t t t the

c loscr togc l l t c r . ( ' l ' hc t l i sc t tss io r ls t t ccc l

o l l rc r hunr l . c ln hc l l t b r ing thc l ln t i l y

to bc honcs l . )

.qt ' trct uII t ' . Scarccly t l trcc ccrtt l t l ics

that, int lcct l , the Harth clocs t l . t t :rvc.

v i c w . )

hlvc clapscrl sincc i l hl ts bcerr i tcccptet l

(Bc l i r re tha t o r t l y a fcw pc< lp lc took th is

gctrt ,rul l . t" . Thc poor havc been in f lrvour t l f gl 'catcr cquali ty ' (Wcll . thcy

usua l lv havc l )

l0 ,qutrrul l . t ' Thcy t 'el t thcy had to watch the f i l ln bcf i l rc i t was shown. ( l lc l i rrc

i t was shown to thc pub l i c . )

l l ,qencrullt .rpeukitrg'. A sirrplc ansvver

clrcaur in colour. (C)n thc whttle' we clo!to the qucstiolt woulcl bc thal we clo

)

l 2 ! i r e r u l l t ' : A l l l h a d t o d u r v a s t a k e i l o u t o f t h e i r o x . ( l a r n s p c - i r k i r t g l i l c r . a l l ) ' w h e r l

I say th is . l

64

l 3

The semantics and grammar of adverbials

litet'ully: We were really poor so that often by Weclncsday wc clicln't havcanything to eat. (l mean that - I arn not exaggcratir-rg.)

l 1 l i t c ru l l y : These two chern ica ls whcn rn ixcd together exp lode. (That i s l r

scicnti f ic fact. )

l 5 l i t t r u l l y : S h c w a s s o c x c i t e d h c r c y c s c l a n c c c l . ( W e l l n o t l i t e r a l l y r c a l l y - l a r n

us ing thc word lb r cnrphas is . )

l6 pcr .sor tu l l . r ' : I I c war r ts lo scc you. I ' l l t c l l h in t y t tu ' rc hcrc . (Hc wants t t ) scc yo t t

h in rse l t . )

t 7 l t c t .s t t t ru l l . t " . That g i r l was nr t t t . c le rc r l . No. Ic l i c ln ' t know hcr ' . I kncw wl to s l tc

was. D ic ln ' t I t c l l you tha t ' l ( l ' c l ncvcr .ac tua l l y r t te t hcr rn1 'sc l l . )

l8 pu ' . t ru tu l l t : I th ink oys lc rs a re ovcr r i t t cc l . (Spcak ing fo r rnysc l l

Exercise 83 Conjuncts [SGE 8.43-45]

f ion.juncls rrc i t s1-rccial kint l ol 'advcrb t l tat ctt l tr tcct two parts ol a se tt tct lcc.( ) rcvc l r lwo scn tcnccs , l ry c rp rcssr r t r l t t t ca t t i t tg rc la l i t lnsh ip bc twr -c r t t l t c r t t .' l ' l r cy

a re sornc t i r r rcs a lso c l r l le r l conncc lo rs . Ex l t t t tp lcs : l t r t r rcvc t ' . tn ( ) t ' (o t ' ( t .

tt t't'c rt lr c lt.s.r .

C 'onrp lc tc thc l i r l l ow ing p i tssagc , w i th the sc co t t . iu t tc ts and l ink ing wo l t l s :

lunyhuw but l i rst l i rr l l rcr hcncc howe vcr scconcl ly

s i rn i la r . l y so t l t c t t though t l rus ( l ) as a rcsu l t by c t t t t l ras t

l i r r cxurnp lc in lac t i r r o thcr wo lc ls

on thc conlrary ort thc olhcr l tatt t l

Forycars wc l tavc takcn thc hca l th o l ' thc car th t i r rg ran tcd . ( I ) H t l t ' toc lay i l i s unde r

lh lea t . I t i s f as l r ionub lc to b lanrc thc indus t r ia l i zcc l r ra t io r ts , an t l thcy ccr ta in ly u lc

rcspons ib lc l i l r r t tany cnv i t .o r r t ten la l p lob lc rns . Fac tor ics , ( l ) . . . . . . . r l l a ) '

no l on lv po l lu tc thc a i r wc brca thc : thcy o l ie n pou l l - ro isonous w i . l \ t c in t r t our scas

a n t l r i v e r s . ( - l ) . . . . . . l i s h a n d o t h c r t n a r i n c l i l i ' r r r a y c l i c . ( 4 )

t l ' r c g .cnera l pub l i c in dcvc loped 'consunrcr soc ic t i cs 'u lso cuLrsc po l lu t ion w i th

thcir cars. ccntral he at ing. rel ' r ' igc-rators, air l r i tvcl anrl vast unloLlnts of lrouscholcl

waste.

I f rvc ck r r ro th ing . wc urc to lc l . ( -5 ) . . . . . . thc p la r rc t w i l l c l ie . (6 )

. . . . . . thc r i se o f the env i ronrne n ta l l l l ovcnrcn l , and thc 'g rccn ' r -nessage tha t

i f wc w i l l on ly re tu rn to thc s in rp le l i t ' e a l l w i l l be we l l .( l ) . . . . . . . n l a n y o b s c r v e - r s p o i n t o u t t h a t , ( 8 ) . . . . . . , r e a l l y s i m p l c

l i l 'estyles can cause appall ing cnvironntental clarnage. Cutt ing clown trees lor

l i rewooc l . A common prac t ice in u ruch o f thc Th i rc l Wor ld . usua l ly loosens the so i l .

Adverbials 65

(9) . . . . . . causing soi l eros ion and u l t imate ly f 'amine. I t might be bct tcr i fthey hacl nuclear powerl

( 1 0 ) . . . . . . m a n y p c o p l e i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d w a n t m o r einclustrialization ancl consulncrism, which are not going to go away. ( I I I

. . . . . . how can we rn in inr ize thc i r bad e l fects ' lEnter'grccn cconomics'. Economists are generally vicwccl as people concerned

c r n l y w i t h r n o n e y a n d i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h . E n v i r o n r n e n t a l i s t s . ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r cp ic turcc l as re ject ing nrater ia l is t ic va lucs. ( l l ) . . . . . . economists urcbaddies and cnvi rorrnrcnta l is ts are goocl ies. The t ruth. ( l4) . . . . . . . is not sosinrp lc . ( l5) . . . . . . . one i t lpor tant par t of cconornics isconccrnccl rv i th thcbalancing o l 'costs ancl benel i ts . Bui lc l ing an a i rpol t neur i . t ( i ly g ivr -s uscrs thcbcne f i t o l ' qu i ck t r ave l . ( 16 ) . . . . . . t hc no i sc nu i sancc fb r t hc c i t y ' sinhabi tants nray bc too h igh a cost . 'Green econoln is ts ' t ry to wcigh up thcconl l ic t ing argunrcr t ts .

Ovcr the past ltw ycars. two idcas havc rnct witlr sonle Incasurc of agrccnrent.( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . t l 'urt clcccntralizing solutions alc olicn better than dircct controls.( l l t ) . . . . . i t i s usua l ly rnorc c f l i c i cn l t ( ) con t ro l inc lus t r ia l po l lu t ion by

t a x i n g o f f ' c n d i n g i n c l u s l r i c s r a t h c r l h l r r i n s i s l i n t o n p a r l i c u l a r - c q u i p r n e n t .( l t ) ) . . . . . . c c o l r o r . n i s t s h a v c c o n l e u p w i t h t h c i d e a o f ' s u s t a i n a b l c

r lcvc lopnrc t t t ' . I t i s no t sus ta inab lc lo usc up f in i t c resourccs such as o i l anc l

n r inc ra ls w i thout rcp lac inu lhcnr w i th a l tc rna t ivc l ssc ts l i r r l i r tu rc gcncr -a t ions Io

c n . j o v . ( 2 0 ) . . . . . . i t i s r r o t s u s t a i n u b l c l o a l l o w s p c c i c s o l a n i r n a l s o r p l u n l s

Io bccornc e x t inc l .

Grccn ccononr is ls a rc no l s tun 'y -cycd bu t re l l i s t i c . I t i s to bc hopcd lha t thc i rv icws w i l l bc hcard .

Exercise 84 The Loch Ness Monster: mixed adverbials [SGEChapter 8l

Cornp lc lc thc l i l l l ow inu , pu l t i r rg lhc words ind ica lcd in a su i tab lc p lacc .

L.rutrrltlt'.

Many peop lc s ta tc tha l a p re h is lo r ic n rons tc r cou ld r ro t e x is t

toc lay . poss ib ly

i \ t t . sn 'c r : Many pcop lc s la lc tha t a p reh is io r - i c n rons lc r cou ld r ro t poss ib ly ex is t

lo t lay .

I To lhosc who have no t s tud icc l thc Iac ts s t i l lr 1hc Loch Ness Mons lc r i s one o l ' t l rose s i l l y s lo r ics

bckrvccl by ncwspupcrs. rrrcre ly

3 Such an i l t l i l udc is unc lc rs tanc lab lc . en t i rc ly:1 l t is not sl lggcslc(l that wc shoulr l accept the

cx is lcncc o f a r r unknown crea turc l i r r a n ronrent

5 w i thout cons ic lc r ing the cv ic lencc , w i th g rca t care

6l '7 bLrt i t is not nruch lcr hopc surclv/too

8 thal pcoplc should have open rnincls' .) rcasonably

9 ' fhere

arc strangc things in the worlcl attcr al l

l0 wh ich wc now acocpt . bu t wh ich were once

66 The semantics and grammar of adverbials

I I considered very dubious.

l2 News o f the famous Scot t i sh monster h i t

l3 the head l incs o f the wor lc l ' s p ress .

l4 although stories about a strangc aninlal

l-5 hacl circulatecl fbr r lany centurles.

l6 One of the lnost wiclcly re ported 'sightings'

in Dcccmber 1933 - tu rned ou t to be a hoax .

l7 The Duil t ' Muil newspaper arrangccl l i l r a

b ig -gante hunter to t rack 'Ncss ic ' . rnc l

l lJ/19 hc ancl his phototrapher fourrcl f i rotprints.

l0 / l I Hc Sr tv r ' r t t r t l k i tho t t t i l .

22 BLrt thc f i)otprint hatl bccrr maclc with thc stuf lct l

t i rot () l ' a hiPPolalnus.

23 This t l ic l not st<lp t l thcr l l lol lstcr huntcrs artcl

nulncrous sightings Itavc bcctr rcptl t ' tecl.l ;1 Photograplrs ancl cinc l i lnrs 1o1 thc aninlals)

?5 havc bccrr prot lucctl .

26 Divcrs Ir l tvc clcsccrtdccl.a7 i tnrl boit ts artt l a tnini l t t t trc sttbt lrarinc havc

scarchctl .

Iu ln 197-5 new tt t tclcrwatcr plrotographs wcrc showtt

to MPs. sc ie r t t i s ls a t l t l . io t r r t ta l i s ls .29/10 A l ' l t t totts rralr. t t .al isl slatcd that large i t t t i t t l i t ls

c x i s lc t l .

3 l I ' hc Ur i t i sh Mt tsc t t t t t (N t t t r ra l l l i s to ry ) t l i sagrcc t l .

3 l ln a book p t rb l i shc t l

J3 i rL r l l ' ro r S tuar t Canrpbc l l cxa t r l i r rcs a l l 1hc l r l l cgc t l

p h o l o g r a p h s a n d ' s i g h t i n g s ' .

34 H is vc rd ic t a bkrw f i r r Ncss ic t lns i s lh l r l

s l te t loc r t to l t t t t t l t l t t t t to l f x is t .

indeed

fi rs1

i n 1 9 3 3

in this remote lakc

loca l l y

unlbrtunatcly

clown

within t irur clays/

on t l ' tc shorc

cvcn/on thc BBC

sad ly

ovcr t l ' rc ycars

a l l cgcr l l y

in cv i r l cncc

i r t to thc lakc

r,,',ith ccho-

sount l i t tg

ctpripntctt t

in thc Houscs o l '

Par - l ianrcn t

in thc lakc /

Lrndoubtcd ly

s l rong I v

i n 1 9 9 I

p a i n s t a k i n g l y

sad ly

9 Prepositions and prepositional phrases

Exercise 85 Deferred prepositions [SGE 9.2]

Prcpos i t ions usua l ly comc bc f i r rc thc i r r roun (o r p ronoun) : u . f t t ' r th t u ' t r t ' ,

pcoplc vt ' i t l t nrortt ' t ' . look a/ icr ' l / r l ,s. wc talkccl rr lrorr l nr.t '1tt 'ol t lotr.s. I lut

sourc t in rcs thcyarc 'c lc t l ' r ' r ' cc l ' , lh i t t i s . lhcycor rca f ic r thc i rn r )unorpr ( )noun:

Thcy arc kxrkcd o/ icr ' . What cl i t l you I l t lK ulxtut ' l

Courp lc lc thc scn tcnccs bc low w i th su i lab lc p rcpos i t ions .

[i.rtrtttltlt; .lohtr i.s uli titl or, sltidt'r'.s.

Thcr r p rac t ise us i r rg p rcpos i t io r rs a l ' t c r lhc i rconrp lcnrc r r ts by ask i r ru u / ra1- r lucs t io r rs

lubout . lohn 's b ro thcr Ant l rcw.

l: . t tr t t t l t lc ' . \ \u,\ r ' Is , \NI)RL\\ ' , \ t ' : l { i \ t t) ot; ' l

I . l o h n i s v c r y i n t c r c s l c d . . . . . . a l l s o r t s o l ' s p o r . t .

I I l c ' s s o o c l . . . . . . . . . u t h l c t i c s

- l I l t " s k c e l t . . . . . . l o o l h l t l l .

. 1 I I c wo r r i cs . . . . . . h i s p rog rcss .

-5 Hc hacl to conlcn(l a back in . ju ry las l scason

6 He i s e t i l ' r e t t l l l su l l r ' r ' i l 1 ! cxhaus l ion .

7 Hc 's l top ing l r t t i t n p r t r r t ' n l ( ' n l i l l l t i s t l r r t t t '

l3 He is l irnd . . . . t c l l l l r s .

9 l l c o b j c c t s . . . . the cornrnerc ia l i za t ion o f ' the ganre .

But hc be l i cvcs . . . sPo l t 5 ,1 r1 - "11 ip .l 0

l l

t 2

He dcpcncls l re lp l ' ront h is larn i ly

Hc longs thc d ly rvhen hc can tu rn p ro lcss iona l .

Complex preposi t ions

Most prepositions consist ofjust one word (a/, itt.v' ithout) but there are also

cornplex prepositions consisting of two or rl lore words: becuuse rl, i tr

t rc l t l i t i t t t t to. l tv nt t t t t t . t t t l .

68 Preposit ions and preposit ional phrases

Exercise 86 Two-word prepositions [SGE 9.3]

Usc the worcls frt tm thc f irst column (olce cach) plus a wgrd l igr lr thc seconcl

c6lumn to rnakc complex preposit ions. altd thcn use them to complctc the passagc.

accorcling I fora long

aparttnlm

,ll.^u.." Icontrafy I ()f

;ffi::, Il rrespcctlvc I toor-rtpr iorthanks I w i t l t

Is global warming a scrious problcrn'? (( 'ornpare cxcrcisc 37)

( I ) , lc.<rrnDrNt; . I I) a rcccnt rcport. thcre rnay bc no need to worry about 'global

w a r n r i n g ' . ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . t h c p o p u l a r b e l i e t ' t h a t ( l ) . . . . . ' . . . r i s i r r g

tcptperi l tures. the polar icccaps arc about to mclt, l loocl ing vast areas of thc worlcl .

i t i s now e s t in ra ted tha t ( ' t ) . . . ' . . . . . the wcs t Antarc t i c i cc shcc t ' thc wor lc l ' s

icc shcets arc saf.e .

lrvcn i f the eurth wanned up by 6"f i . i t woulcl take 10.(XX) years tC) rnclt f l tc

C l reen lanc l i cecap. ( -5 ) . . . . . . . . . thc eas t Ant i t rc l i c . tha t wou ld r rccd

tcmpcraturcs to r isc by 20'C bcfi l re i t rneltccl.

Quitc (6) thcse estimittes. therc is anothcr morc start l ing

p r e c l i c t i o n . T h i s i s t h a t ( l \ . . . . . . . . . g e t t i n g w i t r r r r c r , t h c w o r l c l r n a y a c t u i t l l y

b e g e t t i n g c o o l e r . ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . t o o u r o w n c e n t u r y , l h e r c w a s A L i t t l c l c c A g e .

that lasted intermittently frorr thc sixtccnth ccntury. The causc was rcducecl sol i tr

radiat ion - less heat carne (9) the sun.

Many astronomcrs - ( I 0) . . . . . . . . . othcr scientists - bcl icvc that sotneth in-l

similar could happen again. Thc twenty-l ' i rst century. ( I I ) . . . . . . . . . changes

in the sun. may bc co ldcr than the twcnt ie th . So ' ( l2 ) " . . . . . ' ' wherc yc lu

l ive. you may soon be necding warmer clothe s.

Prepos i t iona lmean ings 69

Exercise 87 Three-word prepositions [SGE 9.3]

Can you complete these sentcnces as they were originally written'/ Use theIo l lowing lhree-u ord prcposi t ions:

in casc of in spite of in cornparison with in touch witlr

by rneans of by way of on bchall 'of on account clf

for the sake of in exchangc fbr in acltl i t ion to with ref'erence to

I rN c',rse op firc, break the glass.2 DearSir ' . yourqucryof24Scptentber .nryc laughtcrwi l ln t t tbe

acconrpanying me. as shc is currcntly in hcr thircl ycar at university.3 I t is par t icu lar ly . . . . . . . . . th is par t o l ' rny e xpcr ience. which I takc to bc

rclevant to thc work, that I arn applying firr thc positittn.:1 I shoulc l l ikc to pc l in t out that th is cxpcr icncc. I a lso havc thc

r lc( 'cs\ l t ry p l tpcr qt r l r l i hc l t l io t ts .5 I t hard ly seems worth whi le s tcr i f ic ing so rnuch thal is cxc i t inr or arnr- rs ing

. . . . . . . . .wha l i s du l l . i nc lec i s i vc unc l bo r i ng .6 Thecl iv is ionintoolc lcrandncwcrpar ls isrnadclargc ly c lar i ty ,

ancl clocs not imply lctual chronological succcssiott.1 l l . . . . . . . . . a l lyour prccr l t t ions yor- r c lo havc a burst p ipc, i t is saf 'est to

gct a plumbcr in irnrlccliately.l l Thc c l isac lvantagcs arc rcal ly qui tc srnal l thc vcry rcal

advantagcs.c) Do not hcs i tatc to gct . . . . . . . . .us i f you havc at ty problcnts.

l0 We ainr to infbrm, c-clucate, publicizc, clcrnonstri ltc arrcl aclvitncc lhc aiuts o1'tltcAssoci i t t ion cxhib i t ions. lccturcs, f i l rns ancl t t tect i t rgs,

I I I enck rsc a copy o f my CV . . . . . . . . . app l i ca t i on .l2 Wc i lc t . . . . . . . . . thc abovc company, which has consul lcc l us or t v l r ious

rnat lcrs involv ing you ancl our c l icnt .

Exerc ise 88 Preposi t ions main ly of p lace and t ime [SGE 9.4-11]

Conrplc te thc l i r lkrwing us ing sui tablc prcposi t ions.

OfT the Rails

A $299 ru i l t iL 'k t ' t t tx tkTct l Bothu ( l ) . . . . . a . r ' r . t - r 'cck t t t r t r ( l )

Anrcrit u

Doug. (3) . . . . . Gosl tut t r . Inc l iana, c t lu ld have been a character (4)

. . . . . . t hc book ( -5 ) . . . . . . h i s s i c l c . l t was a nove l ca l l ed C . l u l i Duv 'gsDotr ' t Burk (6) . . . . . . Night . He was a p l r rks ancl recrcat ion expert (7)

. . . . . . h i s w a y ( t t ) . . . . . . a c o n f ' c r e n c e ( 9 ) . . . . . . P h o e n i x .Ar izona.

H c h a d b r o u g h t ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . h i r n c o u n t l c s s b r o c h u r e s ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h cp l a c e s w e w c r e g o i n g t o p a s s ( l l ) . . . . . . W e n t e t ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . t h e t w od a y s i t t o o k t h e S o u t h w c s t C h i c f t o g o ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . C h i c a g o ( l 5 ) . . . . .Los Angelcs.

Doug only had fbur days to reach Phocnix. attencl the conf'erence and return

70 Prepositions and prepositional phrases

horne, but hc lovccl t ravc l l ing ( l6) . . . . . . t ra in. Myjourncy was lcss hurr ied.r n o r c c x t e n s i v e . ( 1 7 ) . . . . . . $ 2 9 9 I ' d b o u g h t o n e ( 1 8 ) . . . . .Arntrack 's t ickcts that a l lowcd you to spcnd s ix wccks cr iss-cnrss ing the country.You cou l c l covc r . as I d i d .7 .72 l n r i l c s (19 ) . . . . . . l eav ing the coun t r y .

I hacl bcgun nry jor- r rncy (20) . . . . . . l )cnrr Stat ion (21 ) . . . . . . NewYork (22) . . . . . a wArn r day (23 ) . . . . . . Scp tcn rbe r .

Wc passcc l p laccs (2 :1 ) . . . . . . Sug i t r Crcck . Missour i , wherc Jcssc Janrcs

hac l h is hcar lc ;uar lc r .s . anc l Maxwc l l . Ncw Mcx ic t ' r . nar t tc t l (2 -5)

Lr . rc icn B Maxu 'c l l . a la r t tous huntc r ln ( l t ra l lpc r .

M o s t l ) l a c c s u ' c l c i n t l i s t i n s u i s h a h l c ( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . o l l c a n o t h c r . ( r 7 )

. . . . . . thc abscncc (2 l i ) . . . . . . rnuch to r lo . f i roc l bccarnc in rpor ta r r l .

H o u r s w c r . c d c t c r . r n i n c d ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . n i c a l s . T h c l a s t c a l l ( 3 0 )

brcak las l hac l hur t l l y bccn rnadc whcn l l rc l i r s t lunc l t c i t l l wcnt L rp .

I n ( l l ) . . . . . . n r c a l s . l h c l c w c r . c v i d c o s h o w i n g s ( 3 1 ) . . . . . . t h c

Ioungc cur . I t wus s lnurgc w ' l t ch i r rg a v ic lco (33) . . . . . . 65 rnph. You r rcvcr .

kncw i l ,hc thcr l ( ) wa lch lhc s to ry (3 '1 ) . . . . . . sc rccn or thc ( )nc un t i l l c l ing

1 - 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . t h c w i n t l o r v(361 . . . the t in re we rcachcc l A lbur lucrque i l was r r r i t l rnor r r i r rg . C i l r . y ,

a N i . rva . jo . jo incd us . Hc to ld us (37) . . . . . . thc I l r t l i i tn l cscr .va l ions . und

po i r r tcd ou t u p lan t wh ic l r i s uscd ( -18) . . . . . . rnc t l i c in l l p r , r rposcs . anc l thc

s n u k e w c c t l . u s c d ( 3 9 ) . . . . . . u n u n t i d o l c ( ' 1 0 ) . . . . s n u k c b i t c ( : + I ). . . . . . s h c c p .

I ) c o p l c g o l o n ( . + 2 ) . . . . . . s t a l i o r t s ( . 1 3 ) . . . . . . l h c r n i d c l l e ( - l : l )

. . . . . . n o w h c r c , ( . + - 5 ) . . . . . . p a p c r s t u c k c d ( : 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . t h c i r

r r r r n s . T l r c l c w a s a h u s e T - s h i r t c d l u l h c r ' ( : 1 7 ) . . . . . . . I tuge urrns who carl iccl

h is two sor ts cvcr -ywhcre hc we l r l . J ' l l e rc was ru r t t ld lady w l tose aur t t had la l len( . 1 u ) . . . . . . a l a c l c l c r u n r l c v c r ' ( . 1 9 ) . . . . . . t h c n c o u l d n ' t r c r n c n r h c r

anyonc 's narnc (50) . . . . . . he l b r -o lhcr ' s . And thcn o f ' coursc lhc rc w l rs

Dor-rq.

Exercise 89 Preposit ional phrases

Rcwr i l c thc scn lcnccs bc low by us ing thc r ig l r t p repos i t ion + thc ' "vorc l in t l i ca tc r l .

In sornc cuses you w i l l nccd to n rakc o thcr char r {cs . I l ' r reccssary . consu l t u

d ic t ionary .

[: . t t tnrplt ' . I rcal izcd irnnrccl iate ly thal sonrclhing was wronlr. (oncc)

,\ t tsu'rr ' . I rcal izct l ul ()n(( that sonicthirtg wits vJrong.

I I don ' t know thcm to spcak to . ( thoush [ ' ve secn thcrn) . (s igh t )

J He ncver l r r i vcs punc tua l l y . ( t in rc )

3 Bu l on th is s in . l l c occas io r t hc d ic l . lonce ).1 Thc i r ch ik l rcn sccr t t t l r , r i t c uncont ro l lab lc . (hanc l )

.5 Whal I want more thar r anv th ing is pcacc and c1u ic l . (a l l )

6 | th ink you arc pa l t l y r igh t . (po in l )

7 I d ic ln ' t n )can to b rcak i t . (purposc)

lJ What l rc you c lo ing thcsc c lays? (p re scn t )

9 I 'm no t c lo ing any th ing spec ia l th is even ins . (par t i cu la r l

l0 I ' l l bc l v i th yoLr ve ry soon. (minu te)

Prepositional meanings 71

I 1 No way. It just cannot evcn be considered. (qucstion).

I2 We rnust allow fbr thc fact that hc's very old now. (all)

l3 Everything is ncat and tidy arrd ready. (order)

l: l Incidentally, havc you seen Andrew latcly' l (way)

l -5 I f you go on t ry ing. you' l l rnanage cve ntual ly . (cnd)

Exerc ise 90 Sayings

Match thc meanings (a)- (n) to thc incornpletc scntenccs, us ing thcrn to help you

f i l l in the gaps wi th these prcposi t i t tns. I f r lecessary, consul t a c l ic t ionary.

a t ( 3 ) f i r r i n (3 ) l i ke o f ( 3 ) on ou t o l (2 ) ove r w i t h w i t hou t

I rx : . r or , s ight , . . . . . . rn ind. l f ]2 l t ' s n o u s e c r y i n g . . . . . . s p i l t m i l k . [ . . . . . . 13 M a r r y . . . . . . I t a s t c ; r c p e n t . . . . . . l c i s u r c . [ . . . . . . ]4 Thc grass is a lways grccncr . . . . . . thc t l thcr s idc . . . ' . . thc t 'cncc.

i l-5 Thc rc ' s t t o s t . t t okc . . . . . . l i r c . [ . . . . . . I6 R o m c w a s n o l b u i l t . . . . . . a c l a y . [ . . . . . . ]7 Thc rc ' s I r o t i t nc . . . . . . t hc p rcscn l . [ . . . . . . I8 Thc bcs t t h i ngs . . . . . l i l t a r c l l ' c c . [ . . . . . . I9 V a r i c t y i s t h c s p i c c . . . . . . l i f c . [ . . . . . . I

l 0 Thc l c ' s no acco t t t ' t t i t t g . . . . . . t as t c . I . . . . . . I| | Y o u ( : r t l I t i t k e i t . . . . . . 1 o t r . | . . . . . . Il 2 C h a r i t y b c g i r t s . . . . . . h o r n c . [ . . . . . . ]l 3 P o s s c s s i o n i s n i r r c p r t r t s . . . . . . t h c l a w . 1 . . . . . . I1 . 1 A c l t r n a y k x r k . . . . . . a k i n g . 1 . . . . . . 1

Meanings:

(a) Grcat aclricvctttctrts takc ti lnc ancl cfl irrl.(h) Our l i rs t rcspol rs ib i l i ty is to I 'anr i ly ar td l l ' icnt ls .(c) You should cnjoy l it-e whilc you can. artt l ttol bc loo collccrl lccl abor.rl

r rect t t t ru l l t t i l tg t l )o t t r ' ) l t t t t l pr>sscssiot t .(d) Anyonc is cnt i t lcc l to cr i t ic izc pct tp lc i t l p t lwcr .(c) Now is the best t i tnc to c l< l whl tcvcr you' re p lanning to c lo.(f) Sorncone (or sornclhing) no longcr prcscl.tt ls soon lorgottcn.

(g) New ancl cli l ' l 'erent cxperietlccs rnake li l 'c intclcstrnq.(h) Thcrc's always some basis in tluth l i lr rutnour ancl scanclal '( i ) I l 'you marry too quick ly . you ' l l havc a long t i rnc to rcgre l i t .

( . t ) Other peoplc 's l ikcs and d is l ikcs are i rnpossib lc to cxpla in.(k) Regretting solrlething that's happenecl is a wastc of t imc.

(l) Many activit ics and so on that cost ntlthing arc Inorc worth whilc than things

requiring Inoney.(m)Being in possession of somcthing is a great advantage if you're trying to prove

owne rship.(n) Sornc people always think that cveryonc clse is luckier than they are.

72 Preposit ions and preposit ional phrases

Exerc ise 91 Nouns + preposi t ions

Certain nouns are alnrost always fbllowcd by the sarne onc or f wo prepositions. Fil lin the gaps ht're with the right ones. If necessary, consult a clictionary.

Thc Research Def'ence Society say that thc (l) casc non using anir.nals in rncdicalresearch is overwhehning. ancl that such (2) cxper iments. . . . . . an imalsmakc an important (3 ) contribution .. .. . . thc rclicf of sutl 'ering.

Bu t t he re a re o f cou rse ( r l ) a rgu rnen ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . such r csc -a rch , and thc rc i st ierce ( -5) opposi t ion . . . . . . i t f iom var ious ani rnal r ights groups. who saythc rc i s no poss ib le (6 ) . i us t i l i ca t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n f l i c t i ng pa in on an i rna l s . Thcyrnainta in that thcrc rnust bc (7) a l tcrnat ivcs . . . . . such nrc lhocls . ancl t l ta t(u ) cure s . . . . . . l .tunran cliscnscs shou lcl bc sought elsewhclc. Thcir (9 ) anger

. . . . . . what l l rcy rcgarc l as c lc l iberatc cruel ly ancl thc i r (10) sympathy

. . . . . . the ani rnal k ingdorn is corntncndatr lc . but in thc rnorc cxt rcutcact iv is ts th is is accor .npanicd by an ahlost to ta l ( I l )c l isrcgard . . . . . the i rt 'cl low hurnan be ings.

Thcrc havc bccn nurncrous ( l2) at lacks . . . . . . un ivcrs i t ics a l tc l rcse archlaborator ics involvcc l . ar tc l peoplc thought lo have a ( l3) conne ct ion . . . .thc work havc bccn s inglcc l out l i r r a l t lcks.

Aninrul rights canrpligrrcrs havc ulso tar-gclccl l irr shol' ls so succcsf'ully t lrall 'a l l i r rg t 'ur sa les havc had a c lcvastut ing ( l '1) i lnpact . . . . . . cornrnurr i l ics,such as thc scal hunlcrs of northcrn (-anacla. whosc ( I 5 ) dcpcndcncc . .. . .thc fur tnrc lc was thc i r rnain sourcc of l ivc l ihoor l

In so l i r rasaninra l r ightscanrpaigrrers havc ra iscdour( 1 6) awarcncssthc rno ra l i s sucs i nvo l vcc l i n ou r (17 ) c l ca l i ngs . . . . . . an i rna l s , wc l l anc lgoocl . Thcrc should bc r to ( l l l ) qual r .c l . . . . . . t l ra t . But thcrc is no ( l9)cxcusc

. . . . . . t hc v i o l c r r cc and the (20 ) t h r ca t s . . . . . . hu rnan l i l c wh i ch wchavcsccn .The pcop l c r cspons ib l cn rus tno tbca l k lwcc lany (21 . )escapc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t hc (22 ) consc r l L l cnccs . . . . . . t l i c i r ac t i ons .

Exerc ise 92 Put t ing preposi t ional phrases in the r ight p lace

I) rcposi t ional p l r rascs havc var ious l i rnct ions i r . r u scntencc. Somct inrcs apreposi l ional phrase is advcrb ia l :

t lc is going to planl a lrcc l i thc l i ' t tnt gt l ' r1rr i . IThis us t r ' / t t ' l r ' hc i s

So ing 1o p lan t a t ree . l

Sonrc t i rncs i t lb l lows a noun ph lasc . and is ra ther l i ke a re la t i vc c lausc :

Thc lrcc i t t t l rc.f i 'ort t eurt l l r is two hunclred years old.

I So the rc arc sornctirncs problcnrs it 'a prcpositiclnal phrascll 'onr the worrl(s) it rcall l" bckrngs lo.

gets sepafatcd

Think about thc preposi t ional phlases uncler l inecl in the l i r lkr r . l , ing authent icnewspaper reports, ancl nrove thenr or rewrite the scntcnccs tcl bring out lheprobable meanings.

Prepositionalphrases 73

Eranrple: The man accused of the 'bodies in the car' murders conftssed to kil l ing

his girlfr iend and her flat-mate while in prison awaiting trial, the court heard

yesterdaY.Ansv,er..The man irccused of the'bodies in the car'murders conf-essed, while in

prison awaiting trial, that he had kil led his girifr iend ancl her flat-mate.

Or ' : Whi le in pr ison awai t ing t r ia l , the man . . .

[The rneaning must be that he confesscd, rathcr than kil led. while hc was in

prison. So the original scntencc reads awkwardly.l

I Since then therc havc been no reports of the growing tcnsion in the official

rnedia, althclugh the new China News Agcncy quotccl the heacl of Nanking's

Hehai university ycsterday as call ing on tbrcign studcnts to return tt l class.

2 An carl icr rcport that he hacl secn T'erry Waitc. the Archbishop of Cantcrbury's

spccial envoy kidnappcd in. lanuary l9lt7. was dcscribccl as a tt t isuttclcrstanding

by l-antbeth Palacc. Incws i tern. 1990. Larnbcth Palacc is thc Archbishop's

London horne. Tcrry Waite was frcccl in l9c) l . l

3 T h c t h i r { [ m a n l . a n c p h e w c t f t h e s c n a t o r . h a s n o t r l a t i e h i m s c l f a v a i l a b l c o n { h c

adv ice o l 'h is lawycr .

zl Hc was f irrcecl to ahanclon his atternpt to bc thc f irst pcrsorr t t l sai l thc Atlantic

both ways c'rn Monclay aficrntltln.

-5 Dctectivcs arrestccl thc gir l 's 1a1her af tcr watching lhe Pcnnsylvania l lat hc had

rcntecl fbr two days.

f) Aclvicc to backache suft 'crers: I)on'l

ch i ldrcn wi th s t ra ight lcgs. lyou wi l lpick up hcavy weights l ikc groccries tlr

have to lcwr i tc th is cotnplctc ly l

1 0 The simpte sentence

Exercise 93 Clause structure [SGE 10.1-4]

Thcre arc bas ica l l y scvcn typcs o f c lausc cornb i r r ing thc c lc rncn ts o f

S(ub jcc t ) . V(c rb) . O(b jcc t ) . C(onrp lc tncn t )and A(dvcrb ia l ) i t r var ious ways .

k lcn t i l y thc scn tcncc typcs tha t thc f i r l l ow ing sc l l t cnccs bckrng 1o ls SV. SVO,

S V C . S V A . S V O O . S V O C o r S V O A .

I I l c l t very t i rcc l . SVC [ / = S . fL ' l t = V ; r ' r r l t i r c l = C. l

2 My t 'cct hurt.

3 Tl.rc reccptionist hanrlcd nrc nry kcy..l I wantccl lirod.

-5 | p laccd nry coat ovcr a cha i r .

6 I ordcrcd nrysclf sonrcthins 1o cat.

7 I t sccrncd scns ib lc .

t t I lay on thc bccl.

9 A waitcr brought col ' l i 'c and sanclwicltcs.

l0 I I c sc t thc t ray on a tab lc .

l l I w a s y a w n i n g .

l2 I fbunc l thc bcd ra thcrhard .

l3 Thc th ick cur ta ins cx tcnc lcc l to thc I ' l oor .

1.1 Bul thc hotcl was si luatccl on a busy strect.

l-5 Thc tral ' l ' ic noisc kcpt rnc awakc.

Exercise 94 Verbs with two objects ISGE 10.5]

Rcwri tc the lb l lowing SVOO scntcnccs, pul t ing the indi rect objcc l at ier the c l i rec lob.ject. ancl using lo or.t 'ot '.

L..ranrplc'. Shc bought the chilclrcn icc crcarns.Atrsv'er'. Shc bought icc crcarns firr thc children.E.runrplc'. Hc wrotc his ruother a lettcr.Artsv'cr'. He wrote a letter to his rnothcr.

I Why dicl you lend that clreadful nran rnoney'/

2 Hc's always scnding people begging letters.

3 He should have written you a propcr letter.

4 Perhaps we could find him a job.

Subject complements 75

-5 Why shoultl I bother to get him work'?

6 Hc has nevcr repaicl Torn that loan.

7 I hopc they 've rcscrvec l us a t i tb lc .

13 Lcl nrc buy you a clrink

9 You 'd t l r ink sor t tco t tc wou l t l b r inc us a l l l c l lL l .

l0 T l rcy L rsu l l l y s i l vc l l t c n tab lc b1 ' l l t c w in t l t lw '

I I C ' ln yoL l pass rnc thc s r l t l

l 2 I wondcr i l thcy cou lc l p fcpr t rc us a s l . rcc i l t l p t r t l c l ing l

Exercise 95 SVOO [SGE 10.5]

S61rc vcrbs ac tua l l y p rc lc r SV(X) word or t l c r . Corn l t l c tc t l rc l i r l l ow ing t ts i r lg l / i r l i

or lrc urtr l otrc of thc phri tscs frorn t l lc t l l i r t l colt t t l t r t

I I rskccl2 Woul t l thcy a l low3 But t l rcy rc lusccl:1 slrying I 'cl citusctl5 I pointcd out thcy 'd pront iscc l

6 But they ins is tcc l on chars ing7 | envylJ But i l cost

a lo t o l tno t tcy .

thc l i r l l p l i cc .

a c l i sco t t t t t .

thc i r sc l f -con f idc r tcc .

a s i r rp lc c lucs t io t r .

this rcasorutblc rccluesl.

cx t ra l l r l l c to pay .

a lo t o l ' l roub lc .

thcrrrntc

l l1

l s k c t l r r t - M . \ s t \ t t ' t t r e l I s l l ( ' \ .

3A

5 . . . . .6 . . . . .15

Exerc ise 96 Subject complements [SGE 10.5, 10.7]

Sorne copular verbs can bc fbllowed by both adjectivc and noun ctlmplements.

Rewrite the following, using an adjective in place of the noun complement. Make

all other necessary changes.

E.rample: I f'elt a real idiot.

Anstt,er;l f 'elt really idiotic.

76 The simple sentence

I I f'elt a real fool.2 It sounded an excellcnt idea.3 But i t hasn' t proved a par t icu lar success.,l Shc lookcd a sensible pe rson.-5 Shc ' l l probably cnd upa r ich wornan.6 He's becorne athorough bore.7 Thc wholc thing seerns ultcr nraclncss to ntc.S Thut 's . just se l l ' ishncss.9 The y'vc rcnrainecl l 'r icnds.

l0 I t 's lurned ou1 a n icc c lav agai r r .

Exerc ise 97 Complements [SGE 10.7]

Conrplc tc thc scrr tcnccs wi th t i re ad. jcct ivcs g ivcrr .

bacl browrr calrn clctr clclicious

flat old opcn peculiar- rcarly truc

[t..runrplr'. Sland cr.r,,rH ot'thc rloors.

I Thc lcavcs hacl turnccl . . . . . . l t would soon bc wintcr .2 | f ch I was g row ing . . . . . . l oo - l i k c t hc yca r .3 I was . j us t gc t t i ng . . . . . . l o havc rny suppe r .4 whcn sucklcnly thc c loor spra l tg . . . . . . and I hc l rc l gunf i fc .-5 I threw rnyscl f to thc { rourrd i tnd lay . . . . . . on thc f ' loor .6 Y o r r l t l v e l ( ) k c e p . . . . . . . . . . ln an cnrc rgcncy .

7 fhe t o l ' l i ' c s r r rc l l c t l

u But I lcarccl thc nrcat hacl golrc . . .

9 I t had tas ted . . . . . . lhc p rcv ious day .

I0 A t th is ra tc u ry c l rcarns wou ld ncvcr co lnc .

Exercise 98: Deverbal nouns ISGE 10.16 -17]

Sotnc l in res t ( ) g ivc rnore 'we igh t ' to lhc enr l o l 'a scn tcnce. wc t - tsc a la lhcrgeneral vcrh with not rnuch nlci lning + u noul l clcr ived frorn a vcrb (cu: /rrr lc

utt drgunt(nl. insteacl ol ' . just using thc verb urgur).

Rcwri tc the se ntcnccs. replac ing thc under l inecl vcrbs wi th one of ' thc fb l lowingverbs + an appropriate noun.

do give have nrake take

Makc any othcr ncccssr,rry changes.

E.tanrplc: I sighecl with relief.Ansu'er'. I gave a sigh of rclief.

I He rushes around madly phsllag&phi.lg everywhere.2 Sorne of thern are very good. Lookl3 But one of these days he'l l injure himself.4 I 'd l ike to arrange fbr him to see a psychiatrist.

Subject-verbconcord 77

5 He doesn't neecl you advising him.6 Pcrhaps a holiday woulcl be good fbr hirn.

7 He lcctures me about interf 'ering.u l 've never harmed anyone.9 I cried a lot but I sti l l f 'elt miserable. (usc,goorl)

l() t{e is not intcrested in anything elsc lhcse clays.

I I Hc looks at rne in such a f 'unny way.

l2 I u ' ish we coulc l Ia lk about i t .l3 But hc. just gets o l lcnded.lzl I low ciln onc cxctlsc that sort of bchaviour' ll5 Oh wel l , i t 's t i r r tc wc got ntov ing.

Exercise 99 Subject-verb concord [SGE 10.19-271

Singular sub. jcc ls grarnrnat ica l ly ncccl s ingular vcrbs,

ner-rl plural vcrbs. But sontctirttcs rrotiollal concortl

lccorcling trt rtteaniltg ralhcr thart strict l lratl l lrtar.

and p lura l subjcctsis uscd concorcl

Choosc thc bcs t wor t l s in thc l i r l l ow ing .

I Thc global tolal ol ' l ror.ncs wit lr TV was/wcrc csf i tnatccl lo bc ovcr -5(X) rni l l iort

by 19 t37 .

2 B u t i n l g u u t h c f l h i n c s c N c w s A g c n c y s a i c l t h c n u t n b c r o l ' ' I V v i c w c r s i n C ' l r i n a

a lonc was/wcrc 6 (X) n t i l l i o l t , wa lch ing l (X) sc ts .

3 6 (X) n r i l l i on i s /a rc a lo t o l v icwcrs .: l Tl ' rc greatesl rrurnbcr ol 'cpisoclcs ol i tny TV progral l t l l lc cvcr solcl was/wct 'c

l . fr l4 cpistxlcs tt l ' ( ' r t t ' t tr t tr l i t t t t Stt t 'L '1.

-5 Irr l t)7 I thc cornplcte scrics l t that datc was/wcl 'c solr l to a Clalt i tdian colnprt l ly.

6 l - f i c W i t r t l s t l W u r , a b o u t l h c S c c o n d W o r l d W l r . , w a s / w c r c t h c r l l o s l c x p c n s l v c

te lcv i s i t tn p roc luc t io t r cvcr .

7 1 .6 b i l l i on pcop lc - o r .a l l r i r c l o l the wor l t l ' s popu lu l ion arc / i s sa id l t t havc

watchcd Bob f i c l t lo l ' ' s o r ig ina l L ivc A id co l l cc r ls .

u This pop st i tr ancl f i rncl raiscl rrc/ is rtow worlcl l i t t t . totts '

9 Ac tua l l y B i l l y Crahar l - as wc l l as Bob Gc lc lo l ' was /wcrc bch ind thcsc

c0nccr Is .

l0 Arouncl one in ten UK houscholcls was/wcrc without colour TV in l9t l t l .

l l But ntore than onc ir"r two lrouscholcls in thc UK has/havc two or l l lorc scts.

l2 Having two ttr thrce se{s sccttt /secnls unneccssitry to nlc.

l3 25 hours 2 l rn inu tes arc / i s sa id to be thc averagc UK v iewer 's wcck ly ' l ' i x ' .

lz l A rnajori ty of vicwers wclr lclwide probably watch/watches ncws programmcs

rcgu lar ly .

l-5 News of cl isasters reach/reache s a huge audiencc.

l6 What you both see ancl hear has/have An enonrlous inlpi lct.

I7 So many people being ki l led in earthcluakes and cycloncs are/is traeic.

l8 So-cal lcd progralnmes of cntertainntcnt are/ is not always cntertaining.

l9 But apparent ly the aud icnce fb r ' s i t -cc lms ' and 'soaps ' a re / i s la rge .

202 l22

78 The simple sentence

Too much scx ancl violence are/is shown in my opinion.Swcaring and bad lan-uuage in general - are/is also prevalenlA numbcr of concerned indivicluals protcsl/protcsts.

Exercise 100 Other types of concord ISGE 10.28-30]

Cornp lc tc thc t i r l l ow ' ing w i th a su i lab lc word i r r co l lo t lL r i l l s ty lc .

A t onc t i rnc cvcryonc w i th a tc lcphonc pa id l i r r D i rcc lo ry [ inc ;u i r i cs rcgard lcss

o l ' h o w o l i e n ( l ) t t t t , r u s c c l t h c s c r v i c c . N o w l r B l i t i s h T c l c c o n r c u s t o l l t c r o n l y h a s

t o p a y u ' h c n ( l ) . . . . . a c t u l l l y ( l ) . . . . . . i t . A n d s o r n c p c o p l c r l o r r o l

havc to pay a t a l l . Nc i thcr a b l i r r t l pc r -son n( ) r a pcrson r rnab lc to t rse thc phonc booksthn l rgh sorne d isab i l i t y ( : l ) . . . . . . . t o l ) i l ] . S o i l ' r , r t t k t t , r u \ ( ) n t ( ' ( ) t ) ( ' \ l l ( r

( 5 ) . . . . . . c l i g i b l e . l e l l ( 6 ) . . . . . . l o a s k B T u b o u t i l .

T l rc rc 's i t r ro lhcr cxccpt ion . No ca l l to D i rcc lo ry l lnqu i r i cs l i rn r a BT pub l ic

p a y p l r o n c \ l ) . . . . . . a n y t h i n g u t l l l .

Apar t f ' r r r rn thesc f l ' cc cnr lu i r i cs . cach cn t lu i ry now ( l { ) . . . . . . ovcr -3 -51 t .

U s u a l l y r v h c n I r i n g h o r n c c i t h c r n r y t i r t l r c r o r r r r o l l r c r ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1 t

nc i thcro l lhcn ( l0 ) . . . . . . u t hornc ycs tc lc luy , wh ich surpr iscc l n rc us nc i thcr

o l t h c n r ( I I ) . . . . . . o u t v c r y o l i c n . A n y w a y n o n c o l t h c p c o p l c I t r i e d t op h o n c y c s t c l r l u y t I l t . . . o b t a i n a b l c

Exercise 101 Posit ive and negat ive tags [SGE 10.33-36]

Add tag quest ions lo lhcsc scntcnccs.

I There could hard ly have been a s i l l ier excuse. < orr r .n l r r r , r ru ' l2 Things arc scldor-n quitc what thcy sccrn.3 You rarc ly gct everyth ing you wanl in l i lc . .zl Pcoplc should rnakc thc bcst of what the y'vc got, ...5 You can' t l ive fbr ever .6 The ncws is rathcr clcprcssing.7 Thcrc huvc hccn sontc terr ib lc sccncs ( |n lc lcv is ion.8 It wil l be difTicult to get aid to all these people.9 This is scarcely generous,

l0 We have to do what we can to help.

Tae c lucs l io r rs a rc usuu l ly ncgat ivc a l tc r pos i t i vc s ta tcmcnts ( Y t t r r t c t t r t 'n r l x , r ,

Io t r ' t t ' o t r ' / ) anc l pos i t i vc a t tc r r tcga l i vc (Yot r l tuvc t r ' f . f l t rgo t t t ' r r , l ru t ' t ' t ' o r t . ' lThcy arc r r l so pos i t i ve u l tc r s tu tcnrcn ts o f ncgat ivc rnea l r ing (T l ru t ' . t s t 'u rce lv

tu prolt lcnr. is ir l ' I

Negation 79

Exercise 102 Responding to negat ive quest ions

Agree or disagree as incl icated to the statelrents suggested by these negrtt ivc

questions. fy ' ] indicatcs the questioncr's f i rcts arc correct; [X] rneans thcy are

wrong.

E.runrplt ' ' . Hasn't Lcningrad becn rcnarned St Pctersburg'? [y' ]

Artsv'er ' . Ycs. i t has.

E.tuntplt ' ' . Isn't Mont Blanc t lrc highest rtrountain in thc worlcl '? [ ,X]

At t .su t ' t ' . No. i t i sn ' t . IMt Evcres t i s . ]

I Wcrcn't Hi l lary and Tcrrsing thc l ' i rsl l .rcoplc t t l reach thc surnrnit '? ly ' l

2 Hasn't Evcresl I tow bcctt cl intbct l hy wonlcn'? [y' ]

I Can't wc t lcsccncl to thc cclt trc of thc carth with spccial cquipnlcnt '? l ,Xl

.1 Why? Woulc l r r ' t pcr lp lc bc ablc t t l surv ive the hcat ' / lX l

5 I lavcn ' t a l l thc mourr ta ins of ' thc wor lc l becn c l i rnbccl now' l IX l

(r lsn'1 . f akarta the capital ol lncloncsia'? ly ' l

7 Di i ln ' t thc is lancl ot 'KI 'akatoa b low up i r r l t tu l ' l I r l l

8 Wasn ' t th is the b iggcs l vo lcan ic c rup t io r t in h is to ry ' / [ I l

9 Docsn't the sutr so rttuntl the earth'? lXl

l0 Won' t thc ycar 20(X) bc a lcap ycar '? ly ' l

Exercise 103 Emphasizing negat ion

Wc sornctir t . tcs cttrphasize a Itcgit l ivc t t tcani l lg by putt ing a ncgativc

aclvcrbial at lhe vcry l ' ront of thc scnlcnce. This usually requircs i l lvct 'si t t t t

of thc subjcct ancl opcrator i f thc ncgative ncgalcs the whtt lc cl i tusc.

Rcwritc thc following scnte nccs with thc ncgative or ncar-ne S,ativc word or phrase

at the front.

E.tutnple'. I never irnagined that anything l ikc that woulcl happen to me.

Attsv'er'. NL.vFrR DID I r\4A(;tNE that anything l ike that would happen to me. (invcrsion)

E.tanple'. I fbund that, not fbr the first tirne, I was wrong.

Attsv,er: Not troR TuL, FIRST rrnlE, I found that I was wrong. (rio inversion)

I I f lew to Egypt not long ago.2 Nowadays people no longcr go by sea.3 I haven't been so irnpressed since I went to Mexico.

4 You won't f ind a more amazing building than that pyran-rid anywhere.

B0 The simple sentence

5 Unfbrtunatcly I lost my wallct - rrot tbr the first t irne.6 You l i t t le real ize somet imes the l rouble you cnn cause other pcoplc.7 I have selclorn hearcl such an extraordinary explanation.l l You rarely discover the whole lruth in thcsc rnattcrs.9 The -guiclc clicln't oncc corlplain.

l 0 You hardly cvcr f ind such honcsty.

Exerc ise 104 Nonassert ive words ISGE 10.37]

Engl ish does no t usLra l l y L lsc two or n rorc nc l la t i vcs in thc sarnc c lausc ( ' : ' /

tr t ,r 'cr.sui l t t l t l l t i t r .q to trrthrxlt ' . \ [nstcacl wc usc nonasscrl ivc fr lrrrs with one

f_ rtcgativc / rrrlcr .vrr1 zrtltlrri,g ,,:::,.u)_lr-l)_:

D isagrce w i th thc s la lcnrcn ts as ind ica tcd . f 'o lnp lc tc your rc rnarks w i th the se non-

asscrt ive wort ls or phrascs:

any i lnyonc any longcr u t a l l c i thc l e ver f i r r long rnuch yc t

plus any othcr wurrls that trc l lcccsslry.

l ' ' l . r ' u rt t p I c ; Sorncbody nr ust know sornet h i ng about i t .

A t t .yy t 'e r ' . I t k rn ' t th ink ANy l lo r )y K \o \ r , ' s AN\ 'nnN( i A l ro t r ' t n .

| ' l ' hcy ' l l

comc sonrc t ln rc .

I t l o r r ' l l h i r t k .f I ' vc bccn wa i t ing agcs .

C i o o n ! Y o t t l u t v c r t ' 1 .

3 Thc cxh ib i t ion is p robab ly u l rcady ovcr .( ) l r , I t l o u h t i l ' . . . . . . .

4 W c o t r g l t t l 0 ' u r l t t l i . t l ( ' w r ) r ( ) r ' ( ' r t t i n u l . ' s .( ) l r , t l o n ' l l c t ' s . . . .

5 Thc wcathcr secrns a lot bct lcr.

I t l o r t ' t l h i r r k .

6 Tom knows a lot about art.

I don ' t bc l i cv t - he

And his rnothcr docs tocr .N o s h c c k r c s n ' 1 . . . . . . . .Is it a long way f 'rorn hcrc 1tr the stationlN o , i t ' s n o t . . . . .This crossword puzz. lc is c lu i tc s i rnple.I c l on ' t t h i nk i t . . . . .

l0 Surely sorncone must know thc answcr.B u t I d o u b t i f . . . . . . .

Exerc ise 105 Scope of negat ion ISGE 10.38-41]

The 'scope' of a negation usually starts with the negativewhere we put the negative may affect the meaning.

Negation B1

Insert the words inclicated in two diff-crent ways in cach of the following scntcnces

to give the meanings showrt. rnaking any othcr stnall changcs nccessary.

I I lruvt'tr ' t ,qrtl Attdrct" .s url lrcs,s. (sti l l)( a ) ( l had i t , bu t I ' v c l os t i t . )

I t l , \ \ ' F . N ' T S t l l . l . ( i O T ' \ N t ) R [ W ' S r \ l ) l ) R I ] S S

(b ) ( l ' vc bccn lva i t i r . rg ages t i r r i t . )

l \ l l l I l l . \ \ l \ ' l r ' ( ) l \ \ l ) R I \ \ \ \ l ) l ) R I \ \ .

) I ut lv i . tc t l l r inr t t t t t tnr l t lu i t t . ( t r r t l )

( l ) ( l l ' c l t s t r ong l y t h l t t i t was r r o t a gooc l i i l ca t o co r r l p l a i l l . )

( h ) ( l o l l i ' r c t l t t o r t t l v i c c . )

) I drtt i t kttotr v 'htrt ' .s l tupltert i tr ,q. ldt l i t t i tclr ' )(a ) ( l a r l to ta l l y ignorant . )

(b ) ( l havc a sor t o l ' rou th i ( l c r l . )

4 I t l t trr ' t l t ' . \ ' to utr lL'rstutt l tht.st ' Ihi t ts.s. (t ' t 'ctr)

( a ) ( T h c r c ' s r r o p o i n t i n l r y i n g . )

(b ) (You rn igh t h lvc cxpcc tcd lh r t a t l cas l I woLr lc l . )

5 I lc l i t l t r ' l ur-r ' i t ' t ' t t tr l inrc. (rt t t t t ' )

(a ) (Jus t on o l l c occas to t r . )

( h ) ( N c v e r . )

6 I lo t r ' l l i kc o t ' s lc rs . (y r r t i r 'u lu r l t ' )

( a ) ( B u t I d o n ' l r n i n t l t h c r r r . )

(b ) ( l r ca l l y t l i s l i k c t hc rn . )

I I drtt t ' t tr t tdtrstutrd. (rt t t l l t ' )

(a ) ( l l i s inco tnpre : l t cns ib lc to n rc - . )

l h t t l h r r l l t l o . I s u p p o s c . )

8 Tlrut ' .s t tot d(((ptublL'. ( .sir tr l t l t ' )

(a ) ( l t i s unacccptab lc . To ta l l y ! )

(b) ( l t 's more than acccptable i t 's vcry welct tme indcccl . )

11 Sentence types and discourse funct ions

Quest ions

Thcre are three rnain typcs of clucstions:

I .r 'r,.r ' rro questions that can be answcrccl with a straight _r{,.r or tro'. At'c vour e u d.t".' H u t' t' t t' t \' ( ) tt g ( ) t c t t r t t t g I t n I t t n t'.\".'

n' lr-qucstions, bcginnning with N' l iat. v 'hcrc, crtc. or /ron'.

altcrnativc qucstions - whcrc thc qucstioncr sLlggcsts altcrnativcs: lVr11you l tuvt ' t t 'u t t t- t ol l t ' t ' !

Exercise 106 Negat ive yes-no quest ions [SGE 11.5]

You arc lat lrcr cnrss and surpriscd at thc way a l ' r icnd has bchavccl. Cri t icizc hirn

l r r r t l rn l rke s t t tg t ' s l io t ts . t t s i t tg t t cgr t l i ve . \ l ' . s , i / , ( lu ( ' \ t i ( ) r l s .

E.tuntplc' . (You thitrk) hc ought to apokrgizc.

Yotr stn' to hinr ' . Oughtn't you to apologize'?

23

You th ink :I Surcly hc got rny r)lcssagc.? Hc ncverct'rnsidcrs othcr pcoplc.3 Surely sornc of th is worr ics h inr .4 Hc isn ' t going to suy hc 's sorry!5 It sccurshc has no f 'celines.6 Hc could havc let r-nc know.7 Surc ly h is parcnts wi l l be wr l r r icd.u l woulci havc thought you'cl bc able

to sce how they f 'ccl.9 It rnight be bctte r to go ancl sce thcrn.

l0 He should t ry and cxpla in.I I It woulcl bc a good iclca l irr him to tcll

his I 'ather.l2 Perhaps you (both) can firrgct this now.

Exerc ise 107 Tag quest ions [SGE 11.6]

Complete the fbllowing with a suitable tag questron.

E.rumple: Please send us a postcarcl,Ansv'er: Please send us a postcard. won't you'?

I You'd better lock the car.2 And do remember to shut the windows.3 And you'd better not leave the radio in the car,

You say to h i rn :

4 You wouldn ' t want i t s to len. . . .

Wh-questions 83

5 Ancl don't fbrget to put on the brakes' ... ' ' ' ' l

6 Oh. s top t rcat ing me l ike an ic l ic l t , . . . . . . !

7 t 'm j us t check ing cve ry th ing . - . . . . . ' l

8 C o m e o n . l e t ' s g o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1t ) Anc l l c t ' s no t c l ua r re l , . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

l 0 Thc rc ' s no th ing l no re l o be sa i c l . . . . . . . l

Exerc ise 108 Wh-quest ions ISGE 11.9-10]

y9u want 16 kn6w pr6rc abgut spor t . LJsc u l ' / t wor t l ( i r rc ludi r rg / to}1 ' ) : tn t l lhc

wor-c ls g ivcn t ( ) ask c;ucst ions as inc l icatcc l . Thc answcrs to the q i lcst lo l ls l l rc g lvcn

in brackcts.

I . , . t t tn tp l t ' . . l i rs t Olyntp ic Ciuntcs/hc l t l . 1At Olynrp i r i r r ancicr t t Ci rcecc) .

Yo t t u . sk ' . w l t t iN w l rR I : l l l l , I r l l t s l ( ) 1 . \ 'N { l ' l ( t ; . r l t t ' s t t t l t - l l ' ]

I t i r s t O l yn tp i c Ga r r t cs / r l l odc r . n t i r ncs / i naug r r ra i c ( I . ( on 6 Ap l i l l tS t ) 6 )

) o t h c r c v c n t s b c s i d c s r u n r r i n g / c o n s l i t u t c i r t h l c t i c s . ( r c l a y s . w a l k i n g . f i c l t l e v c n t s

and r lu l t ip lc cvcn ts l i kc thc c lcca th lon)

I l i c l c l cvcn ts / inc ludc . ( thc h igh . junrp . thc lon t . iunrp . t l i scus lh rowins - t l l i l l gs

l i k e t h a t )

. l thc wor { r l cca lh lon / rnc ln . (a con le s t in wh ich cach contpc t i lo r takcs par t in l0

cvcnts )

5 o l tcn /Olynrp ic ( i l rn rcs /now hc l t l . (cve ly f t lu r ycars )

6 country/host / lg t tu Olyrnpic Ciat t lcs. (Soulh Korca)

7 becornc /youngestcvcrp laycr towin / rnen 'ss ins lcschdrnp ionsh ip /Wi lub lcdon.( tsor is Bcckcr in l9 t i -5 )

u olcl/thc tinrc. (Flc was l7 ycars' 227 clays)

9 people/ntanagc/finish thc Lonclon Marathon/ I 990. (nearly 2-5'(XX))

l0 older - crickct or f ixttball. (possibly tbotball - therc are conll icting clairns)

I I motor racing win at Ashevil le, North Carolina, USA/l9titt/set rccgrd (Shawrt

Robinson's)

l2 this achievement/special. (because she was the first woman to win this sort of

event)

84 Sentence types and discourse functions

Exercise 109 Wh-questions ending with a preposition ISGE 11.10]

Practise asking nlr-questions that end with a prcposition.

E.runtp le ' . I don' t know what you mean; . . . . . . on ear th are you ta lk ing . . . . . .Yott sut" . wHAT oN t iARTn ARF- yot l TAt-KING aeot r ' l

I I can ' t a f lbrd a b icyc le. . can I borrow one . . . . . . . . . . ' l

2 I can ' t t a l k abou t t h i s t o rny l a the r , so . can I d i scuss i t . . . . . . . . . . ' l3 UN mcans the L.Jni ted Nat ions. I know. but . . . . . . . . . . do thc lc t ters WHO stand

. . . . . . . . . . !. 1 I d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d w h a t y o u ' r e t r y i n g t o s a y : . u r c y o u g c t t i n g . . . . . . . . . . l5 So rne th ing i s mak ing you unhappy . . . . . u r c y r ru wo l r y i n ! . . . . . . . . . . ' l6 Evcryth ing is going wrong; . havc I got to look f i r rward . . . . . . . . . . ' l7 I rncl sorneonc yesterclay someone you know! do you think I

b u m p c d . . . . . . . . . . ' /13 Do you th ink thcrc 's a fnrn i ly rcscnrblancc ' l . . . . . . . . . . o f h is parenls do you

t h i n k h e t a k e s . . . . . . . . . ' lc ) I ' v c g o t l i r r t o o r n a n y . j u r n p e r s . . . . . . . . . . . s h a l l I g e t r i d . . . . . . . . . . ' l

l0 You look as though you' rc cxpect in ! sorneone . . . . . arc you wl i t i r rq. . . . . . . . . . /

Exerc ise 110 Exclamat ions [SGE 11.20]

You arc in un cxc lanratory rnoocl ! So lurn youf thoughts in to cxc lamat ions, us i l r tl lou' or 1llral. Whcrc possiblc also rnake an cxclanratory rcrnark in thc firrnr ol 'ancgat ivc qucsl ion.

E.runr l t lc ' . (You th i r rk) T l t is rcstauranl is unusual .Yr t t t . s t t \ ' ' . wnA I AN t .N t .s t i \ l - rcs taurant !

( ) / ' ISN ' r ' r 'n rS r t t . rs rA t : r iANt ' unusua l ' l

I You th ink : Thc fbod is dc l i c ious .

You say: . . l ixrt l !

" t l t ' l i t i o t r s '

2 But thc scrv icc i s s low.

, . . . . . s c f v r c e t

: in. *,y1".:,:. i"Jo li{ii:,. . . good- l t tok ing '?

'1 (Your f r iencl ) eats quick ly .

lil.*,","T t:::ll:": l:: lTllljJ:.,*,..

. . . c x p c n s i v e ' l

6 Thev chargc a lot.

, . . . . . a l o t ' l

Block language 85

l

8

9

l 0

::::T'": lt:11illt' -. . . t icsh?

I lust love lbod.

I real ly d is l ike d iet ing.

I wish I could come here more ot icn.

Exerc ise 111 l r regular sentences; b lock language ISGE 1 1.21-22]

E,xpla in thc f i r l lowing ncwspapcr hcacl ings by lurn ing thcnr in to rcgular scntcnccs.(Thcrc are scvcral possiblc answcrs.)I ' , tutrt p I c'. B irthday Party M urdcrAtt.rv'cr'. Thcrc was a rnurcler at a birthclay party. (i.c. Sonrconc was nrurclcrcd ata b i r thday par ty . )

I Gangland Fcud Fcar By Policc

2 A i l Bornb l {oaxcr Ja i l cd For ' 30 Ycars

. i Surpr isc Puy Awi r l t l Fo l ' ( 'o lo l t ) Po l i te

4 Bank loan rnan 's ' sccrc t n lan '

5 Six d ic in cras l t

6 Cash Machinc Rippcd ll 'onr Wlll

7 Hca lhrow lo havc -5 th Tcr rn ina l

13 Six ln Court At ier Ci ty Strcet Bi l l t le

9 Body Washccl Llp

l0 Clothes Swap Inrnatc F lecs

I I Tra in s tabbing

l2 Miss ing Couplc Sal 'e

l3 30 on top of wor ld in day

l4 High-tech spy guarcls briclge

l-5 No N-weapons On Navy Ships

12 Pro-forms and el l ipsis

Ther-c arc two gralnl.natical deviccs to hclp us avoicl boring ancl unncccssary

rcpc t i t i< ln :

p ro- f o rms:

c l l i p s i s :

pronouns ancl othcr words (cg: t l rcrL', t l rctr. r /o trr) lhal

rctcr back

l c a v i n g o u l w o r c l s l h a t a p p c a r c l s c w l l c r c ( u s u a l

car l i c r ) i r t thc sar t tc co l l t cx t

( usua l l y

Exercise 112 Pro-forms [SGE 12'1-131

Wri lc ou l in l ' u l l what lhc undcr l i r t c t l wor t l s rc l t r to .

F.r ' t t t trplL' ' . Study thc rrndcrl incd wol 'ds and si.ry whal thcy sl lnt l t i l r .

Arrsn'r ' r ' : lhe undcrl inct l wttrt ls

i ) l casc rcad t l t c ins t ruc l ions carc t i r l l y . Whcn you h i tvc rc r t t l ( I ) thc rn l i l l i n t l r c lo r r t t .

a lc l havc (2 ) i l r cady f i r rco l l cc t ion . I l ' you havc ch i l t l r cn . (3 ) cach shot r l c l bc l i s tc t l

scparatcly. Yourlnswcrs wil l bc trcatccl in str ict ct lnf iclct lcc ancl ( ' l ) rr<ltrc wi l l bc

t l i se losc t l lo o l l te l P( ' ( )P le .Sgr le o1 ' thc qucs t ig l ts sccr t l har t t t l css , bu t (5 ) so l l l c a rc surc ly t t l rncccssarY.

Bc le rqucs l ions . bu t (6 ) l ' cwcr wou lc l havc bccn i tn i rnprovcr t tcn t . Qr - rcs t ions l3

antl l :1 arc ctt t t tpl icatcd. (7) Ncithcr is casy t0 al lswcr. (tJ) And rnan)' arc badly

wor6ccl. so l l lany penplc wil l l incl thcrl cl i l ' l icult 1o answcr. As f irr thc two parts of

qucstion I I , ( t)) bt l th arc opcn to lntcrpretat lorl .

Ancl what abgut thc qucstion that rnakcs a wolttAl l have to statc whethcr ( l0) shc

is singlc. marriccl or rcr11arricd or whatcvcr' l Wcll , a tnan has to answcr ( I I ) that

one too. But I wnncle:r 'what they arc going to clo with this inf irrmation. ( l2) l t c<lulcl

al l bc misused.

A t t . s u ' c r s ' . 1 . . . . . . .

Exercise 113 one, ones, that, fhose [SGE 12.4-51

Complete the fbllowing using one, ones, that or thore-

E.ramples:The house has been preserved as owE of architectural value.

[i.e. a house]

One, ones 87

The Minister strcssed the need to consider Britain's perfbtmance against rs,rr ofthe country's competitors.

li.e. tlt e perfbnnancel

I We've got a new pedestr ian crossi t ] -q; i t 's . . . . . . where you press abut ton.

2 The c i t ies o l 'E,urc lpe arc tnuch o lc lcr than . . . . . . o f 'Anrcr ica andAustra l ia .

3 The problcms are . . ... of consiclerable cliff iculty.4 Wc arc gratcfu l . but thc l i t 'c o l 'a ref 'ugcc is . . . . . . o l ' I t t iscry.-5 Thc posi t ior r of rc tugccs is l 'ar worsc than . . . . . . o l ' imrnigrat r ts .6 Is your ncw . job . . . . . . wi th prospects.7 I p r c f ' c r t hc sounc l o l u gu i t l r r [ ( ] . . . . . . o f a v i o l i n .13 Pcoplc who wr i tc gossip ancl . . . . . wh<l rcacl i t arc cc lual ly to b la l t tc .9 Many pnrble tns are . . . . . . o t 's ty lc rat l tc l - than Incatr i t tg .

l0 Our l ivcs thcrr wcrc casicr than . . . . . . o f y t tunl l lc t tp lc t t lc lay.I I Thc rncssage o l thc book arr t l . . . . . . o l ' thc hroaclcast was c leprcsr i t t r : .l2 Thc publ ic is l lsc inatcd by tanrous peoplc 's doinss. par t icr - r lar ly

o1'the Princc itncl [ 'r ince ss.

Exercise 114 one, onesISGE12.5l

L:.::,," the lbllowing scntenccs to slrow clcarly wl't lrt ottclottt ' .r nrcrtns in cach

[,,,.rurtr1tlc'. Wc havcn't got a tcxtbook: I ought to wrilc (,/r( '.

Attsv'cr'. I ought 1o writc a tL-xtbook.L).tunrplc'. I 'rn not olc to cotttplain, but I wish you'tl bc Ittorc carcl 'ul.

Attsv't 'r ' . I 'nr not thc sort of pcrson to cttrnplain ...E:utrrplc'. Thc cornpctitors wcrc on thc l inc. Thc startcr saicl. '(Jrrc. two. thrcc, gtl!

And away thcy went all cxccpt ortt ' , who prcsLrlrtably dicl not hcar.

Atrsv'r 't". Thc slartcr saitl '(Jnc, two. thrcc, go!' Altcl away thcy wellt - all crccpt( )nc ( ' ( ) l l lPc l l l ( ) r . . .

I Thcsc l itt lc statucs arc pitrt of a set. Somc carry wcapons, othcrs It.tusicalinstrurncnts. One has a chair across his shoulclcrs.

2 Daddy carne to Cantcrbury with me last Saturday to buy ntc a ncw clrcss fix

last n ight . I t was hopclcss. I never saw or tc I could even t t t lcratc.

3 Hc usecl to g ive ta lks to s tudents on var ious t< lp ics. Onc began: 'How far canyt'ru count'? One I two'l thrcc'? infinity' l

z[ We went to Hannah's party. I thought I wasn't going to cnjoy it at f irst, but Imet some other 'young ones ' .

5 I think probably what Captain Kay saicl was - provided it is witnessecl. a wil l

is legal even if i t 's on the back of an cnvelope. Did he say hc'cl personally

witnessed one'J6 Houston stared nt h im, l ick ing h is l ips. He said, 'He's not i l l . or in jured or

anything?' 'Oh no. On the contrary. He's staying to look afier the oncs whoare.'

7 The whole f'amily were cricketers. One was in a Test team fbr England.

88 Pro-forms and ell ipsis

8 Out of about every five that start olf doing general rnedicine and generalsurgery only one gets to being a consultant.

9 She was an extraordinarily able woman ancl nevcr one for half nteasures.l0 We picked up my visa. tbrged another one and got some food fbr the iourney.

(Srrlel ol English Usug,c)

Exercise '115 it, them, one, ones, some

Find the sentenccs (a)-(f) that f ir l low sentences l-6, ancl t:onrplete them using ir.I l t (nt, onc. oi l( . \ , . \ontc.

I Can anybody lend me somc money'?

A t t : ; u ' c r ' . I n c c c l s o l t t - . ( d )

2 M y C D p l a y e r ' s b r o k c n . ( . . . . )

3 I lave you hcarc l thcsc two new c l i scs ' l ( . . . . )

4 Havc you go t a persc lna l computc r ' l ( . . . . )

-5 And a camcra' l Havc yt 'ru a canrcra' l ( . . . . )

6 M i n c ' s v c r y g o o d . ( . . . . )

( a ) O h I w a s l o o k i n g a t . . . . . . t h c o t h c r d a y . W h a t c l < l y o u t h i n k o f . . . . . . t h a t t a k c

instant picturcs'/

( b ) I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t ' s t h c t r a t t e r w i t h . . . . . . I t h i n k I ' l l b u y l t n e w . . . . . .

(c ) Wel l I ' rn th ink ing o f ' r :e t t ing l i r r l ro rnc usc . But I c lon ' t know wh ich

. . . . . . w o u l c l b c b c s t .( d ) I n c c c l . . . . . .( c ) I ' l l s h o w y o u . . . . . . B o r r o w . . . . . . i i y o u l i k e b c f b r c y o u b u y . . . . . w i t h

bu i l t - in f lash arc usc t 'u l .

{ l t N o . l ' t l l i k t ' l o h t ' : t r . . . . . .

Exercise 116 do, do so [SGE 12.6-8]

Clhoosc thc best option.

I P lease rcncw your subscr ip t ion i f you (a ) haven ' t a l ready done (b ) havcn ' t

alrcady ckrnc i t (c) t trrvulr ' ' t Ar.Rt-.AI)y I)oNtt so.

2 The sccrctnry thinks we nccd to attract younger mcmbcrs, and thc comtl i t tee

(a) cloes too (b) cloes i t too (c) docs that too.

3 If wc manage (a) to (b) to t lo (c) to do i t , wc shal l bc in a much better posit i trn

f inanc ia l l y .zl My brothcr be longs to two tennis clubs and (a) has (b) has done i t (c) has donc

that fbr many ycars.

-5 He p lays tenn is l i ke a p ro f ' css iona l , bu t I ' l l ncver (a ) do (b ) do i t (c )do tha t .

6 He 's jus t taken up go l f and I ' rn th ink ing o f (a ) do ing (b ) do ing i t (c ) do ing

so too.

7 Take up golf? Nothing would make me (a) do (b) do i t (c) do so.

t l Untbrtunate ly I don't see very wcl l without glasses. Well I (a) clon't (b) don't

do i t (c) do that either.

9 I suppose I could wcar contact lenses. Yes, why (a) don't you? (b) don't you

do? (c) don't vou do i t?

So, even so, not, nor 89

l0 Joining a club is fun, and you'l l f ind afier (a) doing (b) doing it (c) doingso that you make lots of new fi iends.

I I I j o i ned th i sc lub f i veyea rsago ,and (a )hav ing (b )hav ingdone (c )hav ingdoncso I know that it was a good dccision.

l2 I 've just lost rny tennis racquet. Oh dear. How dicl you (a) do (b) do so (c) dothat'l

Exercise 117 it, so, that ISGE 12.6-13]

Complefe the tbllowing. using it. so or t lrut

E.runtple'. They're giving tickcts away.Ansv'cr'. Who told you rtte r' '?

I ' Fa rcs a re go ing up aga in ncx l wcck . ' 'Whc rc d id you hea r . . . . . . . . . . ' l '2 ls that rca l ly t rue ' / ' ' l 'm af ra id3 I f wc don' t buy our t ickcts now wc' l l regret .zl 'Could I buy now. ancl pay laler' l" l cloubt ..5 'Some a i r f a r cs w i l l bc doub l c l ' 'How ck l you know . . . . . . . . . . ' l '6 You won' t bc l icvc . , but they arc going to abol ish cconot t ty c lass.7 'And the rea rcgo ing tobcnomorc spcc ia l o t t c r s . ' 'Howdoyou knc lw . . . . . . . . . . ' l 'lJ 'Arc train firrcs going up too'l ' ' l bclievc9 'Wc shal l hrve to gct usccl to h ighcr pr iccs. ' ' l supl . rose

Exercise 118 so, even so, not, nor [SGE 12.9-13]

Rcwr i tc the lb l lowing Lrs ing phrascs or c lauses wi t l t . r 'o . ( \ ' ( t t . \ ( ) , not or n() t ' loreplacc thc words undcrlinccl.

E.runrple'. You'vc l irrgolten your bag. Oh gooclncss. yes I havc clroppcd it.Ansv'L'r '. Olt. so I havc.

I ls thc wcathcr cvcr going to gct wanncr' l

Oh. l th ink i t ' s go ing to gc t w 'anncr .

2 You don' t th i r rk i t 's goi r rg lo s t tow' lWcl l , I hopc i t c locsn ' t snow

3 I think thc winte rs are getting colclcr.I l seems thal thev arc getting colcler.

4 I waitcd hours firr TorThat's what I hcarcl.

-5 I know i t 's d i f lle t us know.

i cu l t to l ind a ca l lbox . bu t a l l the sarnc he shou lcJ havc t r iec l to

6 D idn ' t hc t ry l ( ) send r r r t tess l tgc ' . '

It appcars that hc did not trr"7 | would always send i t nrcssiulc

Yes. I woulc l too.8 I don' t l ikc bein-g kept wai t ing.

I d o n ' t e i t h c r

9 Vou .rtr ' t arpect thc young lo 1'cel the sattte as wc do

n last Suturclay, and hc clicln't turn up

Maybe we cannot cxDect them to f 'eel as wc clo.bul s t i l l i t 's annoving.

90 Pro-forms and el l ipsis

l0 You have to make al lowanccs for them

That's what people say.I I They see things differently

Wcll, perhaps they clol2 But I don' t actual ly th ink the y c lo.l3 Perhaps you and I could go together next week, but if we cannot go togcther.

whal about the fbl lowing wcck' l

l '1 l -ook. i t 's snowinsOh goodncss, i t is !

Exerc ise 119 E l l ips is ISGE 12. '14-231

Rcwr i te thc f i r l l ow ing . l cav ing ou t every th ins you can.

E.runtl t lc ' . Clould you. i l 'you wantcd to lnarragc with lcss slccp. r.nanagc with lcss

slccp'?

An. rv 'c t : ( iou lc l you , i f ' you wan lcd to . rnanagc w i th l css s lccp '?

Of coursc a baby 's ncer l l i r r s lce p i s g rea tc r than an ac lu l t ' s nccc l l i r r . s lecp . That ' s

d itl'crcnt.

But thc c l ' f cc ts l i r r -an aduh o l ' too rnuch s lccp arc no t d iss i rn i la r . to thc c l ' l ' cc ts o l '

t t x r l i t t l c s l c c p t i r c c l r r c s s , i m i t a b i l i 1 y u n c l s o o n . M o s t h c a l t h y a d u l t s s l c c p b c t w c c n

s ix anc l a ha l f hours a n igh t and c igh t a r rc l a ha l f hours a n igh t . [ -css t l ran 5 pcr ccn t

o1 'hca l thy ac lu l ts s lccp rnor -c than n i r tc an t l a l ra l f hours o r l css thun l i vc und a ha l f

hours . Bu l sornc cc lcbra led shor l s lecpers cun n l iu ragc w i t l t a n rc rc l i vc hours '

s lccp . How do thcy nu lnagc w i lh r rnc lc hvc hours l

S tuc l i cs i r rd ica tc tha t mos l o f us cou lc l cu t dowt t o r t our s lccp , though wc can l ro l

pcrh lps cu t c lowr r lo l i vc hours . i l 'we prac l i scc l c r r l t ing r lown on our s lecp . A tcar r r

o f cxpcr in . rcn ta l ' s l ccp s l i rnnrc rs ' g r l t lu l l l y rcduccd thc i r s lccp by two hours . unc l

rcscarch sult l lcsls thal sholt slcepcrs irnprovc t lrc qual i ty of thcir slcep.

Shor t s lccp , i t i s c la in rcd . i s thc bcs l s lccp you ca l t l tavc , a r tc l o l ' coursc i l ' you l rc

no t in bed when o thcr .pcop lc a re i r r bcc l . th ink o f a l l thc th ings you cou l t l t lo .

Exercise 120 Ellipsis ISGE 12J4-221

Rcwr i tc thc f i l l l ow ing . f i l l i ng in a l l thc words lha l havc bccn c l l ip tcc l .

E . run t l t l t ' . 'What sor t o f . job is i t ' l ' ' l don ' t know. '

A t tsu 'c r ' . I ck ln ' t know wt t , l t ' soRt 'oF loB I I IS .

I I meant to bring the letter and of coursc I f i rrgot to.

2 How's John's job going '?Oh, pert'cctly wcll. I gather.

3 Oh, by the way. Mary. we linally spent your book token today.Oh. Irave you'?

Fau l ty e l l ips is 91

,1 Incidental ly. you know trbout Malcolrn cl islocating his shoulder'J

Well . anyway. he 's

bcen back f iont thc Lake Distr ict about a week and hc can

now dr ivc aga in .

I d idn ' t rea l i ze hc 'd been.

5 T h c y ' r c t h e s o r t o f b o o k s t h a t y o u t c n c l t o p i c k u p a n d l t t t t k a t i n o d c l m o l l l c t l t s .

you know, stt clr t t t ' t sttr t ol ' . iusl stay ol l thc shcl l cloing nt l thing'

6 I can ' t p ror rounce i t .

Oh. r igh t ! I scc l No. I wot t ' t t ry . c i thc r .

7 'Wc wcrc togc thcr w l tc t t rvc sau ' thcsc . ' 'No wc wercn ' t . ' 'Oh. ycs ' we wcrc

Io r ' c lh r . ' r ' l h is r t to r t t ing . '

13 Arc you a b i t in lcrcstcc l . Dtv id ' lWcl l . about lo lhc sarr tc cx lc l l t as Jo. I 'd say.

Exercise 121 F aulty ellipsis ISGE'12.14-231

Hcrc arc son lc au t l l c l t t i c ncwspapcr i l c rns w l tc rc thc c l l ips is o r s l tbs t i tu t io t l i s

lau l ty . Rcwr i tc t l r c t r cor rcc t l y . T I tc rc a rc c lucs to hc lp .

l i . t t i l r rp ! t ' . . Ton igh t ' s s lo r ics sh0w th r t ch i ld rcn arc s t i l l cxposc t l to pove r ty ,

p ra lnu l r i t ion . poo l cc luca t ion anc l l t c i t l l h carc . ( takcn lk r rn thc TV l lagc o l a S t rn t l l r y

n c w s p i t p c r l . 1 0 . 9 0 )( . ' / r r r : l s thc hca l th carc l l l r igh t '?

I l t 'v.t . i t t ' . Trtnight 's stot ' ics show that chi ldrcn arc st i l l cxl.rosccl 1o povcrty.

nralnutr i t iort. poor cclucatiot ' t r t t t t l poor l tcalt l t cl trc.

Or . . . . . . to povcr ly , rDa lnu t r i t ion . a r rc l p t l t l r -cducat io l t lu id hca l th carc . [ - I 'h t :

sc l t l c l l ce 1s wr i t t c t i suggestcd tha t i t i s b l t l l i r rch i l t l r cn to be cxposc t l to

hcit l th carc - which is prcstrrnably rtot wlt i t t wlts tr tcatl t ' I

I lA pas t p rcs i t l cn t o l ' thc c lub l look rnc us i r le un t l su i t l tha t . a l tho t rsh thc rc t t r r t rk

was r lac lc . i t was qu i tc a rv fu l to scc i t in p r in t . l ' hc o f le 'n t l ing u 'o rc ls werc t l t t t s

r l c lc tcd I ' ro rn thc f ina l d la l i Io f thc c lub annuu l rcp t l r t l . bu t pcrhaps . bcr t t ins t r t

nt inr l prcscrtt l rchaviour, we wcrc wrol lg to do so. (7' l i r Srrrrdot" l 'c lc,gr,t1t l t

l l t . . t .9 l )( '1rrc: What did the prcsidetrt alt t l colrt t t l i t tec t lo wt-ot lg' /

2 l l you ' re rc t i red (o r . jus t lbou l to ) you know l i r l l wc l l tha t pc l tce o l ' In i t r t l on lv

cenres fronr having thc conficlcncc arrcl sccurity ot 'a high rcgular ir tctt t l re att t l

cap i ta l g rowth .( ' / i rc: Yor-r l trc about to what' l

92 Pro-forms and ell ipsis

3 So thc latest idea is red routcs, which wil l certainly fail i f thcy are not cf f icie ntlyenfbrced ancl work bcttcr than double ycllow lines ancl othcr No Parkingrestr ic t ions havc done. (Tht Stutdut 'Telegruph I l . l 1 .90)C/uc: Red routcs. l ike yellow lines. arc all part of a scheme to control tratfic intowns ancl cit ies. What is the bie ' i f" l

: l A shooting campaign is under wav to wipc oul Tasntanian ntaskccl owls

introducecl in the 1920s to cracl icale thc rats. but instcad clcvclopccl a tastc lor

thc Lorcl Howc islancl wooclhcn, onc of thc worlcl 's rarcst bircls. fbund only on

thc island. ( ' l ht ' Dui lv Tclcgrulth 21 .1 .89)

Clrrc: Who ur what startcd cating thc rarc wooclhcrts' l

5 Thcdcc is i r )nse tsaprcccc lcn twh ichwi l l cncoLr ragcowncrs lopro tcc t thc i r l i s tcd

builcl ings against clecay. or r isk nruch largcr bi l ls i l 'a prope rty must be rcscr:ccl

by corrrpulsory e n)crgcncy action latcr. \ ' l ' l rc Duil t" l t lL 'g,ru1tlr 23.-5.91 )

C l r rc ' . A l i s tcc l bu i ld ing is a bu i ld ing o l 'h is to r ic in rpor lancc (anc l pu t on an o f f i c ia l' l i s t ' ) . I s th is ncw c lcc is io r r uo i r t -u to cncountgc r i sk ' /

1 3 Goordination

Exercise 122 Coordinators and subordinators [SGE 13.1-13]

Whcn a rnairr clausc ancl a suborcl inatc clausc arc . ioinccl. i t is sorttct irncs

possiblc tbr ci thcr clausc to cttnte f irst:

Whcn you are reacly, you can bcgin.

You can begin whcn you arc rcacly.

But c lausc c tx r r t l ina tors (cg : a r t r1 . r t r ' . l tu t ) must con lc l r t thc bcg inn ing o l ' thc

sccor-tcl clattsc.

Rcwr i tc thosc scn tcnccs in wh ich thc c lauscs ca t t bc rcvcrscd w i l l t t ro o thcr

clrangcs. F<lr cxanrplc ( I ) crnnol bc rcwli t tcn i ts thc rcsult is urt i tcccptablc' . ' t 'Arrt l

t l t t ' t ' t l r t .rrr lol tst lott .r ' ! t ' ,1tt ' t tplc cvt ' t ' \ 'n ' l t trc t t tuk( ,q(.\ t t tr( 's. ( lgnorc thc l lct that

rcwr i t ing rnay upsc t thc f low o l t l t c co l l t cx t . )

I Pcoplc cvcrywhcr-c t t t i tkc gcsture s ancl they clt l so conscit lusly.

2 Pcgplc utay wavc to othcrs to uttrtct al lcnt ion, or lhcy Irtay 1-loir l l i t1 st l t t tcthi l lg

I o t r r l l r t l l e t t l i o t t l o i t .

3 So s igna l l ing is un ivc isa l . bu l ind iv i r lua l s igna ls r t rc t t l t t l i t ' t t r c l t l lh i r l ss i r r

cl i l ' t 'erent cu l turcs.: l Wc ncccl Io bc awarc ol thcsc di l ' lcrcrrccs. so that wc don't ot ' l 'cncl pcoplc.

5 A signal rnay bc pcrf 'cct ly l ' r icncl ly in ultc cul lurc. yct thc satt lc signal r l lay bc

ruclc ir t attother.

6 Lincorrscious gcsturcs can bc cven r lorc rcvcal ing. l i rr wc dtt t tol ccttsot t l t t f

runcor tsc ious body language.

7 Wc are o l tcn u t rawarc t l la t wc arc gcs tur ing . so tha t wc do l t ' t rca l i zc t l t t t wc

arc scnd ing ou t s igna ls .

t l A lantous tt turclcrcr. DrCrippcn, was brt lugl l t t t l . iusl ice , bccausc his gir l l ' r iend.

Ethc l l c Ncvc u t tcor tsc io t rs ly bc t raycd hcrsc l l 'w i th hcr bo t lv langu lgc .

9 Cr ippen ha t l k i l l cd h is w i l ' c anc l was sa i l ing tO Antc r ica w i th Ic Ncvc . whcn the

capta in o f the sh ip rea l i zed who t l tey wc ' rc .

l0 E thc l lu - Ncvc had f tn r in ine body language. a l thoush shc was c l i sgu ise t l as a

I lran.

I I Shc a lways c rosscc l he r l cgs . whcncver shc sa l dowt t ,

l2 The capta in was co t tv incec l tha t the coup lc wcrc Cr ippen and lc Ncvc .

l3 The capta in tc leg laphcd thc au thor i t i cs . so thc po l i cc l verc w l i t ing l i r r th t -

sh ip 's a r r i v l l in New York .

l4 l t was thc f irst t ime that racl io-telegl 'aphy was usecl to catch a nlurclcrer.

(Cr ippen was executed in 1910. )

94 Coordination

Exercise 123 Coordinat ion and subordinat ion [SGE 13.3-13]

W h e n t

ornit tccl

Sont

But whr

Thc l

I n o t '

Onr i t the sub. jcc ts in thc f i r l l ow ins r , , 'hc rcvcr poss ib lc .

l ' , , r ' t r t t t l t l t ' . So t t tc 1 ' rc t lp lc look l i r rwar t l to rc t i r rn )cn t . anr l l thcy ]arc s lac l whcn thc , rt t t l l t t r tgc r l tavc to work u t t t l I thcy lc l rn f in t l l i rnc to pursuc o thc l ' i r r t c rcs ts .

I - fhc1 ,cn . joy

thc i r .work . vc l thc l ' r . i ' i l l bc g lud to S i re up .2 O l h c r l t e o p l c r c c t l e t t i z c t h a l l l r c y w i l l h l v c l o r . c t i l c . b u l t h c y l i ' a r b o l c t l o r n o l t c c

t l t cv r to lo r rucr h t rvc u . job .

3 Othcr -s l tg l t i t t look l i r rwur r l to rc l i r in ! . hu t whcn lhcy t lo thcy l ind l l r cy long t i r r 'thc cornpan ior rs l r i l ' r un t l thc t 'n r i ss lhc s t i r r tu lus thcy l rac l a l u , r l rk .

: l I l ' pcop lc s to l t wot -k u r td t l t c l 'hu l ,c l ro rncn t l r l s l i r r ru lu t ion o l thcy lcc l lhcv a r -co l ' r ro usc to soc ic ty Ihcy nury ra l t i t l l _y dcc l inc phvs ic l l l v .

5 M o s l r c t i r c t l p c o p l c w i l l f u p h y s i c l l l y l i t t c r i l ' t h c v s t i r n u l l t c l l r c i r b r a i n s a n dthcy w i l l l r c rncn la l l v f i t te r i f lhcy lakc sonrc phvs icu l cxerc isc .

( r Sonrc pcop lc o l ' coursc t l kc p lcn tv o l cxc lc isc : lhcv u ,u lk , thcy 1 t l l1 'eo l l ' . thcvwork in lhc i r gur t l cns .

7 Othcr o l t l c r -pcop lc w i l r t I I l )o rc n rcn tu l pursu i ts . so t l rcy go lo c lasscs o l 'onc sor tor lrnother.

t t Thcy lci trn t t l hlrncl lc colrtpulcrs or thcy slu(ly solnc alca ot 'nrusic or art thcyh i tvc t tcvcr c r l t lo l ' c t l hc l i r rc un t l thcy sudt lcn ly l in t l ou t a l l sor ls o l ' th i l t r . s .

9 Sot t tc t i l t t cs i t g ro t l l t o l 'pcop lc s ta r t the i r -own c lass bccausc lhcy d iscovc l ushurcd in tc rcs l und thcy can l to I l ind a l t c r i s t in ! c lass .

l0 A new sk i l lacc lu i re t l l r t the asc o l s ix ty p l r rs i s perhaps no t par t i cu lu r ly l i kc lvto l t-acl to lr l tcw clrccr. al lhouglr i t coulcl.

l l A s ix ty -ycar -o lc l g rar rc l rno thcr l cccr r t l l r won a pr izc whcn shc pub l ishcc l hcrf i rs l novc l .

l l She had no t hac l l in re to wr i l r - bc l i r rc wh i lc shc brough l up a t i rn r i l y unc l shcpursuccl a clrrccr.

Exercise 124 Correlatives [SGE 13.14-16]

Jo in thc f i r l l ow ine pa i rs o1 'scn tcnces us ing c i r l i r , r ' . . . r t r ' , t t t , i t l t c t ' . . . i l o r o r l x t t l r . .r l i t l . Mukc any o ther snra l l c l tanccs neccssa ly .

I : . t tutt l t lc ' . Thc blue whulc is thc lurscst rnatnural irr thc worlr l .l ' hc b luc wha lc i s lhc hcav ics t rnaut rna l in thc wor ld .

r l r t , ru ' t ' r ' : Thc b lue r " 'ha le i s bo th thc la rgcs t and lhc hcav ics t r r ranr rna l in the wor ld .

I Wc t t rus l p ro tc -c t lhc rvor lc l ' s w i ld l i f c . I f wc don ' t , sor r rc s1" rc -c ics o f an i rna l w i l l

6

1

5

Simple coordination 95

d ie ou t .

2 Thepandais int lan-eerofcxt i l tc t io t t .Thcblackrh inois indangcro1'ext inct ion.too.

3 Sorrc specics havc bcen ncarly wipcd t lut hy t lan fbr f i locl. Other spccies havc

bccn ncarly wipccl out l t l r sport.

4 I pc rsona l ly c lo no t l i kc snakcs . I pc rsona l ly t lo no1 l i kc ha ls . But I don ' t want

to s r ' t ' l hc t t t t l i s l tppr . ' l r r ' .

5 Many' pcoplc do not unclcrstand what thc problcln is. Marry peoplc do not

appreciatc what thc pr.oblern is.

I) t-oplc aclrnirc t igcrs as bctut i lul iur inrals. Pcoplc lL'ar t igcrs as l l lal l cl l tcrs

Rh inoccr -oscs arc no t thc n ros t va luab le an i t t ta ls in thc wt l r ld in cash tc r t t t s .

T igcrs a rc n6 t thc l los l va l l i l b lc a t r i t t ta ls i1 t l rc wgr l t l in cash tc r r l t s !

( Racchorscs arc I )

I i lcphants arc l i rutt t l in Al l ' ica. Ir lcpharlts arc l i rr-trrt l in Asia.

' l - l r c A t ' r i can c lcphr tn t i s I to t thc la l .gcs t t t la t r ln ra l i r l thc wof l (1 . ' l -hc A l i rcan

c lcnhar t t i s t to t thc l t cav ics t a r l i r t ta l i l l l l t c wor - l t l .

l0 S9r1c s1- lcc ics spcr r r l rnos t o l thc i l t in icca l ing . Wl tc t t t l t cy i l l c I lo l ea l l l l g theY

i t rc s lccp ing .

Exercise 125 Simple coordinat ion [SGE 13'17-261

I i l l i p t as u tuch as poss ib lc as s l lo rv r t in thc l i r s t sc l l t c l l ce .

I f sornconc askcc l n tc what to scc in Aus l ra l i l and I i1 ' thcy asket l r r tc l l to rv lo qc l

thcre . I ' c l say : Exp lo rc thc Outbuck in yourowl l veh ic lc , anc l l cxp lg rc i t l s low ly .

Driving through thc Outback in un ancicnl l-antl-Rtlvcr crtablccl trs to crr. ioy l l . tc

changing sccncry, i tncl cnablccl us lo appreci i l lc thc clcscrt 's chatlging t. t . t t lot ls. I cl t l

no t th ink tha t I havc evcr fc l t so c losc to na turc o r tha t I havc cvcr fL ' l t in a scnsc

so carefree. Occasional ly, whell thc t lescrl 's si lcl lcc lcl l rrpon tts wc wctulcl

copsicler eur isolat i t ' rn ancl we woulcl consicler our vulncri tbi l i ty; we woulcl ci tzc i l t

wonc lc r a t the v i ts t c rnp ty p la in . and wc wou ld watch the b i rc ls o l 'p rey c i rc l ing

ovcrhcacl.

The road i tsclf was narrow but lhe roa(l \ \ ,as slnoolh. So thc th. iVins was casy

e rccpt when we had to pul l asiclc lbr onc of thc 'roacl-trains' - htrge l inkecl lorr ies

which st ir up great cloucls t t f rct l dust and which arc de f ini tcly lackirrg in roacl

rnanners I

The o ther hazarc l o t 'd r i v ing in thc Outback is the w i ld l i f c . rcs i l ien l to thc

ex t re rne env i ro t r r l ten t . bu t no t rcs i l ien t t0 thc lno lo r c l i r . A t dusk ur rsuspcc t ing

96 Coordination

kangaroos. cows and bulTalo would wander on to the road. attracted by thc glareof car headlamps. It was curiosity which would ofien lead the kangaroo to itsuntirnely cnd, and would often lead the car to the nearest garage.

With rusting cars lying abandoncd at thc roadsidc, and with dead animals lyingabandoned at the roadside. you experience moments c'rf anxiety. So when youfinally reach Aycrs Rock, when you linally rcach the largcst rnonolith in the world- you get a wondcrful scnsc ol'achievernent.

But this is not thc'end. You siart photographing it f 'rom evcry angle, you startgazing at it in woncier. and you start touching i1. or you start walking rouncl it.F inal ly . you c l i rnb i1 .

Exercise 126 [SGE 13.22-23]

Noun phrascs l inkecl by arrr l t tray cxprcss twrl rathcr cl i l ' lcrcnl rncanings:

, lol t t t urtd Murv huvt u' t t tr u l tr i :c nray rncan T' l t t . t ' l tuvt ' rrott rr l tr i :c bttv' t ' t , tr

/ l rcr i ( togcthcr) or 7/ ir .r ' hurc l tot lr u'ott tr 1n i : t ' (a prizc cach separately).

Rcwritc thc scnlcnccs whcrc r lr l has. or coulcl

rnc i r r r in { by us ing lx t t l r . . . t r t r l < t r - t t t ' i thc r . . . r to r .

l ' .wtttr l t l t ' - John artd Mary hitve won a prize .

Atrsu't ' r". Both John anrl Mary havc won a prizc.

I John arrcl Mary urc Iwo young pcoplc.

havc. this scconcl. scparalc,

2 John ar rc l Mary c lo r r '1 look a l i c r lhc rnsc lvcs pnrpcr ly

. l Jo l t r t : r t t r l M: r t l l r rvc l r l r . t l r1 ' l i ke t l o t le l t t lo l l te t

.1 In lact, John anrl Mary arc olr very qoocl tcnns

-5 ln sonre ways Jolrrr ancl Mary arc vcry rnuch alikc.

6 John ancl Mary are thoughtful ancl curing

7 John and Mary clo nol l ike going arountl alonc

u John ancl Mary - lo almost everywhcrc togctl ' rcr

9 Jr,hn ancl Mary cl id not share the f irst prize

l0 John and Mary d id not go in fbr the cornpet i t ion!

I I . lohn and Mary are not yet thirty

l l Johr r l rn t l Mu ly u re n ( ) l t l re sur t re r rge . though

Complexcoordination 97

l3 John and Mary are mutually supportive

l4 John and Mary often help cach other

l-5 John and Mary are good ti iends of mine

Whcn we coorcl inatc clauscs wc nonnally avoid too rnuch rcpcti t ion

orn i t t ing words tha t can bc gramrnat ica l l y unders tood (e l l ips is ) .

Exercise 127 Complex coord i nation [SGE'l 3.27 -2Sl

The tolkrwing : jcntcnces are al l acccptablc scntcnccs. Bul can you inscrt thc worcls

that have becn urnit lccl 'J

I Most pcoplc would l ikc. but clon't know how, to rcacl tustcr.

Mos l peop lc wou lc l l i kc I r 'o n r , , rD r . , rs t t lH l , bu t don ' t know hOw. to rcad fas tc r .

2 Thcy arc wast ing . anc l no t c t ' f i c i cn t l y us ing . thc i r t i rnc .

3 Sr l rnc pcop lc i rnas inc tha t to i rnprove the i r read ing sk i l l s thcy rnus t t ra in thc i r

cycs to nrakc 'good nrovclncnts' ancl their l ips to rnake no mover-ncnls.

4 Slow rcading should rtot l . towcvcr bc attr ibutccl to wrong cyc l l rovcnrcnts,nor

cl ' f ic icnl re ading to goorl orre s.

5 Slow rcaclcrs arc using. or at lcast nrarry ol ' the nr arc using. habits nrorc suitablc

to young ch i l c l rcn .

6 Thcrc is sonrc cviclencc that rnt lLrthing thc worcls with youl- l ips can, ancl thlt

point ing at thc wori ls with a l ingcr clocs, slow thc rcacl ing proccss.

7 I t i s i rnpor tan t . by thc way. to rca l i zc tha t c f f i c icn t rcac l ing is no t cxac t ly thc

sarnc as, lnd rnusl l tot bc t:onl 'uscd with, quick reacl ing.

l l Sornet i rncs wc rcac l to gc t t gcncra l ou t l inc . bu t sonrc t iu rcs to l in t l spcc ihc

in l i rnnat ion .

9 Q u i c k s k i n r r n i n g m a y b e ' r n o r c s u i t a b l c l i r r s o r l c k i n c l s o l ' r n a t c r i a l s a n c l n r o r c

carcful rcading lbr othcrs.

l0 Rcading 170-2(X) wrlrcls a rninutc is ucncral ly consiclcrccl slow'. ancl -5-50-7(X)

cxccptioni l l ly f lst - cxccpl l i rr skirnrning-rcacl ing.

l l Thcrc a rc scvcra l sk i l l s tha t oncc acqu i rcc l w i l l hc lp rnos t peop le to i rnprovc

clranratical ly, ancl cveryonc to irnprovc a bit .

Exercise 128 Quasi-coordinat ion [SGE 13.32]

Usually when thc subject of a scntencc is two coorclinatecl nouns orpronouns, the verb must be plural. But there are also phrases that look l ikccoordinat ion but are not real ly : wi th th is 'quasi -coorc l inat ion ' , thc verb rnustbe s ingular i f the real subject is a s ingular noun phrasc. For cxanrple:

Adam. along with Andrcw, was involvcd.

9B Coordination

Choose thc best answcr.

F,.tumple'. Thc nature of intcl l igencc - as tnuch as sonle othcr human attr ibute s -

(a) arc (b) is not cntirely untlcrstottcl .

l1r i . in 'cr ' : (b) is

I I l scerns tha l na turc , in ac ld i t ion to 'nur tu rc ' . (a ) a f fe 'c t (b ) a t ' f -cc ts w l ra t a

pcrson is l i ke .

2 In other wrlrcls, whal your parcl l ls anci grartclparcnts arc l ikc. as wcl l as your

upbr ing ing , (a ) has (b ) havc an c f l ' cc t t rpo l ) you .

3 As wc l l ns (a ) s lu ( ly (b ) s tudy ing tw i r l s b lo r - rgh t t rp tosc thcr . pycho lo l i s ts

havc s tuc l i cc l idcn t ica l tw ins scpara tcd i r t ch i ldhooc l .: l l l cs r - r l t s show th r t i c lcn t ica l tw ins . in a t l c l i t ion to (a ) look (b ) look ing a l i kc .

havc vcry s t tn i la r in tc l l ige ncc . whatcvcr thc i l .upbr ing ing .

-5 This. with anothcr vcry cl i f ' f l ' rcrr l stucly, ( l) clo (b) docs scclt i [o sltow that

in tc l l igcncc is n t l t . ius t l l l t l a l t c r o l ' c t l l t ca l io l t( r L ln rc la te t l ch ik l rcn brought up logc thcr i r t a ch i l t l r cn 's hor t rc . w i th l rn idc r t t i ca l

c r rv i ro r rn rc l ' r l . (a ) show (b) shows d i l l c rcn t l cvc ls o l ' i l l t c l l i gcncc .

7 A l l l h i s s L l g g c s t s r a t h c r t h a n c l l t i r c l y ( a ) p r . o v e s ( b ) p r . o v c ( c ) p r o v l l l s l h a t

hcrcc l i t y , a r tccs l ry . i s i r t tpor ta r t t .

t { P c l h a p s t i r r t h i s r c u s o n , i r r t e l l i g c n c c l c s t i n g . a l o r t s $ ' i l h o l l t c r f i r t . r r t s o f l c s l i t t t ,(a ) a rc (b ) i s cha l l cngcc l by sor t tc tcac l tc rs .

9 Thcy say an lQ tcs l i s unrc l iub lc and Lrn l 'a i r l1 , labe ls ch i l t l r cn . r l t th l : r thar t ( l )

h c l p ( b ) h c l p s ( c ) h " l p i n g t h c n i .

l0 Sorne l in tcs a hc ld tc lchcr . o r l r1os t o l ' thc s tu l ' | . ( l r ) rc l i rsc (b ) rc l i rscs Io t t sc

such tes ls .

I I ln tc l l igcncc tcs ls cc r t l t i t l l y ra isc l t s wc l l i t s (a )so lvc (b ) so lv ing prob lc t t l s .

l2 I )c rhaps thcy s l ' rou l t l hc uscc l w i th caut io r t , ra lhcr than (a ) abar tc lo r l (b )

abanclonccl (c) abandtlning l l togcthcr' .

14 The comptex sentence

Exercise 129 Matrix clauses ISGE 14.1-21

onrp lcx scn tcncc cor t ta ins a1 le l ts t onc t t ta l r i x c l i tusc (c l l l c t l thc rna in

rsc by sornc grarnnttr i l tns) ancl l t t lcast t t t tc sr.rbor-t l i rratc clattsc. ForA C (

c l a L t

cxarnp lc :You w i l l u t tc lc rs ta t r t l /w l tc t t vo t t t lo l l t c c rc rc tsc

ln ra t r i x I I s t rbord ina lc ]A l l yoLr r tce t l / i s p rac l l cc .

I subor .d in l tc | [ nur t r i r I

L lndcr l inc thc n l r t r i x c lauscs in lhc l i r l l ow ing . Or t t i t l t l l subor t l i r t l t t c c la t l scs

I r ( ) \ \ c v r ' r ' I l t c l l r l t ' I t t t t t t i , r t t t r t r : .

l . , .r t t t t t1t lL". l ] ! Lc'Xd yQll11l1fg!11()r lc-v i l votr t lott ' t hi tvc alty l l lor lcy orl Yotl .

I Ncu, ' t ru l ' l i c l igh ts huvc bcc t r r l cvc lopc t l bcc l r r rsc lhc cx is l i r rg ( ) l l cs l l r c t l i l l i c t r l t

16 sce i r r s l r ( ) l tg sun l igh t a r r t l sonrc t in lcs l rJ ) l l c l t r to bc 'o t t ' r ' l ' l t c l i ac t t r l l l y t l r cy

a l c i n t h c ' o l l ' p o s i t i o n .

I T l i c l l a t - l c l s c r l s i g n u l s t h u l u r c u s c r l l i r r - ! r c c n l i l t c r a r r o \ \ ' s c a t t t r c ' w ' i t s l t c t l o t t l '

vu, l tctr rcl lcctcd l ig.ht otrscurcs thc sigrtt l . so thcy cltr t l t l ' r l tcar r, i , ' l l i tc.

- l l t i s c la i r l c r l t l ru t t l r c r rcu 's igna ls ovcrconrc t l rcsc p ro [ r l c r t t s r t r t t l l l ta t t l t cv ca t t

con l l ib t t t c to t ' t ta t l s l t l t ' tY .-1 Thc lcu ,s ig la ls u i l l l t x rk s in r i lu r l l u t l i s tuncc , bu t c losc up thc d l i vc r l t ' i l l I ro l i cc

ru l ) l t t c r l l o l ho lcs .

5 Whcr r t l t c ncw l igh t i s o l ' l ' . i t w i l l look a lo t b l i t ckcr .( r - l ' hc

r r ia in c l rangc is in t l rc l c r rs . w 'h ich i t t t l t c r tc r , i l i g l t t s co l ts is ts o l s l t t l t l l' l c l s l c l s ' l l t a l c h a n n c l l h c r c l l c c t o r ' s l i g h t t l r r o u g h l ( X X ) h o l c s i t t r t t t t a s n .

7 Thc le r rs lc ts r lakc thc bcs l usc o l uvu i lab lc l igh t r r t t l l i r t ' t t t a r t i t t t c t tsc l igh t bcr r r t t

t l l i l ! ci l l t be scclt l ' r 'onr a distancc urrt l l r rnorc di l ' f i rsc bcartt thirt ci tr t bc scclt l t t

w idcr . ang le s c loscr [o thc s igna l .

Nonfini te and verbless clauses

As rvc l las l in i t c subor r l inu tc c l luscs . l l ra t i s . c luuscs w i l l t l t l i r t i t c vc r -b . lhc lc

arc a lso :

Nonlini le clauscs: ( ' rr lr l rrr,q l t . t ' / t t ,g,qrr,gt ' . I hclrt lccl l i rr ( l t tstot l ls.

Mtt l t . t ' l t ' ictr l ,r . t tcl t sl lc artt l happy.

Vcrb lcss c luuscs : \ \ ' i t l t n t . t ' l r r ,ggr r ,q t ' i t r t l r c r ' t t t . l r c l l r xcd .

100 The complex sentence

Exercise 130 Nonfini te and verbless clauses ISGE 14'3-6]

Rewrite the fbl lowing, using nonfinite or vcrbless clauscs. Use the worcls incl icatet l .

and kccp thc rncan ing as c lose to thc o r ig ina l as poss ib lc .

E-tunple'. When you arr ivc at Custonrs, you wil l f i r ld you havc a choice.

At tsv t ' c r ' . On ' rnHIv ' tN t ; , \ t ( ( s t r )Nts , \ 'o t r w lL t . hNr t I r t t t t lAVt l A ( l lo l ( 'u .

I I f you havc no th ing to dcc la rc . you l l lay t i l l l ow thc g reen s igns .

w i r h . .2 l f ' yoLr th ink tha t r t r igh t u tcan you 'd bc c lo ing sontc t t r ing i l l ega l . you shou lc l u t r

thnrugh thc recl chanrrcl.

R a t l t c r t h a r t . . .

3 Prov idec l tha t a l l i s wc l l . you w i l l t to t havc to pay any du ty .

A l t . . . . .t l Sonrc pcoplc of coursc arc carryit t t t cl tr t iablc gt lods. but t lon't rcal izc i t .

w i l l r o u l

.5 But i t is bcst i f pcoplc clcclarc lrnything thcy arc urrccrtain abtlr t t .

I t i s i r c s t f i r r . . . . .

6 I l ' thcy go t l t rou{ l t thc rcd chat r t tc l . thcy s lay on thc r igh l s idc o t ' thc lau ' .

t l v . . . . .7 S o u r c l . l c o p l c g o l h r o u g h t h c ' N o t h i n g t o D c c l i t r c ' c h l t t r t t c l a l t h o u g h l h c y k r r o w

thcv ale wrortg to dt l so.

Dcsl.r i tc

t l Thc Custorns o l ' l i cc rs a rc look ing l i r r t l rugs . And thcy arc i t l so look i r rg l ' , ' r '

s rnugg lcd pc ts .

Bcs idcsc) Srnugg l ing 1- rc ts i s a sc r ious o f fe 'ncc . bcc i tusc thc lc i s a da t tger o t ' rab tcs .

Bccattsc ot

l0 Pcop lc who arc cuught t ry ing to s rnugg lc any th i r rg i l l cga l f acc hc111,y f incs l l t t t l

cvcrt i t t t l t t ' isonrt lct)t .

l fl l [ ]n less thcy are prcpurc t l to r i sk th is . lhcy shou ld s tay w i th in thc law.

I f no tl 2 l l you arc askcd 1o t l kc sonre lh ing th rouqh ( 'us lo t t t s f i l r s< t r t rcor tc c lsc . you

: l r o u l t l r r l n l t y s t c l t t : e .

t i . . . . . .

Exercise 131 Nonfini te and verbless clauses [SGE 14.3-6]

Rcwr i tc the f i r l k rw ing us ing vcrb l t -ss o r non l in i tc c lauscs whcrcve r th is i s poss ib le .

l : run tp lc d t tsv ' ( ' t ' . Rcwr i tc thc l i r l l ow ' ing Lrs ing verb lcss or I ton l in i tc c la t tscs

vr ht' rc r ( r 1t r t,s.s i lt I c.

I Whcthcr i t is scnsiblc or nol. l l tal ly pct lplc carry a lol of ruoncy ott thcrn.

2 ' [hough

th is i s t t t t t l c rs tandab lc . i t i s r i sky .

3 Whcrcvcr i t i s a t a l l poss ib lc . y t lu sh t lu l t l p l ry by chcquc or w i th 'p las t i c ' .

. l Part icularly l ' "hcn vou arc on hol iclay. vou ncccl to l l lke carc ol your t l tottc\ ' .

-5 t f they arc Obtainablc in vour coul l try. r l loney bel ls arc a goocl idea.

Nonfinite and verbless clauses 101

6 You'l l feel saf-er if your money and passport is in a money belt ' IUse u'rl i l

7 Whilc you are on holiday, you should eat sensibly.

U When you are in a clirnate you are not usecl to, try to dre ss sensibly.

9 Whenever it is possible, learn at least a t 'ew words of the language.

l0 Do not point your cameril at people as if you are about to photograph thcrn.

I I Nevcr wave your arms around as though you are about lo hit stlnrcbocly.

l2 Al thoughyoulnaysomet intcsbeunclcrstanclablyannoyccl ,ncvcr .ncvershclut l

Exerc ise 132 Nonf in i te and verb less c lauses [SGE 14.3-6]

Rcwritc thc tbllowing. using nonfinite or vcrble-ss clitttscs in placc of thc italicizcci

finitc clauscs. ancl ntaking atly otl lcr srnall changcs ncccssary.

Etuntplt". As v,t 'vi l lugc 1tt 'oplt ' l tutl no rt,gulur n(v'.\ l)dp(t's ttttd tt.f ctturse tttt nrditt

or '7 ' l ' . wc we rc thc inhcr i tors of an ora l t rac l i l ior t .

Ait.su.t,r ' .IJaving no rcgular ncwspaPcrs ancl ol 'coursc n<l raclio tlr TV. wc vil lagc

pcoplc wcre thc inhcritt lrs t lf i tn t lral traclit i t ln,

I l l t lrct 'n't,rL,git 'ctr u lxtok. rny grandparcnts wcrc l ikcly to turtl i t ovcr ir l thcir

hancls. cough louclly. ancl lay it asidc.

a My niolhcr howcvcr hul lL'urtt t to t ' t 'ul , antl shc woult l rcatl t t t t ts t ln wir l ter

cvcn ings lh r rn hcr 'Pcnny Rcac lc rs ' .

3 Wl t t , t t I y t r .s l t ' t r t r r r t ' . f i r . s t l took l t t ' u t ' i t l t t t ld r rL ' ig , l t l t r t t r t ' , l thought s l tc was o t l

hcr hcacl.

,1 Thcn trnc clay thc old l l tdy stoplt t ' l nrt i r t thc,f l / ' ( 'c l . i tncl l tskcd rt tc l low I wrts

cn joy inu thc bo t lk .

5 I l r t t l tr t t l ( , \ ,( 'n th()t tglt t ( l rcutl i t t .q r l : I had ttsetl i l l ts l t l r t l rr tcl l i rr r t ly clockwork

t ra i t l .

( t t l I hurl lx ' t ' r t tol l t l tut otrt ' l t r . t ' I u'otr l l l t t t t vt ' r ' i t t ' r ' , i t woult l havc astonisheti

l l l e .

T o . . . . .I W'h i tc I x t ts .s t i i l u t t l rc v i l lug, t 'sc l to t t l I rcat l scvcra l la t t t t tus Engl ish 'c lass ics ' .

which I had bought at a. iuntb lc salc .

t l Thcrr v' l r t , tr I r t ,ut l t t ,d t lrc u,qt, ol 12 I was sct l l to the school in the towtl

9 Hcre / v ,usn tur l ( lo r t ,u t l t to t ' t ' ! s l t t 'S i rWul tc rS( . ) l t .and l taver t tanagcc l t t lav t l i c l

h i rn s i r rce .

l0 But In,t :r . t r tr t t l tLrt oft t . t ,ut l i t r ,u,, ancl clcvclopccl a passi0n l i tr Oirt-ol-schOol

rcacl ing.

l l Therr o1e clay,. us I v 'ulkt ' t l t l rr t t tr ,qh t l te tovrtt . l cl iscttvcrecl the frcc publ ic

l ib ra ry .

102 The complex sentence

12 BeLuuse I didtr ' t kttoyr u' l tat to cltoosc,I started with the books near the cloor

Exercise 133 Subordinate clauses of future t ime [SGE 14.111

Suborclinate clauscs rcf'crring(v r ' he t r . . . ) anc l cond i t i on ( i / . . . ) ,in thc rnain c lar- rsc is suf ' l ic icn l

to thc f 'Lr turc, cspecia l ly c lauses o l ' t in tcusual ly usc a prcsent tensc. bccausc thc vcrbto inclicatc thc futurc rnearring.

Jo in lhc pa i rs o1 'scn tcnccs togc thcr . us ing thc worc ls s ivcn anr l n rak ing a l ty o thcr '

snlt l I chalrgcs l lcccssl lry.

I I ' rn go ing to bc s ix ty soor r . I ' u r go ing to rc l i rc . (whcn)

l ' N I ( ; O l N ( ; l 1 ) R F I I I t [ \ \ ' l l l ] N I ' N I S I X ' l \ .

[ ' n r go ing to rc l i l c . I sha l l go rount l lhc wor l r l . ( l s soon as)2

3

-l

t sha l l le t rn1 ' I rousc . I sha l l bc uu ' l v . (w l r i l c )

I )c rhaps I sha l l l i vc to bc l h r rnc l rcd . Thcr .c wor r ' t bc t i rnc 1o do cvcry lh ing I rvun l

to ck r . (cvcn i l ' )

5 I t l r t t l t l r l t l l l u l t i l . I ' r n . : . r o i t t ! r l o l r t ' ' i r l r . t t t r t t i l t

6 l

1 l

r r r l l k r ' e P r i l 1 l r t ' l r l l l t . I l t d P t ' . t l l t : r l t

sha l l l l o t 'ounr l lhc u ,o r ld . Br r t i t cor r l t l bc too la tc . (un lcss . )

f i Yo t r r l tou l t l l c t i r -e ) ( )u rsc l l ' . Or 1 'oLr cou l r l l r c too o l r l . (bc l i r rc )

9 Our hcu l th cor r ld la i l . ' Ihcn r . rhu t uou l r l r . r ' c t lo l (supposc ;

l 0 W h l r t w i l l b c h l r p p c n i n g i r r l c n v e u r s ' t i r n c . ) I t k l w o n r l c r l b o u l l h i s . ( )

Exercise 134 Subjunct ive [SGE 14. '13, also 3.23]

t Thcrc i r le th r -cc k inc ls o1 s r " rb . junc l i vc :

. r t tanr lu l i r . ' c suh . junc t iver l scc no lc u l cxc lc isc 2 ) |

. u 'c r t ' - sub . ju r tc t i vc I L rsc t l f i r r r r ra l l v in hvpothc t i c l l conc l i t ions :

I . l I uc rc . t ' t t r t . . . l . f ( ' l r ru ' t l t i l l re rL , t r l i ye I t t l t t . t ' . h t wr t r r l l . . .1. l i rrrnulaic sr-rb. junctivc l l i runrl in a f 'crv l ixe d cxprcssior.rs:

( 'ontc t l tc strLnnter = whcn thc sunrnrcr conrcs:

t ru t l t l ) ( t r t l l = i f thc t ru th i s to lc l I

Subjunctive 103

Rewritc the fbllowing, changing the verbs that arc in the subjunctivc rnood into the

indicative nrood, with or without shtttt ld, and making any other changes that arc

nccessary. All exccpt thc l irst two arc from newspapcrs'

I Glodstonc said nclthing. If his aunt chosc to draw such cruclc conclusions it wrts

far better that she do so than suspect Ihe trtre nature of his cntcrprisc. (Torn

Sharpe: \t i n t d gc S t uft')At t .swct . . . . . . i t was far hct ter that shc shoulc l c lo so t l lan that she shoulc l

sr - rsPcct . . .

? A r l inutc la tcr , a f ra i lharrd touchcd nry arnr . Thc bus concluctrcss was aski t lg

that I takc hcr scat. (Colin Thubron'- Bt'hitrt l t l tt Wull )

I Thc Princc's prccl icarncnt is cornnron to al l lhosc. bc thcy pri l rccs or pcasants.

who l inc l t l te rnsc lves c t luca lc t l bcy i lnc l thc i r s ta t ion in l i l c .

: l This is niy i t lca ol what a prctty l 'c lnalc rt lbot sl lott l t l l t lok l ikc; solt tc sort t l l

I cn t in is t - ra r l i ca l g roLrp l . r ld s igncd pc l i t ions dcr t ta t t t l i r tg tha l i t t lo t bc s l lowt t .

-5 l t rcntains ottc ot ' t t ly l i tvt lur i lc rcstaurants. with i ts

rough rct l winc. This is t l rc ( lolc cl 'Azur I kttcw antl

kn t twt r .

harcl scatccl chairs i t t t t !

lovcd . S t i l l c lo . t r t r th bc

( r I l c r l rdc rcc l lha t Poto l ta lP lu tcau, the nuset l l i u 'n t i l i ta rycxcrc iscs ,bc t r l t t l s f o r t l l c t l

in lu i t t rcw lcdcra l c i lP i ta l .

7 I a r1 fu l l e l l c |n i ru l ion l i r l h is courage . bu t I wot r l t l t t tuch ra thcr l t c we rc sa le l y

9p clry lantl anrl lhc scarch lrnt l rescuc l i rrccs ttot ct lgagc(l i r l looking l i tr hirr l .

l J Cr l r le CI r r - i s t11as , shc w i l l havc cvc t r l r to rc op l ) ( ) t t t ln i t y l i ) l e ( ) t l cL ' l l t r l l t l o l l .

c ) Bc i t ncvcr l i r rgo t tcn though, tha t o i l i s a co tn t r tod i ty w i th sor l l c spcc ia l

charactcri st ics.

l g Thc show juclgcs insislccl that a broaclcast ol ' hcr rt tusic bc turr lcd ol f ' bccattsc

i t was upsc t t i l l g the a l l i l l l i t l s .

I I Ne xt r l6nrir.rg a scnior aicle to Mr Hart tcle phonecl t l tc cxccrtt ivc ct l i tor of thc

Wtrslr in,, ! t0tt Post . . . and askecl that thc wolnan's nlr l lc t lot bc publ ished.

l2 The boy wil l not be rcturning to school afier lhe hcaclnlaster aske cl his parents

that he 'not bc allt lwecl tt l comc back'.

104 The complex sentence

Exercise 135 Putat ive should [SGE 14.14]

Rewritc thc fir l lowing with shoultl. whcrcvcr possible.

I I unclcrstancl that you do not intcncl to accept thc.job

I A vcrb phrase with shoultl is sontetirnes used in a /lt.//-clausc when wc arecomment ing emot ional ly on a s i tuat ion that wc th ink cx is ts or perhapse

- ' _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ ' J

I cornnte nt ing r : t thcr personal ly about p lans. For exantp lc :

I f a ln sorry t l r t t vou s l t t tu l t l bc r rpst , t . l l th ink you are upset . ]They'vc arransecl thut I shorrld .joitr thtnr !uttr. lthat is their planl

t -L"...-

2 Everyonc rcgrets that you havc ntacle this dccision

3 What I clon't undcrstancl is whv vclu arc cnrbarlassccl

.1 I t is only nltural f i rr you lo havc considcrccl t l rc pros ancl cons

5 I anr rnos t anx ious tha l th is won ' t a f l cc t your fu lu rc carcc l

( r I t i s poss ib lc o l ' coursc s i t rne pcop le w i l l b lu r r rc yoLr .

7 tsut i t wi l l bc a scandal i l ' thcy c lo so.

l J I a rn ccr la in ly e lad you f ' c l t ab lc Io contc to thc dcc is ion you c l id

9 l t is dcf in i tc ly prcfcrablc that l . rcoplc nrakc up thc i rowrt rn inds

|0 l l is a sl.r lnrc soLrrc of thc cornrni i lcc i l t 'c so cl i l ' l icult

Exerc ise 136 Mixed tenses [SGE 14.11-16, a lso Chapter 4]

cornpletc thc f i r l lowins us ing sui tablc lcnscs. I . lsc thc passive rnoocl whcrcneccssary.

E.ru n r lt l c'.Thc first l l ight arouncl the two Poles ( rrakc ) in 1 97 l . whcn Ctptain ElgcnM Long (cover) 62.591 knr (3t t , t t96 rn i lcs) in 2 l -5 f ly ing hours.

A t t . sy t , c t ' : l ' h c l i r s t f l i gh tw , r s t r . r u r , i n 197 l .whcnCap ta inE lgcnMl_ong< .ovnHr ,o62.-597 krn . . .

I

l

M a n ( c l r e a m ) . . . . . . o f f l y i n g s i n c c t h c w o r l d ( b e g i n )

Leonardo c la Vinc i (14-52-1519) c lcs igned a f ly ing nrachi r - rc but (d ie). . . . . . be f r l r c he (ach i cvc ) . . . . . . h i s an tb i t i on o f

secing his dream becomc reality.3 The f i r s t con t ro l l ed power -d r i vcn f l i gh t l occu r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . whe n

Orvil lc Wright (l ly) ... . .. fbr about I 2 seconds nr a height of 812 fcet in 1903.

Direct and indirect speech 105

: l No one ( f l y ) . . . . . . the Eng l ish Channc l when Lou is B le r io t ( f l y )

. . . . . . f iom France to Eng land in 1909.

5 When A lcock and Brown ( t l y ) . . . . . . thc A t lan t ic nep-5 t1rp in

1 9 1 9 t h c y ( b c ) . . . . . . t l r c l i r s t t o d o s o .

6 T h e A r n e r i c a n , C a p t a i n L i n d b e r g h ( b e c o r n c ) . . . . . . t h c l i r s t t t t a n

to f l y the At lan t ic so lo when hc ( f l y ) . . . . . . f r t l t t l A t .ner ica to

Francc in l ,921.

7 By tha t da tc scvcnty o thcrs ( f l y ) . . . . . . thc A t lan t ic s i t rcc A lcock

anc l Brown ( rnakc) . . . . . . thc i r recorc l f l i gh t .

l l A f i c r thcsc p io t tcc t ' s ( le ac l ) . . . . . . the wr ty , r l lany tna t ty rccorc ls

( b r c a k ) . . . . . . i n t h c y c a r s t h l t t i l l l o w c d .

9 Wl rcn thc Scconc l Wor lc l Wl r (b rcak ou t ) . . . . . ' . i c t -c r lg inc t l

l l i gh t t l r cac ly (occur )

l0 Thc f i rs t supcrso t r i c l l i gh t (ach icvc) . . . . . . in l9 ;17 ovc l ' a r l

air l i rrcc basc in thc LISA whcn Charlcs L' lwtxrcl Ycagcr (1ly )

in a n rckc t p lanc a t I .07 f t k rn /h 1670 nrph) .

I I ' Ihc

supcrson ic ( ' t t t t t t t t t l t ' l i r s t ( f l y ) by a tcs t p i lo t ' - on

2 M a r c h l 9 6 9 a n d r c u u l a l l y ( u s c ) . . . . . . o l l P i t s s c r l g c r s c t v i c c ss incc . f anuary 1976.

l2 l t ( l l ) r ) . . . . . . o r t passcngcr sc rv iccs f i r r ovcr l t l ye a rs w l tc r t i t

(sc t ) . . . . . . u Ncw York to London rccorc l o l ' r ho t t rs 5 ;1 t t t i t t t t te s

in Apr i l l9 t )0 . I t t to r t .na l l y (c r t r i sc ) . . . . . . i t t l . :1 -50 nrph (2 . -5 - l - l

krn/h ).

Exercise 137 Direct and indirect speech ISGE 14.17-211

The t i r l l ow ing cxarnp lcs o f d i rcc t spccch i t rc takcn (w i th ac lc lcc l t l c ta i l s o l 'w l ro i s

spcakirrg) l-rorn Dilhctr l t i t ' .s vr i th Grr '1. i by Kingslcy Arnis. C' lrangc thcsc i t t to

ind i rcc t spccch.

1,,:untl t l t ' . . . lcnny: A vcry l ' r-rrrny chap cantc 10 thc door. i t tsl as I was lcavirtg.

Att.su't , t" . . lcnny sair l a ve ry funny chap cartrc/hacl ct l t t tc to lhc cloor. i trst i ts shc was

lcav ing .

I Patr ick: Dicl hc Irtcnl iol t l r wit 'c ' l

J : No. No. no th ing a t rou t th i t t . I ' t l havc rc l t t c rnbcrcd . Nor a g i r l - f ' r i cnd .

P : O h . . . D i d h e g i v c h i s n a r n c ' /

J : Ycs , bu t I fb rgo t s t ra igh t away, a l though I rc rncrnbcr th ink ing i t c t tu l t ln ' t bc

r igh t . Anyway. hc sa id he 'd bc back .

2 P ( to J ) : Un less you lcc l l i kc anofhcr o l ' thosc I i . c . a c l r ink l I suggcs t we movc.

With Saturclay shopping thcrc rtray bc a bit ol ' tr t fhc and I want to bc thcre

on the dot.

3 JLR Scbastian: So you'rc nothing to do with books. or anything l ike that ' / May

I ask what you are to clo with, Mrs Stancl ish' l

J: I teach in a hospital, so Lsuppose I arn a bit to do with books.

JLRS: Oh, how sp lend id . Te l l me . what 's your . what 's your f ie ld ' /

J: I haven't real ly got one, I just go in in the rnornings in the week. and teach

the long-stay chi lclren, some of the younger ones. I used to teach in a

proper -

106 The complex sentence

:1 J: Sorry. I 'm just popping rouncl to thc hospital. Onc of the l itt le girls had arn inor op ycstcrc lay . . . so I thought I 'd look in fbr a f 'ew minute s. going fbra breath of air really.

P: Fine - do you want me to come with you'?J: No. I ' l l be there ancl back in a seconcl .

Exercise 138 Indirect into direct speech ISGE 14.17-211

Turrr the l ir l lou'ing into clirccl spccclt - the worcls probably said. Thcre rnay bcs r ' \ e r i r l u r r1s o l ' r L t i r t r : t l t i r .

I l l c s l i c l hc ' d l i k c t o ask rnc a f cw th ings i l l d i dn ' t n r i r r dI ' l ) l - l K L I I ) , \ S K Y O t , \ l r I ] W l l l l N ( i S I l \ ' O t ] l ) O N ' - f \ l l N l ) .

2 [ T h c b a r n r a r r j a s k c r l J c n n v i l ' s h c h a t l c o l l l c t o l i v c r < l u n c l t h c r c . . . a n d t o l d h c r t h l t

[ r i s w i lL ' l was ou I shopp ing u t thc u rorucr t l bu t woLr lc l bc on ly too c lc l igh lc r l to

g ivc hcr th . - bcnc l i t o l hc r loc l l knowlcc lgc any t i rnc . bu t rncanwhi lc thc d11 '

c lc r r rc rs in thc b lock har l t r i c i l to gc t 11w1y w i th los ing I t i s topcoat f i r r h in r las t

w l l t t c f .

3 Shc no longc l we r r t round s ly in { Io l rc rsc l l ' hc was thc bcs t - look ing n l rn s l rc ha t l

cver lnc t .

:1 l ; ranc is thousht to h i rnsc l l ' l ha t i t lhcy wcrc . ius t go ing to s tay therc a l l thc

cvcr r ing tu lk i r rg hc wou l r l gc t vc fy hungrv .

5 Torn bcgget l us l ro l to te l l anybody. cxpla i r t ing that hc r l id not wlnt l r isnc ighbour.s to l ind out . Wc pronr iscd h i rn wc woulr l say nolh ing to anyonc. butwc c l ic l udvisc h inr th l t i t nr ight bc bc l tcr to apolos ize. Ant l I o l ' lc ' rcd to hc lp h inrwritc a lcttcr. I lowcvcr hc rctirsctl. sugucsting rathe-r ruclcly that I shoLrld nrincln ly own busi t tcss.

( K ingslcy Arlis: Drllicrr I t i c.s w i t I t O i t ' Ls)

Exercise 139 Free indirect speech and free direct speech

lsGE 14.221

Sonrctirnes pcoplc rcport what sonrcbody has said in a way that mixcs indircct anclclirect speech.

Writc out what pcoplc actually said or thought.

I Hc introduced me to his ti iend who askcd rnc with a speculativc eye wherc I canrefiom. A country callcd England. I said. Oh yes, he said. Englancl; would thatcountry not be near Kabul? (Peter Levi: Tlrc Light Gartlen oJ tlrc Artgel Kittg)7.he Jriend.L t ' t i ; . .The t'i'ientl:

Free indirect speech 107

2 Shall I go afier thern? he asked ... Nina aclvised against. Perhaps it wasn't

opening tirne yet. It woulcl be best if they waited fbr Olga. (Bcryl Bainbridgc:

WitttL'r Gurdut)H t : . . .N i t t u : .My wai tcr a ldr ink, a rncn'l

lrt truift ' t ' : .

onc is sp lcndid ly unpcr turbecl . Woul t l S i r l ikc h is coal checkccl . a

u. pcrhaps thc winc l ist ' l (7' l i t ' Duilt"l 'clcgrtrTrlr 5.2.fi13)

Whcn A lan St r ipp was in h is l i r s t vcar a l T r i r t i t -v - Co l lcgc . Carnb l i t lgc l l c was

i l v i t cd to an in te rv icw. Thc qucs l ions askcd o f h in r u ,c rc u t t t t sL ta l : t l i c l hc p lay

chcss. coulcl l tc rcad ttr t tsic altcl how gotl t l was hc at crosswort ls ' /

7 - l t c i r r l t ' t t i t ' v ' ( t ' : . . . .

Hc knockc t l i l s i t l c p ro tcs l i r lg t ravc l l c rs i r l I l i s cagcr r l css to gc t lo thc books ta l l '

l ) id thcy lurvc a cop1, of l ' l t t , l :utt i t 'Qtrct ' t t t by Sir EtlnrLrntl Spcrlscr '? No. thcy'

r l id 6o t . Not cvc l t thc Pengu in c t l i t io r r ' l Not in any e t l i l i on . D id t l t cy rca l i zc lh l t t' l ' l rc

[ : t to. i t ' ()rrrt ,rrt 'wls onc ol ' thc. icwcls ir t thc crrtwtt of E,ngl ish poclry' l ' f l rcrc

was l t ( ) t r r l rch cu l l l i ) r [ ] ( )c l ry u l I l ca l l t tow. S i t ' co t r l c l , i l ' s i r w ishc t l . l r v thc o thcr

books t i t l l s in l l r c a i r1 to r l . b t r t h is char tccs o l ' s t tccess wcrc s l i r t t . (Dav id Lodsc :

S r t t t t l l W ' r t t l l l

l l c : . . .

l )r t t tkstt t I ! tr . t .s i stt t tr l : .

l l L ' . . . .

l l tsrtkslu I I u.s.s i sl t t t r l : .

Hc cal lcd l lc onc dair ancl said woulr l I cornc ul) lo sce hit t t bccatrsc l tc hitd arl

i {e a . I Ie was wr i t i t tg l t show . . . n l rd hc wat l l c t l l l l c to appcar i r r i l . 'Was I l l l - cp t rc t l

Io lcave l) irr is ' l ' l tc wltt t lct l to krtow. ( [ 'hc 'Strt tdu.t" l 'c lc.gt ult l r 2.6.91 )

I t t . . . .

Has hc cvcr bccr . r i r r c langcr ' ' l 'No l so Ia r . ' In h is l ravc ls w l t i t l h t ts hc l car l t cd l

[ -cw is a r rswcrs in h is rncasurc r l vo icc . ' l ' r r g lac luu l l y cor t r i r tg to thc c t t l t c l t t s to t t

thu t thc Anc ic r r l Br i tons l i vc r l u rnorc sa t is l l c lo ry l i l c t l ran wc t lo ' . . . 'Docs lh is

t l cprcss h i rn ' l ' l ' hc sun contcs ou l anr l h is a t tcn l i t t r t i s t l r i twr t to a l rank t l f '

cx t re r l te ly ra rc l l ' i t i l l a r i l r I l l owcrs l . ' l ca l l ' 1 s ly tha t i1 t locs ac tua l l y . ' ( l ' r r ln r an

irrtcrvie w with writcr Nonttan Lcwis. ' l ' l t t

Strtr lu.t" l ' t l t .qruplt 2.6.9 I )

I t t t t ' t ' r ' icu'cr:

L c u ' i s :

I r r t t ' r ' t ' i t 'u ' t ' t ' :

Lcv' is ' . .

I tttt't't'it'tt'cr:

Lav ' i s :

Thc two detcct ives rcmained. and so cl id thc lwo pol icenren. Thcy werc

cxceptional ly nicc to her, and Jack Noolan askccl i f she woulcln' t rather go

somewherc else, to her sister 's house perhaps, or to his own wit 'e who would

take care of her and put her up fbr the night.

No. she said. She didn't t 'eel she could nlovc even a yarcl at the moment.

Would they mind awful ly i f she stayed just where she was unti l she t 'el t bctter ' l

She didn't f 'eel too good at the moment, she real ly didn't .

6

108 The complex sentence

Then hadn't she better l ie down on the bccl'J Jack Noonan askecl.No, she said. she'd l ike to stay right where she was, in this chair. A l itt le latcrperhaps. whcn she f 'elt better, she would rnove. (Roald Dahl'. Lunb to tltcS lu ugltter)Noott t t t t ; . .

Wontutt:

N oottt t t t

Wortrutt.

Exercise140 Transferred negation [SGE 14.231

Wc sornctinrcs transf'cr a l lcgativc l l 'ont a suborclinatc clausc whcrcscrnarr t ica l ly i t be longs to thc nrat r ix c lausc. Thus wc l l tay say I lo t i r t l t i t tkit vri l l ruitr instea(l o| I t l t i trk it vt 'ott ' t ruitr.

Ci ivc ncgat ivc unswcrs lo thc to l low ing scn tcnccs . L lsc t rans lc r r -cc l ncgat io r rwhcrcvcr poss ib lc .

L.. tunrplc' . Di i l hc appelr 1o undcrstancl u'hal you wcrc sayinu/

Atr.sv't ' t . ' . No. hc cl icln' t appcar to.

I Did you cxpcct that hc woulr l bc sur-priscd'?

I D i t l l r r t r l t t r P e l 1 s w o t t l l l 1 l 1 , s r 1 * r . ' l t i s r r r i r r t l . '

1

5

3 Did hc sccnr to bc l is tcr r ing '?

Do lhc lwo o l you bc l i cvc hc is s tup id ' l

No. wt '

Do y<'ru sLlpp()sc hc lras other plans' l

Do you consicle r he should conrplain'?

I )o you inraginc h is parcnts can he lp '?

fi

1

6

t)

l 0

Woul t l you have thought i t wts possib lc '?

Does i t look as lhough hc wil l suc:ceecl ' l

Do you t'eel there 's lny point in going on'?

1 5 Syntactic and semantic functions ofsubordinate clauses

Subordinatc clauses can be f ini tc ancl

functions:

nomina l

adverh ia l

rc la l i vc

cornparalivc alicr a cornparative phrasc (cg'. nrrtt 'c, -cr. us)

(Studcnts are aclvisccl lo reacl Chaptcr l5 ol 'SGll carcl 'ully bcforc attclnpting

e xc lc iscs l r l I ant l l :12. )

Exercise 141 Funct ions of subordinate clauses [SGE 15.2]

Stu{y thc subord ina tc c lauscs in thc t i r l l ow ing (undcr l incc l l i r r you) a t tc l t l cc i t l c

whcther the i r l i rnc t ion is t romina l , ac lvc rb ia l , r ' c la t i vc o r co t . t lpara t ivc . Wi th a

norninal clause , dccicle whcthcr i t is fulrct ioning as sub.ject, ob.icct, in tpposit ior l

or contpletrtcnt.

I W]NIe Lg , t i s t t t y h t rs i t t css .

,4lsrcr ' : r t t tnt inal ( subiecl )

2 I don ' t war t t to tc l l anyor tc whcrc I go .

3 Othcrw isc cvcryonc w i l l go whcrc I go .

'1 Thc placc whcrc I gtt is cluict ancl urr l i tshiorlablc

-5 Sonrc pcople say that I hidc l iorn thc world.

6 Why shouldn't I havc sort ' tc sccrcts that I hide- f i t lm the worU'/

7 Actually thc idca. that I hiclc frorn thc world, is absurcl.

13 I don't rnincl atlntitt ing a clcsire tbr stl l i tuclc.

9 A hotcl ot1cring peacc ancl quict is nly iclca ol'bliss.

l0 I usually go away whcn therc's t ' tot tnuch work lo d-9

l l I c lon ' t rca l ly k l tow when woulc l bc thc bcst l in tc .

l2 I am wondcr ing i1 'you ' l l be i r t town.

1 .1 l l ' ) ou ' r c i n t ow l t . do r i t t u I nc .

lzt I go away as often as possiblc.

l5 But I don' t qo away as o l icn as tny s is ter .

l6 You never seem to rclax enough to enjor- yourself.

l7 The lnain thing is to enjo)' ) 'ourself.l8 Don't you ever go away just to enjoy -vourself- '?

nonhnr tL - . vanous

l ikc a noun or noun phrasc ( as subjcct, ob.iect. contplcntcnt

or in apposi t ion)likc an aclvcrbrclating to a noun or ttt lutr phrase

1 10 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses

Exercise 142Finite nominal clauses [SGE 15.3-121

Idcnti ly the /uri tc lrominal clauscs in thc fol lclwin-q scntences and state their

1 'u r rc l ions - s r - rb jec t ( inc lL rd in . r ex t raposec l sub . jcc t ) . c l i r cc t ob jec t . sub jec t

conrp le rnent . appos i t i ve . cornp lcnren t o f ac l j cc t i vc , cor lp lenrcn t o f p rcpos i t ion .

Ignorc o ther c lauses .

f , . t r t t r t l t l c ' . Rrs r r r [ ; rcc .Joy Adunrson 's s to ry o l ' [ r l sa lhc l ioncss . shows how l ru th i s\ ( ) i l ) c l i i l ) ( ' \ \ l r i l nse I t l r l rn l i ( l i o r r .

1\t t .stt ' t ' t" . l ron't trr l l r i .s.tottrt ' l i t t r t ' .s.\ trdtt .q(t ' l l tutr l ict iott di lcct ob.jcct (ol ' . i / iol ' , r)

I l t was rcpor lc ( l lo ( i corgc tha l th is an i rna l la rnan-ca t ing l ion l . acconrpan ic r l

b1 ' t ' uvo l io r rcsscs . was l i v ing in sor t tc ncarby h i l l s .

I Th is u 'as r " 'hv \ \c wcrc c l rn rp in t la r - lo lhc r to r th o l ' l s io lo a rnong t l rc Bonr r r

1 r i bcsnrcn .

3 Suddcn ly ' l hcar t l thc v ib ra t ions o l a car : lh is cou ld on iy r t t can thu t ( i co lgc u ,as

rc tun) i l lg rnuch car l i c I lh l rn cxpcc lc r l .- l ( i corge . rv l . to w ls rnos t d is t r -cssc t l . to l r l n rc u ,ha t har l happe ncd. I l c und anot l rc r

gar r rc -w l r r r l cn h l r l k i l l cd onc o l ' thc l io r rcsscs in sc l l -dc l tncc . a r rd t l rc r r

discovcr.crl hcr thrcc cubs. I-5 Hc b lanrcd h i r r rsc l l ' l i r r no t huv ing lccogn izcc l ca l l i c l tha t l rc r bchav ioLr r

s l rovr ' cd tha l shc was r l c fcn t l ing her l i t t c r . ( two l in i t c nonr ina l c lauscs hcrc )

6 Whalcvcr t r i ck I t r i c r l 1o r r rakc t l rc rn swu l low r l i l L r tcd unswcctcncc l r l i l k on lv

r .cs t r l l c r l in thc i r pu l l ing up thc i f t i r ry noscs unc l p ro tcs t ing .

7 T h c a v c r a g c n u r n b e r o f c u b s i n a l i t t c r i s f i l L r r , o f ' w h i c h o n c u s u a l l y r l i c s s o o n

a l ' t c r -b i r t l r and ano l l rc r i s o l l cn loo wcuk lo bc rcurc t l . I t i s l i r l lh is rcason thu t

onc usua l ly sccs on ly two cubs w i th u l ioncss .

l l l l rvcrr in t l rcir scconrl ycar cubs arc unublc to ki l l on t ircir own ancl l l lavc lo fcly

f irr thcir l ixxl on wltat rnuv bc le l j ovcr fhrnr l ki l l by thc l i r l l -gnrwn l ions ol '

thc p r idc .

9 lThe Adarnsons appo in lc t l Nuru . thc i rgarc lcn boy , as ' l ion kecpcr in ch ic f ' .1

The pos t p lcasc t l h in r l i r r i l ra iscc l h is soc ia l s tu tus ; i t a lso nrcant lha t whcn thc

cubs got t i rccl o1'rornpins . . . ancl prcf 'crrccl to slccp unrlcr sorne shady bush, hc

was able to sit near thenr f irr long hours, watching to sce that no snakcs or

baboons r .no lcs lcc l thcnr . ( lwo l in i l c nomina l c lauscs)

l0 Soon thcy showccl us thal they only rcquired thrcc-hourly feecls.

I I IThc Adanrsons a l ready hac l a s rna l l w i l c l an i r la l , Pa t i , (a rock hyrax)as a pc l ,

ancl this l i t t lc anirnal playccl wit l ' r thc growing cubs I I was vcry touchccl that shc

IPati ] shoulcl continuc tcl lovc thc l i t t lc rascals cvcn thoush they divcrtccl our

visi tors' attention from herself.

l2 [Elsa was thc wcakcst of t l ' rc cubs ancl could not gr:t her sharc of rrcat whcn thc

Adamsons started them on sol icl tclod. scl Mrs Adarlson] used lo take her on

to rny lap tbr meals. Shc loved this; rol l ing her head f iorn side to side ancl

closing her eyes, she showecl how happy she was.

l3 I t was hard to accept the fact that we coulcl not kcep fbr ever three f irst-

growing l ions.

If and whether 111

l ;1 Regrc t fu l l ywedec idedtha t twomustgoanc l tha t i twou lc lbebet te r tha t fhe two

big ones, who were always togethcr and less clependcnt on us than Elsa, should

bc thc ones to l cave. ( th rec c lauses)

l-5 As to Elsa we f 'cl t that i f shc had only ourselvcs as fr iencls she would be easy

to t ra in .

Exercise 143 Subordinate quest ions [SGE 15.4-5]

Jo in thc f i r l l ow ing , pa i rs o f scn tcnccs in to onc scn tc l l cc cach. rnak ing a l ty t l r i t to r

changes that sccrn nccessary. Rcrncrnbcr that subort l inatc clucstions f ir l low

nor rna l worc l o rdcr (w i thout i r t vc rs ion o l sub . icc t and aux i l ia ry ) .

E.tumplc'. What l i rsl inrpcl lct l prchistt lr ic r l lal l lo travel ' l Wc do not kn<lw.

r lr is}1?'r ' : Wc clo not knttw what l i rst i rnpcl lccl pri :histt l r ic rt t i t t t t t l l ravcl.

I Was i t thc ncccl lbl fbocl or pcrhaps solne nalttral t l isastcr ' l

Wc clo ttot kl.tttw.

2 What . in h is to r ica l t in tcs . insp i rcc l n rcn to r i sk thc i r l i vcs in search o l the

unknown'l Pcrhaps i t is casicr to url t lcrstat ld t l- t is.

3 Was i t tradc orthc clcsirc f i tr latxl or f i rr gold <lr pcrhaps a nrixlurc ol ' rnotivcs'/

Do wc uttdcrslancl ' l

4 Why do sornc pc<tplc cvcn toclay unclcrtakc di l ' f icult ancl t lal tgcl 'otrs. i t turncys' l

Who can cxp la in ' /

-5 Arc thcy sceking aclvcrtturc' l Or a chal lengc' l Is i t pcrhaps t l lc casc']

6 What arc thc clnotions o1'spacc travcl le rs as lhcy gazc t lowrt on thc cart l l ' l ( ' l l l l

we who havc ncvcr t ravc l l c t l in spacc imag inc th is ' /

7 Whcn d ic l C ih r is tophcr C lo lun tbus ' c l i scovcr ' Arncr ica ' l Docs t l ' l cvcrybot ly

know'J

u Coulcl hc havc bccn ntistakcn irr thinking hc had rcachccl Incl ia. Colunlbus cl icl

no t ask h imse l l ' th is .

9 Whcrc did hc actual ly rrtakc lanclfal l ' l Dtl you know'/

l0 Was i t what wc now ca l l thc Bahamas ' l Do you th ink th l t ' l

I I Which is thc remotcst placc in t l ' rc worlcl today'? C-'an you say'/

l2 Who f irsl sai lccl rouncl thc worlcl ' l Tcl l rnc.

l3 How long dicl Magcl l tn's l lcct takc on the voyage'? Do yi lu rcnlctnbcr'J

l4 Whcrc was Magcllan ki l lcd' l I can't rct.nenlbcr.

l5 Who rnade thc second circumnavigation of the world' l Well , clo you know that ' l

Exercise 144 if and whether [SGE 15.5]

Cornplctc the fbllowing with i l or n'hether. State whcre both are possiblc.

E.rample'. Have you ever wondered wrtl,tHtln/rr lefi-handedt'tcss is simply a

disadvantage in a right-handed world, or wHe'l ' tten/tn it is an actual det'ect' l

I Well. some 'experts' have recently claimed it is a physical defect, though they

do not know . . . . . . to attribute it to mothers who drink during pregnancy

or to mothers who smoke!2 Left-handers probably don't know .... to laugh at this theory or

. . . . . . t o ge l ang ry .

112 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses

5

These wre tched exper ls don ' t seem to have wonc le rcc l . . . . . . l c f i -

hancledness cor. i ld in fact bc neither a disadvantagc or a dcf 'cct - simply a

dif f 'erencc.

Ac tua l l y . . . . . . o r no t le f t -hanc lcc lness is t 'e l t as a d isadvantage depenc ls

verv much cln the indiviclual.

. . . . . . thc cxpcr ls th ink th l t Leonardo c la V inc i . Jacob E ins tc in . Georgc

Bush or Princc Charles are clcf 'cct ivc is not clcar.

. . . . . . thcy e vcn know 1ha1 r .nany fan tous pcop lc havc bccr t l c l i -handc t l

sccrns cloubtf 'ul .

Ancl thcy clon't se cn'r to havc consiclcrccl

tou l t l t ' r c t t he l r t t l t t l v r tn t i lg ( ' i l l s ( ) i l t c \P( ) r l s .

Thcy coLrlcl havc askccl Navrati lova ()r Mclfrtroe

. or lx)t lcl i -hanclct lncss

- o r t l r c i r oppo l lcn ts -

i t i s a c l i sac lvantage or l ro t in tenn is .

bc pos i t i vc ly usc l i r l l i r r so tnc pcop lc - cli l ' f icLrlt l irr

3

9 Surc ly i t currtlthcrs.

l 0 Bu t a r t yhow,

( l l a l k )

causc) .

Exercise 145 to- inf ini t ive or - ing clause? ISGE 15.9-10]

Conrp lc te thc l i r l l ow ing us i t rq i t lo - in f in i l i vc o t 'a t t - r r i ,q l i r r t t t .

I ' , , . t t t t t r1 t l c I l i s no goor l rncrc ly ( tu lk )ubout ( l ) rcscrvc) thc wor lc l ' s w i ld l i l c ' . You 'vc

gol (drt) sorncthing.

Ar rsu ' t ' t ' . l t i s no lood t t t c rc ly t ' , \ t .K tN( ; abot l t I 'R I is l ,Rv tNt ; thc wot ' l t l ' s w i l c l l i l c .

You 'vc g ( ) l r1 ) rx ) sor lc th ing .

an advantagc or a t l isadvut ' t tagc, why worry I

w o n ' l s u v c a n y l h i n t . L l u t ( 2 a c t ) . i s ( l

th ings to happcn. unc l lhoug l ' t thc ob . jcc t i vcs o l the

wi ld l i f 'c lobby - (4 save ) . cnr langcrcc l spccics is ac l rn i rablc ,thcrc havc becn sonrc ur.t lorcscclt antl nol tol i t l ly wclcottrc rcsults.

ln l l c t onc surpr is ing rcsu l t has bccr r (5 cnc lan tc r ) . thc hu t t ran

spcc ics - a l l cas l to thc cx tc r t t lha t there is t row a grca tc r r i sk o f (6 bc)

. . . a t tackcc l . i t no t k i l l cd , by w i lc l l i f ' c .

A law wus passecl a f 'cw ycars ago (7 protcct) . . . scals t t l ' l

A r n e r i c a ' s w c s t c o a s t . N a t u r a l l y t h c r c s u l t o l ' n o t ( l l c u l l ) . . . t h c s c a l

popu la t ions wAS n lo rc sca ls (9 sw inr ) . . . a roL t t t t l inshore . So fa r s t r

gooc1. But though to us scals arc bcauti l 'ul wi lcl crcaturcs. to sharks thcy arc fbotl .

(10 prov ide ) . . . l l r ( ) rc f i roc l l i r r s l ra rks na turn l l y resu l ts in rnorc

sharks . Anc l i t i s r ro l rsc ( I I cxpec t ) . . . a shr rk ( 12 d is t ingu ish)

bclwee n a scal ancl a hurnitn swirntncr. Rcsul l - scvcral switntners

ki l lcd ancl a lo l rnorc savi tgely at tackccl . Ot 'course yt tLr coLr ld say (13 swirn). . . i s a n u n n c c c s s a r y p a s t i n r e . B L r t ( l ' l s w i m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . o r

not swirnnr ing isn ' t thc only quest ion.On the other s ide of the wor ld. in India. ( l -5 k i l l ) . . . t igers has

becn stopped. Qui tc r ight . you say. For that noble animal (16 beconrc). . . extincl woulclbe a world disgrace. But you might t 'eel ditferently

if you were an Indian fanncr l iving near the jungle's cdge - ancl your crops. your

animals. even your family were in constant danger. The intention of the regulations- ( lTp rese rvc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . t he t i - ee r - i sadmi rab le . Bu tpa r to f t heou tcomc

Adverbial clauses of t ime 113

- ( l l3 endanger) . . . . . . . . . . . . members of the hunlan species - makes

realize that f-ew issues in this world are simple.

Exercise 146 to-infinitive clauses ISGE 15.9,15'14'27]

Re write thc tbl lowing using /r. ,- inf ini t ivc clauses whcrc possible. LIse thc structurc

l r t r X tp . . .6G1: 15 .91 i f i t i s i r .npor ta r r t to mcr r t ion t l rc sub. icc t o l ' thc in l in i t i vc

c lausc .

I-, .runr1tlc ' . Wlttn pcrslt lc.r ' rrr thrt tourisnt is a rna.ior lhrcat to thc e nvirot lnlcnt. this

is l to cxaggcrattot l .

. l l t . r t t r ' l ' : T o s t r y t l t l t l l o t t r i s t t t t r l t t t t l t j o r l l t t t ' l t l l o l l t i ' t ' t t v i r ( ) l i l l l ( ' t ) l i s t t o e r l t t g t ' r : t t i t r t t '

I | . lobocly nowaclays can hopc t l t t . t ' ctrtr r i , i i I a l 'atnttus 'sight ' wi lhoul bcit lg plt l

of a huge crowcl.

2 I t is a rarc plcasurc indcctl i l t ' t t tr . f i t rd a cle scrlct l bcach.

3 Arrd u, l t2tt _t.ott .sr,c thc Cltorntotts crowtls wanClcri l tg i troutlcl Vclt icC. ytt t t

rvontlcr how that grcat ci ty has trot alrcady sutrk i t t to thc sclt .

:1 I t wotr l t l bc l i rol ish i l utrt ' t l us inru.qit tct l tht l wc crt l l stop pcoplc witnt ir lg t()

t r rvc l .

5 l l ' w c t l o n o t h i r r g a b o u t l h i s . t h c r c w i l l s o o n b c n o t h i n g l c l l t l t u t t t ' ( ' ( d t t P t ' ( . \ ( r t ' ( .(r But wc urge nt ly nce cl utcasurc s t lrut v i l l pntk'r '1 both hisloric bui ldings rt t t t l thc

cou n t ry s idc .

7 Onc possibf c solut iorr is l l tut gitvcrtt t t t t ' t t l .s sl totr l t l st l t t l t t t t 'v ' l t t t t t ' t tr t , tr t , i r ' . :

w i t h a r r n i c s o l ' o f l i c i a l s . . .

l J . . . n ' l ro t r t r r l t l t l i re t t v is i t t l r s t t l ' su i l l rb le '

s igh ts .

9 Another poss ib i l i t y , t l t t r t v t t ' . t l r t tu l l r t , l t ' t t r r thc p r icc n ic t l t r r r t i . t r r t . wou l t l

p loh lh ly he s i t t tp l t ' r ' .

l 0 Pcop lc w i l l j us t havc 1o pay lnorc i l I l t c t ' t t ' r t t r t / ( ) rc ( ' l l l c r t ro re p t tpu la l t t ) t l l - i s t

a t l rac t lons .

I I Al lcacly sornc IJngl ish crthcdrals charge tourists acltrt issit l r t stt thut t l tet 'ctt t t

f t7rdir- sornc t l f thc r lautagc causccl by trarnpl ing l 'cct lrncl wct brcath.

l l Scri11rrs tourists would not hc thc only ones n' l tr . , vrrt tr l t l bt 'r tcl i t fkrtr l srtral lcr

crttwtls.

l3 Thc local peoplc whtl l ivc in gr I tcar thcse pf iccs woulcl bc I ' rappicr rf t /rc1 x'rrt '

i l ( ) [ ( ) \ ' (n 'u t l -

l ;1 I l 'wc Clo nol act sool), we shal l wake Llp one dtry t t trd.f irrd i t is t t to l t t t t ' .

Exerc ise 147 Adverbia l c lauses of t ime [SGE 15.14]

Join the scntences togcther, using thc ctln.junctions shown, ancl rnaking any othcr

changcs necessary.

Exuntplc'. I was reading. We rcachecl Peterborough. (unti l)

Attsv,er'. I was reading unti l we rcacllecl Peterborough.

7 r.r-infinit ive clauses can have various ntlnrinal ancl adverbial functions and

nrcanings, and can cvcn fbllow it n()un in a noun phrasc (a brrtk trt rcud).

114 Syntactic and sernantic functions of subordinate clauses

I I was on my way to Edinburgh by train rcccntly. I had an odd experrcnce.( w h i l e )

2 I reachecl Padcl in-eton stat ion. My train was leaving. (- just asl3 I had to wait half an hour. Thc ncxt train lef i . (betbre)z l I wa lkcc l a l l a long the t ra in . I fbunc l a sca t a t the f ron t . (un t i l )

5 I put my case on thc rack. I sett lccl clown to reacl n.ry bcxtk. (oncc)

6 The train stoppecl at Petcrborough. A young nran gol in. (when)

7 FIc sat clown ncxt to nre. He bcgan a corrvcrsation. (as soon as)lJ Icou lc ln ' t go on rcac l ing . Th is young rnan hac l c lcc idcd to ta lk . (a t i c r )

9 I t w a s a l l r i g h t l I h a d g i v c n u p l r y i n e t o r . c a d . ( o n c c )

l0 Hc too hac l caught thc "uvror ts ' t r .a in . I I c had nr isscr l thc car l i c ronc l i kc n rc .( a l 1c r )

I I Hc had spent two ycars as an cns inccr ing s tu r lcn l in Yor .k . T l rcn hc har l t l cc ic lcdto char.tgc courscs. (bcf irrc)

l2 | to ld h i rn I on ly kncw or rc pcrson in York . I t lu rncd ou t tha l hc kncw l rc r .( w h c n )

l3 We rcachc t l Yor -k . Wc wcrc r l ccp in convcrsa t ion . (u 'h i l c )

1 ,1 Thc t ra in s toppcd. Hc . ju rnpcd or , r t . ( thc l l to l l t cn l )

l -5 A las . hc l c f i t l r c t ra in . l l c had no t to ld n rc h is nar r rc . (he l i r rc car .e l 'u l l )

Exercise 148 Conditional clauses ISGE 15.17-201

Idcntify the conditional clauses and ciecide whether they are open. hypclthetical orrhctoricai. Also mark any that are indirect.

E.rample'. I 'd keep quict l/ 1 h'ere tou. (hypothetical)

l If this is justice, I am a banana. (Ian Hislop)

Condit ion [SGE 15.17-2Ol

( -ond i t ions urc o f two nra . jo r typcs :

o t , t ,N (ncu t ra l )cond i t ions . Wc tk l l to l k r to 'nv whcthcr thc conc l i l i o r r a r rd thcoutconrc i t rc ln rc o r -w i l l happcn, bu l wc fcc l thcy arc poss ib lc :

I f C o l i n i s a t t l r c n c c t i n t t o n r o r r o w , I ' l l t c l l h r r n .

r ty t \ r | i l r , r ' r ( , \ r . conc l i t i t l ns suggcs l lha l thc conc l i t iun w i l l r ro t happcn.0r . i s no tt rue now. o r d ic l no t happcn:

l f hc carnc tor-norrow, I 'd he surpr- iscd.

I l l r c u c l c l r e r r r r o u . . .

l f only hc hacl tclcphonc(l yr-slcr( lay.

A th i rc l l ypc , Rur rx )nr r ' , r r . co l r r l i t i ons , look grarnrna t ica l l y l i kc opcnconc l i t ions , bu t a re ac tua l l y s t ronu ly asscr t i vc :

I l ' I w i n , I ' l l c a t r n y h a t . ( l t n t s u r c I w o n ' t w i n . )

Another rn inor typc o l ' conc l i t ion is rNornx- r cond i t ion , whcrc thc rna t r i xc lausc docs no t ac tua l l y f o l low as a co l l scquc l l cc o f ' thc cond i t ion :

I th ink tha t ' s a n r is take , i l ' you c lon ' t r .n inc l rny say ing so .

Cond i t iona ls 115

2 If Aristot le werc al ive today, he 'd have a chat show. (Timothy Leary)

3 You can losc a l t t t of work i1 peoplc think you'rc dead.

4 I f any th ing can go wrong. i t w i l l .

5 I f you don ' t l i kc the hca t . keep ou t o f the k i tchen.

6 I f you ask tne . tha t ' s absurd .

7 I wou ldn ' t have askcc l i f I d idn ' t want to know.

lJ I f thcrc is one thing a successful r.nan shtlulcl know. i t is wherr t() stop.

9 C lcar ly mo l lcy has sontc lh ing to ck r w i th l i l l . ln f 'ac t . thcy 'vc a lo t in cou l l l l o r l

i f y o u c n q u i r c . ( P h i l i P L a r k i n )

l0 I wou lc ln ' t h i t vc askc t l i f l hadn ' t wat t l c t l to know'

Exerc ise 149 Hypothe t ica l cond i t ions ISGE 15.19 ]

Wr i tc thc l i l l l ow ing as s i l lg lc co t r t l i t i o t ta l sc l l le l l ccs .

I ' ._tt trrr1t l t , . . ' fhc

lcinplcs at Aswan wcrc rt tovccl. So thcy wcrc t lo[ l loodctl r l ' l rcrt lhc

c lanr was b t r i l t .

,1lsur,r. : I f ' thc tcr l l -r lcs lr l Asrvlrr harl not bcctt t t tovctl . thcr ' ' lvonlt l havc bcetl

l l txrt lcd whctt thc dit tn was btr i l t .

(L lsc l i i c /1 t r l l l l l c r t l l i t l t u ' t t t r ld . whcrc th is t t takcs bc t lc r sc l l sc . )

I Pcop le l rc c t t r i t t r t s ahout thc p l l s l . So arch i tco logy e x is ls

I ' Ihc anc ic l t t F .gyp t ians bc l i cvcr l in lu a l ' te r - l i l c . So thcy b t r i l l c labora tc lo r l lbs .

3 ' lhcy werc c lcvcr u t s lu r obscrvu t ions . an t l thc C i rc l t Pyrar r r i c l o l ' G iza is

accunt rc ly l inc t l up w i t l r nor th . sou th . cas l a t t t l wcs t s ic lcs '

. l Thcrc was no co inagc whcn thc pyranr ids wcrc bn i l t . So t l t c wt l rk r t l c l l wcrc

paid with l i r t l t l .

-5 Becausc thc l igyptians put ob.jccts in thc tot.nbs, wc krtow a lot l tbout rtrre i tnt

Egypt .( r T h c p y l a r n i d s w c r c p l u n c l c r c c l i n a n c i c r r t l i m c s . s t t l a t c r c x p l o r c r s c l i d n o t f i l l t l

g lca{ quan l i t i cs o l ' t rcasut -e .

7 -Ihc

f irst l lulopcan visi tors cl icl nol nrakc delai lct l note s bcctttsc l l lcy wcrc l lot

a rchaco log i s ts .

l l TIrc sands buried sori lc trcasurcs. Part ol ' i t wooclclt boat was safcly cxcavatct l

in 195;1 .t) The Vtl lcy ol ' thc Kings. furthcr south. was also ptrt ly prtt tcctcd by santl . So

Tutankhamun's tomb wlls t lot cl iscovcrct l unl i l 1922.

l0 Tutankhar.nun's tclrnb was not l 'ouncl by thc gravc robbcrs, ancl t l . tc wondcrful

trcasures are now in thc Cairo MLtscut-t l .

I I Archacologists work careful ly arrd painstakingly. Thcy continue to teach us

about thc Past.

Exerc ise 150 Condi t ionals wi th invers ion [SGE 15'19]

Rewrite the tollowing with inversion of subject and lauxil iary) vcrb. Yclur answers

will begin with'. hatl, should or h'(re.

E.rample'. If I told him, hc'd probably laugh.

Ansv,er: Were I to tell him, he'd probably laugh.

1 16 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses

I I f you see i in unidenti f icd f lying object. ler ntc know.

2 If I werc to see onc, I shoulcl r:ertainly infontr you.

3 Ancl i f by any chancc I nrcl an al ictt aslronaut. I 'd inf irrm thc newspape-rs too

4 l l 'you wcrc not so scept ica l . you nt ieht learn

5 I1'you hacl l .rcen with ntc last night. you w,oulcl l ravc seen the I.JFOs.

6 I I you hac ln ' i lo ld rnc . I wou ld ncvcr havc bc l ievcc l i t .

7 Many s ight inus w<lu l t l provc to bc holxcs. i l wc invcst isu lcc l thcnr .

u l f I hat ln ' t cxarr t incc l thc photo l raph rnyse l f . I woulc l havc thousht i t was a 1akc.

Exercise 151 Concession [SGE '15.21-231

Rewr i l c thc l i r l l ow ins , us ing lhc con junc l io r rs g ivc l r a r rd r lak ing a l l y ncccss i l rycn l rngcs .

l i . tunr l t l c : I t lon ' t uppntvc o f ' t c l l i ng l i cs . B u t tc l l i l r c t l r c ln r th can bc pa in l i r l . 1wh i le )A t t .sv t ' t ' t ' . wh i l c I ck ln '1 app lovc o l ' t c l l i ng l i cs . t c l l i r rg lhc t ru lh can bc p l in f i r l .

I Enrp loycrs I ra t r , tn t l l y want to rcc ru i l thc r iuh t pcop lc , bu l son tc o f thc i rn re thor lsrk r sccnr doubt l 'u l . ( l l though )

2 Thcy ncc t l t t t f ind ou t i tboL l t us , yc t do thcy have lo ask suc l r pcrsonu lqucs l io r rs ' l( though )

3 I t lon ' t n r inc l l i l l i ng in r t ques l ion t ru i rc . bu l I ob . jcc t 1o so l l l c l ypcs o t c lues t ion .( w h i l c )

4 Solnc pcrsonal inl irntt i t l iorr nray bc ncccssary. Evcn so. I dol-r ' l want to ! ivc i t .(cvcn i l ' )

-5 | vcry tnuclt wanlcd lhc lasl . job I appl ict l lbr. I lowcvcr' , I rcl ' r .rsccl to cornplctcthc qucs t ionna i rc . (n ruch as)

6 The c lucs t ions r l ray havc bccn rc lcvant . But thcy s t ruck urc as u l rp lcusant . (as

lscc I .5 .2 I no tc l )7 The consequcnces cou ld have bccn any th ing lb r mc. I s t i l l wasn '1 g r r in ! to

rcveal rny privatc l i f 'e. (whatcvc-r)

l l So rny app l i ca l ion was a wastc o1 ' t in rc . But I d id ec t p rac t ice- a l c lea l ing w i thawkwarc l qucs t ions . (cxcept tha l )

9 I rea l l y c l i s l i kcd the qucs t ionna i re . Nevcr thc lcss , I en joycd thc in te rv icw. (cven

though)

l0 Pcrhaps I ' l l rnake up the answcrs nex t t in te . But don ' t te l l anyonc ! (on ly )

Exercise 152 Reason, purpose and result [SGE 15.26-28]

Rewrite the fbi lowing, using the words givcn and ntaking al l other necessarychanges.

Subjects in nonfinite and verbless clauses 117

E.runrple'. Some pcople make themselvcs run because they want to l ivc to a rtpe

olcl age.

. . . . . . r o t l r t r l

Alsrrr ' : Somc people makc thcmsclvcs run so that they wil l l ive to a r ipe olcl agc.

I Convincccl that cxercisc is good tbr you. cloctors l trr- t trqins L-vcry()nc to takc

morc cxerc lse .

Becausc

2 A lot of rncn in part icular cl ie of hcart cl iseasc. so thcy ought to be warnctl .

S u c l r r r l o l . . . . .

3 Many pcople eat too rnuch l l t t i tncl clantagc the ir hearts.

he clru sc.1 Sorne doctors sct such a bud cxarttple that pcoplc clt l not l istcrt to thel l l .

so that .

-5 Wc are a lways be ing to lc l to changc our hab i ts . w i th thc rcsu l t tha t sou tc pcop lc

d o n ' t l i s l c n .

S i r r t e . .(r Sorrrc urarathort runl lcrs cxpcricrtcc rcal pain bccausc thcy train vcry hard.

s o . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a t

7 Sornc rul lncrs arc ohscssivc. atrd cttnscc;ucntly thcy in. iurc t l tcrnsclvcs.

t l Othcr pcoplc lakc no cxcrcisc ancl bccotne real ly lrnf i t .

A s . . . . .

9 S incc suc l t pcop lc o l ' t cn a lso overca t , lhcy 1 . ru t on wc igh t .

' ' ' s o "

l0 Sornc pcop le rca l l y c l i s l i kc cxcrc isc . an t l thc rc l i l r c t t takc cxc t tscs .

Bcr' : . tu:e

l l Sornc peop le say thcy lcac l vc ry busy l i vcs . a l tc l so t lon ' t havc I i t t re .

" " ' t h a t l h c Y " '

l2 Sonrc olclcl pcoplc t tkc up running becausc thcy want to strcrtgl l tctt thcit '

bones .. . . . i t t o t ' t l c r t r r

l3 V io lcn t cxcrc is r can r la rnagc rnusc lcs , s t l sc r ious r l ln l l c rs p lan thc i r c l i c t

care t 'ul ly.

" " - t t l r

l4 You nr igh t havc a 'hcar t cond i t ion ' . so h i tve a chcck-up w i th yourdoc lo r .

rs ch.;";;;.;;;,;,-'i"-n,h;;;.;;"i;t;, *i'Jl'; r,," ''-',,v,r,".,'"r" r'",.'t"",.s ( ) i l s . . .

l6 You don't havc lo run i f 'you want t t t ke e p f i t - cycl ing or srvinrmins wi l l c lo.. . . . . . i n o r d c r t c r

Exercise 153 Subjects in nonf ini te and verbless clauses

lsGE 1s.34-351

When a nonfinite or vcrbless clause has no subject of its own, grammatically

we understand that it is the same as the subject of the rnatrix clause. This is

called the attachment rule, but it does not have to apply in all cases.

1 1B Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses

Some clf the fbl lowing gcnuinc quotations break the attachrnent rulc. Rewritc thcrl

where this nrattcrs - in orcler to bring out the probable ntcaning.

E.runrplt ' ' . Li l ' in-e in Plynrouth. a visi t to a West Encl thcatre is an annual tr ip to

which nry husbancl artcl I alrvays look f irrwarcl.

A ls l ' r , r ' : As wc l i vc in P lynrou th . i t v is i t . . . e tc .

I Oncc so lc l . you ' rc un l i kc l l ' to scc suc l . t f inc qua l i t y rca l l cu t l rc r boots o l ' l ' c rcc l

a l . jus t l l ( r . t ) -5 cvcr aga in . (ac lver t i sc l l rcn t )

I C i i vcn thc c i rcunrs tunccs , l l t c rc sec lns no po i t t t in cor r rp la in inu .

J A s u n a c t i v e s u p p o | t c r o l ' l h c a r t s i n B r i t a i n . I t h o u g h t y o u w o u l r l b c i n t c | c s l c r l

to know o l 'a sc rv i cc tha t o l ' l ' c fs you thc chancc to pnrv i c le l inanc ia l hc lp f i r r thc

lu r ls ubso l r r tc ly l l . cc . (c i rc r r lu r ' l c t l c f )- l Wli t ing ulouncl to sigrr hooks thc ot lre r r lay. a [rr ight- lacctl tcn yci.rr olr l rnurlc

lu wc lconrc lppcar lncc . (uu thor - . lohn Mor t in rc r )

-5 ' l

hc p l l y nccc ls to bc prcse n tcd w i th n rorc scnsc o f s ly lc . Th l t hav ing bccn sa i t l .

thcrc lrrc sornc goorl pcrl i trnri tnccs.( r Opcn l i r r lunch anr l t l i nncr . book ing is a r lv ise t l a t th is cor t r l i r r - tab lc a r t r l n ro r l i sh

but vcr '1' rclrsonablc rcstauralr l .

7 A s k c d n r u c h l a l c r o n . w h r t h c u ' a s r c a l l y u p l o . a w i r l c s i l c n l s r r r i l c d i v i d c d h i s

l 'acc . acconrpan ic r l by an odd ly you l l r f ' u l h lush .

8 Cons i r l c r i l i g shc 's n inc ty . rny g randr ro lhc l i s a rn i . t z i t tg ly ac t i vc .

9 Onc o l ' the wc l l lh ics t r ) )cn i r r thc wor - ld . h is l i r r -e ig r r i r t r cs t r r rc r r l s l r re e s t imatc t l

a l o v c r ! i l ( X ) h i l l i o n .

l0 Oncc ins i r l c . thc housc cxur lcs l l i ' c l ing o l sccur i ty .

l l LJp to c igh l inchcs o l ' snow le ' l l i n la rge par ls o l ' thc Swiss A lps . e r t r l i r r l r t to r .e

than two wccks ol 'dr-y lrrr l balnry wcathcr.

l l T l rc rcs taurant w ls l i r l l whcn suc ldcn ly carnc a l c r f ib lc cxp los ion th rowing us

to lhc g rou t t r l .

Exercise 154 Comparat ive clauses [SGE 15.36-42]

Llsc thc fac ls g ivcn to cornplctc thc scnlenccs sui tably .

l , , . tunrp l t : Thc country wi th thc h ighcst ratc o l 'cnr igra l ion is Mcxico.Al^r 'n ' r ' r ' : Proport ionatc ly . . . urxt , . . .1- rcoplccmigratcf ronr Mcxico. . . t t lAN.. . f rotn

any ()thcr country.

I The Vatican City. the smallest indcpcr.rclcnt country in the world, covers .1:1

hcctr rcs, cornparcd wi th Monaco's l9 l . . l ha. Nauru, in the westcrn Paci f ic(2.129 ha) is thc srnal lcst republ ic in thc wor ld.

M o n a c o i s . . . . . . . . . . . . t h c V a t i c a n C i t y , b u t . . . . . . . . . . . . a sNauru. Nauru . . . any othcr rcpubl ic in the wor ld.

2 The rnost densely populatecl territory in the world is Macao, on the southerncoast of China (over 2U,000 pcople per kmr.) This comparcs with Hong Kong(-5,497 per krnr). Of largc countries, the most densely populated is Bangladcsh(783 per kmr) .

Many people assume that Hong Kong is any otherterr i tory in the wor ld, but actual ly i t is . . . . . . than Macao.Bangladesh of course is . . . . . . . . as e i ther .

Mixed clauses '1 19

3 The country with the biggest population is China. But the Unitecl Nations

estimate that by the ycar 20-50 India's population wil l bc 1,590 mill ion and

China 's a mere 1,554 rn i l l ion!l nd ia ' s cu r ren t popu la t i on i s . . . . . . . . . . . . t l s Ch ina ' s : bu t t he UN

fb recas t t ha t by t l r e yea r AD 20 -50 i t . . . . . . . . . . . . Ch ina ' s .,1 In 19t35 Tokyo-Yokohanta was the b iggest c i ty in the wor ld. But Mexico Ci ty

is cxpcctcd to ovcrtakc it by thc ycar 2000.M c x i c o C i t y w a s n o t . . . . . . . . . . . . T o k y o i n l 9 f t . 5 . b u t b y t h e e n c l o f t h c

ccn tu ry i t cou l c l bc . . . . . . . . . . . . any o lhc r c i t y i n t he wo r l c l .

5 Thewor l c l popu l t t i on i s i l t c r cas inga t thc ra t c t l f 913 rn i l l i onayca r .The lowcs tratc of natural incrcasc tl l ' any inclcpettt lcnt cottntry was rccorclccl in Wcst

Gcrnrany ( in l t ) l t6) . ln Kcnya thc ratc is twice thc wor ld avcr i lgc.

Na lu ra l popu la t i on l nc rcasc w i t s . . . i n Wcs t ( i c r r t t any . . . . . . . . . i n l t l l

o thcrcountry in l9 t t6. ln Kcnya the pt lpula l ion has bcen incrcasing l l lorc t l lan

tw i ce . . . . . . . . . t hc wo r l d avc ragc .6 In lg t l l thcrc werc cst i rnated to bc l , (X)6.7 rnalcs in thc wor ld l i r rcvcry 1.000

l 'cnra lcs. tsut in 1985 thc LISSR hacl 1.132. I l 'c r r ta lcs to cvcry l . (XX) rnalcs.

Accorc l ing to cst inut tcs thcrc arc l lo t . . . . . . . . . . . . fcrnalcs i l l thc wor l t lr n a l c s . a l t h o u g h i n s o t n c c o u n l r i e s ) t h c r c t r t a y h c

tnan nrc r l .

7 Wor ld expcc tu t io r t o t ' l i f l a t b i r th i s r i s ing l i ' t l rn a l l averagc o f 1 '7 .1 ycars ( in

1 9 5 0 - - 5 - 5 ) t o w a r d s 6 1 t r . 5 ( 1 9 9 - 5 2 ( X X ) ) . T h c h i g h c s t c x p c c t a t i o n o f l i t c i s i n J a p a n

( l{ l .g ycars t irr wonrcn and T5.S l irr nrcn in l t) lJt3 ). Thc lowcst is in parts t t l Al i ica

l irr rncrr (39.,1) arrcl l i l r wotrtctr in Atghanisttrn (2tr2).' fhrouglrout rnost ol thc rvorlcl pcoplc cltn cxPect lo l ivc .

t h e i r p a r c n t s t l i c l . N o o t h c r c r t u n t r y ' s c x p e c t i t t i o n o f l i f c i s . . . . . . .

J l p a n ' s . M o s l r c c t l r c l s s u - l l g c s t t h a l l l l c l l t l o n o t o l l a v c l ' i t g c

w o r n c l t E v c t l i n J a P a n. . . n rcn . . . wor t l c l l can cxpr -c t 1o rcach c igh ly .

Exercise 155 Mixed clauses [SGE chapter 15]

l c l cn t i f y lhc f in i t c sub t l r t l i r t l t t c c lauscs in the l i r l l ow ing . anc l ( l )n la rk thc i r typc , cg :

nonr ina l , ac lverb ia l o r rc la t i vc anc l (b ) s ta tc thc i r l ' unc t ion . cs : n t l r t t i r ta l ( t lb . i cc t ) .

adverb ia l ( rcas t ln ) .

F).runp!t ' . Acciclent invcstisators urc L-\ lnr ining thc possibi l i ly that a wing cattte

ol ' l ' the Bocing 767 bcfirrc the aircraft crashecl on Sullclay.

Atrsv'er ' . thut u v' i tr .q tunu'r lJ t l t t Brtt ' i t rg 767 lrcf i tr t i l trushcd tt tr Sutrduv -

nonr ina l ( in appos i t ion tc t thc y t .ss i l t i l i t v )

hcfore thc uircru.t ' i crushetl r t t t Sutrdut ' - aclverbial ( l inle).

I The possibi l i ty that a surfacc-to-air rnissi lc had bccn f ired at the planc was

under consiclcrat ion.

2 Investigators saicl l ightning and pi lol error had been rulcd out.

3 Otf icials would not say i f any of thc bodies hacl injuries consistent with a bornb

blast.

4 He l icop terswidenedthe i r jung lesearchyes terday ,bu t i twasrcpor ted tha t they

could not l ind the r ight wing and i ts engine.

120 Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses

-5 'That i s ex t remely s t range, 'sa id a spokesman. 'We have no idca what i ti m p l i c s . '

6 However other sourccs said the implication that thc r ight sidc of the plane

could have bornc thc brunt of an explosion had lcd to the theory that i t rnighthave bcen caused by a nrissi lc.

7 Thc spokcsrnan decl ined to speculatc on how the wing camc to be detachccl.l l Bu t he ru lcc l ou t thc poss ib i l i t y tha t i t d is in tegra ted .

9 'Thc w ing has a vcry f lex ib le s t ruc tu re , so i t i s h igh ly i rnprobab le tha t i t wou lc lhave broken up in s rna l l p icces . '

l0 I I c a lso con l i r t ' ncd tha t h is tearn o l ' inves t iga tors hac l l i runc l no t racc o fc lc tonatcd cxp los ivcs dur ing thc i r two c lays co lnb ing the s i te .

I I ' fhc

invcsfigators l l 'om Bor: ing, who joincd thc invcstigirt ion ycslcrclay.sirni lar ly l i lunt l no tracc ot 'a honrb bl i lst.

l2 Thc invcs t iga t ion cornmi t tec w i l l c lcc idc toc lay about whcrc thc h lack boxf l igh t rcco lc lc r w i l l go l i r r cxarn ina t ion .

l 3 ' l n o u r v i c w . ' s a i c l a s p o k c s n t a n ' i t i s n c c c s s a r y l h a t t h c - c x a r n i n a t i o n s s h o u l d

bc clorrc in a counlry whcrc nobody is involvccl. '

1 . 1 ' l w o u k l b c c l i s a p p o i r r t c d i l ' i t w c r e t h c L l r r i t e d S t a t c s b c c a u s c l h c A n r c l i e a n s

arc p laycrs in th is . l t was I US p ik r t anc l thc p lanc was o l 'LJS or ig in . 'l5 But hc su id B< lc ing 767s wcrc 'wc l l cons t ruc tcd ar rc l wc l l p rovcc l ' .

l6 The on ly cer ta in ty was tha l thc a i rc ra f t hac l cxp lo t l c r l a t a h igh a l t i tudc .l 7 T e n r l a y s i n t o t h c i n v c s l i s u t i o n , w h i c h h c { a n w i t h u r n a s s o f s p c c u l a t i o n a b o u t

sabotegc , r l rug barons and bonrbs . thc owncro f thc a i r l inc conf i rn rcd lha t t l r cle f t hanc l c r tg i r tc har l apparcn t ly gonc in lo rcvcrsc lh rus l - caus ing thc p lunc1o brcak uo in n r i r l a i r .

1 6-l O Complementation of verbs and adjectives

Exercise 156 lntransi t ive phrasal verbs [ .SGE 16.3]

Use thc vcrbs givcn to rephrase the passagcs l telow:

corne about go aheacl lbol arouncl pass away look backsctt lc ckrwn louch down cry off take off wcar of l 'c lrop out stancl out cornc olt carry on catch on holcl onbear up own up r ing up wr r i t up g ivc up g ivc in l t l l th rough

fi . t t t t t tplL, ' .Tl ' tcy crtt t t inrrL' l ( to lrhuvt,) as though nothing had happcnccl.

Att, tn' t , t" . Thcy carr icd on as lhough nothint had happcnccl.' l i rrn

rnust bc 2-5 by now. I1's t i rnc hc stoppccl ( l) bclrt l ' i t r14 irrcsprttrsibl. t .. . . . . . a n c l 1 ) 1 s t u r r t d t u k i t t g l i l c u b i t n t r t r c s L ' t ' i o r r . s l t ,

. . . . . . You know, hc wc l l t to un ivc rs i ty anc l f l t cn (3 ) l c l t t ' i t l to t t f

l i t t i sh ing . . . . . . I I c was o l l c rc r l qu i tc a good. job . acccptcd anc l thc r r(1 ) su id n ( ) . . . . . t l c ( -5 ) . \ l ( ) l ) . \ l r . \ ' i n ,q . . . . . . l ' a r too

c a s i l y . O l r . ( 6 ) b e f i t i r l . . . . . . T l r c j o b 1 1 ) c o l l u l t s c d

1 ' r r r . jus l (8 ) t t lL ' l tho t t in ,q . . . . . . to say p lcasc (9 ) c lon ' t l ru t t ,q u ro t r t rd

. f l t r us to un i t ' t ' .go Io l t t r l . . . . . . Our p lanc was lu tc (10) l cuv i t t ,q. . . . . . ( f l ' o n r ) M o s c o w . a n c l w c ' v c o n l y i u s t l l l ) u r r i y t t l. . . . . . a t H c a t h r o w .

Oh, f ' r r r

r lac l you 've rung. I ' l l (12) cor t fcss wc ( l l )c o t r t i t t u t l . . . . . . a r r c l h a d d i n n c r ' .

Oh. tha t ' s gooc l . Ac tua l l y i t wus a burnpy f l igh t anc l I 'n t t ' cc l ing l b i t s ick anc l . . .Oh. ( f -1 ) l x ' chcer l i t l t . . . . . . Th l t sor t o f l cc l ing w i l i ( l -5 I

d i s u l t l t t ' u r . . . . . . s o o n .

Would you I ike to spcak to Mlr. jor ic ' l . . . ( | 6l I ) ( ) t t ' t r i n,yq r lJ .

I ' l l g c t h c r .

W h e n I ( l l ) t l t i t t k u l t o u t . . . . . . o v c r n t y p a s t l i t ' c . o n e o f t h c t h i n g s

t h a t ( l u ) i . s r e u l l . t ' t r o t i t c u l t l c . . . . . . i s t h c w a y t h i n g s o t ' t c n ( 1 9 )

I tu l t l t t , t r . . . . . . qu i tc by chancc . l t ' s oc ld thc way sonre o f rnv

invent ions havc re a l l y ( .20) bc t on tc l topu lu r . . . . . . - thc pub l i c love

thenr . But w i th o thcr th ings I ' vc jus t hac l to (2 | ) ucc t :p t l c feu t . . . . . .

Not that I ever rcal ly accept clef 'eat. I shal l gc'r on working unti l I die or us son)e

p c o p l " w o u l d s r r l t l l t . . . .

122 Complementation of verbs and adjectives

Exercise 157 Preposit ional verbs [SGE 16.5]

Turn thc tol lowing into the passivc i f the result is acceptable Engl ish.

E.runtplc' . Sorneclne brokc into the housc while wc wcrc on hol iday.

Artsu'cr ' . TIre house was broken into while we wcrc on ht l l ic lay.

E.tumplc'. Sorncitrtc got into thc housc wlr i lc wc wcrc oul.

Ar r .sn 'c r ' : (Pass ive unacccp lab lc - ' kThc l rouse was go t in to . . . )

I Nobody has pa id to r thc t i cke ts . havc they ' /

I BBC stancls lor Bri t ish Broaclcasti t i l t Clt trporatiort.

3 Wc 'd bc t lc r sce to thc c i t r o r wc ' l l h i t vc an acc ic lcn t .

.1 A clrctcl l 'ul thought has . iust occurrccl to t t tc.

-5 Sorncbocly rcal ly ought to look i l t to t l i is problcrn t ' t t11hcr.

6 - l 'hc

hoLrsc bclongs to a vcry olcl lady.

7 Wc 'vc a l rc tdy rc fe r rcd [o sor l rc o l ' the prob lc tns

l l Sornc pcoplc ob.icctct l st longly to sol l lc of thc proposals.

9 Thc car i s o ld . bu t thc owncr has rca l l y carcc l l i r r . i t wc l l .

l0 No onc is cvcr go ing lo accou l t l l i r r tha t rn iss ing r l lo l l cy

I I Has cvcrybody l in ishcc l w i lh thcsc l ib r t ry bo t lks ' /

l2 Nobody is to interf 'crc with thcsc boxes.

l3 Evcryonc r.nust aclhcrc lo the rulcs

l4 Thcy sccm to havc looked aficr the housc quite wcl l .

l5 Peoplc arguc ovcr some th ings lbr agcs - wi th no rcsul t .

l 6 We 'vc c l i sposed o f the prob lem now.

l7 Basically rny flat consists of thrcc rooms.

I t l The work wil l amount to f 500 when it 's f inishecl.

l9 I think we can rely on David to help.

20 Why are people always laughing at me?

Phrasal or preposit ional verbs? 123

Exercise 158 Phrasal or preposit ional verbs? ISGE 16.2-7]

Responcl to the sentcnces bclow by completing the responscs using pronouns.Remember that thc worcl orclcr here rnay be diffbrcnt.

E.runplt '. Fil l in your natnc pleasc.Attsv'er'. I 've alrcady l ' j tt-LEI) lt tN.E.tuntplc'. Do you believe in ghosts'lt \ t tsv'cr ' . No, I certainly clon't Bul- lEVh lN 1' l l r l l \1.

I I ' vc bccn runn ing in t t t y ncw car .

S u r . ' l y y , t u ' r g t t o t s t i l .

2 I {c took in h is parcn ts co lnp lc tc ly .

l k r w s a r l l t l o w r l i d h c . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

3 Why clott ' t you conl iclc i t t l tour tnt l thcr"J

I r t l u l r y s t l r r:1 I ' vc inves ted in sontc c lcc t r i c i t y s l ta rcs .

W h y h a v c y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

5 I cashcd in a l l rny o thcr sharcs .

Y o u u r c a n y o L l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l( r Y o u t l r r t n ' 1 1 o t t ) o t t t r i s l e r .

O l ' t o t t t ' s t ' I t r t t t . .

7 Thc dog turrtct l ort thc l tosltnatt.W h 1 r l r t l i t . . . . . . .

l l Thc pol icc wcrc trying lo nrovc on lr lot ol clcnrurtstrators wltrt harl brought the

t l r r l ' l i e l o l r r l u t t t l : l i l l .

Ancl cl id thc pol icc nrlrragc 1o

9 Thcy ins is tcd or t s i l cncc .

i l o w c o u k l t h c - y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

l 0 l ) l cusc pass on th is no t icc whcn you 'vc rcad i t .

W l r o s l l r l l I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l o . )

I I Thc sovcn l l l l c r t I nccds to w i t t t t vc r thc l loa t ing vo te rs .

l 3 u t d o y o u t h i n k i t c l n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ]

l 2 I c ln ' t gc t ovcr h is tc l r ib le hchav iour .

I c a n ' l . . . e i l l t e r .

l3 You shou ld s l i tn t l by your b ro thcr .

I r r l u l r y s h l t r t ' . . .

1 .1 I I c ' s bac l a t pu t t ing ucross h is i c lcas .

H c ' s a l w a y s b c c n b i t c l a t . . . . . .

l -5 I canrc across th is a r t l i c lue c lock c lu i tc l ry chance .

B u l u l r c r c t l r t l ) o u . . . .

l6 How can I kccp ou l t l t cse wasps ' /

W h y c l o y o u w a n t t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' l

l7 Maric take s af icr her iathcr.

Oh, I t lon ' t t l t i nk shc

l13 Why did you turn clown my otl 'er of he lp' /

I t l i d n ' t

l9 Look up words you don't know in your dict iclnary.

I always do

124 Complementation of verbs and adjectives

20 Could we put off our rneetin-e'?W h y d o y o u w a n t 1 o . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' . . . . . . . . ' l

Exerc ise 159 Phrasal -preposi t ional verbs [SGE 16.9]

Match the rcsponses to the sentenccs.

E.tutnplc'. I kccp ntcaning to sort out all r l ly papcrs.

Rt'.spott.rt ' ' . (a) Wcll. you'cl bctter gct on with it.

I I don' t rca l ly warr t to , but I 'vc prorn isct l to help.2 Wc'rc eoing to Turkcy on hol iday.. l l ' ru l t ' t l t rp wi lh l lc l ' ru( l ( ' t lcs\ .- l Wt"ve t t t t l l r t t t l in l l tc l to t r rc .5 I sr rppore I t ' l t l loo t t tuch l l t t .( r I lur re t t ' l becrr r :e t t i r tg e r tout l t s lce p.

7 The l cu l t l i l hc t r l t l i s i l ' s so e xpc t t r t r t ' .l { I r rcv r ' r 'pu) lu )y i l l e ( ) l t )e l i t \ .t ) Rr rhcr ' {

' s s t t t t l l i t r .u l r r r . l .

l0 I ' vc go t a tc r r ib lc p rob lcnr .

R c.s 1t o tt.t t',s'.

(a ) Wc l l . you 'c l bc t tc r gc t on w i th i t .

(b ) Cou lc ln ' t you c t l l dowr t on i t ' l( L ) Y ( ) t l ( l l l l ' l t e l ( ) l . l t ( r l i l l l ( ) w .

(t l ) I thoughl i t would cotttc clowt.t lo cost ir t t l lc e rrd.

(c ) Evcryonc cou lcs up ag l t i l t s t d i f f i c r r l t i cs soo l le r o r la te r .

( l ' ) You won ' l gc t away w i th i t in thc long ru t t .

(g ) You ' rc a lways ru r t t r i t rs ou t o f th ings .

( l r ) I don ' l know why you pu t up w i th i t .

( i ) You nr- lst bc looking l i rrwart l to that.

( . j ) I thought o l 'go ing in f i r r tha t whcn I l c f t schoo l .

(k ) Wc l l . yoLr can ca tch up on i l a t the wcckc l l c l .

Exercise 160 Verbs: t ransi t ive or not? ISGE 16.11]

Sorrre vcrbs arc always inlransit ivc (. lutrc hus ttr l i r ' ) ancl somc can bc

int lansit ivc or havc an ol. l . icct. with l i t t lc chal lge of t l learl ing ( ' lutte i t

cookitr,ql. lutt t ' i . t ctxtkitr .q.f l tor l) . Sorne cit l r bc bo{h, but the tneatt ing changcs

lr1()re:

Yttrr hrtvt ' t i t I t 'uttk t ' t trrr tcuIt t t f fcL'I t tr trrt ,gt ' . f t l ict ' ctc.

Dot t ' t L l r i t rk [= c lon '1 d r ink a lc t lho l I u t r t l d r i v t '

Omi t thc d i rcc t ob . jcc ts i f th is i s poss ib lc w i thout sc r ious lv chang ing thc mcan i r tg .

E.utntplt''.

I ' n r a f l ' a id wc 'vc . jus t ca tcn I t tu r n lea l l .

Bu t I th ink Anc l rew is s t i l l cook ing {sornc th ing l in thc k i tchen.

Middle verbs 125

Wil l you have something to drink'?

Oh, thanks , I 'd love sorne th ing . INot " l ' d lovc . ]

Wel l , therc 's wh isky , rcd or wh i te w inc . . .

I c lon ' t rca l l y d r ink Ia lcoho l ] . There isn ' t any co f fcc . i s there l I 'm a f ra id I d r ink

coft 'ec al l day long. INot ' t ' l dr ink al l day.]

Of course you can havc sottte coff 'ee. {Not *you can havc.l

I P lc l rse r t t swe r r l t y q t tc \ t i ( ) l l .

Wc l l , s top c r i t i c iz ing nrc . Why can ' t you he lp tnc ' /

I ' rn asking wlrelhcr you arc st i l l borrowir lg rt lottcy l ' rotn thc bank. You rcal ly

shoukl stop spcrrcl ing l l roncy the way you t lo. At your agc I savctl rr loncy

rcgularly. You scctt. t to spcntl a l i rr tune on rubbish.

Thu l ' s no t t ruc . I don ' t acccpt tha t . I necd a lo t t t l ' th ings - a c i l r l i r r a s ta r t .

O h , c o r n c ! Y l r u d o t t ' t n c c c l a c a r . Y o u n t c a n y o u w a n l a c a r . I t h i n k y o u s h o u l d w r i t c

a le t tc r l t l yor . l r bank tnar tagcr anc l . . .

I l ' I don ' t gc t a n ( )w car . voLr won ' t bc ab le to bor row i t . w i l l you ' l

I I a r r i v c c l h o t a n c l t i r c d . I ' d b c c n d r i v i n g l h c c a r a l l c l a y a n c l t h c r r l h a t l a . j o b t r y i n g

to p l rk i t . A f i c r I 'd unpackec l n ry su i tcasc . washcr l Inysc l l ' anc l changcd rny c lo lhcs ,

I lay on thc bcd rcac l in t r u book un t i l i t was t in rc l i r rd inncr . Ncx t r t to rn i r rg I wc t t t

ou t look ing l i r r a bank . bccausc I nccdcr l to changc n loncy . But I cou ld r t ' t f in t l a

bank artywherc.

Exercise 161 Middle verbs [SGE 16.15]

Mosl l r tns i t i vc vc rbs car t be lu rnc t l in to thc l tass ivc (w i th thc ob . icc t o l thc

ac l i vc vc lb becont ins thc s t rb icc l o l ' thc pass ivc scc a lso ( 'h l rp tc l .S) . Uut

thcrc arc sourc nricl t l lc vcrbs that havc ttb. iects. but arc t t t t t t tsct l in thc passivc

(or no l in cc r ta i r r scnscs . )

Rewr i tc thc l i l l l ow ing i r r thc pass ive whc lc th is i s poss ih lc .

I i . t tr tr tplt ' . Whcn thcy wcighccl hcl i rr thc hospital, shc only rvcighctl 9l l poultcls.

Atr.su't ' t : Wlrcn . i / i l x ' t t .s vt ' i .4l tcl in the hospital. shc orl ly we ighctl t) l l pouti t ls

lbu t no l ' i ' 9 lJ pounc ls was wc ig l tc t l hy her l

I I las a r tyonc cos tcc l t l t csc rcpa i rs i t t adv l t r rcc . )

2 W c l l , I t h i n k t h c y ' l l c o s l a l l c a s t l l . ( X X )

Whcn rn l , bnr t l t c r ' s ta i lo r n reasure t l h in r l i r i ' a t t cw su i t . hc to lc l h i rn t l ta t hc ' t l

Dut on a lo t o f 'wc i ! r .h t a t t r l now r ) le i tsL l r t : s . l0 inches a tou t lc l thc wa is l .

: l Do you t leI yoir lack access tt t t i rr thcr. irr l i rrrr lat i t l r l l

t

5 My ne w car holcls t l rree peoplc contfortablf in the back.

126

t)

1

Complementation of verbs

They are holding thc three

and adjectives

hostages in clrcadful concl i t ions.

The school comprises thc main school bui lcl ing ancl two i tccorrmodation

b locks .

Chcap clothcs ncver secl 'n to f i t mc prt lperly.

You ncccl to t i t a ncw washcr to that t lD.

6

r)

l o

l t

l fI L

Moclcrn art frcqucntly rcscrnblcs chi ldre rr 's ar1.

Ihc wcckcnd thcy su l lgcs l w i l l su i t r t t c pcr l t c l l y

D id N lv ra t i lova 's recorc l cc rua l B i l l i c -Jca t r K i r tg 's ' l

Exercise 162 Hypothesis: the verb u/ ish [SGE 16.20]

t ' l ' hc vc r -b l i , i / r lakcs I I t c sunrc l c r l scs as hypo lhc t ic l l co t t t l i l i ons :

I l ' l r r ' r ' r ' r ' r c a l l y c l c v c r - . . . I ' " v i s l t I l r l t ' r c a l l y c l c v c t ' . . .

l f ' on ly 'vo t t l r t t t l t t t t t r t ' car l i c t . . . Wc r r l l r v is l t vo t t l tu t l t t t t t r t ' c : r t l i c rL _ _

C'hoosc u s i tL ta l ion tha t 1 ,ou t lo no l l i kc l .n rn r cuch o l thc l i r l l ou ' ing sc ts . l rn t l lhc r r

w ish thc oppos i l c .

I You urc vcrl ' r ;uick tctupcrct l /cl tsi ly r l olr ict l /sol t l tci tr tct l .

You say l l i r l cx l rnp lc l : r \ \ rs r l l \ \ l , l { t :N ' t so cas i l y w 'o t ' l ' i c t l .) Yo t r a rc no l u r l r r i ck l cur lc r /u b r i l l i un t spc i tkc r /u goot l l i s tc t tc r ' .

3 You c l rn ' l s1- rc r r t l cnoLrgh t i ruc w i lh lour 'parc t t ts /spc lk l i ru l o l f i vc la r tg t ragcs /

tcrt. tctt tbcr cveryl h i tre yt lu rctt t l .

. l You r lon't untlcr-slund youfsclt /kno"r, whut lo rkr l i r l thc bcst/ lce I i t l clsc with

s t rangcrs .

You wustc y 'oL t r t lonc l , /wu lc l t 1oo r t t t t c l t TV/ r i ' t l t ' t v a lo1 . ILJsc . r r r r r r t r r ' l r ]

You d i t ln '1 havc r ho l iduy las t 1 'car /savc I t tuch t t to r tcv las t 1 'car ' / rvork l ta l t l

cnoulth last ycitr .

YoLr reccnt ly watchc( l a rcu l l ; . nasty horror l i l r l on I 'V/bought a C[) you c lon '1l ikc/boLrght sonrc c lo lhes thal t lor t ' t l i t . I lJsc r l t is . l l tu t c lc . l

You havcn' l got an interr-st ing.iob/a rcal ly ul iclerstrndir lg fr icncl/cnough trntc

to clo cve rything you r.vant.

5

6

Nonfinite clauses and fhat-clauses 127

9 You havc a lot of problerns/too much to do/di l ' f icult hair. IUse so or sl tcl t ]

l0 You havc not bccn to thc Unitcd States/Rr.rssia/China.

l l Pcoplc wi l l kccp -u iv ing y 'ou ac lv ice/cr i t ic iz ing you/ tsk ing yot t l t r r rnoney

l2 You wil l ncvcr bc ablc lo ntcct your | 'avouritc l i lrn star/rnake a lbrtunc/sail

rouncl thc wor ld. Iusc t t r t t ' t lu t ' l

Exercise 163 Verb + to- inf ini t ive or verb + ing? [SGE 16.23]

f ion tp lc tc thc t i r l l ow ing us ing thc cor rcc t nor t l i t r i t c l i r r tn o l thc vcrb g ivcn .

I : . ru t t t l t l t ' . I )o you wan l (w in ) f r i cnc ls anc l ( in l l t rcncc) pcop lc '?

I c lo I c lon ' t rn in t l ( l c l rn i t ) i t .

/1 r i . ru ' t , r ' : D0 y ( ) t t wat l t ' 11) tv lx f r i c t t t l s i rn t l ( r r l ) l l \ l ' 1 . ( LN( ' l l l l c t lp lc '?I d o I d o n ' t r t t i n c l . r t r l t t t ' t t x r ; i t .

I A v o i d ( c l i t i c i z c ) . . . . . . l l c o p l c .I l ) o n ' 1 l r c s i l a t c ( p a y ) . . . . . . c o t u p l i r r l c l t t s .

- l A i rn ( tk r ) . . . . . . sor l l c k ind ac t ion e vcry ' day .

: l Don ' t pos lponc (do) . . . . . . son tc t l t ing . j l t s t bcca t rsc i t ' s c l i f ' l i cu l t .

5 P r a c t i s c ( l i s ( c r t ) . . . . . . t o w h a t o t h c r s s a y .

6 R c s o l v c ( b e ) . . . . . . i t g o o t l l i s t c r t c l . .

7 Don '1 spc t t t l l i r t t c (wor . ry ) . . . . . . r tbou l lh ings th l t l l l l l l y l l cvcr happcn.

l l C u r r y o n ( l r y ) . . . . . . . Y o t r ' l l s t t c c c c t l s o ( ) l l c r t h a r r y o u l h i n k .

9 Ncvcr agr -cc (do) . . . . . . sor t l c th i t lg ) 'o t l k t tow [o bc wro t tg .

l 0 N c v c r l a i l ( s p c a k u p ) . . . . . . i t l i t g o o c l c i t u s c .

I I Ncvcr th rca tcn ( |9 ) . . . . . . so l t t c t l t ing ur t l css yg t t ' r c p r -cpa l ' cc l to car ry

out your t l l r c i l t .

l l N c v e l s l o p 1 1 1 1 ) . . . . . . . .

l3 Bc prcparc t l to i t c l t t t i t ( r r r l kc ) . . . . . . r l r i s takcs .

l : 1 D o n ' t c l c n y ( b c ) . . . . . . i n t h c w r o n s i f y o u a r c .

l -5 Lcar r r (unc lc rs tanc l ) . . . . . . o the r pcop lc 's 1 ' lo in ts o l v icw.

l6 Don ' t o f ' l ' c r (c lo ) . . . . . . I l l o rc than is rcas t lnab lc .

1 1 ' l r y ( r e a l i z c ) . . . . . . h o w t h c o t h e r p c r s o n l c c l s .

l l l Don ' t cvcn cons ider (s top) .

l 9 J u s t k c c p o l t l t r y ) . . .20 You wil l cleservc (succeecl).

Exercise 164 Nonfinite clauses and that-clauses ISGE 16.11-37]

E,xplain what happenecl by complcting the selltcnces with the vcrbs siven.

E.runtplc'. Hc: Why clon't yctu try again'l

ArrsN'cr'.r: He thought (THA1') I <lt,c;tt ' t rrl/surll j t. l) TRY A(;AIN.

He encouragecl It l- to rRv i\(i\ lN.

Shc to lt im'. Have you sccrt this job atlvertisnrent' l You shoLrlcl appll ' .

128 Complementation of verbs and adjectives

I Shc wantcd

2 Shesuggested.3 She adviscd . .

S/rc : Wel l . th ink about i t .'1 She hoped

.5 She told

S/ rc : I t ' s up to yo l l . o f ' coursc . bu t yo t r w i l l wr i te in . won ' t you ' /

6 S l rc kncw shc cou lc ln ' t tnake . .

7 Shc coult l only proposc

/1t ' : May I borr,. tw thc cltr this cvcning'/

Slrc: No, I ' rn sorry, I ' rn not going to lcncl rDy car to al lyol lc not af icr what

happenccl.

l J S h c r e l i r s e t l . . . . . . . .

9 Shc wou ldn ' t a l low

l0 Shc wouk ln ' t l c t .

I I bccausc shc hac l dcc idcd . . . hc r car cvcr agr t i t t '

, \hc: I ' rn sorry, but nry nrint l is r l laclc up.

l2 S I rc ins ts tc t l

S/ ir : Nothi l t-1l wi l l rnakc rtrc cltatrgc tt ty rt t i t l t l '

I 3 Noth i r tgwou lc lc i tusc

1 / t ' : YoLr ' rc c ross l l ta l I askcc l .

.S / ic : No. I ' t r t t to t c ross . B l t t l l cvcr . ncvcr ask l t : r l t i t l .

1 .1 Shc r l idn ' t n t i t t c l . .

l5 But shc l i l rb l t l c

Exercise 165: Complex-transitive verbs ISGE 16.24-30]

Crlnrplcte t l tesc vcrb + objcct + cornplcrtrcnt scl l tcl lces usirtg thcsc ob.iccts (oncc

cach ) .

(a ) thc c lub (b ) thc n rer t rbcrsh ip (c ) the Pr rcscr t t s t l t t c t l t ' 1hc c lub

(d) thc iob (c ) the bar ( l ' ) Janc t ( ! l ) cvcryonc (h ) hcr ( i ) hc rsc l f ( . i ) i t

I Wc 'vc appo in tcc l ( l ' ) I ' r r t l ' t t rcas l l rc r .

2 Wc cxpcct l tcr l t t nt i tkc . . . i t sLlcccss.

J Shc cal lccl . . . i . t l l ' tcss..1 She c lcc la red . . . . . . . . . . . honourc t l to l tavc becn choscn.

5 Shc t inds . . . cha l l cng ing .

6 She hopcs to kccp . . . haPPY.

7 She plans to make .. larger, to raisc subscript ion incotnc.

lJ She wants . . . opcn a t lunch- t in tc .

9 We think .. . a goocl idet to irnprovc the bar.

l 0 I c a l l . . . a s u p e r P e r s o n .

Verbs + object + prepositional object 129

Exercise 166 Passive + fo-infinit ive [SGE 16.271

Rcwrite the fbllowing using a passive verb + a ro-infinit ivc. On'rit the agcnts.

E.runtple'. Wc expect that thc report wil l be publishcd shortly.Attslrt 'r". The report is expcctccl to bc published shortly.

I Everyclne supposes sonre progrcss has bcen macle.

2 Evcrvonc cortsiclcrs t lrat thc chairntan is an cxDcrl

3 Thc rurnour is that sonre r lenrbe rs arc unhappy

4 Wc unclerstand thc f ind inss arc f i r i r

-5 Pcoplc prcsunrc thc rcconlnenrlat iorrs lr-c racl icul

(r Wc be l icvc tlrat tcrrpt-rs ran high.

7 Pcop le repo l t r ' t l tha l lhe d iscuss ions had bccn tous l r

l { Pcop le s r t l l l te tes t t l l : ru t ' l i u r ' ( ' i r ( l ) in !

9 l)coplc thirrk sornc proposals havc [rccn droppcd

l0 Wc know that sornc n.rc-r.nbers r l isagt 'cc

Exercise 167: Verb + object + preposit ional object [SGE 16.32]

i rn t l thcn uno lhcr ob . jcc l a l i c r

lctt t ' t ro thc Chairrnan ).

Cornp lc tc thc se I r te r tccs . us ing lhc in f i r r r t t i t t ion s ivcn . Ac ld su i tub lc p rc l . ros i t ions .

anc l rnakc ar ty o t l t c r e rarnrn i l t i ca l chungcs ncccssary .

l i . tunr l t l t ' . Thc ho tc l g ivcs you cvcry lh ing exce p t u too thbrush!

At t .sx 'c t " . l { p rov idcs you \ \ 'n l r l \ r l : l t yunN( i l . rx ( t , l ' t , \ t ) (n ' l l t JRt rs l t .

I Shc looks l i kc n ry cous ln .

S l t . ' r t ' t n i t t t l s n l ( ' . . . . .

2 'Wc l l donc . I 'n t so g l i t c l you 'vc passcc l yo l l r c \ ru ) .

I r ' ( ]r l l . l ' i l t t l l i l l ( ' t l l tcr ' . .

3 l t 's wrong to keep ol ' l 'er ing pcoplc clr inks.

D o r t ' l k c c p p l l i r r g .,1 They saicl I 'c l borrowecl thc car without asking.

The 1 l tec usctl

5 I 'c l l ikc to nrcct your parents.

P l c l t s c i n l r o d u c c . . . . . .

Sornc vcrhs

prcl ' rosit ion.

takc an ob.icct(l utltlrc.s.std tlrc

prr r-t ic u Iu r

130 Complementation of verbs and adjectives

6 My aunt sent Ine a wonclcrft t l prcscnt.

I n . rus t wr i te anc l thank . . . . . . l t .

7 Sornc peop lc ru in the i r owr t l i ves .

B t t l ) o t t . i t t s t t l l l l ' l n r t ' \ ' c l l tI t t l (X) sounrls rersorrablc l i rr thal cunrcra. Havc you l<tokccl at priccs in olht-r

shops'?

H a v c y o u c o t t t p a r c c l . . . . . . . . . . . . ' lt ) I t 's not suf 'c thcsc days to trtakc rctrtarks aboul i l wol l lan's appcarancc.

F c n r i n i s t s t h i n k i t i s ' s c x i s t ' t o c o n r p l i t n c t t l . . . . . . . . . . . . h c r ' l l p p c a r i l l l c c .

l0 Thcy probab ly l in t l i t ' dcgra t l ing ' i l ' a r l yo l l c wa l l t s lo bLry thcnr i t t l ca l .

I t i s p r o b a b l y c ^ V C r l t t l o r c ' s c x i s t ' t o t r v a n ( l t r c a t . . .

Exercise 168 Verbs with/without an indirect object [SGE 16.33]

S6ltc vclbs which arc l i r l lowccl by a l /ral-clausc ttcct l art i r tcl i rcct ob.jcct (1lrc

pcrson or peop lc lo l t l ) :

I l c t o l c l t l r t ' t t r l h i t l . . . l a n t l r t o t t r s t r a l l y ' r ' l l c t o l t l l h a t . . . l

O thcr vc r .hs c lo no t pa t tcn l l i kc th is . u l thor re l t l l r cv cun o l . l t iona l l y i r td ic l l c lhc

ind i l cc t oh . jcc t u ' i th a / r r -p l t rasc :

Hc suggcs tc t l th l t . . . r r l I I c s t tggcs lc t l to t l t c t t l / t rs tha l . . .

( 'o r r r l t l c tc thc l i r l l ow, ing by ' inscr t ing r r , r whc t .c a t t i r t t l i t . cc l ob icc t i s l i cccss i l rv

Whcrc i t i s op l ionu l . u t l t l / r r t t , i .

l i . t t t r t r l t l c ' . I Ie pcrsuadc t l t s th l l l t c w l ts thc idca l l )c rso l l l i r r . thc . iob .

t l c r l i d n ' 1 t l i s c l o s c l t o u s l t h l t h c l t a t l t r o e x p c r l c l l c c .

I I l c ldnr i t t c t l . . . . . . h is l l tp l i c l r t io t t co t t t t t i t l c t l c r . t .o t .s t t l l l t c t .

I I I c a s s u r - c r l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t w l t s a l l i t t t i t t l t o c c l t l t t t i s t a k c .

- j Obv io r rs ly hc wot r l c ln ' t co l i l css . . . . . . th l t l t c hac l wut t te t l lo t t t i s le l t t l us

- l I l c sonrchow conv i t tcc t l . . . . . . l r c rvas wc l l s t r i t c t l lo lhc . iob .

5 I Ic cxp la incd . . . . . . tha t hc ha t l . i l r s t thc r igh t cxpcr ic t rce- .

( r Hc in l i r r r t rcc l . . . . . . th l t l t c c r t . io l ' cc l r t ch i t l l c r lgc .

7 H c t l i d n ' t r n c n t i o t t . . . . . . t h a t h e r l l i g h t o n l y s t l y i l y c a r .

l { I Ie p rcd ic tc t l . . . . . . hc wot r l t l hc i t t rca t s l l cce ss .

9 He rc r t r indcc l . . . . . . th l t l r i s t t t rc lc hac l bccn i l t thc f i r r r l .

l 0 H c r c p c r t c d . . . . . . h c w a s w c l l c l u a l i t i c d .

I I H c s w o r c . . . . . . t h r t l c v c r . y l h i n g r ' v o u l t l h c a l l l i g h t .

l l H c t o l r l . . . . . . h c w a s r c a l l y k c c r r .

Exercise 169 Adject ive + to- inf ini t ive [SGE 16.40]

Rcwr i tc thc to lk rw ing w ' i th an ac l . i cc t i vc + a r - in l in i l i vc phr l t sc .

l ' . . t t l rr1t lc ' . Bob wailed for us. I 'hal u' l ts kint l .

, l r i , r i l c r ' : Bo t r l v r . t s k i r rd to u l t i t l i r r us .

Adjective + fo-infinit ive 131

I Marie always pays he r bil ls regularly. She's careful that way.S h e i s r r l u r ) \ . . . .

2 Shc a lways spots a mistake quick ly .S h e i r r r l w r l s . . . . . . .

3 When we linally hcarcl that Davicl had arrivecl, we were very rclicvccl.Wc r,i cre re l icvctl l t l . . . . . .

-t Why huve- volr thrown up your.job'? You'rc nracl.Yot t r t re

-5 What I want to c lo is s tar t u ly own busincss. I ' rn kccn.I l r r t t . . .

( r I t is r l isappoint ins that wc havcn' t hcalc l fkr rn Mol ly .We l t t t '

7 Wc though l shc wor - r l t l t c lcphor rc . But pcrhaps shc cou lc ln '1 .

Pe l l t l rp r s l t c u r r r t t tu t l r le .

8 Contuc t ing hcr u t work i s usua l lv qu i tc casy .

S l r t ' i s r r s r r r l l l

9 Wt ' l l . I t r i cd to r :c t ho l t l o l 'hc r ycs terd ly . l r t r t i l u , l rs in rPoss ib lc .

Shc w'as

l0 Crur you s i tn t l rc papcrs l l l ease ' l 1 ' l t cy u lc rcur ly now.

T l t . 'p l tp1 l r 111.

l l Don ' t l c r td Tont lny l l l oncy . J 'ha t wou l t l bc t t t r rs t t t l t r r i sc .

Y r t t t . . . .

l 2 B c i n g a b l c t o h c l p r . c l r l l y p l c u s c t l t t s .

Wt' \ \ t ' l r '

17 The noun phrase

Exercise 170 Noun phrases: identifying the head ISGE 17'1-21

Identi fy thc head nouns in thc fol lowing passage. The noun phrascs have been

picked out and numberecl -cxccpt fbr singlc pronouns ancl one-word nantes, which

arc ignorccl.

tsBC weatherman Michae I Fish'slrr i l rrrz to givc a warning of the grcat stolnt t l f .

O c t o b e r l 9 l J 7 ( l )

was

a spcctacular cxarnplc of how nroclcrn ntcteorolouy l 'ai ls (2)

says;

thc Consuntc rs ' Assoc ia l ion (3 )

i n

a rcport (; l )

toclay.

I t c la in ts thu l

thc Met Ol ' l icc's ncrlr l t lot lopoly on trtctcorology (5)

ci lsts

a c louc l (6 )

ovc f

consurncr in tc fcs ls . (7 )

and argues f irr

an Ol ' l i cc o l 'F l i rT rac l ing invcs t iga t ion in to lhc wcathcr lo rccas t i r tq indus t ry . (8 )

The associat ion's W/rir ' l r ' , ) tr tagazitrc rcport (9)

strcsscs thi l t

f i rrecasting ( l0)

i s c lcar ly in rp rov in l ovcra l l . bu t i t t l r kcs

the Met Ot tcc ( I l )

to

t a s k ( l 2 )

f i r r t i r i l i ng to cxp l l in

thc wcather ( l3 )

l n

a user - f i i cnd ly way. ( l4 )

I t says

thc languagc o l ' i sobars and an t icyc loncs ( l 5 )

i s l css impor tan t lha t t 'whc ther S t r t fo lk sh t l r . r l c l pu t ou l i t s wash ing '

and ca l l s fo r

be t te r t r i lns la t ions o f wha l f i r rccas ts ac lua l l v tncan. ( l6 )

W h i c l t . ' ( l l )favours

Relative clauses 133

a new style of forecasting based on probabil i ty. ( l t3)

Closer to

the science ofplacing a bet on a horse ( l9)

than

a tradit ional fbrecast, (20)

th is wou ld inc lude

phrases such as ' there is a 70 per cent chance of rain in thc South' (2 I )

rather than thc morc usual ' there ntay be scattercd showers'.

Exerc ise 171 Re la t i ve c lauses : whose [SGE 17.6 ]

Rewritc thc lbl lowing sentcnccs with n' l trr .rc i f possiblc. ancl sce what thc original

writcrs wlolc. But onc scntel lcc cannot bc changecl - why' l

E.runrplt ' ' . They have given thousatrds ol ' pouncls t t t various pressure groups,

rn isch ie f - rnak ing bod ics thc rna in purposc o l ' wh ich is to s t i r up ha t rcd anc l

cl isorclcr.

A t rsu 'c r ' . . . . rn isch ic f - rnak ing bod ies , whose n ta in p t r rposc is . . .

I I carnc to rcal izc this through the study. not of ccortt lnt ics that abstract scicncc

thc pro lcssors t t f wh ich ncvcr scen) ab lc to i lg rec - bu l o f 'h is to ry . wh ich is thc

rccortl of causc ancl e-ff'cct.

2 Bcrrnonclse y turns ttut to havc bccn unique as thc f irst by-clcct ion ol 'which thc

rcsul l has bccn clairt tct l by al l party spokcslt ten as a victory.

3 Whcn Dorscy dccidcs. l i rr plot rcasons ol ' which i t takcs an acconrpl ishcd

scriptwritcr to convirrcc you. lo aucl i t ion l i rr that lernalc part in a clayt i lnc

te lcv is ion so lp opcra , hc becomcs ovcrn igh t a cu l t succcss .

4 Th is i s a tour thc func t ion o f wh ich is lo i t t t roduce the Pr inccss t i l Canat la .

5 When you havc l (X) rn i l l i on do l la rs thc va lue o f wh ich you must t . t t t in t l in

against inf lat ion. therc arc l tot l-nitny safc plact 's to P1l1 i1.

6 The clccorntion of Chine sc ncol i thic pottcry nearly always cottsistccl of abstract

ancl gt:ornetr ic clesigns. thc rneaning of which is n<tt uncle rstt locl.

Exercise 172 Relat ive clauses ISGE 17.5-11]

Cornpletc thc passagc by inscrt ing relat ive words as ncccssary. lncl icalc al l

poss ib lc a l te rna t ivcs . inc luc l ing zcro( - ) .

Thc rnys tery o1 ' thc Be r rnuda Tr i rng le i s in tac t . Arncr ican dccp sea d ivc rs ( I ) wr t r t

clairrrecl last month lo havc f irund the wrccks of f ive US Navy planes (2)

. . . . . . d isappcarcd ncar Bcrmut la havc annt tunccd tha t they arc no t thc

fanrous l ,ost Squadrttn.

Thc wrccks ( l ) . . . . . . thc c l i vc rs f i rund las t r t t t tn th in 750 t i ' c t o l 'water l0

nri les of l ' thc coast of Flclr icla wcre of an carl ierr rnoclcl of 'TB M Avcngcr than the

f ivc ( -1 ) . . . . . . van ished on t ra in ing f l igh t l9 on a hazy a l j c rn t to t r in 1945.

The squac l ron 's d is i tppearancc he lpcc l bu i l t l the rcputa t ion o l ' thc Bermuda' I ' r iang lc .

in ( -5 ) . . . . . . pcop le . p lanes an t l bo i t t s a rc sa i t l to van ish w i thout

trace.

When the wrecks wcrc lbund i t sccrnccl as i f thc myth hacl been shattered. But

M r G r i r h a r n H a w k c . ( 6 ) . . . . . . l e d t h e s e a r c h . a n d t o ( 7 ) . . . . . . t ' e l l t h e

134 The noun phrase

unenviable task of i idr.r.r i t t ing a mistake. saicl ycsterday: We arc now quitc ccrtain

tha t the f i vc a i rc ra f t ( t i ) . . . . . . wc t i rund are no t those o f f l i gh t 19 .

H is e v ident c l i sappo i r r tn rcn t . (9 ) . . . . . . pc rhaps re f lec tcd thc los t fo r tunc

( l0 ) . . . . . . h is company hac l s tooc l to rnakc l ' rom sa lvag in -e thc d iscovcry ,

w i l lbc rna tchcc l by thc p leasure o f o thcrs ( l l ) . . . . . . en . joy thc myst t - r ioLrs

power o t ' the Tr iang le . thc th rcc po in ts o f ( 12) . . . . . . a re t i r rmed by

Bcrnru t la . Puc l to R ico and Miarn i .

Mr Tccl Darcy. an archleokrgical aclviscr to Thc Scicnti f ic Scarch Prcr. jcct. said

tha t thc a rca in ( I 3 ) . . . . . . thc f i vc wrccks wcrc t i ru l td was uscd hy thc l - lS

Navy as a p rac t icc range l i r r low- lcvc l to rpcdo runs , a r tc l tha l thc l i ve p l i tncs ( 1 .1 )

. . . . . .wcrc l i rund wcr -c p r -obab l l ' l os t in scpar - l t c acc idcn ts ovcr scvcra l

ycars .

Susan Porvcrs -Span l lc r . ( l -5 ) . . . . . l ' a thcr t l i sappca lcd w i th thc l i t tnous

l -os t Sc lua t l ron in l9 :1 -5 . sa ic l : I ' r r r sad thu t thcy wercn ' t l i rL rnd . bu t k ind o l 'g lad in

lu u ' l y tha t i t rv i t sn ' t thcnr .

So thc wrccks ( l6 ) . . . . . . t l i scovcrv u rouscd such i r r tc rcs t las l n ron th a lc

n o t r l u i l c w h a t t h e y ' s e c r t t c r l . l n c i d c n t a l l y . l h c ' p l a c c ( l 7 ) . . . . . . t l t c l v r c c k s

werc t irurrt l hus also cluinrcrl nrarr l ' shi1.rs. attd i t was thc hopc of f inding Spunishgu l lcor rs tha t o r - ig i r ta l l y c l rcu , t l t c t l i vc rs to lhc spo l .

Exercise 173 Relat ive clauses ISGE 17.5-121

. lo in up 1hc in f i r r - rnu l ion g ivcn , so tha t in cuc l t cusc y ( ) r . l havc or tc scn tcncc

c o n t u i n i n g r c l u l i v c c l u u s c s .

l i . ru t t t l t l t : Sontc ; - rcop lc un t lc r tukc lo r tq . jour r tcys . - fhcy

w i l l rc t t t c t t tbc t - thcsc

. j o u r n c y s a l l t h e i r l i v c s .

; l r r . r ' r ' c r ' : Sonre peop lc u r r t l c r lakc long. jour -ncys / r i t t t c t t / t r r . r r / - - thcy w i l l r c r t tc r t tbc r -

a l l t h c i r l i v e s .

I ' I ravc l le

rs on thc Tnrns-S i t rc r - i ln ra i lwav tukc l3 d lvs .1 hour -s r -5 n r i t tu tcs o t t lhc

. jountc l ' . ' l ' l r t -

l ' rans-S ibc l ' iun r -a i lway s l rc tchcs fh rnr Moscr tw to thc l )ac i l i c

Occun. I )Lu ' ing lh is . journcv lhc re u rc 97 s to l ' r s

I T h e ' l n r ! i a n - P a c i l i c ' r a i l w a l c r o s s c s A u s l r a l i a l l ' o n r P c r t l t ( ) 1 1 t h e l n d i a n O c c u r )

to Syc lncy on thc Pac i f i c . I l s lepu la l ion is pcrhu l . rs l css l cursonrc than lhc l ' r ' uns

S ibe l i i t t t .

I l t cuv t ' rs u t l i s tancc o l '2 .710 nr i l cs ( . i . - l -51 knr ) . O l ' thcsc . 197 nr i l cs ( - l7 lJ k rn t

acn lss t l . rc \L r l lu rbor P la in a rc t l car l s tn r igh t . Th is i s thc longcs t s tn r igh t s l re tc l t

o1 'n r i lw i tv in thc wo l ld .

:1 J 'hcsc . jo r . r rnc ts aP l ' rcu l 1o u ccr to in l t ' pc ( ) f ' t ravc l i c r . A ce r ta in typc o l t rave- l le t

i s no l in a I i r . r r r r ' . J -o th is t_vpc o t t rave l l c r thc . journcy . no t t l t c l t r r i va l . n ra l tc r \ .

5

Appositive clauses 135

Gary Sowerby (Canada) and Tim Cahil l (USA) clrove a fbur-rvhccl drive pick-

Lrp t ruck f lom Ushuaia (Argent ina) to Prudhoc Bay (Alaska. USA) in l9 f t7 i r tjust unclcr 2,:l clays. Tirn Cahil l was Gary Sowerby's ctl-clrivcr arlcl navigator.

Fnrrn Ushuaia to Prudhoe Bay is a d is tancc of l :1 .739 nr i les (13.720 krn) . Jusl

undcr 2zl days is a recolcl t imc lbr thc journey.

6 They wcrc howcvcr surfacc l ' r 'eightcd ovcl thc Daricn ( ia1l. Daricn Ciap is

bctwccp Colortrbia ancl Panarla. I Icre thc Trans-Atrtcr ican highway t locs trol

c x l s t .

Exercise 174 Apposit ive clauses ISGE 17.13]

Whcn tw0 l toun pl-rr i tscs arc in ap1-rosit ion. thcy lroth rclc'r lo thc sit t l lc pe rsol l

t l r th ing . s6 tha t onc g ivcs us rnorc dc t r i l s about t l t c o thcr . Sot t tc t i t t l cs a / / r {1 I

clausc is irr apposi i ion l t l i t r t abstracl I loun l ikc./ ircl . i lL 'u. ir t f t tr-rrt t t l i r t t t .

Rcwr i tc thc in t i rnn t t i r ln so thu t in cach casc yoL l havc a s i r tg lc sc t l l c t l cc co l l t l l l l l l l l l l

a l lor. l l r + arr apl 'rosit ivc cl i t t tsc.

l i1u t t tp l t , ' . Sonrc pcop lc hc l i cvc tha l wc can abo l ish war . ' f

h is scc t t ts l t ' . rpc l r r l ra thc t .

than r t :a l i s t i c .

A2,rn,r,r ' : l l r t ' l t t l ic.f t l r t t t r1 ( ' ( dtt oltol isl t 11'(/ / 'sccnls hopcl ir l ral l tcr tharl rcal isl ic.

I I )cop lc sonte t in tcs susgcs t lh i r t wc l rc no I i t l l cc lu l r l . Th is r t t l t kcs s t l t l l c peop lc

vc fy angry .

A n y . . .I Sornc 1-rcoplc cxplain thul uccidcnts arc t t f tctt t tobotly 's l ' l rr-r l t . BLrt t tr l t l lv pcoplc

( lo I lo t l cccp t l l l i s .

l l lny pcoplc

J I w ls to ld tha t l l t c rc a rc rno lc sc icn t is ls a l i vc lo t lav t l ta r t I tavc cvcr l i vc t l bc t i r rc .

ls that a f irct ' l

l s i t a . .: l Sc icn t is ls say tha t thc rc l t t . c i t lo t o l ' b lack ho lcs in t l l c r - rn ivc rsc . I t lo t t ' t

un(lcrstaltcl this thcorY.

I ckrn't unclcr-staltd t l te

-5 Thc unive I 'sc slarlct l with a big birrrg. Thcrc is also that i t lca.

Thcrc i s a lso thc . . . . . . .

6 C)1'coursc wc hopc tt t r icl thc w't lr lcl of povcrty. Bu1 clt t l wc/

I s t l r c r e a n y . . . . . . . - - - - - - . !

7 Nc-i l Armstrong rcrnarke'cl rvhcn hc stcPpctl on to the rt tOtln. 'J 'hat 's t t l le stt lal l

step l i tr a tnalt . onc gianl lcap t ir l ntrnkinrl ." Evcr) 'ot-tc rcntct-t lbcrs lhis.

Evervo t te rc t t re n tbcrs Nc i l Ar r r rs t r r l l l ! l s . . .

f i S h i l k c s l t c a t ' r ( ) t - , s c r \ ' c ( i t h i r t ' u l l t i t c u o r l ( l ' \ r i s t i t ! c ' . 1 ' t l ' t t - t o t s t t t - c $ h c t l t c r ' l a g . r e c

I ' rn n i . r t sur i : rv l te thc i I r tg ruc t ' , i l h . . . . .

136 The noun phrase

Exercise 175 Postmodif icat ion by nonfinite clauses [SGE

17.14-181

Rewrite the sentences by changing the f ini te relat ive clauses into nonfinitc fbrms.Use - i l ,q tbrrns. -cr1 lbrms or lo- inf ini t ives as suitable. N1ark the new noun phrasesyou have made.

E.rurnplt: The rnan who wrote thc obituarics is rny f i icnd.Ansn'cr ' . THE MAN wRrl 'rN(; r 'nrr oBrrLlARrES is nty fr iend.E.runtpla' . Any coins that arc fbund on this sitc rnust be hanclcd to the pol icc.Ar t .su , t ' t : , \Ny ( 'o tNS r :o lNr ) oN l r r rs sn ' t , t rus f bc handcc l to thc po l i cc .

E.runtl t l t , : Thc ncxt train that arr ivcd was l l 'orn York.

Attsv'ct". t 'ntt NItxt 'TRAIN To ARRtvt.. was l ' ront York.

Mi l l ions o f insomniacs cou ld bcnc f i l f l ' o r l a new tcchn ique ( l ) r . r ' f i i r l i n tu \ ' (u r (slceltlt.s.ttrt,s.r. (2) u'ltit h i,s bustd otr

'thou,qltt-.juntnritr,q' .

Thc idca is that a simplc word l ike t lu' .(3)v'hit 'h is rcpcutetl utr l t ' r t l tc l treutl tt l r t ' t 'c rtr . f t tut ' t i rnt ' .s u st, t ' t t tr t l , can block st irnulat ing lhoughts ancl inclucc slccp. Thisanti- i trsorttnia techniquc (1) u' l t i t l t is l tci trc tcstcl l t . t ' r t .scurr ' l tcrs.f i 'onr Conrbri t l ,J(offcrs pi l l - f iec hopc t irr nt i l l ions ("5) n' lrr , , .suftt ' t ' . f ront slccplc.sstrt ' .ss. I t is based ona theory tha t thc b ra in has a k ind o1 ' ' lnen lo ry t ra l ' l i c con t ro l ' , (6 ) u ,h ich l t t rs h tu tcu l l cd ' t l r t cc r r t ru l t . rc t 'u l t l r " .anc l tha t th iscon l ro ls in t i r r rna t ion(7) t l ru t t t r t c r . ; t l r t '

l t t ' t r i tr .

Thc Carnbr i t lgc l car r r be l ievcs tha t w i th insornn iacs '1hc ccn t ra l cxccut ivc 'ins is ts on f inc l ing tasks whcn no th ing (8 ) thu t i . s l tu r t i cu lu r l . t ' i t r t t , t ' t ' , t t i r r , : i shappcnirrg. Thc tcant clcciciccl to look l i rr ways (91 i tr u'hit h thc.r 'cotr ld proyidL'ustt 'ud.t ' . f lou'of i tr . forntut iotr i rr tr t thc brrr ir i , which woulcl prcvcrrt i t front looking f irrot lrer tasks (10) t lrut i t t otr ld do.

Thc agc-olcl tcchniquc ol 'counting shccp as a rne thocl ( l l ) t l tut nru.y- i t t t lucc slctprcc lu i rcs conccnt ra t ion anc l s t i r lu la tcs t l toushts about thc in rag inary shcc-p (12)

t l tut ut '( ln ' i tre toturtcr l . Rcpcating a boring l i t t lc worcl l ike t/ ic is so clul l that theonly thing \13) t lrur rt to.st 1tt 'oplc t tr tr tht is to go to slccp.

Tests (11) thut huyt l tcctr. tpccit t l l . t ' t lcsigrtad to tr_\ '()ut the thcort, wcrc carr icclor.rt uncicr control lccl concl i t ions. A third o1'those ( l-5) r ' l ro v,(t ' ( t(stcl hacl quick

succcss. But othe r peoplc stayccl awake . ' Ihcy

wcrc ablc t<t r.nouth sinrple wordswhi f c s t i l l th ink ing o l l rc r thouehts . ' l ' hc rc i s s t i l l work (16) t lu t t n ( ( (1 . \ t ( ) be t lo t t t ' .

Exercise 176 Postmodif icat ion by preposit ional phrases [SGE17.19-231

Preposi t ional phrascs arc f icquent ly used to 'postrnocl i fy 'nouns. that is toaclcl inlirrnration afier thent.

F i l l in thc gaps wi th sui table preposi t ions. and undcr l ine the noun phrases lhat thcprcpositional phrases are part of.

This is usual ly easy - ( l ) u r t tu 'wn'n I '111l ' funt i l t ' . Not icc, however, thatsometimes a prepositional phrase contains anolhcr. Thus at (9) there is no nounphrasc 'rl icri lul vrell-bcing ott pht'sit 'ul hcrrlr/r. Instead thc prcpositional phrase r., lpltvsital health belongs to the bigger noun phrase:

the la test s tudy . . . [ the e l fet ts ( . . . menta l wcl l -being) on phvsi tu l heul th l

Nominalization 137

If you have a row ( I .) u rrH your family today, you could end up with a cold by the

end (2 ) . the week. Research (3 ) . . . . . . . . . . psychologists suggest that joyless

days iu l l o f i r r i ta t ion (4 ) . . . . . . . . . . a soc ia l k in t l can lead to a weaken ing

( - 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . t h e d i s e a s e - f i g h t i n g i m m u n e s y s t e m , a n d t h a t t b u r d a y s ( 6 ) . " ' . . . . .

a row your system can becomc too weak to stop cold viruses f i t lm attacking.

Thc theory i s the la tes t s tudy (7 ) . the e f f 'ec ts (U) . . . ' . . . . . . menta l wc l l -

be ing (9 ) phys ica l hca l th .

Ev ic lence (10) . . . . . . . . . . such e f fbc ts has a l rcady becn lbunc l fo r a numbcr

( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . s c r i o u s c l i s c a s e s . T y p i c a l l y t h t l s e w h t l h a v e p r o b l c n l s c x p r c s s i n g

emot ions (12) . . . . . . . . . . anger o r who have su f l t rec l t raumat ic e xper icnces a f i c r thc

d e a t h ( l 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . a s p o u s e a p p e a r t o b c m o s t a t r i s k .

Now a sir l i lar ef ' fcct has been tbuncl ( l ' l ) . . . . . . . . . . the conl lnon colcl. A hunclrecl

c l e r i c a l s t a t ' f ( I 5 ) . a t a x o f f i c c ( | 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . t h c n o r t h ( I 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . E n g l a n c l

wcre askcd to kccp a c l ia ry ( l l t ) . . . . . . . . . . the i r hca l th . thc i r tn t tods a l td wha l sor t

( 1 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . d a y t h c y h a d .

Aficr tcn wecks, sevcntccl l voluntccrs hacl colds. I t thcn cmergcd that t i rur days

1 2 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . c o n t r a c t i n g t h c c o l c l . t h c r c h a c l b c c n a r t t a r k c d c l r o p ( 2 1 ) . " . . . . . . .

c l ia ry cn t r i cs record inC f r i cn t l l y re la t ions (22) . . . . . . . . . . the i r spo t lscs . r tn t l l r t

i n c r e a s c ( 2 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . t h e t r u t n b e r ( 2 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . s t l c i a l a n l l o y a r l c c s .

The rescarchcrs bcl ieve that al l th is shows a dc l i l i tc l ink ( 25 ) . r t toocl att t l

int 'cct ion. So - i f you don't wltnt a c<l ld. dt ln' t gct i tnnoyccl!

Exercise 177 Nominal izat ion [SGE 17.23]

Noun phrascs t l tat corrcsponcl to vcrbs and 0thcr clause clcl l tcnts arc sott le t ir t tcs

ca l l cd norn ina l i z i t t ions .

Rewr i te the t i t l l ow i t rg , us ing nouns in p lacc o t ' thc vcrbs in i ta l i c . i t r t t l n tak i t t t r t t ry

othcr changes I lccessary.

E.runtplc' . She rt ' frrscri to l tnswt:r, which was disapppoint int.

Atrsu'tr ' . I lcr rathsuI |() d|Ish'(t was disappoint ing.

| | ful i t t ' t ' that thc hrc was startccl on purposc.

I t ' s Iny

2 Thcy corrcslt t t t tLlcr l l i rr twcnty years.

lusted l i r r

3 Is the wrrrd cooccur ever hv-phctratctl'!Is thcrc

zl Thcy ltchuved rcally baclly, which upset evcryone.T h e i r . .

5 These people inhubit one of thc remotcst placcs on earth.

The se people arc . . .. . .6 Everyone competing must put down the ir nilmcs.

A l l t he .7 Did anyone strrt ' t i 'e the crash'J

Were there8 The way they organi:erl the event was brilliant.

T h e . . . .

138 The noun phrase

c) Those chi ldren wcrc not very well t t lucutet l .T h o s e c h i l d r e n ' s . . . . .

l0 You should pru(t isc n1ore.

You ncc t l

I I I t was wondcrful when the hostages wcre relcu.sct l .

The hostagcs'

l2 ldon ' t l i ke thc way you cont inua l l y c r i t i c i : t ' .I d o n ' t l i k c y o u r . . .

lJ Carr wc dt ' t 'urt ,q( 1o rrreel ' l

Can we rnake

I ' l What do thc slars ancl str ipes synrltol i :c ' l

W h a t a r c t h c . . . . . . . . . o l ' ll -5 Per l raps wc shou ld l tub l i c i : t ' thc c lub morc .

Pcrhaps thc c lub nccc ls . .

l6 Havc you l t 'd thc cat ' /

Wl re re i s the t ' l r l ' s

l7 I t ' s a ho tc l whcrc you cun d i t r t ' i n thc gardcn.

I t ' s a ho tc l whcrc you can havc . .

l8 Whcn o f f i ccs t ' t lo t t t t t ' . thc s ta f f dor r ' t usua l l v l i kc i t .

Ol ' f icc . . Lrsual ly upscts the stat l .l9 I coulcl l'rltclly brcuthc.

I w t t s o u l o l . . . . . .

20 You didn't olt jcct bclirrc.

Y o u t l i t l t t ' l r l r i s t ' l r r t y

Exercise 178 Apposition [SGE 17.271

Two or nrore notl l phrascs arc in i lpposil ion whcn they rcf'cr to thc samc pcrsonor th ing.

Conrplc tc thcsc authcnt ic r luota l ions by adding thc f i r l lowing apposi t ive phlase sin thc r ight p l i rccs.

E.tuntplc'. -5(a) Hc greatly clisl ikcs thc Brit ish l-ibrary building. a fhst-rising blot onthc Euston Road.

(a) a fast-rising blot on thc Euston Roacl(b) thc latcst worcl in anti-t iaud know-how(c) the pol ice c lev icc t i r r i rnrnobi l iz ing i l legal ly parkccl cars(d) the wil l ingncss ol' acaclernics to pay tribute to the lcaders of' bloodthirsty

rcgilnes(e) those richer than hirnsclf(f) thcnr or us(g ) M i l l i e

I Three diplornatic cars were among the l irst46 victims of thc wheel clamp whenit came into operation in London in 1983.

2 Murauchi has a low opinion of the scramble by the new rich tbr European art.3 The Bushes' spaniel is the latest in a long l ine of White House pets.zl It was gang wart-are. We had to kil l them or they would have kil led us.-5 He greatly dislikes the Brit ish Library building.6 Australia's new plastic banknote sti l l cannot cope with earlier fbrms of

Premodification 139

technology. People leaving the Sl0 notc it l trouscr pockcts havc fbund that it

shr inks when i roned.7 Thc l0 t ing of the c l ic tator 's wi t 'e by the polytechnic is a c lass ic exarnple t l f a

pcetr I i l r r Pht 'not t tc t t , t t l .

Exercise 179 Premodification by participles ISGE 17'28-331

Cor lp lc lc thc t i r l l t tu ' ing. us ing prer t todi ly ing par t ic ip lcs + l loLrr )s - - but only whcre

possib lc .

fittrttt l t l t ' . Sonrc lt lays totlay clisgr,rsl rttc.

r l l t . r ' t lc l : Thcrc arc s( )Nl l , I ) ls( i t rs ' l l \ ( i I ' l - i \ \ s t (x laY.

I T h e l l l l r r \ \ l r \ \ e t y r ' l t l e r l r l i l l i l l ' J .

I t w u s . .I l i t lwartl Fox's pcrli l t ' t t lattcc ltt l .t i tzctl tts.

Hc gavc .

I I u r l rn i rc h i rn l i r r t l l c w i tv hc t i rnc t l h is r rc l i t rs bca t r t i l i r l l l

I a r ln t i rc Edward l rox 's .

4 I don ' t l i kc pcop lc w l to a r r i vc l l t t c .Itfc i l n l- l I sl l l lcc

.5 Thc langultgc ot 'sott. tc plavs ralhcr surpriscs tt lc.

Sonlc plaYs ct) l l tal l l . .( r Onc n lun w i ls l ca l l y shockcd lnd lc l l .

C ) t t c . . .

7 Thc c l r i ld rcn beh in t l [ l s wcrc la lk ing , w l t i ch rvas l t l l L l l s l t l l cc .

l l - l 'he

sccnc that t

T h c . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 Wc got icc-crcattts in thc i l r lcrval artd atc thct l l .

D u r i n g t h c i n t c r v a l w c . . . .

l0 | c lon ' t usu l l l y buy a p rogra t r ln lc bccausc I won ' t pay thc p r iccs thcy dcr t t r tn t l .

T h e . . . . . . . . . a r c t o o h i g h .

I I Wc always rcscrvc our scit ts.

W c a l w a y s h a v c . . . . .

l2 Thc plot was rathcr corlpl icatecl.

T h e p l a y h a d . . . .

l3 Thc p lay enc led w i th a ' tw is t ' l l ta t was no t unrc la tcc l .

Therc was ' at thc e ncl '

l4 Wc certainly were no1 e xpccting that encl ing

That was ccr ta in ly . .

Exercise 180 Attributive nouns [SGE 17.35]

Make compound nouns on thc pattern noun + noun.

Example: a book of cheques =

Ansv,er: a cheque book

I someone add i c ted to d rugs = . . . . . . . . .

2 insurance on PeoPle's l ives =

3 st ra in on the eyes = . . . . ' '

l pcncd thc p lay was br i l l i an l

140 The noun phrase

a bulletin of news =fhe skin of a banana =

an outbre ak of measles =cha i rs lo use in t l t c g i l rdcn =

decay in the teethholes ( in a. lacket , sh i r t e tc) fbr one'a brush for brushing one's clothes =an in te l lec tua l whosc head is sa id to look l i kc an c Is =

a fami ly w i th two cars =

an ol. l icc whcre you can post lcttcrs (and buy stanlps etc ) =

a placc where you can wait tbr buscs to stop =sorneone who s i ts w i th (and looks a f ie r ) bab ies (and vouns ch i ld ren) =

15o

16u

l 0l lt 2I --)

t 4l-5

s arms =

l 6l liltl 920

an ol ' f icc block of ' tcn storcys =

a hol iday arranged as a packagc =

control of arrns (wcapons) =

a shop sc l l ing drcsses =

l i xx l tha t i s rea l l y junk =

Exercise 181 Noun phrases in general [SGE Chapter 17]

Study thc f i l l lowing passage. and then altswcr thc cprcstions that f i r l low.

Itr Nove ntbe r thc sportsrncn changc thcir ckrthcs. Thc f ishing rocls arc pul lwly infavour o l ' sho t guns a t rd hunt ing boots . Eac l r ycar - 1hc spor ts lnan is bc i r ru r r ro rcc losc ly rnarkcr l by an an t i -spor tsnran . o f i cn thc s l radow o l 'h i rnsc l f . The an t i -spor ts lncn arc par l o l 'a loosc co l l cc t ion o l 'ac t i v is t o rg l r r i z l r t ions , ro l tec rned w i than i rna l wc l l l r c . and rang ing across thc who le skc in < l f re la t ionsh ips bc twccnIturnan kincl ancl the aninral w<lrkl.

Thc an t i -sp t l r t snrcn scck lo c l i rn ina lc hunt ing , s l roo t ing anc l l i sh ing as a pas t in tc .Thcy ac lop t me lhoc ls o l 'bchav ioLr r wh ich apar t f i ' onr bc ing unc iv i l , i l ' no t i l l cg t l ,rcvcal a wcakrtess f irr thc chasc - the ir cluarry in this instancc bcing lhe sportsrnrrrand h is ac t i v i t ies - wh ich bcars a s t r i k ing rcscrnb lancc to thc wcakncsscs thcyaflcct to deplorc in othcrs.

So l irr thc carnpaign has prosperccl rnore against tbx hunting than ugairrstshooti ng or f i sh ing . . . Internt i t tcnt harassmcnt of hunts ancl the ir supportcrs occurthroughout thc winter sonrcwhere across the country. Nevertheless lbx huntings ince the war has prospercc l . . .

Opposit ion to f icld sports in Bri tain is alnrost as tradit ional as the f ielcl sportsthcrrtselves. Both sides of the argurnent have l i tcrature and a culturc which stretchback fbr centuries. Hitherto the argurnent has been conductecl tnir ly; but therc iseviclence that a new war is now being waged with f-ewer holds barrcd by thoscwhose purpose is to el iminate f iclcl sports t iom the Brit ish scene .

one disconce rt ing aspect of the argument is thc extent to which i t rcveals thatcountry habits and perspectives are becoming less and less understood or respectedby city dwellers; and i t is more often the city dwellers who command the moneyand the acccss to the media which gives them a better opportunity to press theirarguments to successtul conclusions.

Noun phrases 141

(a) Premodification. Completc thcse noun phrases from the text with adjectives oran adject ive- l ikc par t ic ip le.

I a loosc conncctlon

ske in

3 . . . hu tnanre'st'rl blrne r'

5 . . . s c c n c6 . . . oppor tu l l r t y

(b) Cornplcte thcsc noun phrasc-s whcrc thc prcrnocl i f icr is a noulr or nor-rn-l ike-il,q firrrn:

1 . . . . . . r o t l s

ll shot

9 . . . . . . b o o t s

l o . . . . o r . u l t t t i z r t l i t l t t s

I I . . . . s p o i l s

I r c o u n t r y . . . a l t t l .

(c ) Pos t rnod i l i ca t ion . Cornp lc tc thcsc noun phrascs . whcre thc pos ln rod i l i ca t ion

is a p rcpos i t iona l p l t rasc .

l 3 r . c l a t i o n s h i p t . . . .

l r l . . . . . . . . . . . i r s l p l s t i r l t e

l 5 l t w t ' l t k l t c r s . . . . . . .

l 6 i n l c n n i t t c r t t h i t r a s s r t t c l t t . . . . . . .

l 7 t i r x l t u n t i n g . . . . . .

l 8 t h t ' i r t v t t l r e t l l ( ' t ) l .

l ( , b t r l l t s i t l e s . .

2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . t o t h c r n c c l i a

(d ) F ind lhc r ro t rn p l r rascs wh ich l rc conrp lc lcd by l l r c rc la t i vc c luuscs sho 'u l 'n :

2 l . . . . . . . . . . . . w h i c h r c v c u l a w c a k l t c s s l i r r l l r c c h a s c

) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . w h i c h b e a r s i t s t r i k i n g r c s e t t t b l a l t c c t o t l t c

w c a k n e s s e s . . .

l 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . l h c y a l l c c t 1 o t l c p l o r c i n o t l t c r s

2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . w h i c h s t r c t c h b a c k l i t r c c t r t t t r i c s

2 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . w h o s c p u r p o s c i s t o c l i n r i n a t c t h c s p o r t . . .

2 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . t o w h i c h i t r c v c a l s t h a l c o u n t f y h l b i t s a n d

pe rspcctivcs arc bcconritrg le ss attt l lcss Ltttclcrslt tocl

2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . w h i c h g i v c s t h e I t t a b e t t c r o p p o r l u r r i t y t o

prcss lhc i r a rgunrcn ts 1o succcss fu l cor tc lus i t tns

(c ) l r inc l the nor t l in i le verbs /c lauscs th i t t pos t l l l od i ty thcsc r louns :

l X l e t i v i s t r r t g l t t t i z l t l i o t t s

2 9 t ' c w e r h o l d s . . . . . . .

. l ( ) l bc l l c ropp( ) r lun i l y

I

1 8 Theme, focus, and informationprocessrng

Exercise 182 Given and new information [SGE 18.1-4]

Thcrc i s o l ' t cn rnorc than onc way o l ' ' say inu the sanrc th ing ' .l low wc say ' i l dcpcnds on se vcr -a l lac lo ls lhc cnrphas is wc \ \ , , i l l t t to g ivc tod i l ' l l ' r cn t par ts o l thc ' lncssagc ' an t l wh l t wc th ink i s thc n ros t in rpor tun l par t .

Ot tcn i ' , ' c beg in w i th s t l rnc lh i r rg l l r ca t i y knou,n or ( ; t v r , \ . and kccp thei r t tDor t l r r . t t \ t , \ \ ' t \ t : ( ) l iN t . . \ t toN to lhc cn t l ( ) l thc scn tc l tcc .

D c c i d c w h i c h i s t h c l i k c l i c s t ( u t t r n a r k e d ) u n s w c r l o c a c h o l ' t h c l i r l l o w i n gqucs t io t ts .

l ' , t t t t r r l t l t ' . Whcn shu l l wc know what Mary 's so ing to ( lo ' l

( a ) N c x t w c c k w c s l r a l l k n o w .( t r ) I l ' s ncx l r . l cck wc shu l l know.( c ) S h c ' l l l c l l u s r r e x t w e c k .( d ) N e x t w c c k s h c w i l l t c l l u s .

A l , r r t ' r - : (c )

I What havc you donc w i th your car ' l(a ) Wc l tavc so lc l our c l r .( b ) W c ' v c s o k l i t .(c ) Our c t r h rs bee n so lc l .( r l ) Thc c i t r wc havc so lc l .

r Is lhcrc a post off icc ncar herc' l(a ) The rc 's o r tc ncar hcrc .(b ) Nea l hcrc therc 's onc .(c ) There 's one . jus l beyonc l thc chcrn is t ' s .(d ) Jus t bcyonc l thc chcnr is t ' s i s a pos t o f l i ce .

3 Whcrc do you kccp your car' /(a ) I have to park i t ou ts ide the house.(b ) Outs ic le the house is whcre I park i t .(c) I t 's outsidc that I park n1y car.(d) Park i t outsiclc is what I have to do.

4 Which newspaper do you rcad'/(a) Thc Guut' t l ian I sornetimes read.(b) Th(' l ' intcs is my favouritc papcr.(c) I-Isually The Dail.v Telegraph.(d) What I read is

'fhc lntlependent.

Theme and focus: end-weight 143

5 What are the most popular TV programrncs in your family'?

(a) Comedy programmes and the news are watchecl by al l the family.

(b) Comedy and thc news are our favouritc TV programmes.

(c) We regularly watch comedy programmes ancl the ncws.

(d) I t 's comedy ani l the news that are lnost popular with us.

6 How ofien clt t you go 1o the cincrna' l

(a) About once a wcek on average I go.

(b) About once a wcck on avcragc I go to thc clncl l l l l .

( c ) To thc c incn ta Igo on average ab t tu t t l t l cc a wcck .

(d) I go about oncc a week on averrtgc.

Exercise 183 Theme and focus: end-weight [SGE 18.7-12]

Although we do not always bcgin tr scntencc with sotncthing kntlwl l or'g ivcn ' . thc bcg inn ing is t rsua l l y thc t t t t , r t r l o r lop ic o f o t t r sc t t t c t tce - what

wc arc going to talk aboul. stt that wc can thcl l put thc t<lt t s of attentiolt t l t l

thc ncw irr l ortt t t t t i t trr .

This has an i l rr l lort i tr t t cottsccluct lcc l i tr thc shapc t l l 'a serttcl lcc. Wc oltcn

ncctl rnorc worcls lbr the rtcw irt l i t rr lat ior l than f irr-thc 'givcn' or thc thctttc.

so t lrc encl ol ' thc scnlcltcc of icn has to bc thc lol lgcst pitr t with t ,Ntr-wtl l t ; t t t ' .

Scntcrrccs with a lot of wcighty i t t l i rrr trat iolt at thc bcgi lrning arc rruch ttr<trc

dit f icult to unclcrstarrcl.

Thc scntcrrces bc low havc bccn wr i t lcn out hcrc in 'u l t t t larkcd 'wt l rd orc lcr

(SVOCA ) . But the y wcrc or ig inal ly wr i t ten in a d i t fbrcnl orc lcr t t l g ive cnd-wcight

(and cncl-fircus) to thc nrore intp<lrtant inl 'orrnation. Can you rcconstruct thctn as

they wcrc or ig inal ly wr i t tcn ' l

I S IV hacl extracteclO the aclrnission that. whilc thc fronlicr would in cff 'ect havc bccn clttsecl to

everyonc c lsc, hc wt lu ld, in v iew ol 'my of f ic ia l posi t i t ln . in pr inc ip lc havc

[:, lr l:"n"*,lto lcl mc cross i1. if therc had bccn any nreans of gctting nrc-

A atter an hour or lwctA f}om rny interlocutclr

IBegin with one of the advcrbials. Whcre should the end-we i-eht bc'] l

2 S The Rcvolutionary GuardsV beat up andV detainedO Mr Edward Chaplin, a Brit ish diplomat

A tbr one dayA in apparent retaliation fbr the ane st in Manchester of one of their consular

officials on shoplift ing charges.

[Move one of the adverbials to give end-weight to the object and to the other

adverbial l

144 Theme, focus, and information processing

3 S David SylvesterV argues (that)A in h is contr ibut ion to Lutc Pi tasso ( f2-5. paperberck I17.9-5)S these picturcsV l ryO the horror of growing olclCl nakccl

IMakc the advcrb ia l the opening topic . Then crnphasizr- thc f ina l ob. jecr . l

4 S W c

V clnnol dcclucc

O any ve ry conficlcnt poinle rs towards thc next gcncral clect ion which rnaybc as nruch as f i)ur ycars hcnce

A l l ' o r -n an c lcc t ion in wh ich thc <kr r r ' t knows anc l ck rn ' t c l rcs won by acl i slancc

{Give enc l -wc igh t to the ob . jcc t l

5 S Wikl horse-sV wor r l t l l r o l l r l r v r ' t l r l r uge r lO thc t ruthA tronr nrc

I Ernphasizc thc objcct l

Exercise 184 Theme and focus ISGE 18.5-12]

Bcar ing in n r ind th i . t t i r t answct ' ine pcop lc 's c lucs l ions wc shou ld l i t c r - rs on thc ncw,in t i rn la t ion thu t thc -y wtn t . choosc thc l i kc l i cs t i tnswcrs in thc f i r l l ow ins .

I Who wls the f irst nri trr to walk to both [)olcs'](a ) Rohcr t Swan (GB) l cc l cxpcc l i t ions to thc South Po lc in l9116 und to lhc

Nor th in l9 l l9 .(b ) Rober t Swtn (GB ) . who lcd cxpcd i t ions to thc Sr l r . r th Po lc in l9 lJ6 and to thc

Nor th in l9 lJ9 .(c ) A sn ta l l cxpcc l i t ion to thc South Po lc in l9u6 and anothcr cxpcc l i t ion to thc

North were both lccl by Robcr{ Swan.(d) Robcrt Swan becarne the l i rsl nl iur to walk to both Polcs.

2 What was thc namc- ot 'his South Pole c-xpc.cl i t ion'?(a) Thc Foots teps o f Scot t was lhc narne o l 'h is Sou lh Po lc vcn turc .(b ) I t was ca l lec l thc F-oo ts tcps o f Scot l .(c ) Hc led a South Po le expec l i t ion ca l l cd the Foots lcps o f Sco l t .(d) The Footsteps of Scott was the nanle given to this expecl i t ion.

3 How big was this Footsteps cl l 'Scott cxpecl i t ion'/(a) Thcrc werc just three men.(b) Thrcc mcn took part in thc Footsteps of Scott cxpedit ion.(c) A three-rnan expecl i t ion is what i t was.(d) Three men walkecl to the South Polc.

-5

Marked focus 145

How long did the SoLrth Pole trek take them'l

(a) Through the worst Antarct ic wintcr fbr ye ars they trckkecl fbr scvctl ty clays.

(b) For sevcnty clays they trekked thrrtugh the worst Antarct ic winter f 'or years.

(c) For sevcnty clays through a terr ible Antarct ic winter thcy trekkecl.

(cl) I t took thcnt seventy days - through thc worst Antarct ic winter f i l r years.

Ancl was thc North Pole walk also a threc-man e xpedit ion'?

(a) No. the international cxpccl i t ion hacl cight ntcn.

(b ) No, i t was ar r c igh t -n ran in te - rna t iona l cxpc t l i t ion .

(c) No, cight rncn - t l 'orn dif t i ' rcnt countr ics walkcd to thc North Pt 'r lc,

(d) No. thcre wcre cight ntcn walking to thc POlc- fronl dif lcrcnl cor.t t l tr ies.

D id th is Nor th Po lc cxpcc l i t ion havc i l t ta r t l c ' /

( l ) Ycs . Iccwa lk i t was ca l l cc l .

(b ) Yes . Iccwa lk thcy ca l l cd i t .

(c ) Ycs , Iccwa lk w i ts i t s na t l l c .(d ) Yes . i t was ca l l cc l I ccwa lk .

7 Wasr r ' l thc rc so tnc connectcd cnv i ronnrcn ta l p ro . j cc t invo lv ing s tu t l c t l t s l

(a ) Ycs , 1conncc tcc l cnv in rnnrcn lu l p ro . j cc t i r t v t l l vc t l i l t t c l -na l i t lna l s tuc len ls .

(b) Yes, twcnty two sturlcnts l l -orn f i f iccn countr ics took parl in sorttc col l t lcclert l

( 'nv i r() l i l t l rr l l i r I P11r. i( '11.(c ) Ycs . un in tc rna t iona l g roup o t ' s tu r lcn ts t l id sor r l c i t t t c |cs t i l tg wot 'k .

( r l ) Ycs , t f i c rc was a conncc tc ( l cnv i ro r . t r t t c r t ta l p r t t . i cc l i r t vo lv i l tg s tu t l c r t t s .

t l Whcrc dicl t l r is part t t f ' thc pro. iccl take placc' l

(a ) A t the po la r lean t b lsc o t l Car la t la 's E l l cs t l l c rc l s l l rn t l .

(b ) Canac la 's E l l cs t t t c rc Is l lnc l i s whcre the pro . icc t look p l l ce .

(c) El lcsrncrc Isl t t l rcl , whcrc thc pt l lar bitse is, is part ol 'Clrrt l tcla.

( r l ) A t thc po l t r t carn basc or r E l l cs r re rc Is lan t l cnv i r t t l l l l l c l l l l l l s t t t c l i cs wcrc

citrr iccl ou1.

Exercise 185 Marked focus [SGE 18.7-12]

Rcld thc passage . ' [ 'hcn, in thc cxcrcisc lhal. l ir l lows, tnark tl le slre sscd wortls in

the answcrs that probably lccc ivc thc rnain l i lcus.

MFPA is not a charity but a cotnpitny cntircly ownctl by scriously clisablccl

rlcrnbers 9l'thc Association ol'Mouth ancl Foot Painting Arlists. Its nrctlrbers havc

lull lcarnccl to clraw rnd painl with the brush he lcl ir l t lrc Inouth or with thc tocs'

Pcrhaps thc bcst kn0wlr MFPA artist was Christy Brown. who die d in lc)76. Thc

Oscar-wintrirrg l i irn. Mt' L'al 't /"trol. wits basccl ort his autohiography.

Cihristy Brown was born with a tl isabil ity, but sornc MFPA artists havc bccotltc

clisablecl as thc result of accidcnts. Bruce Pearckln was in the Navy whett a st: rlous

roacl acciclent lef't hirn with a pernrancnt spinal injury. During his long stay in

hospital he me1 two MFPA artists who encouragcd him to paint. He is now a ve ry

accompl ished landscape ar t is t who is wcl lknown fbr h is i l lust rat ions of ch i ldren.

I MFPA doesn't sound like a real company.- But it is a real conlpany.

Answer'. But it ts a company.

146 Theme, focus, and information processing

2 It must be cl i f f icult to paint with your ntouth ttr f 'eet.- Very dif f iculr.

3 So the Associat ion was fbundccl in ninetccn sixty-six.- No, n ine teen f i f i y -s rx .

zl Ancl do thc mentbers manage to support thcir farni l ics' l- I c lon ' l know about thc i r ta rn i l i cs , bu t they suppor t thcmse lves .

-5 I saw the f i l rn about Chr is Brown on tc lcv is i t ln .- Not C--hris Brown. Christy Br-own.

6 Oh yes o f course . Thc f i ln r showec l h in r wr i t ing anc l c l rawins w i th 5 is r igh t l i r6 t .- FI is lcf i l ixrt .

7 Hc 's c lcac l now. i sn ' t hc ' lYcs . hc c l ied in 1976.

8 I 'd l i kc lo scc so lnc u l 'Brucc Pcarson 's work .- [)carclon. nclt Pcalsorr.

c ) l low lu , l ' u l lo havc an acc ic lcn t a l l c r l cav ine thc Navy .N<1. hc was s t i l l i n thc Navy .

l0 And hc 's now an accornp l i shcd por t ra i t pa in tc r . lI th ink hc 's n ta in ly a lanc lscapc ar t i s r .

I I And hc met sontc MFPA ar l i s ts wh i lc hc was i r r hosn i la l . l- Ac tua l l y . hc rnc t two MFPA ar t i s ts , wh<t cncounr rcc l h i rn .

I 2 T h e r c a r e p l c n t y o f a b l c - b o c l i e t l p c o p l c w i t h t h c u s c o l ' t h e i r h a n d s w h o c a n ' tclr i lw or paint at al l .- I t ' s a rnaz ing to d raw anc l pa in t w i thout hanc ls .

Exercise 186 Fronting ISGE 18.14-17]

Decicle whcthcr the Ittarkccl frclnlccl clcrnents arc ob.ject, cornplcrnent, aclvcrbial grprcclicate. Thcn rcwritc the scntcnces in unrnarkcd wor.cl ortler.E.r'untplL' '. ImlnatLrrc and over-crrthusiastic thcy said I was.Atr,v'ct". [Cornplcrncntl rhey said I was irnrnature and ovcr-cnthusiastic,

I That srtrt of rcrnark I can do without.2 Objectivc it is not.3 Unkind I ca l l i t .4 Thcy 'd said thcy wercn ' t going to cr i t ic izc. but cr i t ic ize they c l ic l .-5 To thent I rnust have seemed a chilcl.6 Three or lbur cars these people woulcl bring i ' at a tirne fbr servicing.7 (and then) about some f l0 itenr rx the bil l they'd grumble ancl grurrble.fi Always grumbling rhey werc.9 Mill ionaires they probably were,

l0 (but) generous they were not.I I This parlicular law nobody can def'end.l2 About the need lbr a l ibel law nobody is argurng.l3 We can accept that nceded it is.l4 In its present state the law cannot be seriously def'ended.l -5 sti l l , unsatisfactory though it may be, we could end up with something worse.

Subject-verb inversion 147

Exercise 187 Subject-verb inversion [SGE 18.16-17]

Reconstruct thcse sentences as thc authors original ly wrotc thcttt . so that thc

subiccts fol low the verbs ancl rcccivc 'cncl-weight ' .

E.rurtryt lr ' . The body of 'Sarnuel Ta1'krr Colericlge/l ies/bcncath this stonc. (SVA)

,,1ri .r 'N rr ' : Bcnctth this slonc l ics the botiv o1' Srrnuc I Taylor Colcridgc. ( AVS - thc

woru ls on a rncr t to r ia l s lonc in l t r to r th l , r t t t t lon church)

I Thc ncw gcncra l ion o l ' ( 'o rn rnu l ' r i s ts . rcvo lu l ion i t r i cs no lo r tgcr i r t thc o ld sc r rsc ,

bu t wo lsh ip l - rc rs o f ' thc cs t l [ ' r l i shc t l o r t l c r . dccp ly sus l ' r i c ious o l t langerous

thoughts /sa t /s ta r ing up u t h i r )1 . row u l ) ( )n row. s r ) lug . sc l f -sa t is l i c t l anr l hos l i l c .

2 lOl clsc wc would f ind our r '" 'u\ ' [r ' rr lcr l hl , a sancl clunc. l Tlrcrr/ l l tc sl .rat lcs. sartt l

rna ts l r rd towing ropcs /ca t t tc /ou t l lnd thc who lc d rcary t r t rs i r tcss o1 ' ' t tn -

s t i ck ing ' wou lc l s tu r t a ra i r t . I' Ihcn

. .

J Thc t i rs t o l thc n rngcs o l 'h i l l s , wh ich lav bc tu 'ccn us ar t r l l l r c co ls l / rosc /across

thc va l l cy , t lu rk ag l t i r t s t thc sc l t i r tg s t r r t .

.1 A c l ra in o f sur r r i i s la r r t l s and b lack . i r rggc t l rocks , shc l tc r . ing t l t c harbout ' l l o rn lhc

wcstc r lv ga le s an t l sc lL ra l l s o l ' thc Adr ia t i c /s t rc tchcd/across l l t c bay .

5 Thc co l l cc t ion o l ' I rgyp t iu r r pashas , C i rcck r r r i l l i o r l t i r cs , cx i l c t l Pr . i r rces . h rsh

ranking t lr i t ish ol ' l iccrs anr' l cosnrol-rol i t lur lrclut ics thit l cortst i l r .r tct l C'ui lc-rtc

socicly during thc war/sat/rourtcl r-ts at t t l l tcr tablcs.

6 Crics of tcrror/rosc/oul ol ' thc I ir .c iurr l srnokc. (Shiva Naipaul: Atr Ll tr . fut isl tcd

. l t tL t t ' t t t ' l ' )

7 Thc barc wh i te r ibs u l 'a boat bc ing cons l ruc tcc l to tha t c lcs ign unchangcd s i r rcc

thc days o l 'Noah 's Ark /couk l bc seen/cvcry so o f tcn a long thc sc i t l i ' on t .

(Robcrt Laccy: ' l

l r t Kingdrtnr)

U lln 1925 Raganrah was a sinrple fann ancl I Thc agreernetrt that unified Arabia/was .:nactccl/therc. (Robcrt Lacey:

' l l te Kittglttnt)

9 Two ret ired lactory workcrs whosc faccs wcrc witherecl cttr t t t lur rnaps/sat/

oppositc mc. (Colin Thubron: Rehind t l t t Wull)

l0 A bar by which the Chainnan could haul up his ageing body/ hung/abovc it

and/a red button lor emergencies/was/near the tap. (Colin Thubron: Bc hind the

Wull)

148 Theme, focus, and information processing

Exercise 188 Subject-operator inversion [SGE 18.171

Rcwri te the tb l lowing as indicatcc l . nrak ing any othcr changcs ncccssary.

I I havc nof seen a lnore wonclcrl 'ul bui lcl inq anvwhereNowlre rc

2 T 'hcrc arc no krnscr rcgular passcnper l incrs cal l ing at Bonrbuy.N o . . . . .

I J 'here is nowhcrc thal I havc sccn that surpasses thc Ta j Mahal.Nowhcrc

z l I c lon ' t l i kc thc hca t . My s is tc rdocs no t l i ke r thc heat c i thc r .Ne i ther .

Shc c locsn ' t l i kc i t . And I c lon ' l c i thc r .

Anc l nc i thc r

Wc: hacl no soonerr lrr ivcd than thc slonn brokc.N o . . . . .

I havc no t cxper icnccc l such a s to rn t s incc I wrs a ch i l c l .N o t . . . .

Idicl not know wlral woulcl happcn, and I cl icl not carc what r. '" ,ould lrappcn.I nc i the r

Tonr arr ivccl Iate and startcd contplainin-e.Not on ly

I ' l l r r c v c r r n v i l e l r i r l u g a i n .

N c v c r .

Noth ing good w i l l come o l ' th is .N o . . . . .

This wil l clo you no goocl

No

t 0

l l

Subject-operator inversion is needed when a negative adverbial or ob.ject( in sentence structure) is f ionted:

Never had I expected this.

None of the fbod coulcl we eat.

or when rtci ther or iror introduccs a 'second' clause.

Nor do I .

Bu t th is does no t app ly whcn thc negat ivc word on ly be longs to ' loca lncgat ion ' :

Noth ing in te res t ins cver happcns !

Clef i ancl pseudo-clcf i arc deviccs fbr spl i t t ing A scnrcncL' into ru,o to givc

_qreater erlphasis to a part icular part.

Exercise 189 Cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences ISGE 18.18-20]

Cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences 149

Complete the fbllowing using the information given to make cleft or pseudo-cleft

sentences as indicated.

Eromples'. Drugs worry many govemments. [the increase in drug-taking]

C Ief i SenIen(e: I t 'S THE INCREASE IN DRU(]- I .AKING THAT WORRIES MANY GOVERNMENTS.

PseudO.CICTi: WhAt WORRIES MANY GOVERNMI]NTS IS THE INCREASE IN I )RUG-TAKING.

I What makes people experiment with drugs? (perhaps boredom, a longing fbr

cxc l tement)Pe rhaps i t ' s . . . . . .

2 Do wc find drug-taking among all agc-groups? (I think rnainly among theyoung)I t h i nk i t ' s

3 We nccd to makc pcople realize that drug-taking is self-cle slructivc.

W h u l . .4 But some pcople think that all drugs should be legal.

Wha t . .5 Thcy say the glamour ol 'doing sornelhing i l lcgal attracts pcoplc.

T h c y s a y i t ' s . . . . .6 Some governl.ne nts ltavc such tough laws about trafl icking, I arn surprised any

peoplc becomc'cour icrs ' .W h a t s u r p r i s c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w h e n

7 I supposc the hopc ol'easy moncy ternpts theln.I s u p p o s e 1 1 . . . . . . .

t l Many pcoplc don't rcalizc thal orclinary clrug takers ncccl big nroncy to buy

drugs with.W h a t . .

c) Thc drug barons de l ibcratcly involvc 'snrall pcoplc'.

Wha t . .l0 Thc Custorns people are looking lbr t ravc l lcrs who bchavc suspic iously .

W h a t . .l l Of icn the srnal l peoplc. nol the b ig pcoplc, get caught .

It 's otien .l2 Most governmcnts want to stttp drugs cot't l i t.tg into thcir countrics.

W h l t l . .

Exercise 190 Postponement: extraposition ISGE 18.23-261

Sometimes fbr the sake of cnd-lbcus or: cnd-weight a scnlence element tspostponed. and put later in thc scntence. Whcn this kind of postponcmcnt

involvcs using a pro-fornr earlicr in the sentcnce it is callccl cxtraposition.

E,xtraposition o1'subjects and objects is conlmon.

It won't takc long to tltt this e-terL'isc. (=To do this exercise won't takc

long.)I anr surc you wil l l ind rteasy doin,q, this c,rer<'ise'! (=l am sure you wil l

f ind doing this exercise casy.)

150 Theme, focus, and information processing

Rewrite thc following. whcre possiblc. without rt, and with nonnal SV word order.

I It won't bc easy to persuade him.2 I l ind it diff icult to talk to him.3 I t s t r ikes me that i t ' l l be d i f f icu l t .;1 I t sccms c lcar that we

' rc qui tc l ike ly to f a i l ..5 | think it cxtrernely odd that he says nothin_u.( r I 'vc a lways thought i t cas icr wr i t ing to h i rn.7 It ' l l prohahly nrakc no cli l ' l 'e rencc whal you say.13 I lcavc it to you to do your bcst.9 I1 seerns that I rnis.judgccl hirn.

l0 I takc i t that you r lon ' t want to consul t ( ico l ' f rcy ' /

Exercise 191 Discontinuities ISGE 18.27-281

Sonrc t in rcs in thc in tc rcs ts o l ' c r rd - l i r cus and cnd-wc i r - lh t a scn tcncc c lc rncn t

gc ts sp l i t up . Th is sor l o l 'd iscont in r , r i l v o t tcn invo lvcs nour r phrascs .

Slrc's ir /rcl lcl tcnnis pl:rycr t l r tr tr 1alr. Iancl nol ' i 'a bcltcr lhart I unr tcnnis-

p laycr l .

I Indcr l ine thc c l iscont i r ruous r roun phr i tscs u l td ot l tcrd iscont inui t ics in thc l i r l lowing.

I Scvcra l acc idcnts havc bccn repor lcc l rcccnl lv involv ing passcngcrs fu l l ingfrom trains.

f Lust morr th t l tc lc wus un outcry in thc prcss about thc salc ly ot 'carr iagc dours.3 This lblkrwccl an acciclcnl in which lr young rnan f 'cl l to his dcall 'r who hacl bccn

drinking firr rnost of thc .journcy.4 He hacl. alas. clrunk rlthcr nrorc alcohol than hc should huvc.-5 Now a c la inr is bc ing rnaclc by thc young rnan's parcnts that the ra i lway is

rcsponsiblc l irr his clcath.(r Accusations havc bccn rnadc against thc railway o1'netl igcncc.7 Ancl ycl anolhcr invcstigation is being derrrtandccl into salcty stanclarcls.tt Railways clcarly havc a cluty at all t irncs to cnsurc that cloors antl winclows arc

not lau l ty .9 But it is surcly up to passcngcrs nol to consume murc alcohol than is good tirr

thern.l0 A lo t of nonscnsc is ta lkecl thesc c lays about 'human r ights ' .I I And thc idea has got about that there is always soffleonc to blamc fbr an

accident, who should pay compensation to thc victin'rs or their f 'arnil ies.l2 But there is , a las. no absolute 'human r ight ' , as scxnc people would have us

bel icvc. lo surv ivc a journcy.

I 3 lt is a f 'act of l i f 'e that journeys - at any time - by train, car, plane, even on lbot,carry sclme risk.

l4 Airl ines, railways, bus companies, shipping fims havc a duty as passenger'carriers' to maintain high standards.

I 5 But fbr passengers the time has come to realize that they too must exercise care.I 6 In any case accidents wil l happen in this imperf'ect world, some of which are

nobody's fault.

Existential fhere 151

Exercise 192 Existential there [SGE 18.31-351

Rcwrite these quotations as they were originally written by aclding thcre anclr lakin-c any othcr csscntial changes.

L..rumplc'. In l9l3 occurred one of those anrazing events that nrakc you l 'ee I truth

real ly is stranger than f ict ion.

Attsv,cr ' . In I 9 I 3 there occurred one o1' those amazinq evcnt\ L-te .

E.r 'untplc: A morc cxtraordinary coincidence coulcl hardly havc bccn.

Art,sv'cr ' . Thcrc could harcl ly havc bcen a rnorc cxtraordinary coincidcncc.

I For , in a myster ious c i ty re l 'e r red to as l -ondon. l i ved a b ro thcr . (Sh iva Na ipau l :

A rr U t r.fi t r i.s lt ctl .l ttu t' t rt't' )2 Now ancl again appcalccl on the front steps of thc house nexl cloor a goocl-

Iooking wonri in. (Shiva Naipaul: Atr 11 trf ini .rhct l . lout rtcr ')

3 Sonrc n icknarncs arc obs tac lcs to f r i cnc lsh ip . 'Honcy ' i s onc o f thc rn . (Pau l

Thcroux : ' [ ' hc Lt t t tdt t r t Ent l tu.s.st ' \

4 A nronth ul icr Dostoycvsky cl icd was cnactecl u sccnc such as he rnight havewrit tcn into Tl ic Dcvi ls. (A N Wilson:

' l 'ol .stot ')

-5 A plcasantc-r pl i icc to buy a cottage f irr thc sLlnlnlcr coulcl not bc. (Lawrcncc

Durrcl l : ' l 'hc G rcrk Lslutrds \

1 9 From sentence to text

r -I We ofien think of gri tmmar as thc grarnnrar of scntcnccs or clause s, but a

Ionger ' tex t ' i s no t jus t a co l lec t ion o f sen tences . A group o1 'scn tences on lyfbrrn a mcaningf 'ul tcxt i f they are conncctecl by cohercnce ol 'scnsc (cg:

re latecl vocabulary) and sranrnratical cohcsion, which rcsults from the use

I o f p lacc and t imc rc la to rs [ . sGt '19 .3 l4 ] . p ro- fb r rns anc l e l l ips is ISGE19. l-5-201, con.juncts arrcl other aclverbials l,\(;C lt).21 2.5 l, coordinatingarrrl subordinating conjunctions ISGA' 19.26 29] and the scquencing of thcinfbrr la t ion inasui tablcordcr ISGI I9.40-42l . In th ischaptcr therc l i r rethccxcrciscs arc basecl on longcrtexts. rathcrthan single sentcnccs. ancl providcpract icc in i t rn ix lurc of 'cohesive '

dcv iccs.

Exercise 193 A Brief History of Time

Contp lc tc thc t i r l l ow ing w i th thcsc worc ls :

a l tc r a l rcac ly bu1 d id c r ;ua t io r r lh tc ha l t howcvcr

in thc cn t l i l rna thcr r ra t rcs n ( ) l r lucs t ions so (2 ) such as

thcrc t i r rc thcsc th is (2 ) 1o whcre whcthcr wh ich w i thout

I d c c i d e d t o t r y a n d w r i t c a p o p u l a r b o o k a b o u t s p a c c a n c l t i r n c ( l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Igavc thcLocb lcc tu rca l l la rvarc l in l c ) l J2 .Thcrcwcrc(2) . . . . . .acons i t l c rab lcnurnhcro l books about thc c l r l y un ivc rse and b lack ho lcs , rang ine f ionr thc vcr .yg t r t rd . (3 ) . . . . . . S tcv t : r t Wc inberg 's book .77rc I ' ' i t ' s t ' l ' l t raa Minu tcs .( 4 ) . . . . . . t h c v c r y b a d , ( 5 ) . . . . . . I w i l l n o t i c l c n t i l y . ( 6 ) . . . . .

I f ' e l t tha t nonc o l ' thc rn re a l l y ac ld rcsscc l thc (7 ) . . . . . . tha t had lcd n tc to c lorcscarch in cosnr i l loey anc l quan lurn theory : ( t t ) . . . . . . d id thc un lversccotne f iom' l How and why d id (9 ) . . . . . . bcg in '? Wi l l i t corne to an enc l anc li f ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . h o w ' l ( l l ) . . . . . . a r c q u c s { i o n s t h a t a r c o f i n t e r e s t t o u s

a l l . ( l 2 ) . . . . n r o c l e r n s c i c n c c h a s b e c o m e ( l 3 ) . . . . . . l e c h n i c a l t h a ton ly a verv snra l l nurnbcr o f specr ia l i s ts a rc ab lc to n tas ter thc ( l4 )used to describe thern. Yct the basic icleas about thc origin ancl ( l5)o1 ' thc un ivc rsc can be s ta tcc l w i thout n ra themat ics in a f i l rn t tha t peop le (16)

. . . . . . a s c i c n t i f i c c c l u c a t i o n c a n u n c l c r s t a n d . ( 1 7 ) . . . . . . i s w h a t Ih a v e a t t e m p t e d t o d o i n t h i s b o o k . T h e r e a c l e r n r u s t j u d g e ( l l l ) . . . . . . l h a v csucceeded.

Someonc told me that each cquation I included in thc book would halvc the salels.I ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . r c s o l v e d ( 2 0 ) . . . . . . t o h a v e a n y e q u a t i o n s a t a l l . ( 2 1 )

. . . . . . , h o w e v e r . l ( 2 2 ) . . . . . . p u t i n o n e e q u a t i o n , E i n s t e i n ' s f a m o u s

1 2 3 ) . . . . . . . E = m i . I h o p e t h a t ( 2 4 ) . . . . . . w i l l n o t s c a r e o f f ( 2 5 )

. . . . . . of rny potential readers. (Stcve W Hawking : A B r i ef f t i s t o r 1- ol 'T i me)

153

Exercise 194 Scurvy

Choose the best answers in the tbllowing:

I Scurvy is a d isease causcd by v i tamin C def ic iency (a) i t (b) that (c) th is (d)which itself is caused by a lack of f l 'esh fiuit ancl vegetables.

2 It was probably thc biggcst menace to crews on Pacil ic voyascs (a) alier (b)fbr (c) unti l (cl) since the nineteenth century,

3 as.(a) a l though (b) despi te (c) howcvcr (d) scc ing that scurvy took a longtimc to kil l thcm. it rnaclc thcnr wcak ancl wa"

z l (a)however(b)adcl i t ional ly(c)otherwisc(d) thus rcsponsib lef i r racc idcnts.inc luding shipwrccks.

-5 Thcrc wcrc cilscs of ships that, rcaching hol.ne wate rs aficr rnonths at sca, wcrcunable to nrakc por t (a) a l though (b) bccause (c) cvcn though ( t l ) unlcss therewi-rs l lo onc on boarcl strong enough to haul a rope.

6 Thc syrnptolns wcrc various. First thc gunrs swcllccl and thc tccth bccarncloosc; (a) only (b) rat l rcr (c) thcn (d) s t i l l . us thc c l iseasc worscnccl i tpnrcluced proti luntl t iredness.

7 Mcn l iv ing exclus ively on sal tcc l prov is ions ( l ) car l icr (b) f ina l ly (c) s inr i lar ly(c l ) sonret i rnes c lcvc lopcd thc synrptorns wi th in s ix wccks.

f l Though v i tarn ins were l lo t ickrnt i f ic r l unt i l thc twcnt ie lh century. as ( r )prcv iously (b) ear ly (c) rcccnt ly (c l1 f i r r - rncr ly as 1.593 i t

9 (a) has bccn c l iscovcrcd (b) had bccn c l iscovercd (c) wi ls to bc d iscovcrcd (c l )woulcl bc discovcrecl that orangcs antl lenrons wcrc an cl 'f ectivc re n-rccly.

l 0 and the cxp lo re rJa rncs Cook (1128 -19 ) hac l ( a )a l i t t l c ( b ) l i t t l e ( c ) rnuch ( c l )vcry nruch t roublc wi th scurvy anrong h is crcws on h is long Paci l icvoyagcs.

l l ( t ) A l ' t c ra l l ( b ) I r vcn tL ra l l y ( c ) F ina l l y (d ) I n t hc enc l . i n 1795 l cn ron . j u i ecwas maclc cornpulsory in thc Royal Navy.

l2 Latcr . t i r ra t inre. th is was rcplaccd wi th l i rnc. iu ice (a) a l though (b) hou'cvcr(c) whether (d) whi lc lcmon is

l3 (a) in case (b) in that case (c) in l i rc t (d) by a l l r lc-ans bet ler .

l4 Thc Ar .ncr ican navy (a) at that t i r re ( t r ) rneanwhi le (c) on thc contrary (c l )ncvcr theless hacl no such ru le ancl laughingly dcscr ibet l Engl ish sai lors as' l i n reys ' .

Exerc ise 195 Young boy makes news

Hcrc is a news itcnr l 'rom Tlrc Duil.t 'Tcleg,ruph on -5 June 199 l. but thc paragraphshavc bccn rnuclcllecl. What orrler werc they in in the pape r'?

lW i than ins t ruc to rbcs i c l ch i rnhc tooko tT f ron rSanD icgo ,Ca l i t b rn ia .on26Mayand landed on Monday cvcning in North Carolina. homc of Orvil le and Wright,lhc p ioncerr o l ' f ly ing.

2 Mr Art Greenficld. sccrctary of its Contcsts ancl Records Boarcl. saicl he wouldnot enter thc fl iglrt as an aviation record because the boy was ofl icially not solo.

154 From sentence to text

3 Mr Ken Shankl in. 59, a plast ic sur-qeon t iom Cali fbrnia, said his grandson hacl

brokcn the rccord. currently held by anine-year-old, but the National Aeronautical

Associat ion had doubts.

4 Daniel Shankl in, f iom Texas, f lcw a singlc-cngined Ccssna lor t trur hours a clay

lbr ninc clays. and is claimin-e the rccorcl fbr thc Youngest person to cross

Amcr ica by a i r .

5 But what worriccl Danicl was that he hacl not managccl a strt t tother landing at the

e n d o l ' h i s t c a t . ' l w a n t c d i t t o b e t h c b e s t . ' h c s a i d .

6 Thc cockpit had to bc adaptccl sl ightly. with extcnsions placetl on thc ruclclcr

pcclals to acconrlodatc his short lcgs. and l lc sal on a boostcr seat with a

cush io t t .

7 A scven-ycar,olcl boy wlrosc grancl l athcl gavc hirn f l ying lcssttns as a Clrt istrt tas

prcscnt has pi lotecl a planc acrttss lhc t lni lcd Sti t tcs.

Exercise 196 Cousteau's undersea world

Thc words in i tal ic arc i t t thc wrong placcs. Can you put lhct lr whcrc thcy bclong'/

Nr rn . . lacqucs-Yvcs Coustc i ru invcn te r l thc aqu l t lu l tg in l9 :13 i t t assoc ia t io l t w i th h is

col leaguc, E,r l i lc Ciagnan. who r lcsignctl thc cri t ical t lcrt tarrcl valvc or rcQultr lor utt l

lulcr l l t t ' t r t t l rrrul l t i .strt t t ' t t i t l tc nrut ' i t t t ' t ' t t t ' i t r t t tr t t t ' t t t .

t ly cnahlirrt swirnnrcrs Io l l rovc l ' rccly unclcrwltcr. his invcntion prt lvct l t t t

cons ic lc rab lc s t ra tcg ic i rnpor tancc in occup ic t l F rancc d t r r ing thc Sccond Wor l t l

War. I t was ( 'ouslcau's f i l rns ol 'sunkcrt wrccks x'hit h orult lct l t l ivtr.s l t t l t rcul l t t t l r

f i 'pnr .qu.s cutr istt ' t ' .s t t t tut lr t 'd to t lrr i t /rrr l ls. which blought t l tc unclcrsca worlt l t tr

t l r c a l tcn l io r r o l 'n r i l l i ons o l 'pcop lc n ' l tL ' t r t t . s td t r t p l t t t r t su l t r t tu t i r rL ' t t r i t t t ' . s .

l l rn , t ' t ' c r l te has tu lncd h is c l ' l i r r t s to car r tpa ig r t ing l i r r the co t tsc rva t ion t t f

Anlarct lci l .

Exercise 197 Stress at work

Thc t ir l lowinu phrases und scnlcnccs arc rnissit iu l l ' t t rn thc pltssltqc. Put lhcrlr

whc lc thcy bc long.

(a ) You nray lcc l you l ravc hcard th is bc l i r rc .

(b ) Nor a rc i l l -hca l th , absc l t t ce i s r t t . hcavy dr ink i r lg t t t i t l so t l t l t i r t .

(c ) tha t i s . too nruch wt t rk , loo l i t t l c t i rnc

(d) Another . by a c l in ica l psychok lg is t ca l l cc l Jcnny F i r th . l cx rkcc l a l thc c t ' l cc ls o f

slrcss on rnccl ical stut lents ancl cloctors.

(c ) th is approach is counter p roduc t ivc .

( t ' ) l1 i s . ius t a qucs t ion o l us ing the in r rncnsc powcr o f ' y t tu r b ra in to takc thc load

clff vottr shouli lcrs.

(g ) Anc l tn t igue and s t rcss are two o f ' thc b i - r :ges t encur ies o l 'p roc luc t i v i t y an t l

cf ' f ic icncy'.(h ) anc l w i th h igh le ve ls t l f abse n lcc isn t .

( i ) t i ) f cxanrp lc( i ) too nruch to t l r t . io i r l i t t l c t in re to t lo i t . r t t t t l l l t r t t t t t t - t iuch prcssurc .

( k ) t h i l l o r i r - l i v c s a r e r r o t h i n g t r u l : r n c n c l l c s s g t ' i l t . l ; a r r d t l l t t c v c t t t h i s g l i r l d l l l a ) ' t l o l

[ ' r t c r toug i r [o s i . l vc t rs l r t l l r t i l r i l u |c .

1 5 5

(l) which is the key to efficiency.(m)Another experimcnt showcd that this detcrioration can be much worse. if the

fatigue is exacerbated by noise - which fbr most people it f iequently is.(n) It doesn't matter what you worry about(o) unti l you stop pretending. you are unlikcly to conlc up with i i rnore intcll igcnt

solut ion to your problerns.

Most pcople sec work as a problcnr. Insidc and outsiclc thc officc. the cornplaintsarc a l lnost invar iably thc sanrc: ( l ) . . . . . . Thc problcnr is a l rnost univcrsal .Bu1 thc rc i s a s t t l u t i on . ( 2 ) . . . .

Most o1' us r.csl.roncl to a daunling workload by workinr harcler ancl byworrying. Wc worr\ ' that thcrc arc too nrany dcrnancls on our tirnc arrd cncrgy; (3)

. . . . . . I lowcver harr l we work. th ings ncvcr scf any easicr . But s t i l l wcrcsporrcl by wolking hardcr ancl by worryint.

LJnfirrlunatc ly (r+ ) . . . . . . Harcl work - whcthcl it is of t icc work. l.rouscwork,voluntary work 0r- anyth ing e lsc cuLrscs l i t t iguc. Worry causcs st ress. ( -5)

. . . . S in rp ly t l y inu harde r . thc lc l i r re , w i l l no l hc lp you 1o gc t rnorc ckr rc(6) . . . . . . Bu l r lo you rc l l l y acccpt i t ' ? I l i s casy lo p rc tcnd to voursc l l ' l ha t

la t iguc docs no t rca l l v a f ' l ' cc t you . . jus l as i t i s casv lo p rc tcnc l tha t d r ink ing t locs no l

rca l l y a f t ' cc t your d r iv ing . Anr l (7 )

So hcrc. bcf irrc wc go arrv I 'urthcr arc sor)rc f lcts. Fatiguc tklcs al1cct cl ' l ic icncy.

C-oun l lcss psycho log ica l s tud ics have showt t lh is . Or tc s tu t l y . {X}

showct l thu t inc rc ls inq a work ing t l i t y l i r rn r c igh t hou ls to twc lvc

incrc lsc c r ro r ra tcs by as rnuch as c ig l t t y J lc r ccn l . (9 ) . . . .

Ir larnr i n g c f f 'ccts on sLr b. jccls' alcr l ncss and . j ui lgcrncnt.

S in r i l l u ly . thc ncgat ivc c f l ' cc ts o t wr l r ry inu arc we l l -docr r rncn lc ( | . Onc cor r r l ' l l nv

sr . t rvcy suggcs tcd tha t 75 pcr ccn t o1 'scn io r n la l lagcrs l i runc l i t c l i l ' l i cu l t to s lccp us

a lcsu l t o l ' . job wur r ics . { l0 ) . . . . . . . Shc l i l und tha t nc l f l v i l th i r r l o t l l r c l i l u r t l r

1 ,car rned ica l s t r r t len ls showcr l s ig r rs o l c r ro t io t l t l d is tu rbancc u t t r l roush l l ' l tu l l

o f thc jL rn io r rk rc to rs . ( | | ) . . . wor ry i s s i rnp ly l t r t t goo t l l i r r vou .Morc dc ta i l c t l rcscurch , conr luc lcd i r r Ho l lanr l , idcn t i f i cd pur t i cu la r l vpcs o l

s t r .ess w i th par . t i cu la r sy l l )p lon is . 'Ovcr loac l ' ( l l ) . i s assoc ia le t l

w i th h igh b loo i l p rcssur .c .obes i tv unc l heavy s rnok i t tg . 'Ro lc anrb igu i t r " in wh ich

peop lc s in rp ly t lo no t know whut thcy arc sup l ' roscc l to be do i r re i s assoc iu lcd lv i l l r

r u l l s o r l s o l p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o r n p l u i n t s - ( I l )

Thc i rnp l i ca t io r is u rc obv ious . Psycho lo t i cu l d is tu rbar tcc i s no t cor tduc ivc 1o

c l ' l i c i c n c y . ( l : l ) . . . . . . I l u l i f ' y o u a r c h c u l t h y a n d h l p p v r t n d n o t s u f ' l c r i n g

l . n r n r c r h a u s l i o n . y o r r l r c n r o r e l i k c l y t o r v o r k w c l l ( 1 5 1 . . . . . . ' [ - l r c b c s t

way o f ' look inq u l ' t c r your rvork i s to look a f i c r yo t t t ' se l l ' .

Punctuation ISGE 1 9.30-34]

Punctua t ion is u sor - t o l ' r v r i t ten subs t i tu tc f i l ra l l those 1e 'a tu rcs o l s l rcss un t l

in lona l ion tha t rvc usc in s1- rccch . I t hc lps to r r iakc our n )cssugc c lc l r r - . anc l thc

\ \ ron l l punc t r .u r l ion can sor t te t i r t t cs I to [ o r t l y rnakc undcrs la r t t l i r tg r l i l ' l i cu l t

i l t l r r t r r t t t t r r l l r S i r t ' t l r e \ \ r i l r l : l I l ) L ' \ \ l r i l \ '

I tot t ts c l t t t

No i sc ha r l

156 From sentence to text

Exercise 198 The meaning of punctuat ion

Punctuate the fbllowing items in two dilferent ways each to show differentmeanings. Use capital letters, apostrophes, etc where necessary.

I my brother who lives in Australia is retired

(a) (l havc only one brother)

(b) ( l have rnore than one) . . .

2 clo write soon shoulcl you have any problcrns let me know

(a)(Writc if you havc probler.ns)

th ) tWr i te anywi- ry ) . .

3 if thcsc boys wcrc cncouragccl to play nrorc f ootball thcy wouldnt havr- t irnefi lr othcr dangcrous pursuits

(a) (f irotball is dangcrous )

(b ) ( t oo tba l l i sn ' t c l angcn rus ) . . . . . .

.1 this ycars cxnnl papcrs wcrc unusually cliff icult

(a)( thcy are a lways la i r ly d i f ' l icu l t ) .

( h t t t l r c y r r r c n ( ) l u s u r r l l y t l i l h e u l t ) . . . . . . .

5 thc island evitle ntly clicl not cvokc too rnany se ntinrcntal nrenrorics l irr churlcsand d iarra subsequcnl ly hol idaycd thcrc

(a ) ( t hcy p robab l y wcn t t ogc thc r ' ) . . . . . .

{h t (Di l r r t l r i rppl r r ( 'n t ly r . r cr t l l r lor re )

6 rnichacl dobbss novcl housc ol carcls was aclaptccl t i lr tclcvision last ycar.

(tr\ ( lIousc rl (urtls is an unusual work ol'somc kincl)

( h ) t i t i s r r r a o r k o l ' l i t t i o r t l

an okl bonrb cxploclcd in the capital ye ste rclay ki l l ing a 1.5 ycar-olcl youth who

was cxamin in -u i t and in lu r ing h is fa thcr

{ l l ) { l h e h o y w u s u l t r r r ' k i n r : h i s l u t l t c r t

t h ; l t h c h o r n h t l r r i r r r e t l l w o v i r ' t i r r r s l

thc docurnerrt has alrcacly annoyed thc govcrnrncnt which says thc socicty is

not real ly intcrestecl in the zo<ls problcnrs

(r) ( i t is clairnccl that the governnrent ckres not care)

(b) ( i t is c la imccl that thc socic ly c loe s nol care )

t) my neighbours ciog has attacked ()ur crt

157

(a ) ( t hene ighbou r l i vesa lone ) . . . . . . . .

(b) ( the dog belongs to afarn i ly) . .

l0 the night porter serves sandwiches and drinks

(a) (you can gct fbod and drink at night in this hotel)

(b) ( thc n ight por tcr is a b i t o f an a lcohol ic)

Exercise 199 Among fhe Russians

Pur"rctuatc thc f ir l lowing passage, aclding col l l l l l i ts, ful l stt lps. quotation trtarks,

capital lct lcrs, ctc. as ncccssary.

cvcn now i was unsurt- whut drcw nrc ir t to this cttuntry i l l 'arcd i hclongcd to a

gcne rat ion too younlt lu rornanticizc about sovict corttntunisnt yct nothing in thc

intcrvcnirtg yc-ars hacl cl ispcl lccl rny chi ldhoocl cstraltgcnrctrt ancl igrtorancc Iny

r l ind was f i l l cd w i th con l 'uscd p ic tu rcs paradox c l i chc russ ia wro tc thc t t ta rqu is t l c

custinc in l t iSg is i t cttuntry whcrc cvcryonc is part ol ' a cotlspi i 'acy to rnysti ly thc

f irreigncr propaganda st i l l hangs l ikc l grountl-nrist ovcr thc l l rci tcly contpl icatcd

trulh ncwspapcrs unl i l you know how to rcad thcrn arc orl l r t t ts ol 'disinlbrrtrat ion

thc ar ts a rc conscrva t ivc o r s i l cn t cven i r t r tovc ls wh ic l t so o l ' t cn pa in t lhc o l i l i nary

r ra tu rc o l ' th ings thc v is ion t r i cs anr l r l runks who inhab i t thc pa tcs t l l r t i t t c lcc r l t l t

cen tury f i c t ion havc shr ive l led to t l rc poor woot lcn hcrocs o1 ' I t todcrn soc i l r l i s l

rcal isrn i t is as i l ' l glcat larnp harl bccn tuntccl cl t twtr. (Clol in' l 'htrbron'. Anttt tr .q I l t t '

Rrr,i.sirrrr.r', I 9ll-l )

Exercise 200 A final puzzle

Hcrc is a chi lclrcn's puzt, lc. ( ian you punctuatc this to rnakc scnsc'? (( ' /rrc: Wc arc

talking about what ( icoffrcy altcl Jan wrotc.)

Jan whercas Gcol ' l ' rcy hacl had hatl had hacl hatl hld hlrd hacl hacl hacl thcir lcl lclw

luutJrors approval.

KEY - Suggested answers

N()Ir: In sonre cAscs othcr answcr-s t t tal '

Chapter 1 The Engl ishlanguage

I,\ l

I i t ( l i d no l / / \ ( ' ( 1 1o be : t l r i s s l t c l l i l r l .

i r t s l ca t l o l i t ( l i d I l o l I / . r ( ' t o l ) c . ca t t t t o l

bc t l c l c r r t l c r l . bu t i s o l t c r t s cc t t .

I i l i t h l d r r ' l / r r r l r ' b c e r t . . . : t l t i s i s l t t r

r r r ror- l l rot lot tc t tsc. t l t t i lc ( ) l tcr t hr ' l t t ( l l ls

l r r r a l tcrr l t l iv t I i r r t l rc Inolc correcl l / r l

I tuLl t t l l t ' r r t

. 1 suggcs l c r l sh t / r r { r ' t t p : l t t t e r l t t t t p l c o l

t hc s r rh j r r nc l i v c . r i l r i c l t i s i nc re l t s i ng l l '

h c i ng r r sc t l i n [ : ng l i s l r t od i t v . l ) c l l t ' c l l 1

i rcccl ) l l r l l le .- l I l r r r . r ' havc l i r l l ou ' c t l : l t a t l i t i o r t a l g t i t r t r

r t t i . t r rc t ; t t i lcs t t t i .q I t t I t , t t L l i t I I t 'v t , l

he l e . s i r t c c c l c l r r ' l t t l r i s i s n t t l o t t ! c r r t

; , , ' r . i l r i l r t r . l l t r t t l t r ' t t \ i l r ( i \ ( ( r t l l t t l , ' r l .

-5 i l he r l r , r ' r ' : h\ ,pclcol lcc l ior t lor r r i r . r .

[ ) o no l use t l t c sL rh j t t t t c l i v c i r r i n r l i l e c l

r l uc s t i on s .( r As l i r l n r ' l i r r g l i s l r : h \ pe l co t - t c c l i o r t .

A l l e r l r p r t pos i t i on l t t t ob j cc l l ) r o r t ( ) t t t li s r r cc t l c r l ( . l l t r t r . s ) .

7 11. \ s l )cc l l lors: t l rc r -cvcrsc rr r is lakc! l l r '

. . . l r ' ( ' / ( ' , ( r7r l . f3ut l l ror)our l usi . lgc

tot l l r t ' is vc lv cort l i tset l .

f J / / r r l i i n t hc l ( ) 70s : l r i u l i t i o t t i t l r r i u t r l l i r r

r c t l t r i r c s ( t . \ n t ( u t \ ' . . . ( 1 \ i t t t hc 197 ( ) s .

r \ . g l t i n r t : l t ge se e n l \ l ( ) bc t h r t t t t i t t g .r , / ( \ \ \ \ ( ' t i l \ : I ) t i ' r t l i | l i r i \ l \ \ \ : l t l l / ; r { /

r i i t h l r p l L r r l r l ( ( ) L l n t n ( ) r . r r . b t t l / r ' . r r i s

\ c f \ c o l l l i l l o l l .

l 0 / i , ( r ' g l l s s l ocks i r t : t l c l i n i t c l l l

t l i sp r r l c r l usa t c . P I - t ' s c r i I l i v i s l s c l t r t t t o l

hca r ' 1 r ( r ' l o bc t t s c r l l t s l r co t t . j u r t r ' l i t t t t .

l r L r l i l has b te l r so r t se i l l i r n l t t t r

) ea f s .

I I \ \ ' n t i n r : . . . . u l e t l i ng : u t t t i sa t t a r l t c t i

pa r t i c i [ ) l c . Ag l t i t t e c ( ) l l l l l l ( ) l l

b c acccp tab l c

g|arnrni l t ic i r l us i tqc. l . r r r l usual lv l i l t t0

bc u l i r i l u l c o l ' s l v l c .

l l b r ca t l r c a l r t t l c cas i c r ' : t l i spu tec l usugc .

I ) r r r is ls want arr l r t lvc lb I rc lc ( l r ro l r '

r ' , / . \ 11 \ ' ) .

l - l t l i l ' l r ' r - c r r t . . . l h i t r t : n t o r c t l i spu l c r l

usrrgc. I )ur is ts \ \ " l t r l l I i . l f ( t ' ( r I t I t ( ) | ) t .

l J l r r cg t r l l r r cus l on le r \ \ ' c r c . . . u i t l r t he i r

o r , , ' r r b l anch . i l r r L r ) bc . . . : l \ \ ' o

p rob l c r r r s hc l e - P r - csc r i p l i v i s t s ob j cc t

l o l r s i r r gu lu r no r rn + / / r r ' i r . . l l r oL rgh t l r i s

i s : r c ccp l l r b l e l o I r i l r nn l l r n i l ns . i u r ( l

r r r c l cas i ng l v pop r r l a r - i r s l r uav o l

l r vo i t l i n ! t l t e t r s c o l r t t i t s cu l i t t c

l l fonouns. l r he tc r t tcr t l tnt l u 'ot) tc t t i t rc

re l i ' r - r ' c t l t o . . . I ) u r i s l s u l so ob lec l l t r

/ / / . / . \ i n s l c i r ( l o l n t i q l t t ( s cc - l ) .

| 5 c i t h c r i r r r p o s s i b l e . . . . l i r l l o l r n i s t u k c s

o r l r o l h . I ) u r i s t s r nu i r r l u i r t t l t i t l c i l l i r ' r ' . . .

, l c r u t o l t l t r c l c ' r l o l l l ' o cho i ccs . t t o t

t h f cc ( i l s he rc ) . ( i n r r l r r l r r i l t r t s t k l t t ' t

n l l t 1 0 .

I ( r N o n c . . . \ \ c r c : p c r l c c t l v l l l r i g l r t .

c \ r 'c l ) l lo pur- is ts u ' l ro * rorr{ lv

t t t i t i t t l l t i t t l h l t t l t o l i r ' - no ( ) ne i u l u

l l t e l c l i r l c ncc t l s a s i t t gu l u l v c r -b l

l 7 e t l r r e l r l i r r r t s . . . ' . t t l t r t t t t i t t r t i s t t s t t t l l r l r

n ( ) ncoun l r t o t r t t . b r r l t l t i s p l u r l r l t t s l t ge i s

l c ccp l eb l c .

I f i 1o l r c t L ra l l , r c l r r r \ ' oL l t : t h i s b l c l r k s l r

1 r 1 i . 1 1 i ; r 1 1 1 1 l t t l t l l l ; t l \ ' r l l I l ) l l \ l l l I' s p l i l r r r r i n l i n i t i r c ' . b r r t i t i s p r ' r l L ' c t l r

l l c cc l ) l r t l ) l c .

I ( ) No soone r i r r c ( ) n ( ' s c l o l pc r i l s . . . :

p r r r i s t s l r l r i r r \ s \ \ ' l l n l ! f i u l l n l l l l i c l l

t t r nco r t l \ n t ) . \ t t ( ) n ( t i . : t t t t t ' . s c l . . . ) - hu l

r r o l i o r l l l c c r t co t i l i s l t r . : cep l l t b l c hc te .

J0 p l L r : : I ) r . l r i s t s ( l ( ) t t o l l i k r ' 7 t / r r r usc t l us l t

i o r r j u r r c l i o r t . hL r t t l r i r i : l t u : l t ge l l l t l i s

p l t r i r l l l l l l l c t e l . : l l t t .

Chapter 2 A general f ramework

Flx 2l ( f ) - l ( . i ) - l ( i ) . s (h ) 6 (c ) 7 (d) f i (g ) t ) (b )

l 0 ( a )

F } lI was erlraustct l (vclb + at l . j ) 2 clst ing

l , r r l r , . l l r r r lo r t s I l i r l l 0u i r r : . : r t- l i rnnrct l iatclv atrovc -5 rt l t t tost holt tclv

Flx ;l

J srrb jccl 3 obicct - l cotttplctt lcr l{

5 ob ject ol prcposit iott (r cottt l l lct l lcrt l

7 conrpl t tnct t l l l c t t t t tp lct t . tc t t l 9 l l i t r l o l '

N I ) I 0 . I l . l l l t l v c r b i l l s

F] \5l ( i l ) l ( c ) - l t i r t 5 ( b ) 6 ( c ) 7 ( b ) f i ( b ) ( ) ( c )

l 0 ( b )

F \ 6I rtotuts .1 lrd. icct ivcs - l l l tottott l ts.5 at lvcrbs (r prcPosit iol ts 7 t lctelt t t i t tcrs

,3 con.jurtcl totts

l ' . r 7I u l n t I g 1 1 1 1 - 1 c ' n e t \ J u l t u t t r t l s 5 l t t t r

( r lcarrr 7 obvi t l t ts lv x t l t t ts t (J l l ( ) \ \ '

I 0 l l i cn r l l r

Chapter 3 Verbs and auxi l iar ies

F} ll

I l i s t e r ) i r r r p J l i s t c r r b i r r c i t t l i r r

- l I i s t c l l su l r . j J l i s l c r r l o - i t t l i r t 5 l i s t c r t

p t i ' . ( r \ t i u r ( l I ' l t t i i t t l i t t . ' : t l i t t r ; '

7 gc l / r r - i t r l i t t f { wo rk b l t r c i t t l i t t . . t c l

subj . l ind str l - r1 t ) tc t pres lO ktrow

b : r r c i t r l i r r . gc l b r t r c i r l l i t r

Flx 9

I guvc 2 sct - l rvr l tppcd -1 lc t l

-5 populatet l ( r perchct i 7 t lcscct l t l t ' t l

8 t l isappcl t rct l 9 t l ropl lc t l lO rost '

I I r t lu l t t lc t l l l s toot l

F] \ l ( )

s i r r r p l c p a s t l . l . 1 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . l l

r r on l i r t i t c p l r - t i c i p l c . 1 . ) . 6 . I I

F \ l l

i r i l i l r 1 ] l i l k ! ) s . i l c \ l l l l l i ' . . 1 !P t ' 1 l t 1111 '111 ; .

co r t t l l r l s : r r r ' i 1 l l ' . r l f i i ' i ' \ . l ) f ( ) . i { i t . ' t l : .

l . c : r i t t s . i ' , t r i i ' . . r \ , 1 - \ ! l t ' : i ( l ' , 1 l 1 i \ / l ( \

, . t r l C l r f : , I L i \ \ r . . ' \ . \ \ i i : r i l f :

KEY - Suggested answers 159

Ex 12I restct l I said .1 beglr t -5 thought 6 saic l

7 nccclecl ll rocle 9 tolcl l0 wavcd

I I pcch l l c c l l l r va t chcc l l 3 t hough t

l - 1 pu t l 5 r ocL - l 6 u ' as l 7 l cd I l t ke p t

l 9 t hoL rgh t l 0 r eve l l cd l l da r - t c t l

11 pul ler l l3 snrppccl lJ intcndccl

25 . j l n r r nc t l 26 . j l r l cd 27 ca tapu l t c c l

lll u'cnt

Fl l-l

v i:ltt'tl u'atcirt'tl. snltl-r1-rctl: v ti,qhctl

u,uvct l . 1 ' rcdi t I lc t l . rcvcI lc t l . puI lcd.

. jurrr r r rct l . . jurrct l l lu l / r ' r1 rcstct l . r tccclct l .

t lur tct l . in tcnt lc t l . cut l tpt t l lcc l

F]\ l.l

J l v i ng . 1 o l l e r c r l J r r r i s l a i d 5 r cpa i t l

6 i r an i ck i ng 7 su i r t g l l u ' l t r r t gc r r t g() d) 'c t l l0 t ievclopct l

l ' . r l5

I R io l r r t - : . : 1111 r r I t r ' : t r l l ( ) l l l \ ' \ ' i l \ \ ' \ ' l l l l c .

I r \ t l rc l t t t t I r i ts ct t t t te l rL lc l ( ) r l l l l

r l c l oucna r i i t I t .

. 1 A h r y h r r s s l cp l t l r r t l ugh l t p i l o l t l c l t l .- l l o t t cn l uu t t l l t v c l os l o t t t . . .

-5 l 'hotrsarr t ls h l rvc got te or t s l r ike . . .

( r I )osla l chl t rgcs l l l tve r tsct t l tg l t t t t .

7 A rnu t l t r l l t t has s l t o l I i v c pcop le .

l i An M I ' hus l oL rgh t o l l i t t l c r r t l t t l t r c l t l

l r o l n a l l l uggOf .( ) I ) & O p r o l i t s l r t v c l a l l e t t . . .

l 0 A l l ' r - r v has su t t k . . .

I I l le I i rgccs l t lvc l lc t l . . .

l l l h c l as t o l t l t c t c l t r gee s h l t ve l l ou t r

l tonlc.

l l Thc We s t Cou r t t r l ' l t l t s l t o r r t c . . .

l : i A gun v i c t i r t t h r t s t t t t t l c r go t t c . . .

l5 Af l hc nc\ \ ' pfe ssr l rc grot tp h l ts

s \ \ ' u l l g . . .

I ( r ' l ' l rc

coup le l l ( lcr h i ls broat lc l ts l . . .

I 7 r \ l e t t o r l t i t s h i t b l r c k . . .

I , , r l6j ' f h c l c

i s . . . I I l t t t t . . . - l [ ) o t l t r l . . .

. l W e * i l l . . . 5 l t h i t s . . . ( r l h r r t l . . .

7 \ \ ' h o r . i o L r l c l . . . f i I h a r c . . . I i t t t t . . .

l ' . r l 7

I [ ) r r t t ' l \ o t t ] I t i l . I ( ' : . i r t ' t r o t t ' l t l t i l .

. i I ) i r . l . , o t t t l L i i r i r t ' 1 . + H : r t l r , ) l : l i l l : i l l r r ' t

- - i l l r r r c I ' o u . ) i h t r r c t l t . ( , l i : r : i i r ' . ' I

i r : r , . c n ' 1 . 7 ! r n ' l h r . " . ' i t L t r r l r i l t , . \ i i l i '

'160 KEY - Suggested answers

I 'n r no t . 9 Don ' t you l We do. l0 Wi l lyou' l We won't. I I Would you'? Iwoulcln' t . 1.2 Haven't you' l We have.

Ex l t l2 do you 3 cloesn't do ;1 ckrn't 5 Does he6 docs hc do 7 did he 8 dicl he dot ) c loesn ' t l0 don ' t do 1 l d idn ' t dol l d o n ' t

l lx 19Your orvrt ar)swe rs. but rtot icc I 13l4l511 I13 /9 neer l a barc in l in i t i v t 216 l l ( \ l l l l l )rrcct l /rr- irr f ini t ive

Flx 20l ( b ) l ( c ) : 1 ( c ) . s ( i ) 6 ( a ) 7 ( g ) l t ( l ' )t . ) ( . i ) l0 (d )

F lx 2 lrnight secnr/hutl hccn doirrg/hirdrr ' tchoscn,4lul workctl oul/was lrorn/r l iet l /was/clcc i t lcd lo rnake/hatl i nhcri tct l /r . i as/nlrrratct l to scrapc/spent ploul lr ing/( spent ) canocin!t/( spcnt ) ski ing/gar,cr ron l i r r i te : t ( ) P lan / ( to ) ca l rv ou t / r r rak i r rg /rcce i vet l /conrnranrl ing

F} 22Hc or - r l c rc t l tha t a l l p r i son o l l i cc rs s l r i c t l vobscrvc . . . ins is tc r l tha t thcy no l l c t . . .v i ta l th l t l ' i s i to rs hc scurchcr l . . . cssen l i l r ltha l l r l l scc l ions o l the pr isor t bc scarc l tc t l .. . . rccorrrnrcntlc( l that exlr i i stal l bclcc ru i te r l . . .

llx 2-lI i s bu i l t -1 a re pub l i c ly a r lve r t i sc t i - l bcinl irrrned -5 is give n 6 be l l l lv inl irrnrct l7 be obl l incrl l i arc t l i rect ly al lccte(l 9 isp l l ccd |0 a lc no t i l i cc l I I he scn t I I (bc )

to ld l l bc insprc tc t l l -1 a rc kcp t l5 bcalkru'ct l I(r Irave hccn hcarcl

Flx 2-lI . . . a rc ra ise t l by 111; .1 i s con t luc tcc l by(c ) : : l . . . bc rcprcscnted b) i (c ) : 5 i s n rar leh1 { t l )

F} 25I sat/u'us sit t ing 3 are bcl ievctl-1 approachecl -5 ran 6 uas pitrkccl,4rtclhccn purked 7 shot u ran 9 l lccl l0 wash i t l l i s sa id l2 cordoncc l l J was * 'e l l

planned l4 had been targetcd l5 waslater f i rund l6 is not known

Chapter 4 The semantics of theverb phrase

Ex 26S t a t c 5 . l l . I 3 . 1 . 1Hab i t 2 . -1 . 6 . l0Instantlncous 3. t) , l lPas t I F t r lu rc 7 . 8 . l5

l.x 27[ :vcn t .1 . .1 . 6 . l J . I ] . 13 . 1 .5 . 19 . 10 .

l l . 1 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 5I l a b i t 7 . 1 0 . l - 1 . 1 7 . 2 2S t a t e 5 . 9 . l l . l l tIncl ircct spccch 2At t i tu t l c IHvpo l l rcs is 16 . 26

l,\ 2tJI lect l . l pick up/arc picking up -1 cal5 lh l i ve / l rc th r - i v ing ( r c r r rphas izcs 7 i sshou n l{ al)pe i l rs 9 t lo nol ir l t l rck l0 ncslI I ncst I I ure udapting I.1 says/suyl -1 u re r tow i tsk i r tg

F,r 29I urn lvutchin! - l is ! . ivinLl - l is nraking5 k t t o i r ( r t t [ t k t ' 7 k t t r r u X i i l ( ' r ' r ) i i l i l l . -

9 c r t . j o y l 0 p ro ru i sc | | c r t r l s l l l i r r i shcs

I I i r r ' i n l ( r ' r u l ) t i r t r I i l t t r t t t t i r . i r t : . :

l 5 u ' h i sk l 6 s t an ( l l 7 r r t akc l l l l ooks

I() l i r l t l /anr c l re l i r l l l , I i r l t l ing l0 whisk

Fh 30I have bccn ovcru 'ork ing - l huven'1 bccn

slce ping : l havc bccn ove reat ing .5 h i rvc

pu t on 6 Havc you booke t l 7 hus . j us l

fetun)e( l 8 l l ts bccn goir tg 9 l t i tvc

so r r r e i i n r cs t hough t l 0 haVe bccn

I I havc sprnt l 2 huvc always rvantet l

lJ havc becn tcaching 1.1 havc hcarr l

I 5 havc bccn s l t v i ng I 6 havcn ' t savc t l

l 7 have n ' 1 ha t l l l 3 huv r : bcen l 9 have

. l r - ls t n lovc( l l0 havc rnuclc

F} 3 l

I has on l y r cccn t l v s l a r t cd 3 i s n rak i ng-1 err . jo l 's / is en. joying -5 has al rvays l i rund

6 l ikcs 7 belongs 8 borr t iws 9 does not

I r x r k up l 0 c l ocsn ' t knou l I t r i c s

I 2 sai 's I 3 is get t ing 14 l ikes I -5 of ' lers

l6 t lcc lares l7 wr i tes l8 t ind/hi ive tbund

l9 are lbrever r lak ing 20 has tbuncl

2 l has al reacly wr i t tcn 22 (has) rcccivcd

23 have cvcr done 2: l have always

wanlecl 2-5 says 26 has just becn invi tecl

27 f 'cc ls 2u nr 'cds 29 is at tending

J0 mcans 3l sai"s 32 anr looking f i r rwi t rd

Flx 12

2 u,nr te 3 havc wr i t ten 11 have beconte

5 puhl ishecl 6 havc ncvcr bccrt 7 havc

hccrr l runslatccl l l have actual ly increaset l

9 d iecl l0 f c l l I I rcv ivct l l2 we re nrade

lJ huvc rnorc rcccnt ly bt 'en l i r l lowccl

l4 bror . rght /havc brought l -5 honoured

l(r r .vas l7 hus broke n l l l h i rs l rccn

rrarncd l t ) have cn. joyed l0 has cvcr

becn l l l t ts bccot t t r :

Fl -l-l

I Ju l i us ( - ucsa r r v i l s pu rsu ing . . . w l t c r t

h c l r r s t n l c t . . .

I Whcn JLr l ius Ci tcsar l ) )ct ( ' lco l )atn i . hc

l e ' l l . . .

. j I ) h i l r p I I . . . wus ussuss inu (c t l r " ' h i l c he

w u s p l a n n i n g . . .. l Ma rco Pok r be gan t o w r i l c . . . r , r " h i l e

h c ' u l t s t l o i t t g l i n r c ' . . .

5 ( ' o l u rnbus r v i t s l ook i t t g l i r t As i a . whcn

hc r l i s c t i v c r c t l . . .( r Whe rr hc rc lurnccl to Spl in. hc

r - ccc i ve t l . . .

7 ( ' ap ta i n C 'ook was rnak i r r g . . . whc t t he

w a s k i l l e t l . . .

8 Whc r t ( ' ook t l i cd . h i s c r cw t ook . . .

9 . . . M l n r l u , u s s i l t i n g . . . w h c n( ' l r l r lot lc C'or t lay rushct l in and k i l led

h i n r .

l 0 Whcn shc ussass i r l t t c t l l r i r t t . shc w i r s

i l r r c s t c ( l . . .

I I t ) r I - r v i ngs tone w l s t r avc l l i ng . . .

rvhen Stanlcy l i runcl h int .

i l Whcn S tan l cy l i r und h i n r hc s r i d . . .

F]x l"l

I Scot t hat l rcachecl Me lbourtrc vn 'hcn hc

fccr ' tvc( l . . .

f Whcn Sco t l s c t up . . . A rnunsdcn hac l

no t ye t r eached . . .

3 Sco t t ' s pa r t y : i e t ou t . . . Amuusc len ' s

Part l ' had al readY let t '

KEY-Sugges ted answers 161

.1 Scott's party had only eot 2,000 f-eet

ruhovc . . . u hcn t hc No ru eg i : r ns

reached the Pole.

5 Scot t d id n() t know t l rat Amundsc'n

hac l hea ten . . .

6 . . . Sco t t began . . . and scn l . . . ' f h c

other lssaul t par ly hat l bccn sent

b a c k . . .

7 Scot t r t 'ached the [ 'o le . . . to d iscover

Arrrurr t lscn had ra isccl lhc Norwegiarr

l l a . u . . .

l l They hacl cove rct l . . . but thcy

l r r c e d . . .t ) . . . t hcy l i r und t ha t . . . o i l ha r l l caLec l

l 0 . . .Oa t cs d i cc l . Evuns ha t l t l i cd l i r u r

we cks e a r l i c r .

I I I 'hcy rve rc de lcutet l bc l i r r -e they hi rd

r t t i r r l r g c r l . . .

I I Sco t t . . . l t a t l bccn t l cuc l . . . l n ( ) n t l l s

w l t c r t l l t c y we re t l i s covc rc t l .

l \ -15

I arc going . l wi l l lovc -1 l r rc vou lcavir rg

i : r r r ' l l r i r r r : t r u i l l h r ' 7 i l r ( . - o i n !

8 Won' t ) ,or-r sct t ) wi l l ccr ta i r r ly bc

I0 l r c v i s i t i n s I I w i l l g c t I I e r c 1 , , oL rs l l l i n g l - l a r c o r t l t , h a v i r r g l J w i l l

a c t u u l l v s t a v l 5 r v i l l c o n t l ( r q o r r ' t

l 7 a r c huv ing l l l w i i l . j u s l r c l ax

Fl -l(r

I ' l l be I l r c vou go ing t o t akc . . . I ' r r r

go i r r g t o l r y 3 l ' l l l c r r t l . 1 I ' l l phonc

5 l ' r r r go i r r g t o t r y 6 * ' i l l yoL r c l o 7 I ' n t

so i n r t o t ake l J We ' l l

k ccp ( ) W i l l vou

F} 17l ( l ) - l ( c ) . 1 ( u ) 5 ( c ) 6 ( i r ) 7 ( a ) l t ( b ) t ) ( a )

l 0 ( a ) I l ( c ) l l ( c ) I 3 ( u ) l . l ( b ) l 5 ( c )l 6 ( r ) l 7 ( r ) 1 , 3 ( a ) l 9 ( a ) l ( X c )

Flx ltlI last 7. I I . I 7 l)rcscnt l . . i . 5. 13. I 0. I I .1 . 1 . 1 6 . 1 9 . l l . l f F u t u r c 1 . 3 . 6 . 9 . 1 3 .l-5 frutr.rrc in the past lE. 20

F,x 19A b i l i t l ' l 0Pcrnrission 1.1Poss ib i l i t r " l . 7 . l -5Obl ige t ion /ncce ss i ty 2 . 3 , -1 . 5 . 6 . l l . l3Logical necessitv I Il -entat ive inf 'erence 9. l l

162 KEY - Suggested answers

Er 402(c ) 3 (b) ,1 (a) 5 (b) 6 (b) 7 (a) 8 (c ) 9 (c )l 0 ( c ) l 1 ( b ) l 2 ( a ) l - 3 ( a ) l 4 ( b ) l 5 ( a )l 6 t b ) l 7 ( c ) l 8 ( c ) i 9 ( c ) 2 0 ( b ) 2 l ( b )2 2 ( b )

Fi,x 4l2 We coulcl have bought t ickets l i rr

Friday.3 We thoughl you might havc macle .. ..1 Wc coulcln' t havc conre on Friday.,5 Wc shoulclr ' t havc/oughtn't to havc

l c l i i t . . .(r Wc sl ' roulcl huve bookctl /ought to havc

hookcd . . .7 Motlrer may/could havc iLrr ivccl by

t l l cnf, i She cln' t havc/coulcln' t havc

tclephonetl ycslcr( lay ..9 Wc w i l l / sha l l havc hear t l . . .

l0 . . . she w i l l havc / rnus t havc l i r rgo l tc l t

I I Shc can ' t havc /wot t ' t havc /wot t l t l t t ' thave l i )rgottcn.

I2 nccc ln ' t havc apo log izc t l . . .

Flx 42I h i rv ing to3 t l i t l n ' t l t i t ve to p lay l i ro tha l l, l we re al lowetl to

5 to bc rblc to6 be ing ablc to play garttcs well

7 huvcn't trccrt uhlc lo continr-rc playing

lc r )n lsl l hlve to

Fl,x ,13

l ( b ) 2 ( t l ) 3 ( b ) , 1 ( a ) 5 ( c ) 6 ( c ) 7 ( c ) 8 ( c )

Er 44I was sightcd 2 dincd/hrid dinecl 3 setsai l l rad sct sai l ;1 real izcd 5 was sai l ing6 wonclercd 7 wcrtt l { was t had al lvanishccl l0 hacl bccn I I was hclcl later/was latcr hclcl I 2 has ncvcr been solved

Ex, l5I can't have 2 woulcl havc beert f i rund

3 must have got drunk etc .1 ntair have/

rnight have/could have boarclcd etc

5 would they havc done that 6 can't havc

been/cannot havc bccn 7 nrust haveexploded l l nrav have decidcd

9 shouldn't have clonc/oughtn't to havedone l0 must have caught the MaryCcleste, the ropc must havc/wil l havebroken and cveryone nrust l-rave/will havctlrowr.rcd

Chapter 5 Nouns anddeterminers

FX;16

I onc achicvernent/ la i lurc/succcss

2 cmployrnent/work 3 advert is ing/

publ ic i ty /nrarket ing :1 a bar-gain/saving/

rcr luct ion -5 a l i r r tunc/an incornc 6 a new

sui l 7 Moclern utntr tuni t iot . t /cc lu ipnrent /

w'caponry is . . . l l l pass/pe rrn i t 9 a gtxr t l

expcr icncc/ t inre l0 one sccrrc/v icw

F} .17

2 glass/a glass 3 an cxpcr ie:ncc/

cxpcr icncc t l a p le asure /p lcasurc -5 i t

paint ing/paint ing 6 a worry/worry 7 a

noisc/rro isc l l Business/a busincss c) a

vcry specia l c l rccsc/chcesc l 0 c l inner/ t

t l i n n c r I I a v c r y a c t i v c l i l c / l i l c l l a n

icc/ icc

F}. l l i

J dcla i l /explunat ion 3 behuviour/cotrc luct.1 t lurnage/har-nr 5 i rnpor lunce/value/

worth 6 s lonns/wcather 7 b lg/sui tcasc

l l cornputcr /nraclr inc 9 l i rn/ . joy

I 0 couralc/p i t t icnce

Flx .19

I rro 3 no ,1 Any -5 sorttc (r sotnc

7 sorne l l any 9 any l0 no

l l so rne th i ng l 2 no

Flx 50

I ' l 'hcrc

l rc scveral rnore cor lp la in ls

about lh is onc lnal tcr a lone.

3 Both thcsc two surgical drcssings

havc to bc changcd cvcry seconcl day.-1 ' l 'hey

needer l thrcc t imcs that arrx)unt

ol ' l i rod l i r r a l l thosc people.

5 Takc hal f a tablet every lbur hours.

6 Thosc lirst lew days wele worse thitn

al l the rest .

7 I t 's c l isgracel 'u l because you now get

hal f a packet at double the pr icc.

l l Both Mary 's l i ts t two l rusbands wcrc

trv ice hcr agc-.

9 She bought another ten new dressesthe other day.

l0 You could get several dozen l i t t le

ones for the same price as one big

one.

Ex 5 lI F e w 2 a f e w 3 l i t t l e z l a l i t t l e 5 A f ' e w

6 A l i u l e T l i t t l e 8 f ' e w

Ex 52I t h e 2 t h e 3 a 4 a 5 t h c 6 A 7 a l { t h e

9 a l 0 t h e l l t h e 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e 1 4 a

l -5 the l6 a l7 Thc lU the l9 thc

20 the

Ex 53I 2 - 3 T h c 4 T h e 5 6 t h e T T h e

l l the 9 thc I0 thc I I the 12 thc 13 a

1 4 l 5 A l 6 - l 7 t h c l 8 t h e l 9 A

20 the 21 22 thc 2l - 2.1 the 25 the

26 27 ,t 28 - 29 thc 30 a 3l the

3 2 t h e 3 3 - 3 ; 1 3 5 - 3 6 a 3 7 - 3 8 t h c

3 9 _ 4 0 _ 4 l ^ l 1 a n . 1 3 r [ c / _ 4 , 1 r h c

45 a 46 rhe 47 a 4l{ thc/ 4c) thc/

50 thc

llx 542 after breaklast 3 to school zl on l ixr l

5 by car/by bus/by train 6 in thc

nrorning/in thc al icrnoon/in the evcning/

at night 7 hontc U at night, by day/

during thc day 9 by air l0 on thc plane

I I an inf'eclious diseitse such its -

mcaslcs, - mumps ()r whooping couglr.

l2 in hosp i ta l l3 on ho l iday l4 in ( the)

spring, (the) sunlmer, (thc) autumn or(rhe) winter ' /

Ex 55t l r c i s n e c t l c d i n 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 . l l . 1 6 . 1 7 , 2 0 ,

21 , 22 , 21 , 25 , 26 . 28 .29 , 33 . 34 , 35 , 36 ,

38, 39, 40, 41, .13. ,15, 4tJ. 49. Zero in al l

other placcs.

llx 56I snowmen 2 bookshelves 3 scarves .. .

handkerchief.s 4 plaice -5 dozen 6 stories

... spacecraft 7 hundred [ i pound(s)

Ex 572 encyclopaedias 3 inclexes and

appendices .1 crises 5 memoranda/

memorandums 6 prospectuses 7 stimuli

KEY - Suggested answers 163

8 cri teria

Ex 582 These belongings .. . were 3 Thisfarnily need/This family needs 4 thesebinoculars but they aren't . . . 5 Thepo l ice have . . . 6 What was the news . . .7 Therc are a couple of people who want. . . 8 The PM's o l 'hce has /have . . . 9Theoutskirts . . . are l0 A majori ty of thes t r i kers wz ln t . . . l l Our MP's n ta jo r i t ywas . . . l2 Why arc there re rnanrs . . .l3 The public has .. . in i ts narne/Thepub l ic havc . . . in the i r name l4 Theaudience was/wcrc

Ex 59I . . . rny parcn ts ' ins is lcncc on tak ing thedog . . . 2 My unc le 's cc luca t io r r , . . 3 Myr r u t t l ' s t l t i t t g r . . . - l . . . l J i l l ' s r r t t l i r s i o t l

-5 Bi l l 's loyalty 6 my grandmother'sspectirclcs 7 My grandli t ther's at lvisers13 My nrother's cl isappointtnenl

Ex 602 St Paul 's Cathedral is in thc City.3 Thc Houscs oJ'Parl iamcnt are at

Wcstr lr inster.4

' Ihe Travcl lcrs' Club is in Pal l Mall .

-5 Poslnrcn's Park is near lhe GcncralPost Of'fice.

6 Cleopatra's Ncecl le is on thcEmbanktnen{.

7 Thc Royal Acaclcmy of Arts is inP iccad i l l y .

u Madan'rc Tussaud's is near BakerStreet stat ion.

9 The Museurn of Childhood is inBethnal Grccn.

l0 Thc Tower of Ltxrdon is at TowerH i l l .

I I Nelson's Clolumn is in TrafalgarSquare.

l2 Traitors' Gatc is at the Tower ofLondon.

Chapter 6 Pronouns

Ex 6 lI ourse lves . . . thcmse lves . . . them2 them . . . them . . . themse lves 3 hcrsc l f. . . i t 4 rne . . . yourse l f 5 ourse lves . . .

164 KEY - Suggested answers

ourse lves . . . us 6 h imse l f . . . h im . . . h im7 thernsc lves . . . rnyse l f 8 you . . . you . . .rnyse l f . . . yourse l f

Ex 62I . . . c ry ing ovcr sp i l t m i l l : 2 - 3 toknow what 1o do .1 - 5 to keep ouroptions open 6 - 7 - l ' t i f I 'm late9 when you ta lk l i kc tha t l0 hav ingnothing to cio I I to tel l you whal to dol 2

F} 6l2(b) there 's nothinl l l i rr i t 3(a) (to havc)

had i t ' l (ci) have i t brxh ways 5(e) l ivcit up 6(h) hirve i t in f i rr (sonreonc) 7(l ' )go i l alonc l l (g) rough i t

F]x 64I Al l those late nights were the troublc.. l I ' r r r u l l i n l i l \ ( ) u r o l l r i s t r y i r r g r r g : r i r r ..1 I ' rn al ' raid that lrc is lazr.5 Wc have to lacc the luct thal hc is nol

g o l l r g . . .(r l l r ' :rppelrrs k) r(]sci l l l r( lvi( !"7 What rca l l y a r rnoys rnc is a l l h is ta lk

ol povcrly.lJ I doubt i l lwhether he' l l lsk l i rr a krart.9 I 'nr not kcen or.r thc iclcr ol ' lcrrding

hirn lnorrcy.l0 I f ' you hadn ' t hc lpcc l . l r c wou lc l be in a

worsc Incss.

F} 65I Who did thcy get irrside help l ior l l3 What wcrc they looking f irr ' l:1 What clucs havc wc got so lar '?5 What hclp arc wc l ikely to get l iorn

the stal'l''.)6 Which thiel/Which of thc thievcs lcl t

his.facket behincl ' l7 Whosc kcy did thcy r.rsclt3 Who t l id this jackct bclong to l /Whosc

jackct is t l r is ' l /Whose is this. jacket ' lt) Which ckror cl id they entcr by' l

l0 someonc who/that lraclI I sonreonc tn u'hor.nl 2 anyone whoseI 3 everyone who/that has1.1 evcryone to wltontl-5 anything whichlthat coulcll6 someone whose

Ex 66I This 2 this 3 thosc ,1 this and that5 that 6 those 7 these lJ This 9 thatl ( ) Thcsc I I th i r l l thosc

Flx 67I sornething 2 nothing 3 someonc/sorncbocly 4 Everyonc/cverybody5 e-vcryonc/cverybody 6 Somcthing7 arryor.tc 's/anybody's l l No one/Nobocly9 sornething l0 anyone/anyboclyI I anythirrg l2 No onc/Nobodyl3 e veryt lr ing l . l nothing

F} 6ltI a l l 2 Ha l l 3 ha l f 4 a l l -5 Ha l f ' 6 ha l l '7 Ne i ther l { Bo th 9 Nc i thcr l0 e i therI I bo t l r l2 bo th I3 Nc i thcr 1"1 l lo thl-5 cach

F} 692 It 3 thcir ,1 thcnr 5 i t 6 onc 7 wlr ichl l wc 9 Thc I0 th is / thc I I an 12 thc i r| 3 their/ the l -1 thcy I 5 the I (r a17 what lu wh ich l t ) us 20 t ts 2 l I tl l thc i r l J wc /onc 14 thc i r 25 l t26 thcy 27 thcnr 2l l thc 29 this/the-10 thc i r

Chapter 7 Adjectives andadverbs

F} 70I i rshanrcd 2 al l 'aid 3 arr occasionale vcrrt ,1 inncr stre ngth -5 iur oulr loor parly6 an only chi lcl 7 glacl f i the nrain worrv9 contenl l0 thc maxinrunr spccclI I rcady | 2 your clclcr brother

Flx 7l2 f i ightening 3 t l isappointed 4 annoycd5 horing 6 is rcal ly irr tcrcstecl7 surprising l l worrying 9 puzzl ingl0 arc exhausted

h',x 72I our latc chairnran 3 thc peoplc prcscnl4 ccrtain people -5 peoplc absent l iorn thcmeeling 6 thc only proper thing 7 thcprescnt addresses l i is conscious ol 9 hissubscript iolr was late l0 hcr late husbandhad always paid I I a conscious ef l i rr tI 2 al l the people concernecl/ involvedl3 is certain that l '1 a long and involvedbusiness

Ex 732 glad of the opportunity 3 aware of the

diflicultics 4 different tiom all nty

previousjobs 5 worried about any aspect

ol thc wrrrk h :uhject to negtr l i l t t iott

7 good at coping 8 gratetul tirr your

remarks 9 borecl with rny last. job

10 answcrable 1o the board

l-,x712 an impossible cantera t i tr a bcginncr

3 a sirni lar Inodcl to thc last one ;1 an

eitsy cilnrera (o usc -5 any clif'lercnt nrakes

l 'rorn thcsc 6 a rnorc st l i tablc canrera ior

a chi ld 7 a big enough bag to carry sparc

f i lnr in t l any cheapcr bags than these

9 as big an albutn as possible l0 a hard

custonlcr to pleit ! ;e

llx 75I rourrt l walks rouncl in circlcs

2 also also wit lks in straight l incs

3 vcry very long;1 somctirncs he rcarrangcs the

larrdscapc and photographs the rcsul l

-5 hal l 'way hal lwrty t tp

6 out - tr takc ottt

7 once oncc c lcscr ihc t l a . . . wa lk . . . as

a . . . s c u l p l u r ct l quitc - quitc thc wort l

t h igh ly - h igh ly ta le n tc ( l

l0 rathcr - rathcr l . iokcr

I I f a i r l y la i r l y qu ick ly

lJ qu ick l l q t r i t k ly c re i t t i r l ! ! rc : r lcirclcs and other sltaltes on thc walls

ancl f l txrrs t t f art gal ler ies

l l we l l wc l l over

l4 techn ica l l y techn ica l l yc l i l ' l i cu l t

l5 t l tn t r r t - l t ln to : l : lny r )n ( '

l6 prcviously - prcviously clone this ancl

cal le'cl i t artI 7 togethcr - galher togcthcr

It l too loo r lucl i

Iix 762 r ightly 3 wrongly 4 harcl 5. iLrst

6 First/First ly 7 Ncarly t l hardly 9 latc

l0 h igh I I ncar l2 h igh ly l3 Las t lY

l4 r igh t

Ex77I hard 2 last - l l i rst 4 in a cowardly way

5 early 6 late 7 high l ' i in a leisurely way

9 ncar l0 jus l lY

KEY - Suggested answers 165

Ex 7ttI the highest 2 in the 3 higher 4 high5 the highest 6 the highest of 7 higherthan l l as high as 9 the highest l0 ashigh as I I higher than I 2 the highcst of

Chapter 8 The semantics andgrammar of adverbials

Flx 79

.s i r t ,q lc udt erbs. cvcrywlrere. lhere.

arount l , sornehow, sudclcnly. over, t (x) .

now, out . just . a lways. vcry

nourt p l t rust . t . a l l t l re t intc. one wcck. the

ncxt wceK

prcpt ts i t ior tu l l t l t rusts: on the sta i rs. i l t

the rrxrrn. wi th h is toc. lor tcn year-s

lcr ' l r1t ' , rs r ' lorr , r t . whe ncvcr possib lc

r r r t n. f i r t i I t ' r ' l r r r r .sc. hcar ing his explanat ion

f i t t i t t ' t luust ' . i f ' l coul t l be bothcrcd

Fl,x ttO

2 ' I

r lon ' t p lay again unt i l Thursdrty. so I

c ln re lax ar t r l pract isc a b i t . '

J said thc dctcnt l int s t tookcr chatnpiotr

latcr at Slrc l f ie ld 's Crucib lc ' I 'heatrc.

whcrc thc chanrpionships arc being

hc ld .,1 This nr i ry bc thc last t i rnc arr IAAF

conrpct i t ion is stage( l in London t i r r

sonlc ycars.

5 According to her coach, Rosi t Mt l t l t 's

n tos l i t t t I r es : i v c p t r l o r t t t : t t t t c r r ' l t s i t ) l t

r r r inor roat l race last sumlncr.

6 Shc r : r r t l0 krn at Boulc lcr . Coloracl t r

on l y two t l ays . . .

7 FILr l l saw Wolves skippcr Rort

l l inc inrarch c lear t l tc bal l f ionr near

t hc I i ne i n t hc c l os i ng seco r t ds . . .

l3 Nott ingharn Forcsl beat Clre lst :a 7-0 at

Ci ty Ground ycstcrd: ty

9 Gol lcr F ' rcd Couples ol ' the LJSA lcd

lhc f ie lc l in thc Tournois Perr ier dc

Par is at la Boul ie in P:rr is today.

l0 ' Ihc

t r lented young Yugoslav tennis

player h i t 22 aces on c lay to beal

Becker at the Flench Open last year.

I I B.iorn Borg won the Wimbleclon

tennis champion ships f ive t imes

betwcen 1976 and l9 l t0.

l2 . . . he returned to tennis in thc Monte

Car lo Open on 23 Apr i l 1991.

166 KEY - Suggested answers

Ex 8 ll(a) I badly need your help. (b) They

organized the meeting badly.2 (a) I don ' t even t ry . . . (b ) Even I don ' t

t r y . . .3 (a ) I jus t sa t and wa i ted . . . (b ) . . . fb r

just ten minutes.z l (a ) K ind ly exp la in . . . (b ) . . . i f you

speak to me kindly.-5 (a) I have on ly come . . . . (b ) I th ink

only you can hclp.6(a) Possibly the guide told us/The

gu ide poss ib ly to ld us . (b ) . . . wecou ld no t poss ib ly gc t . . .

7(a) I real ly enjoyed i t . (b) I enjoyed i treal ly.

t t (a ) . . . s imp ly t ry to cxp la in . . . (h ) t ryt o e x p l l i n s i m p l y . . .

9 ( a ) I s t i l l d o n ' t h a v c . . . ( b ) I d o n ' t s t i l lh a v e . . .

I0 ( l ) hc kxrkec l very rnuch l i ke . . . (b ) Ihaven't thought about i t very l t tucha l a l l . . .

Ex 822 .. . l i rr sonrc pcople to talk f ' rankly. . . .. l F r a r r k l ) . J r k r t t ' l k n , r u . . .4 . . . tha t t ru th f 'u l l y t l cscr ibed . . .

5 . . . and t ru th f 'u l l y , I d idn ' t want h i tn

any nlore.6 I lorrest ly, I don' l rnind/l honcstly

clon't mind.7 Dcaling with l 'ecl ings honestly . . .l l . . . sincc i t has been general ly

accepted . . .9 The poor have gcneral ly bccn in

l a v o u r . . .l0 . . . beforc i t was shown general ly.

I I . . . we do, general ly speaking, dreantin colour.

l l L i t c r l l l l u l l I h a t l t o d o . . .l3 . . . wc l i te ra l l y d idn ' t have . . .l4 . . . l i te ra l l y exp lode.I 5 . . . l i teral ly danced.l6 He personally wants to sec you.

l7 I didn't know her personally.l8 Personally, I think .. . / l personally

t h i n k . . .

llx 832 for example 3 As a rcsult ,1 Further

-5 then 6 Hence 7 However 8 on the

contrary 9 thus l0 Anyhow I I Sol2 by contrast 13 In other words14 though l5 In fnct 16 On the otherhand l7 First l8 Thus l9 Secondly20 Similarly

Ex 84I have st i l l not studied2 is mercly one of those3 entirely undcrstandable4 not suggested for a moment/not lbr a

moment suggested5 considering the evit lence with great

care6/Tsurely nol too much to hope

fl reasonably open nrinds9 Aftcr al l . there are .. . /There are, al icr

a l l . / . . . in thc wor ld , a f t c r a l ll0 which were onceI I vcry dubious indecdl2 f i rs t h i tl3 thc wor ld 's p ress in 1933l:1 a strangc animal in this rcmote lakel-5 hacl circulated local lyl6 unfirrtunatcly turned outl7 t t l track Ncssic downIt3/19 within t irur days hc and his photo-

grapher l i runrl l ixrtprints on thc shorc2(\ l2l Hc cvcn gavc a talk about i t on the

B B C22 But, satl ly. the tbotprint/But the

l irotprint had, sadly, becn made23 over the years nurnerous sightings/

nunlerous sightings havc becnrcportcd ovcr the ycars

24 lal legedly of ' thc anirnals)t5 prot luced in cvidcnce?6 clescendecl into thc lakc27 a rniniature sub with echo-sounding

equipmcnt/searched with echo-sounding equipment.

2ll shown in thc House s of Parliament to/shown to MPs, scientists andjournal ists in the Houscs ofParl iarnent

29130 largc aninrals undoubtedlyexisted irr the lake

3 I stron-qly clisagreed32 pub l ished in l99 l33 painstakingly examines3zl is that, sadly, she does not ancl cannot

ex ls t

Chapter 9 PrePosit ions andpreposit ional Phrases

Ex 85I in lcrested i r r . . . What is Andrew

intcrcsted in ' l

2 What is Andrew goocl at ' l

3 What is Andrew kecn on /

.1 What cloes Atrdrew worry about'/

5 What c l id Arrdrcw hi tve to contel ld

r.r'ith'l

6 What is Andrcw sul lcr ing l ' rorr l?

7 What is Atrc l rew hoPing f i r r ' /

tl What is Anclrew lirnd of'l

9 Whnt tiocs Alttlrcw tltrjcct to'l

l0 What c loes Anclrew bel ievc in ' l

I I What t locs Andrcw clcpencl on' l

l2 What c locs At lc l rcw lo l lg l i l r ' l

Flx lt6

I Conlr i t ry to 3 bccausc o1' '1 except l i r r

5 As lirr 6 apart l'rtltn 7 instcatl ol

1 l P r i o r t o 9 ou t o l l 0 a l ong w i t h

I I lharrks to l 2 i r rcspcct ivc o l '

Fl,x tl7

2 With rc lerencc to J t l t t accot l l l t o l ' : l i l l

a t lc l i t ion to 5 i r t cxchatrge l i r r ( r l i r r t l tc

sakc of 7 in spi tc o l 13 i t r cot l rpartsol t

w i t h 9 i n t ouch w i t h l 0 by l l r ca t t s o l

I I by way o l ' 12 on bcha l l o l '

Flx ltttI ott 2 across/ltrtluntl/ol' -l lirni '1 l'ront/

out of 5 atiby (r at 7 otr lJ lo 9 in

l0 with l l on/about l2 througlr

l3 dur ing 1 ,1 l lo rn 1 .5 to l ( r by l7 l 'o r

l l l o l l t ) w i th ( )u t 20 a t 2 l in 2 f o r r

23 in 21 l ikc 2-5 al ier (ArlE l i rr)

26 frorn 17 ln l l l ol 29 bY 30 l i rr

J I betwecn 32 in l3 a1 3'1 orl

35 outsicle 36 By 37 about 313 lbr 39 as:10 to :ll in 42 at :13 in ,1zl ol' '15 with

,16 under 47 with 'lll off 49 since

-50 exccpt

Ex lt9I I only know thern bY sight.

2 He never arr ives on t i t le.

3 But for oncc he did..1 . . . seem qu i te ou t o f 'hand.

5 What I war r t above 'a l l i s . . .

h . . . 1 ou l t rc r ig . l t t up l , r u p t ' i t t l .

KEY - Suggested answers 167

7 I didn't break i t t ln Purpose.8 What are you doing at Present l

9 l 'm not doing anything in part icular

th is evcn tng .l0 I ' l l be w i th you in l t mrnute .

I I No way. l t is just out of thc ( luestiot l .

l2 A l i c r a l l . he 's verY o lc l now.

l3 Evcrything is in order.

l '1 By thc wry. htvc you seen Anclrcw

latcly' ll -5 I l ' you go on trying. you'11 rnanagc in

thc cncl.

Fl,x 90l ( l ' ) ou t o f 2 (k ) ovcr 3 ( i ) in /a t 4 ( r r ) on io f '

5 (h ) w i thout 6 (a) in 7 (c ) l i kc 8 ( l ) i r rt l l g ; o l ' l0 ( i ) l i r r I l ( c ) w i th l2 (b) i t l

I 3 (n r ) o l l ; l ( c l ) a t

Flx 9lI orr 3 to ,1 agairtst 5 to 6 l i )r 7 lo l l f<lr

9 a t l0 w i th / t i r r I I l i r r l2 on l -J w i th

1 ,1 on l5 o r t l6 o l ' 17 w i th l l J u ' i th /

about l t) l i rr 20 to f I l l 'orn 12 ol '

Ex 92I . . . thcrc havc bee tt tro rcpot-ts in t l tc

{ r l l i r ' i r l r l l c ( l i : l o l l h e l r , r w i t l l l ( ' l l \ i ( r t l . .

f . . . r . r 'as c lcscr ibccl by Lanrbeth f )a l lce

as a r t t isur t t lerstant l ing or la c l i l lc ' rc l l t

r ncan ing l . . . was t l c sc r i bc t l as a

rnist rnt lcrstat tc l i t rg ot l thc part t l l '

Lar t rbcth Pi t l i tcc.

- l Thc th i rc l I t rat t hrs. otr t l re at lv icc o l ' l t is

lawycr. r tot l t l r ( le h inrscl f 'avai lable .

,l IIe was lirrcetl. ot.t Morrtlay itttcrttotitr.

to at lat rc lot l . . .

5 De t cc t i v cs a r r cs t c ( l t hc g i r l ' s l a t he r

af icr spending lwo t lays rvatching thc

l la l hc I rad rcnted.

6 Bcnt l your lcgs wl ' rcn pick ing up heavy

wcights l ike sroccr ics or chi lc l ren.

Chapter 10 The simPlesentence

Ex 9 l2 SV 3 SVOO 4 SVO 5 SVOA

6 SVOO 7 SVC] It SVA 9 SVO

1 0 S V O A I I S V 1 2 S V O C 1 3 S V A

1 4 S V A 1 5 S V O C

168 KEY - Suggested answers

Ex 9il

I . . . money to that dreadful man.

2 . . . begging let ters to pcople.

3 . . . a p ropc r l e t t e r t o you .. 1 . . . a . i ob f b r h i r l .

5 . . . wo rk t b r h i n r .

6 . . . t ha t l oan t o Tom.

7 . . . a t ab le l i r r i r s .

f l . . . a d r i nk l b r you .t , . . . a l nenu [ o us -

I0 . . . a table bv thc winckrw f i r r nrc.

I I . . . t h c s a l t t o r l e .

l 2 . . . l spcc i a l pudc l i ng l i r r us .

F} 95

I W o u l t l t l t c r : r l l o u n r ( ' c \ t l r t i n t ( ' t ( )

pay'/

3 Bu t t hey re l uscd l r r e t h i s r casonah l c

rcq ucsl ,.1 saying I ' t l causct l t l re rn a lot of l roublc

5 . . . t he y ' t l p ro rn i se t l r r r e a t l i s coun l .( r . . . on cha rg i ng r ) l c l l l c l i l l l p r i c i , r .

7 I cnvy t hc rn t hc i r s c l l con l i t l cncc .

f l l lu t i t cost nrc a lot o l n l ( )ncv.

F\ 96

I I l c l t r c l l l y I i r o l i s l r .

I l l soun t i c r l c xcc l l cn t .

- 1 . . . pn r vc t l pa r - t i cu l a r l y succcss l l l .' l . . . l ookec l s cns ib l c .

- 5 . . . c r t d up r i ch -

6 . . - bccon rc l l r o rou th l y bo r i nu .

7 . . . s ccn rs u t t e r l y r ua ( l t ( ) n r c .

l l . . . i s . j u s t s c l { i s h .

9 . . . r c r r r i r i r r c r l l l ' i en t l l v .

l 0 . . . t u rncd ou t n i cc l - { u i r r .

lir 97

I brovn,n I oltl I rcutlv .1 opcn -5 llat

6 ca l n t 7 t l c l i c i ous 8 bud 9 pccu l i i r r

l 0 l r u c

F} 9tl

I lak ing phototraphs 2 Have/takc l l t iok l

3 do hinrscl f an in iury .1 rn lke

alr l lngcnrents 5 g iv ing l r int adi , ice 6 t lo

hinr good 7 s ivcs rnc lccturcs t l c l rnc

anyone anv l rann t ) hacl a goocl crv

l 0 doesn ' t t akc un i n t e res t I I Hc g i ves

nrc sucl . r tunrry looks. l l havc a ta lk

l3 takes of f ence 1.1 make ercuses fbr

1.5 wc maclc a move

Ex 992 was 3 is ;l was 5 were 6 was7 are lJ is 9 r.r'as l0 were I I havel2 sccms l3 is l ; l watch l-5 reitches1 6 h a s 1 7 i s l l i a r e 1 9 i s 2 0 i s 2 l i s22 protest

Ex l(X)2 thcy 3 use , l has -5 is 6 thcrn 7 cosrslJ costs 9 i lnswcrs I0 was/were | | is/gocs l f wirs/wcrer

l i x l0 l2 arc thcy'/ 3 clo youl 4 shouldn't thcy' l5 car r you ' l 6 i sn ' t i t l 7 haven ' t therc ll l won ' t i t l 9 i s i t l l 0 havcr r ' t wc '? / ck rn ' t

l lx 102I Ycs thcy wcrc. I Ycs i t hls. - l No wccan '1 . .1 No t l t cv wouk i r r '1 . -5 No thcyhaven ' t . 6 Ycs i t i s . 7 Yes i t d id . I No i rw a s n ' t . 9 N 0 i t t k r c s r r ' t . l 0 Y e s i t w i l l

Fl l0lI Not long irgo I l lcw to lrsypt.I No lottgcr t lo pcoPlc go by sca

r towl rdavs .. l Not s i r rcc I wcnt to Mcx ico have I

trccn so inrl trcsscrl ..1 Nolvhe rc wil l you l incl a rnore

lu r t taz inq bu i ld i r rg thun lha l pyranr i t l .-5 Not l i r r t l r c l i r s t t i rue . I los t rny we l lc t .6 I - i t t l c do you rc i r l i zc thc t roub le vou

ca l l c i l u sc . . .

7 Se l t l on r h i r vc I hea r t l such . . .

l i Rarcly r lo vou r l iscovcr lhc wholc

t r u t h . . .

9 No l once r l i t l t he t u i dc co rnp la i n .

l0 Har-dly e vcr tkr you l in( l such honcstv.

F]X l0.l

I t hcy ' l l e ve r con t c 2 hcen wa i t i ng k rn l

3 . . . i t ' s o v e r v c t : l . . . w a i t a n v l o n g c r

5 i t ' s uny bc t t c r 6 knows r l uch 7 c i t hc r

t i . . . l a r 9 . . . i s u l a l l l 0 . . . a n y o n c c l o c s

Fl 105l (a) I advised h inr not to conrpla in.l ( b ) I d i dn ' t adv i sc h i r n t o co r r i p l a i n .

l ( a t I de l i n i t e - l v don ' t k r . r ow wha t ' s

happcning.

3 (b ) I c l on ' t know c l e l i n i t e l y wha t ' s

I tappe ninn.

. 1 (a ) I don - t evc l l t r y . . .

. 1 (h ) L , ven I c l on ' t t r y . . .

-5(a) Once. he c l ic ln ' t arr ive on t tme.

5(b) f tc c l ic ln ' t oncc arr ive on t ime.

6 (a ) l don ' t pa r - t i cu l a r l y l i k c oys te r s .

6 (b ) I pa r t i cu l a r l y do r r ' t l i k c . . .

7(a) I rcal l l c lon ' t unt lerstancl .

7(b) I don' t rcal l l " unclerst l t l lc l .

8( l ) That 's s inrply not acccpt i lb lc.

1 l ( b ) Tha t ' s no t s i r t r p l v acccp tab l c i t ' s

vcry rl'clcotnc !

Chapter 11 Sentence types anddiscourse funct ions

FX 106I Didn' t you l let t t ty tncssi tge' l

2 I )on' l vou e vcr cotrs i t lcr t t t l rcr pct l l l lc ' l

I Docsn' t sor t tc t i l th is worrv yoLr ' l

:1 Arcn' l you going to say yot t ' rc sorr1" ' /

- 5 H i t vc t t ' l ) ' ou ( go t )a r r y t t ' e l i ngs /

6 Cou l c l n ' t you havc l e l r ne k t t ow , )

7 Won' t your parc l t ts he worr icd l

l { ( 'an ' t yor . l sec how t l rcy lce l ' l

9 Mi thtn ' t i t bc bct te r to go i tnd scc lhe ln l

l 0 Shouk l r r ' t vo t t t r y a t t t l c xp la i n ' l

I I Woul t l t t ' t i t bc r t goot l ic lea ( l i r r yot t )

t o t c l l you l l l t h c r ' l

l2 Can' t l l 'c (hoth) l i r rget th is r tow' l

Flx 107I hacln ' t 1 'ou ' l 2 won' t you' l 3 hat l youl

. 1 wou l t l you ' l 5 w i l l yo t r ' ? 6 w i l l you l

7 urcn' t I ' l t t shal l wcl 9 shal l wc' l

l0 is thcrc ' l

ll,x l0tt

I Whcrr wcrc the f i rs t Olyr t rp ic ( ianlcs

in rnodcrn t inrcs i t taugLtratccl . '

2 What othcr cvents besides runl l l l l l l

const i tute ath let ics ' l

. l What do f ie ld e vcnts i r tc lude ' l

:l What cloes the worcl clccitthlotl nrcartl

-5 How ol icn arc the Olyntpic Ganlcs

now helc l ' l

6 Which country hostcd the l9ulJ

Olyrrp ic Garncs' l

7 Who became the )-oungest cver p layer

to win the nren's s ingles

championship at Wimbledon - and

when'J

8 [ {ow old was he at the t i r re ' ]

KEY - Suggested answers 169

9 How many people managed to l in ish

the Lonclon Marathon in 1990' l

l0 Which is o lc ler - cr icket or f i rotbal l ' l

I I Whosc lnotor racing win at Ashevi l le .

North Clarol ina in l9t t t { sc l a record ' l

l 2 Why $as t h i s ach i cvc t r t cn t spec ia l ' l

F lx 109

I Who catr I borrow ol tc l ront l

I Who ca r t I t l i s cuss i t w i t h ' l

J What t lo the lc t te Is WIIO stant l l i r r ' l. l What l rc yor- l get t ing i l t ' )

5 What i l rc v()r . l u 'or t -1" i r tg l tbout l

6 What h i tvc I got to look t i t rward t t t ' l

7 Who t k r you t h i nk I h t t r t t ped i n t o /

I t Wh i ch o l l t i s pa rcn t s . . . l t c t i t k cs a l t c r ' l( ) Which shir l l I gct r id o l ' '?

l0 Who arc you rv i t i t ing l i r r ' /

F } I t 0I Wha t dc l i c i ous l i x r d l I sn ' l t h i s I t x rd

t l c l i c i ous l

I Wha t s l ow se r v i c c ! I s t r ' t t hc sc r v i c ' :

s k rw l

- l Wha t good l t x r k i ng wa i l c r s ! A r c t r ' t

t l r c wa i t c r s go t x l - l ook i r t g ' /-1 FIow quickly you cat l L)ot t ' t vou cat

qu i ck l y l

-5 Whl l cxpct ts ivc vcg.ct i tb lcs! Are I l ' t

t h c vcgc lab l cs cxpc r r s i vc /

6 What u kr l lhcy churgt ' ! [ )on ' t t l tcy '

chi r rge u kr t l

7 [ I ow ve ry l r c sh eve ry th i ng i s ! I sn ' t

cvcryth ing f l 'e sh.)

lJ How I lovc l i roc l !i ) How I c l i s l i k c r l i c t i ng !

l0 How I wish I coul t l cot t tc l tcrc t r t t t rc

o l t c t r .

F l x l l l

I f l r c | o l i ce l t ' u t l l t : t t t l t e r c i . l r

garr i l lant l l i 'u t l .

2 A hoaxcr who c la inrccl thal thcrc was

a hor lb ot t a p lanc has beetr ja i lec l l i r r

th i r ty years.

3 The Colony's pol ice hr tve becn givert

a surpr isc pay awart l .

4 A nran who took out a bat tk loan is

said 1o hrve hacl ' r

secrr ' t p lan' .

5 Six peoplc d ied in a Icar l crash

I yesterc lay ] .6 A cash machine was rippcd fion-r the

170 KEY - Suggested answers

wal l Io f a bank . in a ra id ] .7 Heathrow Ir irport] is going to have a

fi f th terminal.l l Six pcople appearecl in court

IyestcrdayI after a batt le in thc strcctso f 'a c i ty .

9 A body has bccn f irurrcl washed up lona beach l .

l0 A prison innrate who swappccl clothcs

Iw i th a v is i to r ] cscapcr lI I So t t t t ' ho r l 1 u l t s r l r t l r h r ' t l o r t : r t r i l i t t .

I 2 A nr iss ing couple havc becn l i rurx l

sa l c .

l . j Ih i r ty people reachct l the top ol thc

wo r l c l l t h c sun r rn i t o t Moun t Eve rcs t l

in thc sart te t l i ty .

1.1 A high-tech spy carncra is guart l i r tg an

lo l t l l b r i dgc l aga ins t l a rgc spce t l i ng

Io r r i c s l .l -5

- fhcrc arc/wi l l bc r to l tuc lc i t r wcapons

on sh ips o l ' t hc I l o ya l Nav1 .

Chapter 12 Pro-forms ande l l ips is

F } I 1 2I thc instruct ions 2 thc l i rrnr - l cachchi ld ,1 nonc ol your answcrs 5 sonrc ol 'lhc clue st iotts 6 le wcr clucstions7 Nc i thcr ( lucs t ion / - i nor qucs t ion 1Jl l rnany tprcst ions t hoth parts ol 'c ; u c s t i o n / 1 l 0 l w o n n n I i l l r a lqucs t io r r l2 th is in l i r rn ra l io r r

F]x I l-lI one 2 thosc 3 oncs t l one 5 t l tat 6 ortc7 that t ' i thosc 9 oncs l0 those I I thi t tI2 those

Flx l l,lI Orrc of these l i t t le statucs has i l

c h a i r . . .I . . . a d r c s s . . .3 One ta lk began . . .:1 sorne other young peoplc

5 . . . w i tnessed a w i l l on thc back o f anenvclope.

6 .. . to krok af ier the people who are.7 One mernber of the f amily was in a

Test team . . .8 Only one person in f ive of those who

start off doing general medicine .. .9 . . . never a woman/person fbr half

me asules

I 0 another v isa

F]x I 15

2 ( b ) . . . t h e m a t t c r w i t h i t . . . b u y a n c w

onc

3 ( l ' ) . . . t o h e a r t h c r r- 1 ( c ) . . . ge t t i ng onc . . . wh i ch one wouk l

be best

5 ( a ) l ook i ng l t so rnc . . . oncs t ha t t akc . . .( r ( c ) show you i t . Bo r row i t . . . buy onc .

O n c s w i t h . . .

E x l 1 6

I ( a ) I ( a ) 4 ( a ) 5 ( c ) ( r ( c ) 7 ( c ) l l ( a )

9 ( a ) l 0 ( c ) I I ( c ) l 2 ( c )

F,r l 17

I that I so I i t :1 i t 5 lhal ( r i t 7 that

l { s o 9 s o

F} l ltt

I I t h i nk so . 2 I hope no l . 3 l t s cen rs so .. 1 So I hca r t l . 5 . . . evcn so . . . 6 I t

appcafs not 7 So woukl I . l l Nor do I .

9 Mavbc no t . l l u t . . . l 0 So pcop l c su r ' .

I I pc rhaps so . l l I don ' t t h i nk so / l t h i r r k

no t . | - l i l ' r r o t . wha l abou t . . . 1 . 1 So i t i s .

Flx l 19

Ol 'coursc a bab1, 's nced l i r r s lccP isgreutcr than an uclu l t 's . Thl t 's d i l ' l i ' r -ent .

tsut thc c l ' lccts o l ' t txr rnuclr s lccp arc

no t t l i s s i l n i l a r t o t hc c l l c c l s o l ' t oo l r t t l c

l i r e r l r r c ss . i r r i t ah i l i t y an t l so on . Mos t

hca l t hy adu l t s s l c cp be twccn s i x anc l a

ha l l an r l c i gh t unc l a l r a l l ' hou rs a n i gh t .

[ -css than 5 pcr ccnt s leep rnorc than ninc

an t l a l r a l f o r l c ss t han f i ve l nc l a ha l l . Bu t

sorne cclebratcd short s lcepcrs can

rnanlgc wi th a merc l ive . How do thcy

rnanirgc ' l

S tu t l i c s i nd i ca t c t ha l mos t o l ' u s cou l t l

cut down on our s lcep - though we

cannot perhaps cut c lown to t ive hours - i l

we pracl isecl . A team of e xpe r imental's leep s l i rnnrers ' cradual ly recluced their

s leep by two hours. and research suggests

that short s lcepers improvc the qual i ty of

thci r s leep.

Short s lccp, i t is c la imed, is the best

you can have, and of course if you are not

in becl when other people are, think of all

the th ings you could do.

Ex 120

I ( to) br ing the let ter . 2 John's job is

going per l 'ect ly wel l . 3 have you f in i i l ly

spent my book token today' l ' l real ize

he'd becn to thc Lake Distr ic t . 5 so

they don ' t . j u s t s t ay 6 I won ' t l r y l o

pronounce i t . 7 No. we wercl l ' t togethcr

when we saw thesc. f { I arr t intcrestecl

about t ( ) thc sat lc cxtent as Jo is

i nterested.

F ] x l 2 l

I So wc/ the plcs ic lcnt / thc cotntr t i t tcc

clc le tcd thc ol ' tending wort ls . . . bt t t

pcrhaps wc \ \ 'e rc wrong to c lo so. l l r r r1o

.r( ) c lurnot subst i tute l i r r a passivc verh

vrt'rt dL'lL'ttdl

2 I l 1 'ou havc rc l i reci (or arc. i t ls t i lbot l t

t0) r , l l you arc fc l i rc( l (or . lust abot l l

to bc) l r l r ' /1 ' l i / a.1 hcrc = vefb +

at l . jcct ivc. wl tercas (ut r ' ) i t r .s t u lxt t t t

/ o . . . t t c c t l s a vc rb l

- l . . . i l t l r c y a r c no t c l l i c i en t l y c t r l i r r c c t l

an r l c l r r t o t wo rk bc t l e r . . . lWc ca t l t t o t

t lcr ivc r /o /?r) / l l1) t t t urc t t t t l l

'1 . . . l rut which i r ts lc t rd t lcvclopct l r t t r ts lc

. . . l in t r t i l r r t t l is a pr tss ivc part ic ip lc

hcre (= wlr ich * 'cre i t t t rot lucct l ) . hut

t l t r t l t tpct l is i t t t i tc t ivc p i ls l lenscl

5 . . . dccay, t t t r lcss l l tcy arc prcparct l to

r isk . . . lThc prcccclct t t se I by t l tc r le w

t lecis ion is surely l lo t cxpectc( l lo

c l tcourage owl lcrs lo protcct . . . or to

r isk. Rathcr thc scrr tct rcc l l lust l t tc l t l l

th i r t the ncw t lcc is iotr wi l l c t tcourt tgc

owne r s t o p ro te c t t he i r bu i l d i ngs . i r t

lhe knowlcdge l l rat o l / t r ' r ' r t lsc thcy

w i l l l a cc l a rge r b i l l s l

Chapter 1 3 Coordinat ion

\'.x 122,1 So that we c lot t ' t o l ' l 'cnd people , wc

neecl to bc awarc ot thesc di f lercnces.

f l Becausc his g i r l - l ' r icnd . . . , i t f a l l lous

murde re r . . .

l 0 A l t hough shc was . . . E the l l c Neve . . .

I I W h c t t e v c r : h c . . . . : h c . . .

l2 That the couplc were Cr ippen and le

Neve, the captain was convinced.

IThe other sentences cannot be

changed. I

KEY - Suggested answers 171

Ex 123I They en joy . . . ye t w i l l be g lad . . .2 Other peoplc recognizc l that they wil l

have to rct irel, but f 'ear boredom Ioncethey no longer l . . .

3 O t h e r s . . . l o o k f i r r w a r d . . . b u t [ w h e nthey dol f ind [they long f irr . . . antlm iss thc s t imu lus ( they had) l

: l [1 'peop lc s top . . . a t td have . . . o r f ' ce l(they arc)l they rnay rapicl ly decl inc.

-5 Most re t i rcd pcop lc w i l l bc . . . l i l ' thcys t i rnu la te . . . I and w i l l be nrc r t ta l l y l i f 't h c y t a k e . . . I

6 . . . thcy wa lk , p la l ' go l l . work i r r thc i r

garclctt s.7 Othcr pcop lc wat t t . . . so so to

c l a s s c s . . .I Thcy lcurn . . . o r s tu t l y . . . a r t l thcy

huvc rte ver e xploredl atrcl stt t l t lctt ly

l i n d . . .9 1 . . . hccnusc t l t cy t l i scover . . . a t t t l

c u r t n o t l i r t t l . . . IN o c l l i p s i s

N o c l l i p s i s

Shc h l r l no t hac l t i r t t c . . . lwh i l c s l t c

bror . rghl up . . . at r t i purst tcc l . . . I

llx l2.l

I E, i thc l we nr . ls t protcct t l tc wor l t l s

w i l d l i l c , o r so l ne spcc i cs o l i r n i r t t l t l

rv i l l t l ic ot t t -

I Both the pat t t l i t at t t l the bl i rck rh i l to ate

i r r t langer o l ' cxt i t tc l io t r .

J Sort tc spccics l tave bcct t t tear ly r . l ipct l

oul by ntat t e i thcr l i t r l i t tx l or ( l i r r )

sport .,1 I pcrsonal ly t lon ' t l ike c i thcr snakes or

bats.

5 Many pcople nci the r unt lc tst l t l td t tor

apprecia le what the problcnt is .

6 Peoplc both i t t l rn i rc l igcrs i ts heaut i lu l

anirnals ancl f 'ear theln as l t tan-e l l ters.

7 Nci ther rh inoceroscs nor t igers arc thc

rnost valuablc atr imals in the wor ld.

8 Elcphants are firund in both Africa

and Asia.

9 The Af i ican elephant is nci ther the

largest nor the heaviest rnammal in the

wor ld.

l0 Sorne species spend most of their l i rnc

either eatir-rg or sleeping.

t 0l l

l l

172 KEY - Suggested answers

Ex 125Driving through the Outback in anancient Land-rover enablecl us to to enjoy

the changing scenery and ( to) appreci i r te

the c lesert 's changin,e moods. I do not

th ink I have ever fe l t so c lose to nature o[

in a sense so caretree. Occasional ly ,

whcrr thc desert 's s i lcncc t 'c l l upon us. we

woulc l consic ler our isolat ion and

vulnerahi l i ty , saze in wondcr at thc vast

crnpty p la in, and watch thc bi rc ls o l 'prcy

circ l ing ovcrheacl .

Thc road i lsc l l ' r , ls narrow hut snrooth.

So thc dr iv ing wi ts casy cxccpt whcn wc

hacl to pLr l l as ic lc l i r r onc of ' the ' road-

l r a i ns ' - husc l i n kec l l o r r i es w l r i ch s l i r up

grcut c lout ls of red dusl arrd arc dcl in i tc ly

lacking i r r roacl nranncrs!' f hc

o thc r haza r t l o l ' c l r i v i ns i n t he

Ou tback i s t he w i l d l i l e . r c s i l i c r r l t o l hc

cxtre rne envinrnnrerr t . but not to thc

nr( , [or car. At c lusk unsuspcct ing

k i r nga r t x r s , cows an t l bu l l a l o wou l t l

wartdcr ( ) r t to t l tc ro i r (1. i l t l r i lc tc( l bv thc

t : l i r r ( ' ( ) l L i r r l r e r r t l l l r n t p r . l t u r r : r ' r r r i r t r i l _ i

which wor.r lc l o l tcn lcar l thc kangaroo to

i t s un t i n r c l y ' cn t l , r n t l t he ca r l o t he

nci l rcst garage.

With rust ing c l rs lnd r lc l t l arr i r r ra ls

ly ing abanckrned at thc nrat ls i r ie . vou

cxpcr icrrcc nrol l lcnts <l l anxictv. So wherryor, r l in l l ly rcach Aycrs [ iock. thc larscst

rnonol i th in thc wor ld yorr gct u

wonr lcr fu l scnsc o1'achicve rne nt .

Bu t t h i s i s no t t hc e r r r l . You s ta r t

photogr lp l t i r tg i t l ror t t cvcry ar t r le .

gazing at i t in wont lcr , touching. i t of

wa l k i ng rou r r c l i t . [ ] i na l l y . you c l i n rb i t .

Ex 126

I Nei ther Jol t r t r tor Mary l txrk a l tcr

thcnrselvcs propcr ly. l Acccptablc

co l l oqu ia l l y Ih Bo th Jo l t t t r t t t t l l n4u11 l t r e . . .

7 Nei thcr John nor Mary l ikes/ l ikegoing rouncl i t lone.

l 0 Ne i t hc r John no r Ma ry wcn t . . .

I I Nei thcr John nor Mary is /are yct

t h i r t y .

l-5 Both John and Maly arc goocl liicncls

of nr ine.

Ex 1272 .. . are wasting their t inc3 .. . and (thot) th(\ ' ntust train their l ips

l r I 6 t ; ra l lO mOVCmCl l ts

1 nor should el'licient re ading bc

t t t r i ht t l t r l f t ) g()( ) t l onc\ .

5 Sf ow reatlers are using lubits nrtre

stritahle lo \'()tttl! t ltiltlrut, or aI

l c a s t . . .

6 . . . can s lou' thL ' raudi t tg l ) r ( ) ( (ss.

7 ... the siune rs qtrit'k rtodirt,q. nt'rtl

n rus t no t bc . . .

f l bul son.rct in. re s n ' t , r1,r r1 1o l inc l spcci l ic

in l i r r rn l l ion.

9 and tttorc carcl'ul reading nu.\, l)(, nt()t (

.srr i f t t l t l t l '< l - . . .

l0 anr l rzar l i r r r 550 700 u ' r t rds a nr i t tut t '

i . t ,qe t t c r t t I l . t ' t t t t t s i d c r c I cxccpl ional lv

I as t .

| | r r r t r f l / t , l l u i l l l t , l1 , ( 'vr ' r ' ) r )nc lo in l I r r rvt '

a b i l .

l} l2ttl ( b ) l ( a ) l ( b ) 4 ( b ) . s ( b ) 6 ( a ) 7 ( a ) 8 ( b )9 ( c ) l 0 ( a ) I l ( a ) l 2 ( b )

Chapter 14 The complexsentence

Flx 129I Ne w t ra f l i c l i sh ls havc bce n r l cve lopet lI Thc l lat lcrtsct l signals can bc wushc(l

ou t

I t i s c l a i n red' l

hc r r e w s i gna l s r v i l l l ook s i r n i l a r a t a

t l is tancc. + but ckrsc up thc ch' ivcr wi l l

not icc a pat t ( rnr o l holcs.

i t w i l l l ook a k r t b l ackc r .' fhc

r ra in changc is in thc lcns

Thr: lcnslcts nrakc t l re best use ol '

ruvai lublc l ig l r t + ancl l i rnn un i r r lcnse

l ishl beanr . . . ancl a r .norc d i l l 'usc bcant

F]x l l0I Wi th no th ing to c lec la re . you . . .2 Rather than do sontethinlt i l legal. you

s h o u l d . . .3 A t l bc ing wc l l , you w i l l no t . . .-1 . . . are carrying dutiable goods without

rcal izing i t .5 I t is be st lbr pcople tt l declare

any th ing they . . .

-lj

-561

6 By going through the red channel .

t h e y . . .

7 Despi te knowing they arc wrong to do

so, some pcople -uo through the' Nothing to Declare ' channel .

l { Besides looking fbr c l rugs. the

Customs of f icers are also looking f i r r

snrugglcd pcts.

9 Because ol ' the c langer o l ' rabies.

smuggl ing 1-rcts is a ser ious ol l 'ence.

l 0 I t caugh t t r y i ng t o sn rugg le any lh i ng

i l l cga l . pcop l c l acc . . .

I I I l ' no t p repa rcc l t o r i s k t h i s . t hcy . . .

l l I l 'askccl to takc sornething through

C 'us ton rs . . .

l l x l l l

I Whe t hc r sc r t s i b l c o r l r o t . , . .

I T l r r t r r r : l r un ( l ! ' r \ l i r l ( l : r l ) l c . . . .

- l Whc rcvc r poss ib l e . . . .; l Pa r t i cu l a r l l , whc r t on ho l i c l ay . . . .

5 I l oh ta i nab l c i n you r coun t r y . . . .

6 You ' l l f ee I sa l e r w i t h l ou r r uu r t cy i u t d

l ) i tssport in i t t t toncl , bc l t .

7 Wh i l c on l r o l i t l a y . . . .

l l Whcn i r t u c l i rnatc you arc not

usc ( l t o . . . .

9 Whencve r poss ib l c . . . .

I 0 l ) o no t po in l you r can rc r i t . . . as i l '

about to photogr i tph thcrn.

I I Ncvcr- wlvc vour at t t ts atourtc l i ts

though about lo h i t sorncbot iy .

I 2 A l t hough so r l c l i n t es u r t t l c r s l e t t t l i t b l v

annoyccl , r tcver, t tcvet- shot t ( !

Flx l -12

I I l g ivcn u book, nty gratr t lparenls wcrc

l i k c l y . . .

2 My nxrthcr ' . having lcarnl to reat l .

wou l t l r cad t o L l s . . . .

3 When l en t n r y l i r s t b t x r k by a r i ch o l t l

n c i ghhou r , I t hough t . . ..1 ' l 'hcn

onc r lay the olc l lac ly. s loppin!r

nrc in lhc st fL 'c l . askc( l nrc . . .

-5 Not h lv ing cvcn t l ror . rght o1' reacl ing i t .

I had r . r sec l i t as . . .

6 To have bcen to ld that orrc c iay I

wor,r ld be a u ' r i ter would havc

astonishcd rne.

7 Whi lc st i l l a t the v i l lage school . I reacl

sevcral l i rnrous En-el ish 'c lassics '

bought i r t a jur lb le sale.

KEY - .Suggested answers 173

8 Then. reaching the age of 12. I was

s e n t . . .

9 Made herc to reacl novels by Sir

Walter Scot t , I have managec' l . . .

l0 But . not put ot f reading, I developed a

pass io t . t . . .

I I Then one t lay, walk ing through the

town, I c l iscoverecl . . .

l l Not knowins what l t ) choose, I s tar tecl

w i l h . . .

Fl,x ll-l

f As soorr as I rct i lc . I shal l so round

thc wo r l d .

3 I s l ta l l l t - t t t ty l tousc whi lc I anr away.-1 Evcn i l ' l l ivc to be u l runclret l . thcre

w'on' t be t imc to c lo cvcryth i l lg I wanl

to ( lo.

5 l c l n hu r t l l y we i t un t i l I ' r n s i x l y .( r I hopc I kccp nry hcal lh.

7 I sha l l go r ounc l l he wo r l c l un l e ss i l i s

t oo l i r t c .

f i You shoul t l rc t i rc yot l rsc l l t rc l i r rc you

are loo ol t l .

9 Supposc ou r l r e a l t h l a i l s . wh i r t wou l c l

wc clo l

l 0 I r l o won t l c r wha t w i l l b c h i r ppcn in r i n

t cn yca rs ' t i r nc .

F} Il.l

I . . . wus ask i n -u t ha t I shou ld t ake hc r

se r l .

- J . . . w l r c t hc r t hcv e re p r i nccs o r

pc l l san t s . . .. 1 . . . ha t l s i gnc r l pe l i l i ons c l c rnun t l i ng

thut i t shoul( l not bc shown.

-5 S t i l l do . i l ' t h c t r - u th i s ( t o be ) kno rvn .( r . . . o r t l c r cd t ha t Po to l t a r P la te au . . .

: l r o r r l r l I r c t r : u t 5 l i ) n l t r ( l

7 I would nruch rather that hc was

salel l " on t l ry lancl ancl ( that) thc

scarch l tnc l rcscuc f i r rccs werc nol

cngagcd/shoukl not bc cngagccl . . .

f l Wlre n Chr istnras conlcs, . . .

9 Lct i t ncvc-r bc f i r rgot tcn though.

t h a t . . .

l 0 . . . i r r s i s t ec l t ha t . . . he r r nus i c shou ld

he turnecl of t . . .

I I . . . l r s k t ' r l t h i l t t hc \ \ ( ) n l i u ) s n i u l l c

shou ld no t be pub l i shed .

I 2 . . . asked l r is parents that the boy

should not be l l lowcd to corne back.

174 KEY - Suggested answers

Ex 1152 ... regrets that you should have

mac le . . .

3 . . . don' t understand why you should

be embarrassed.z l . . . natural that you shoulc l have

consic lcrecl . . .

- 5 . . . anx i ous t ha t t h i s shou l c l n ' t

af t 'cct . . .

7 . . . a scanr la l shoulc l they c lo so/ i f thcy

should c lo so.

t l . . . g lad vor. r shoulc l h lvc l 'c l t able 1o

con rc t o t hc dec i s i o r r you d i d .

9 . . . prc lcrablc that pcoplc s l .urulc l rnakc

u p . . .l ( l . . . s l t l r r t t c \ o n ) c o l l l r r ' e o r r r r r r i l l r ' r '

shor, r lc l he so . . .

i . \ l tot r l l is not possib le in I or ( r l

Flx l-16

I has c l rcart t l / l t i ts c l rcarned: bcsen I t l ie t l :

had achicvcd/coul t l achicvc 3 occurret l :

l ler . r , :1 had l lowrt : l lcw -5 l lcw; wcrc

6 bcca r t t e i l l ew ' 7 l r a t l l l ou r r : hac l n rac l c

l l lc t l /hat l le t l l rvcre brokerr 9 brokc out :

hat l a l rcat ly occurrct l l 0 was achievcd.

l lcw l l was l i r -s l l lown; has becrr

rcgular ly usct l I I hat l l lowrt / l tad t rcen

l l y i ng i s c l : c f t l i s cs

F} l l7

I I ' a t r i c k usked he r i l t he r r r i r n hu r l

nrcrr t ioncr l a wi l t . Jcnny re p l ie d that hc

hacl sui t l r tot l t i r tg r tbout th l t , nor ahout a

gir l - l ) ' ie nr l or shc woul t l I r lvc

rernernbcrct l . Patr ick thcn askcd i l thc

rnan had givcn his nanrc, ant l Jcnny. : r i t l l r . ' l u r t l hL r l : l r r ' l r l r t l l i ) r - r ' ) t l ( n i l

s t ra ightaway. a l thor-rgh shc

rcnrcnrbercd th inking that i t coulc l not

bc r ight . She s i r id lhat anywly the rnan

hacl suic l he woulc l be hlck.

2 Patr ick saic l that unless shc l 'c l t l ike

rnother dr ink, he suggestecl they

slrould nrove. becausc wi th Srturday

shopping thcrc nr ight be a hi t o1 ' t raf f ic

ancl he wantecl to be there on the dot.

3 J l ,R Sebast ian said he assurrrcd she

was nothing to c lo wi th books or

anything l ike that , and he asked her

what she was lo do wi th. Jenny said

she taught in a hospi ta l , so she

supposed she was a bi t to do wi th

books. JLR Sebast ian said that was

splendid. and asked her what her f ie ld

was. Jenny said she hadn' t real ly got

one, because shc just went in in the

mornings dur ing the week and taught

somc of the younger long-stay

chi ldren. She saic l that she had at onc

t i rne taLrght in a proper . . . And then her

voicc t ra i lec l o l ' l ' ..1 Jcnny said she was sorry. but she was

. iust popping round to thc hospi ta l .

because orrc o l ' lhc l i t t le g i r ls hacl had a

nr inor operat ion thc ( lay hcf i r re, so shc

thought shc r , " 'oulc l look i r r l i r r a lcw,

rn i r r u t cs . Ac tua l l y . shc sa i c l . shc was

roins l i ) r a breath ol u i r . I )atr ick sair l

l l t a t was I i nc . unc l askc t l i l ' s l r c wan le r l

I t i r t t t o so w i t h hc r . I l u t shc sa i t l shc

r l i r ln '1, bcceusc s l re woulc l bc thcrc unt l

b i tck i r t u sccortc l .

F} lltl

) IJ t t t r t t tut ' . I lavc vou colnc to l ivc rourtd

hc l c . )Mv w i l i " s ou t shopp i r t r : a l l h c

n ron rcn t . bu t w i l l b c on l y t t x r t l e l i gh t c t l

I o g i vc you t hc l r cnc l i t o l hc r l oca l

k t t ow l c t l ge l ny l i n t c . Mcanwh i l e t hc

t l ry c learrcrs i r r the block l r ic t l lo gct

away wi t l r los i t tg nr1, lopcoat l i r r nre

l as t w in t c r .

. l He ' s

t hc bcs t - l ook in t r nan I ' v c cve r

l ) l c t .- l l l ' thcy/wc arc. just goinu lo st i ly hcrc

a l l t he cvcn ing t a l k i ng I ' l l ge t vc r y

hu r rg r y .

5 ' l

orr r ' . Plcase r lon ' t tc l l anybot ly. I t lon ' t

want n ly/ thc neighhours to f inr l out .

[ /s : Ot coursc wc won' l say anything

to anyone. But i t nt ight bc bet ter

t o apo log i zc . Sh l l l I hc l p you

wri tc a let ter ' l

Toz r : No , t hank you . I t h i nk you s l r ou ld

r . t . t i r . tc l your own business.

llx l-19

1 'l ' lte

.fricttd'. Where do you conte fionr'l

Lc l i : A country cal led England.

Ft ic t t l : Oh yes. Englancl . Wouldn' t

that country bc/ lsn ' t that country near

Kabul ' l

2 Hc: Shal l I go af ter them' l

3

Nlra: No. better not. I t may not be

opening t ime yct. I t woulcl be bestl i rr us to wait tbr Olga.

Wuittr: Would you l ike your coatclreckcd. Sir. or a drink. or a I .neltLr,

or pcrhaps thc wine l ist ' l

!ntcrr ictt 'cr ' . Do you play clress' l Canyou read musicl How goocl are ytt t t

itt crttsswortls'l5 Hc: Do you havc a copy ol T l te l "ucr i t

Quct ' t t t 'by Eclnruncl Spcnse r ' i

Rr t t t / .s tu I I 1/ , f . \1JI( / /?/ : No, we don' l /

havc r t ' t .

l / t ' : Not in lny ccl i t ion l Do yt tu rcal izc

that 7/r r ' I iaer ic Quccrt is otrc o l t l tc

. j cwc l s i n t hc c ro * t t o l ' l i ng l i sh

poct r)"1

lJ t u t k . t t u I I d. \ s i . \ | d t t l ' . Thcrc isr t ' t t t tuch

cal l l i r r poe t ry i t t l le at l t row. [Jut . s i r .

you coukl i l yotr r l ' ishccl . s i r . t ry thc

o thc r b t x r ks l a l l s . . . t houg l t vo t t r

ch i r nces o l succcss a r c s l i r t t .

6 Wi l l y 'ou conlc t l l l a t r t l sec t t te , becat tsc

I ' ve an i t l cu . I ' n r i l ' r i l i r r g l t show a t t d I

wanl you to uppel t r i r t i t . Arc yot t

prcpurct l lo le avt : Par is. )- l

l r t l t r t ' i t ' t t t r : Have yot t cvcr beet l i t r

d lngcr ' l

Lcn l . r : Not so l l t r .

/ : What havc you le l t r t tc t l i t r your

t ravcls l

L: l 'nr grat l t r l l ly cot t t ing to t l r t :

conc lus i o t t . . .

/ : Docs th is t lcpress yt tu ' /

L: I can' t say lhat i t c loes acl t ra l ly .

8 Nrt t r tut t Wouldn' t you r i t thcr gt t

sontcwhcrc c lse ' l To your s istcr 's

perhups' l C)r to l t ty wi lc . who would/

wi l l take care ol 'yot t and put you up

l i r r the night .

Wonrurr ' . No. I don' t lec l I cat t tnove

even a yard at the Inolncnt . Woulc l

you mind awful ly i l ' l s tay/stayed

just where I arn until I f'eel bcttcr'l I

don't t'eel too good at the rnornent, I

r ea l l y don ' t .

N. Then hadn' t you bet ter l ie down on

the bed?

Wtntun' . No, I 'd l ike to stay r ight

where I am, in th is chair . A l i t t le

later perhaps, when I feel

KEY - Suggested answers 175

bettcr . I ' l l r t - tove.

I lx 140

I I /We cl ic ln ' t cxpcct h i rn to be. 2 lAVc

hoped he wouldn' t . 3 Hc didn' t sccnr to

bc. '1 Wc don' t bel ievc hc is . -5 IAVe

ckrr . r ' t supposc hc has. 6 l /We clon' t

consider he should. 7 I /We clon' t imaginc

thcy can. l l I woul t ln ' l havc thought i t

wus . 9 l 1 c l ocsn ' t l ook as t l t ough hc w i l l .

l ( l I / W e t l o r t ' l l r ' t ' l t l t e r r ' i s .

Chapter 15 Syntact ic andsemantic funct ions ofsubordinate clauses

Flx l . l l

I nonr inal lob. lcct) 3 at lvcrbia l - l rc lat ive

5 rrorni r l r l (o l r . jcct ; 6 rc la l ivc 7 r tot t t inal

r : t p p t ' s i l i r r ' t X I r ( ) r l l i r l : r l t r r l r i t ' t t I

9 r cducc t l r c l a t i v c l 0 a r l v c rh i a l

I I r roruinal (ob. ject ) l l t ronr i t ra l (o l r . jcct )

l . l udvcrbia l l . l conrpat-at tvc

I5 con rpa ra t i v c I ( r co tnpa r i t t i v c

l 7 non r i r u r l ( con rp l c r r t e r t l ) l 8 a t l v c rb i a l

F]x l . l2

I t l r a t t h i s a r t i r t n l . . . u ' as l i v i ng i r t so t t t c

ncarby hi l ls extr i t l . roset l subir -ct

2 why we we rc ca l l l pn l g . . . an ro r )g t hc

Bo lan t r i hcs tnen co t t t p l c t t t en to l '

sLrb. jcct

3 th:r t Gcorgc was ret t tnt i t tg l t ruch

car l icr I thun expcctet l l c l i rcct o l - r . jcct

oI t t t t ' r t t t:1 what hacl l tappenccl c l i rcct oh. iect o l

nt ld

-5 that hcr hchi tv iour s l tu lvccl l that shc . . .

hcr l i t tcr l oh. jcct o l rcco,qrr i - -cr1, '

t ha l shc was r l c l cn r l i ng hc r l i t t e r

d i rcct ( )b. ie ct o l 's / ta l cr l

6 Wlratevcr t r ick I t r icd I to makc ther l

. . . r l i lk l subjcct o l r tsrr l l t ' l

7 t l rat onc usual ly secs only two cubs

with a l ioness - cxtraposcd subject

l l what rnay be lef ' t ovcr . . . of the pr ide- L ( ) t ) t p l e t l t c t l t t r l ' n r cp0s i l i o t t , , l l

9 that [when the cubs . . . uncler some

shady bushl he was able t0 s i t . . .

Iwatching . . . molested them] - object

of nteunt,'

that no snakes or baboons rnolested

176 KEY - Suggested answers

thcnr direct object of Ir., sac

10 that thcy only requirecl thrcc- l iour l1,

f'cccls clirect objcct ctl' sht ' ' cd

I I that shc shoukl conl inue to lovc thc

l i t t l e r asca l s I c vcn t hou rh . . . f l ' on t

hcrsel f l - cornplcnrenl of ad. jcct ivc

phrasc rt,n' tuttrt ltctl

I2 hor" ' happy s l rc was - . t l i rcct ob. ject of '

s l to. : . c t t

l J t ha t we cou l r l no t kcep l i r r c l c r l h r cc

l : r r l , i r o r r i r t : : l i , t t t r i n : r I p o r i 1 i 1 t 1 1 1 1 1

l .+ that t$ 'o n lust so t l i rcc l ob. ject o l '

lrcidcl;

that i l r 'vould bc het tcr- l that the t r . r ,o

b i g o r r cs . . . s l r ouk l be l he o t r cs t o

lcrrvcf c l i r -ect objccl o l t lc t i t lcLl .

t l l l t t h c two b i s oncs shou l r l l r e l hc

ones lo lcavc cr t raposcr l srrb. jcct

l - 5 t hu t l i l s l r c ha t l on l v ou rsc l ve s l r s

l l i t ' r r t l : l s l t t u o t t l r i h ( ' r ' : t \ ) I r ) t t : t i t l

t i i rcct ob jcc l of l i , l l

F} l.l-l

I We t l o no l know whc thc r / i l ' i l w ,us t hc

ncet l lor loot l or pe r l ta l ts sort tc r t i r tLrnr l

t l i sustcr .

2 l tcr l taps i t rs c ls icr to urr t lc ls tant l

w l t i r t . i n h i s t o r i c l l l i r r r c s . i r r sp i r c r l . . .

t hc unknow t r .

J [ )o u 'c unt lcr-stant l wlrc lhcr i t uus

tn t t l e o r t he t l c s i r c . . . o r pe rhaps u

n t i x t r l r c o l n ro t i v cs .- 1 Who ca r r e xp l u i n whv so r r r c pcop l c . . .

. loLl rne vs. '

5 Is i t per l rups thc case th i r t t l rcy arc

sccking ut lvcnturc or i r chul lcnge l( r C'an rvc rvho have never t ravcl let l in

space i rn lg i r rc what are thc enrol ions

ol ' spacc t ravcl lcrs/whut the crnot ions

o l s l l i t c c t r avc l l e r s a re as t hcy . . . o r r

the earth ' . )

7 Docst t ' t cvcrybocl l ' know wl . rcrr

Clhr is tophcr Col urnbus c l iscovercr l

Anrer ica ' l

l i Colunrbus dic ln ' t ask hinrse l l 'whether/

i f l i c cou l c l have been m is t t ken . . .

9 Do you kr . row where he actual ly nracle

landfnl l ' l

l 0 Do you t h i nk ( t ha t ) i t was wha t we

now cal l the Baharnas' l

I I Can you say which is thc remotesl

place on earth'/

12 Tcl l me who t i rs t sai lec l rouncl ther.r,o rl cl.

l 3 l )o you rernenrbcr how, long

Magcl lan 's l leet took on the voyl le . )

I 4 I ca r r ' t r cn ren rbe r whe re Magc l l l n $as

k i l l e d .

l5 Wcl l . r lo vou know who nrat le ihesccont l . . . u 'or ld ' . )

Iir | 4{

I whe thc r I u , hc thc r . . . whc thc r

.3 whcthcr/ i l ' .1 rvhcthcr 5 Whclhcr(r Whcthcr 7 whet l re r 8 lv l rcthcr / i l t ) i l '

l 0 whc thc r

F]x l-15

| ' Iu lk ing

I to uct J t ( ) c i rusc . l lo s lvc/

suving 5 to cnt lan!cr ( r l rc ing 7 to

l ) t i t l r ' t t X r ' t t l l t t t . . r ) s r r i n r r t t i t t t '

l 0 P rov i r l i r r s I I c xpcc t i ng l 2 t o

d i s t i r r l u i sh l - l sw i r t t r n i ng l . l sw i rn r r l ns

l 5 k i l l i n g l ( r l o l r c c o r n c l 7 l o p r c s c n c

l f i cn t l i t n r c r i ng

Flx 146

I Nobot ly r row,at l l lvs curr hope to

v i s i l . . .

I I t i s u n r r c p l eusu rc t o l i n t l . . .

. l Anr l lo scc t l tc e nr l r t t tot rs crowt ls . . .- l I l woL r l d bc l i r o l i sh l o r any o l L r s t o

n n a g r n c . . .

- 5 . . . no th i ng l c l l l o p r csc r vc .( t . . . 1 1 1 L ' ; 1 . 1 1 | i ' 5 l r r P ; 1 r 1 , ' , 1 . . .

7 . . . so l u t r on i s l i r r govc rn l ne l t t s t o sc l

t l l ) . . .

l l (w r t h a rn r i c s o l o l ' l i c i i t l s ) t o t l i r ec t

v t s l t o r s . . .

9 Ano thc r l x r ss i b i l i t v . l o r c l y on t he

p r i c c r n c c h a n i s r n . . .

l0 . . . pt ry ntore [o sce thc rnorc populur '

. . . l t t r t c t l o n s .

I I lo rcpair sorne ot thc t larnagc

I I . . . t h c o n l v o n e s t o l r e n c l i t . . .

| 3 . . . happier l i r r thcrn not to bc ovcrrun.

l : l . . . wake up onc c l ay t o l i nd i t i s t oo

late.

bl.x 147I Whi lc I rvas on nty way . . . recent ly . I

h a c l . . . c r p e r i e n c c .

I I r c l r t hcd P l r t l t l i r r l l o r r S l l r t r o l t . j u r t : r :

rny t ra in was leaving.

3 I hacl to wai t hal f an hour belbre the

ncxt t ra in lc f t .' 1 I wa l kcd a l l a l ong . . . r r n t i l I f i r unc l . . .

5 Oncc I hat l pt r t lnv c i l : ic or l thc rack. I

s e l t l e d . . .

6 When the t ra in stoPPed r t t

P r ' t e rho t r r t t l l t i l \ r ) u l l d l t t l t t l qo l i t l .

7 As soon as he s: t t c lowtt . he bcgan . .

l l I coulc ln ' t go on rc i t t l t t tg a l ' tcr th is

young l l l a l l . . .

9 I t u, ls a l l r ighr otrcc I l tac l g iven up .

l0 Hc loo hat l c l tLrgl l t thc wrol lg t r l l l l l

a l i c r hc ha t l t t t i s scc l . . .

I I I Ic l rat l spe r l l tw() ) 'cers . . . bc l i r rc hc

had t l c c i dc t l . . .

l l When I t o l t l h i l t r . . . . i l l l t r t l c c i o t t t

t l t i r t . . .

l . l Wc rc l tchct l York whi lc \ \ 'c \ \ 'crc

t lcc l - r . . .

1.1 Tl tc t t tot t tc t t l thc t r l r i t t s loppct l l tc

. jut t rpct l ot t l .

l5 Alas hc lc l ' l thc l ra in bcl i r rc hc hat l

t o l t l r t t c l r i s , . .

Fl,r l-ltt

I l l ' t h i s i s . i us t i c c r l t c t o r i c l t l

I l l ' A r i s t o t l c u ' c r c t t l i v c l o t l av

hypo t hc t i ca l

3 . . . i 1 pcop l c l h i t t k vo t t ' r c de i t t l o l ) c l l

J I l i rn l " l l t i l t t t c i l l t t lo wrol l ! ( )pcl l

5 I l you c l on ' t l r k c l hc l l c i l l ope l l

( r l l y o t t : t s k l t t , ' I l t t ' l o t i t l t i

7 . . . i f I t l i t l t t ' t u ' i t r t t t o k l l ow

hvpothe I ic i t l

8 I l ' t h c r c i s o r t c t h i r l g . . . k l t t l r v opc l l

9 . . . i l ) o t t c r l c l t l l r e opc l l

l 0 . . . i f I hadn ' t w t t r l t c t l t o k t . t ow

hl ,pothct ical

!l,r l.l9

I l l p cop l c we rc r l o t c t t r i t l t t s . . . .

a r chaco logv wou l ( l l l o t c x l s l .

I l l t l re i rncicnt Egypt ians l t i t t l I lo l

bc l i e vcc l . . . t hey wou l t l no t l t avc

b u i l t . . .

3 l i t h cy had no t bcen c l cve r a t . . . t hc

Great Pyrant i t l wctul t l nol be

accu ra te l y l i n cd uP . . .

.1 I l thcrc hat l bccn coinage wl ten t l . tc

pvrarnic ls werc bui l t . the workmen

nr ig l r t not have been pair l wi th lood.

5 l l the Egypt ians hacl not put . . . ' we

rvoultl not knttw mucl.t/stl nluch

KEY - Suggested answers 177

a b o u t . . .

6 l f thc p l , rarnic ls hacl t rot heerr

pluncle ' recl . . . . la tcr cxpl t l rers woulc l

l rave louncl . . .

7 I t the l i rs t Europcan v is i tors h l t l bcen

lurchae ologists thcy r t t ight have t r tat lc

t leta i lec l r totcs.

l l I f ' t l rc surtc ls l tat l r l ( ) t hur iet l sot l )c

t rc i rsurc. par l o l a r , l 'oot lc t t br lat wr lu l t l

r r o t l u r vc hcc r t s l t l c l v exc i t va l c t l . . .

9 I I t l r c V i r l l , : r ' o l t hc K ings h i t t l t t o t i t l s t t

bcen purt l l 'protccte( l by sat td.' l

u t u r t k l t an ru t r ' s l o t r t l - t wou l t l have

l r ( ' r ' n l i ) un ( l h t l o t i l ( ) l l .

l 0 I l ' Tu tunkhan ru r l ' s t o r r l b l t i t t l h cc l l

l i rurr t l b, r ' gravt ' rotrbct ' " . the

lvorrc ler l i r l l rc i rst - l fcs ut lLt l t l t rot t t t l rv bc

i r r l l t c C l t i r o M t t s t t t t t t .

I I I l urc i tacologists t l i t l l lo t \ \ ork

t l t t t ' l t t l l l . - l l t t ' r $ t t t t l r l l l o l \ ' ' r l l l i l l t l \ '

to tcach t ts l t l tot t l lhc p l ls t .

r l -50

S l ro t r l d t , o t t s cc . . . . l c l t t t c k t l o l ' n .

Wc r - c I t o se L - o l r c . I sh t l u l t l . . .

W e r e I 1 o l l l c c l . . . . l ' d i n l i r r - n t . . .

We rc you r tot s0 sccpt ic l t l . 1 'otr r l r rg l r t

l c l . l f l l .

5 H l r l y o u b c c r r w i t h r t r c l a s t I t i g h t . . . .

( r H l t t l r o t t t l o t t { r l r l I t l ( ' . | . . .

7 . . . I t , , i r r t r . u ! r ( ' u ! 1 i l i 1 1 v . ' 5 1 ' ' 1 1 r '

t h c n l .

I H a t l I n o l e x a t D i t t c t l . . .

F . r l 5 l

I Al thoLrgh e nrpl t lve r : ' r t l t l t t re l l \ ' \ \ i t l l t to

r cc ru i l l h c r - i g l r t pco l t l e . so t t t e ( ) f t hc i r

r nc t l t o t l s . . .

2 ' l ' l rouglr

thel ' r rced to l i r t t l ot r t abot l t L ls

do t hc1 , . . .I W l r i l r ' l r h ' t t ' l r t t i t t t l l i l l i r r : . : . i l r r r

c l ucs t i t l r t u i t i | e . I oh i cc t t o . . .

-1 t :vcn i l sor t tc pcrsotr t t l i r t f i t r t t ta l ior t

nrav he nece ssarv. I , : l t l t t ' t \ \ ' i tn l . . .

5 Much as | * 'antct l thc l ls l .1ob I

appl icd f t r r . I re lused . .

6 Re levant i ts thc qtre st ior ts t l t tv have

bcen. thcy struck t r tc as ul lp leasal l t .

7 Whi l tevcr the consequences cot t ld

have been f i r r n t e . I s t i l l wasn ' t . . .

l l So rry appl icat ion was a wastc of

t i n r c . c \ cep t t h : t t l d i d . ! . : c l p r l t c t i ( c . . .

F,I

J

l

l

178 KEY - Suggested answers

9 Even though I real ly d is l iked thequest ionnaire. I enjoyed the

interv iew.

l0 Perhaps I ' l l rnake Lrp thc answers ncxtt i rnc. orr ly c lon' t te l l anyonc.

F]r 152

I Bccause they are convincccl t l rat

excrc ise is gotx l l i r l vou, r l<tctors i r rcu rg l ng . . .

I Such a l o t o l n re n i n pa r t i cu l a r d i c o l 'hear l t l iscusc. thcl ' ought to bc

warnc-tl.

3 Many peoplc t larnare thci r hcur ls

bccausc they cat to() l l luch fa l .-1 Sontc ckrc lors sel a l racl cxanrplc, so

tha t pcop l c . . .

5 Sincc wc urc a lu,ays hcing to l t l toch i r ngc ou r hab i t s . so r r r c l l cop l c t l o r r ' tl i s l c r ) .

6 Sornc r t t i rnr thon rut . lners t ra i r t so l l r r t l

t l l i t l l h cy c rpc r i cnce r c l l pa i l r .

7 S<lrnc runt)crs arc so obscssivc that

thcy i r r . jurc thcrnse lvcs.

l l As thev t lkc r ro cxcrc isc. othcr pcol t lc

becon rc un l i l .

9 Such peoplc o l ierr i t lso ovcreir l . so

thcy pu t o r r wc igh t .

l 0 I l e cuusc so rnc pcop le I ' cu l l y t l i s l i ke

exe rc i sc . l hcy r nakc cxcuses .

I I Sorne peoplc sav they le lc l such busvl i v t s l h r t t l l l \ ' ) ( l ( ' n ' t l r : r r . t i r r r r .

I I S t ' n r r ' ( ) l ( l c r l ) ( ' r ) l r [ ' t l r k c u I r ' 1 rn11111g 111

or( ler lo st rcngthen lhci r boncs.

l - l Scr ious r ln l l rers p lan thci r c l ic t

carcf i r l ly . l i r r v io lcnt cxcrctsc c l t r

da rnagc r t t usc l cs .

I . 1 Havc a chcck up w i t h vou r t l o c to r i n

crse you have a hcart corrr l i t ion.

l -5 Choosc ; ,our runnirrg shocs carel 'u l ly

so i ls nol to ( lanlage your lect .

l6 You c lon' t havc lo run in orc ler to kccpl i t - c yc l i ng o r sw i rnm ing w i l l r l o .

Ex l5- l

I Once thcse arc solcl. you ilre

un l i ke l y . . .

2 Acceptable

.1 I t hough t t he l 1ou . es : r n ue t i v c

supporter of the ar ts in Br i ta in, would

b e . . .. 1 Wh i l e I was wa i t i ng a round . . . a . . .

t cn - yea r -o l d . . .

5 Acccptable6 It is opcn f irr lunch ancl dinner. but

book ing is ac lv ised . . .7 When he was asked much later on .. .

a w ide s i len t smi lc . . .13 Acccptablc9 One o1'the wealthiest men irr thc

world. he has l i rrcisn invcstlncntscs t in ra ted a t ovcr $ I (X) b i l l i on .

l0 Once vou arc rns ic lc . thc house . . .I I Acce ptablt:l2 Acce p tab lc

Irx l5'lI Monaco is b iggcr tha t r thc Vat ic ln

( ' i t y . bu t no l as b ig as Nuuru . Nauru iss n t l l l c r t h a r r . . .

I . . . tha t I long Kor rg i s r r ro rc r l cnsc lv

l ) o l ) t t l i l l ( ' ( | l l l r n : r r t _ r o t l t r ' r ' l t t r i l o r r i t tt hc u ' o r l r l . bu t l c (ua l l y i t i s l c ss t l e r r sc l lpopul i r lc t l th i r r r Mucao. Barrglat lesh ol 'cor t rsc ts not as t lcnscly pol tu latet l asc i t hc r .

- l I nd i u ' s cu l r cn t po l t u l i r t i on i s r r o t as b i gI r s ( ' h i na ' s . bu r . . . l r y ] 050 i r $ , i l l b cb iggc r t h i t n Ch ina ' s .

- l . . . wus no t i r s l ) i g us Tokyo i n l g l J -5 . . .i t coul t l bc b i r :scr than i rny ot l tcrc i t 1 , . . .

5 . . . l owc r i r r Wcs t C i cn t ra l r y t han . . .rnorc Ih l r r twice as f ls l as thc workl 'sl l v e f l t g c .

( ) . . . t hc r c a r c no t as n tany l e rna l cs i n t hcworkl as uralcs . . . thcrc rnay bc rnorcwonten l l la l t ntc l l

7 . . . l i v c k rngc r l han t he i r pa ren t s d i t l . . .as h i gh as Japan ' s . . . l i v c as l ong aswonrcl l 0() . . . le wcr nrcn i l ran wonten

can cxpcct lo rc i lc l t c ighly.

Fl,x 155

| . . . l h i r t a su r f ucc l o a i r n t i s s i l e . . .p lanc nominal (apposi t ive to / / /cpo . s . r i h i l i t t )

2 I iuhtning ancl p i lot crror . . . ru lecl outr . rorninal (ob. iect)

3 i f 'any of the boci ics . . . bonrb blasr -

nominal (object)

4 that they could not f ind . . . engine -

nominal (extraposed subject)

5 That is extremely strangc - nominal(object of .ialzl)

Wc have no idea [what i t impl ies]

nominal (also object of .rair1)

what i t i t implies - nominal(apposit ive Io ntt i t lea)

6 the inrpl icat ion .. . nl issi lc - nominal

(objccl ol ,vrlr1)

that the r ight side of the plane .. .

cxpkrsion - nominal (apposit ive to t f ic

intplitutittn\'.that i t rnight have been causcd by a

rnissi le norrt inal (apposit ivc to t / ic

I l l ( ( ) l \ ' )

7 how thc wir tg catr lc to bc dclachcd -

r rominal (object o l ' prept ls i t i t ln or t )

f l that i t ( l is intcgr l tc( l - notr l inal

(app<rsi t ivc lo t hc l t t ts s i h i l i t t ' )

9 th i l l i l wot t l t l l rave brokcn t rp in sr l la l l

p icces - t rotr t i t ta l (e xtr i tposcd suh. icc l )

l 0 t l r a t h i s t ca t t t . . . t he s i t c t t o r t t i na l

(o l r . jcct o l t or t l r r t t t t 'd1

I I u 'ho. io ined lhc invcsl igat i t ) l l ) 'estcr( lay

T C I i I I I V L ]

l l r vhc r c l hc b l ack box w i l l go . .

crurnin i t l io t t r tot t t i t ta l ( t l l l . jcct o l '

pre posi t ior t a l ro l t l )

I I l n ou r v i cw . . . i l t vo l vc t l t t t l t l t i na l

(ob. jcct o l 'srr i1)

thal (hc cr t t tn i r lat iot r s l tot t l t l bc t l t l l lc

. . . i n vo l vc t l t r o l t l i t r a l ( co l l l p l c l l l c l l t

o l / / ( ' ( c . \ ,1( / / ' \ ' ,

whe rc t rotrocly is involve t l rc lat ivc

( t o ( ( ) l / / ? 1 , ) )

l : 1 i l ' i t r ve re i hc l i r r i t e t l S ta l cs a t l v c rb i a l

( o l ' con t l i t i on )

bccausc the Al t re r ic i t t rs at-c p l l tycrs i t l

th is l t lvcrbia l (o l rcasol l )

l5 tsocin l l 767s r" 'crc wcl l c t lns l ructet l

and wcl l pr t tvcd * t tot l l inal (objcct o l

sui t l )

I 6 t h l t t l r c a i r c ra l t . . . a l t i t u t l c - t r o t l l i na l

(courplctr lc t l t o l x t t . r )

l7 wl i ich bcgrt l . . . bonlbs - rc la l ivc ( t t r

t lt L' i rtt r'.st t,4t I t r t tt )

t ha t t he l e l i - hand cng inc . . . n r i d -a i r

nonr inal (obiccl of r ' r r r r7?'ntcd)

Chapter 16 ComPlementat ion ofverbs and adjectives

Ex 156I lboling around 2 settlecl rlown

3 clropped out 4 cried ofT 5 gives uP

6 come on 7 f 'el l through [ l r inging up

KEY - Suggested answers 179

9 wai t up l0 taking ofT l1 touched down

12 own up 13 went ahead 14 bear uP

15 wear of f 16 Hold on l7 look back

l8 stands oul 19 come about 20 caugl- t t

on 2l g ive in 22 Pass awaY

Ex 157

I Thc t ickets havcn' t bcen paic l 1br.

have they' l

3 Thc car hacl bet tcr bc sccn (o lor we ' l l

h a v c . . . I5 This problent real ly ought to bc

Iookccl i t r to l i r r thcr .

7 Sonrc of thc problc l rs havc al rcat ly

bccn rc lcrrcc l t t l .

f l Sonrc 0l the pr t lposals wcrc stronl l ly

ob. icc lcd to.

9 Tl tc car has l rccr l rcal ly wcl l carcd l i r r .

l0 That r r i iss i t rg t t tot te y is t tcvcr l lo i t lg I t r

bc accottlttccl lirr.

I I I lavc thcsc l ibrary books bect l

l i n i shc t l w i t h l

I I ' Ihcsc

bt txes i t re l lo t to bc intcr lcrcd

w i t l r .

l - l Thcsc ru lcs tnust l te at lhcrct l to.

l '1 ' l -hc

l rouse socl l ls (o h i tvc bcctr qut te

* ' c l l l ookcc l a l t c r .

l -5 Sortrc th i t rgs arc i t rgt tct l t lvcr l i r r agcs

w i t h r t o r cs t t l t .

l ( r Thc problcr t t has hecl t t l isposccl o l

110\\'.

l 9 l ) av i d ca r r bc r e l i e t l o t r t o hc l p .

20 Why atr t I r t lways hcir ls Iatrghccl i l l . '

lNo p r t ss i vcs l i r r l . - 1 . 6 . I 7 o r l l l l

F lx l5t t

I r unn ing i t i n I t ake t he l t l i t l 3 co r t l i t l c

in hcr . l i r tvcstct l i t t thct t t 5 c l ts l let l l l tc t r . t

r l l in ( r rc ly on hcl- 7 turn otr l r i l t l

lJ nrove thctr t ot t 9 i t rs is t otr i t l0 pass t t

o r r t o l l w i t l t hen l ovc r l 2 gc t ove r i t

l3 stood by hinr l '1 put t i r lg thcrr l across

I 5 courc across i t I 6 keep thenl ot l t

l 7 t akcs a f t e r h i t n l l J t un r i t dowr l

I t ) look thenr up 20 pLrt i t ot i '

Ex 1591 (c ) 2 ( i ) 3 (h ) ' 1 (g ) -5 (b ) 6 (k ) 7 (d ) 8 ( l ' )9 ( j ) l 0 (e )

Er 160I P l ea :e r t t l \ \ c r . Wc l l . s t op e r i t i u i z i ng .

Why can' t you help ' l I 'm asking whether

180 KEY - Suggested answers

you itre still borrowing fiorn the bank.

You real ly should stop spending the way

vou do. At your agc I saved rcgular ly .

You secm to spencl a lbr tune on rubbish.

Thal 's not t rue. I c lon ' t accept that . I

need a lot of th ings - a car fbr a star t .

Oh. cor lc. You don' t r reecl a car. You

nrcan you wanl a car. I th ink you sho,r lc l

wr i te to your bank rnanagcr ancl . . .

I I arr ivet l hot ancl t i red. I 'c l bccn c l r iv ing

al l c lay ancl thcn hacl a job t ry ing to par i i .

Af icr I 'd unpackct l . washccl and changccl .

I l i ry on thc bccl reat l ing ul l t i l i l wus t inrc

l i r r d i nnc r . Ncx t r no rn i ng I wcn l oL r t

looking l i r r a barrk. becausc I l rccclet l to

c l . l tnrc nrorrey. [Jut I coul t ln ' t l ind a balrk

anywncrc.

l lx l f i l

I Havc lhcsc repl i r -s bcen costcr l in

aclv i r r rcc ' . ) 3 Whe n r ly brothcr was

rr tcasurccl l i r r a ncu, sui l . hc w, i rs tokl bv

thc t l i l o r t ha t I a l l t hc r cs t i r r l c r i v c ]( r The hoslrgcs l rc be inr he l t l i r r

t l re at l l 'u l cont l i t ions. 9 A ncrv wls l re r

r rcct ls to bc l i l tc( l to thxl l i lp /That tap

nec t l s t o h l r vc a ncw w i r shc r l i i l c r l .

l l Was I l i l l i c Je an K rn ! ' s l c co r t l

c c l ua l l cd hy N i t v r - a t i l o i , l ' s . ) | l l r s s i vcs t r o t

poss ib l e l i r r 2 . . 1 . 5 . 7 . u . 10 . I I l

F lx 162

I I w i s h I w c r c . . .

I l w i s l r I c o u k l . . .. l I r v r s l t I undc rs too t l . . . / kncw . . . / l e l t . . .

5 I w i sh I d i dn ' t was t c so n ruch n to t r cy /

rvatch so nruch TV/worry so rr ruch

6 I w i sh l had h l c l . . . / l r l d savc t l . . . / had

wo l ke t l . . .

7 I w i sh I hadn ' t wa t chcd . . . 74 tac l n ' l

b o u g h t . . .

l l I w i sh I h l t l ( go t ) . . .

9 I wis l r I d ic ln ' t havc so lnal t ) j

prcblcms/so rnuch to do/such di f f icul t

ha i r

l 0 I w ' i sh I had becn t o . . .

I I I w i sh peop l c wou ld ' t k cep . . .

l 2 I w i sh t ha t one , . l a y I cou ld . . .

Ex 16 l

I cr i t ic iz ing 2 to pay 3 to c lo , l c lo ing

5 l is tening 6 to bc 7 worry in-u 8 t ry ing

9 to do l0 to speak up I I ro c lol 2 t r y i ng l 3 n rak i ng 1 ,1 bc i ng 1 -5 t ounde rs tand l 6 t odo l 7 t o r ea l i ze

I 8 sf t rppine I 9 t ry ing 20 to succeed

Ex l6, l

I h inr to apply 2 hc should apply -3 h inrto apply/ that hc should rpply 4 hc would

think about i t 5 h i rn to th ink about i t , /h inrt ha t hc shouk l t h i nk abou t i t 6 l r i r n w r i t ci n 7 t ha t he shou l< l w r i t c i n l l t o l end h i r r rt l rc car 9 h i rn to bornrw thc car I0 I t i r r r

horrorv thc car I I nevcr to lcnd I 2 thethe r rn i t rd was rr r l t lc up l3 he r to chirngc

I tcr r t t inc l l . l h is/h inr lsk ing

1.5 hinr cvcr to ask agairr

F]X 16-5

l ( a ) l ( c ) - 1 ( i ) 5 ( d ) 6 ( g ) 7 ( b ) u ( e ) ( ) ( . i )l ( X h )

F} 166

I Sorne progrcss is supposcr l lo havc

bccn rnat lc .

I ' l -he

chairntan is consi t lcrccl to bc un

cxpc r l .

- l Sornc rncnrt rcrs arc nurrotr rct l to bc

u ! )nap l ) v .

J l l rc l inr l i r rgs l r rc unr lcrstoot l lo be Ia i r ' .

.5 ' l

hc rccorrrr r re r r r l l r l ions arc prcsunrct l

Io l r t ' rar l ic i t l .( r Te rupcr-s are bcl icvcr l to l rave rurr

h i g h .

7 ' fhc

c l iscussions wcrc rcportct l to havcbccrr lough.

f l ' l

hc rcsul ls t r rc s i r i t l to bc l l r r -c lching.() Sornc proposlr ls urc lhought lo h lvc

bccrr c l roppet l .

l0 Sonrc nrcnr l rcrs arc knowrr lo t l isagrcc.

F.r 167

I She rernint is nte o l nty cousin. 2 |congratulute( i hc l on passi l r I l tcr cxaln.

- 1 Don ' t kecp p l y i ng pcop le w i t h d r i nks .. l ' l -het ' accusccl nrc of borrcwi l tg . . .

-5 Plcase introt lucc nte to your parcnts.

6 I r r us t w r i t e r nc l l hank he r f i r r . . . 7 Bu tyou just can' t prcvenl thent fhrnt ru in ing

. . . lJ Have you conrparet l i t wi th pr ices ino l l r c r : l t o p s . ' ( ) . . . i l i r \ c \ i \ l t r l

complirlenl il \\'orltan on her appcarance.10 . . . t o t r 1 , anc l t r ea t t he rn t o a mea l .

l} l6ttu s l . 4 . 6 . 9 . 1 2tc l us l . 3 . -5 . 7 , 8 . 10 . I I

F]x 169I careful to pay her bi l ls 2 quick to spot

a rnistake 3 rel ievcd to hear that Davicl

. . . :1 macl to have throwtr/to throw up

yourjob -5 kcen to start t t ty own business

6 cl isappointed nol lo havc heard .. .

7 unablc to telcph()nc t i Shc is usually

casy to corl tact 9 She was inlpossible to

get holcl ot ' l0 Thc papers arc reacl l to bc

signctl / to sign I I You woult l bc Irtost

U n \.'!'lSC

to le r rd . . . I f Wc rve rc p le ascd to bc

ab l c t o hc l p

Ghapter 17 The noun phrase

Er 1702 cxurnplc - l Associ i t t ion .1 rcport

5 nronopoly ( r c lout l 7 i l l tcrcsts

l l i r rvest igat ion 9 report l0 f i r rccast i r tg

l l O l l i c c l l t ask l - l wca thc r l : l way

I -5 languagc | ( r t ransla l iot rs lJ W hi t h . '

l l l s ty lc l 9 sc ict rcc l0 l i r lccast

2 I phrascs

! } l 7 l

I that abst f i lc l sc ict tcc wtr t lse prolcssors

I t ev ( ' t \ e r ' t t t : t l r l t ' l o : t t t r ' c . . .

2 thc l i rs t h; l -c lcct ion whose rcsul t has

bccn c l u i t t t c t l . . .

3 Not possib le - bccat tsc thc of bclonrs

wi th the vcrh rr l t t ' i r tcc ( . torr) r l . That

is . the me:rning is l i r r p lot rcasol ls

t l r i , l t i t l r t k cs : r uo r x l : t r i p l u t i l c r t o

convince you o/ .r l a tour whosc funct iot t is t ( )

i n t r oducc . . .

5 one hurtc l reci rn i l l ion c lo l lars wtrosc

va luc you mus I n l a l n l a l n . . .

6 de : i g r r r u ho :e r t t c l t l t i t t g i : t t o l

unclcrstood.

Ex 1722 which/that 3 which/that/- ' l that/

which 5 which 6 who 7 whorn lJ /that/which/ 9 which l0 i thatlwhichl l who 12 wh ich l3 wh ich l '1 tha t /

which l-5 whose l6 whose l7 where

KEY - Suggested answers 181

Fl,x 173I Travellers on thc Trans-Siberian

ra i lway. which strctches t iom Moscow

to the Paci l ic Ocean, take 8 days 4

hours 25 minute s on the journcy.

dur ing which t l rere arc 97 stops.

2 Thc Indian-Paci t ic ra i lway. whose

repulat ion is perhaps less learst lmc

than t l re Trans Siber ian. crosscs

Ar " r s t r a l i a l r om Pc r t h . . . t he Pac i l i c .

- l I t covcrs a c l is tancc of 2.720 rn i lcs, o1'

wh i ch 197 . . . a re c l ca t i s t r a i gh t , wh i ch

i s t l r e l ongcs t . . . t hc wo r l t l .

J T l r csc . i , t u l r r cv . l r ppc l r l l o i r ( ' \ ' f l i r i n l ) Peol t ravcl lcr . who is t tot in i t l turry at tc l

to rvhonr thc. journe v. t rot t l rc arr ival .

l l rat Icrs.

- 5 ( i Sowc rby and l ' ( l ah i l l . who wes h i s

co-t l r ive r ancl t l tv igator . in I t . ) l {7 drove

lu l i r r , r r -wlrcc l dr ivc p ick-up t ruck l ronr

[ Jshua ia t o P ru t l l t o c Bay (A laska ) .

w l r i ch i s a d i s t i u l ce o l ' 14 .719 r t r i l c s . i r t

. iL ls t unclcr 2.1 days. wlr ich is l t recort l

t i rne l i r r the . journcy. l l i ( ) lc that i t t l9 t i7

has bccrt l turvet l I6 The y wcrc howcvcr sur l lcc l ie ightct l

ovcr thc Dar icrr ( iap. which is bctwcct l

Clo lonrbia ar t r l Pani t t t ta. wherc thc' f rans-Arr icr ic ln

h ighway t locs t r t t t

e x i s t .

l lx 174

I A r i y sug l cs t i on t h : t t we a r c n t t t a l l

equl t l t t takcs sot t lc l reoplc vcrv a l lgry.

2 Many people do not i rcccpt thc

cxp lanu t i on t l l i t l a cc i dc t r t s . . .

3 Is i t a f i rc t that t l lcre are nrorc

s c i e n t i s t s . . . . ), l I don' t unt lcrstant l thc thcory lh i t t thcrc

l r r c l r l o l o l h l l r t k 1 t , r 1 . . . . .

5 l ' i rere is a lso thc idca that t l . tc ut t ivcrsc

(r Is there i rny hopc that we c ln r i t l thc

w o r l d . . . ' l

7 Everyone rernentbcrs Nei l Ar l t ts t rong's

rcr.nark when hc steppecl on thc llloon

tha t / i t was one sma l l s t cp . . .

u l arn not surc whethcr I agrcc rv i th

Shakespeare's obscrvat ion that a l l thc

wor ld is a stage.

llx 175I a new technique to cure sleeplessness

182 KEY - Suggested answers

2 a ncw technique . . . based on thought-jamming 3 a s imple word . . . repeated

unt lcr lhe bre: i th three or four t i rncs u

second , l technique being tested . . .

Cambridge 5 r l i l l ions suf ' ter ing f ronr

s lceplessness 6 a k incl of ' rnenrory t raf f ic

con t ro l ' ca l l ed ' t he cen l r r l execu t i v c '

7 in l i r rmat ion cntcr ing thc brain

l l nothing part icular ly interest ing 9 wa1's

to provic le a stcady l low . . . brain

|0 ot l rer lasks to do I I a rncthocl {o

inclucc s lcep I f the inraginary shecp

bcir . rg countcr l l3 the only t l r ing ( f i r r

rnosl pcoplc) to do 1.1 te sts spccia l ly

des igned . . . t hc t hco ry I 5 l hosc l es t cc l

l ( r work to bc c lonc

Ir,x 176

I the encl o l ' thc weck 3 rcscarch by

psychologists '1 i r r i tat ron ol ' l soci l l k inci

5 a weakcn i r r g o l t hc . . . s vs t cn r 6 l i r L r r

days al icr u row 7 thc latcs l s tut ly into

thc c l ' l i ' c t s . . . l J t hc c l l c c t s o l r r r cn ta l

wc l l - be ing 9 t hc c l l ec t s | | on phys i c l l

hc:r l th l0 l ' .v i t lence ol /aboLr l / l i r r such

c l l e c t s I I u nun rhc r o l ' se r i ous d i seases

I I cn ro l i ons o l unge r i 3 t hc t l ca t l r o l i r

spousc 1 .1 u s i r r r i l u r e l l c c t l i r r t hc

con r r l ) on co l t l I 5 a hu r r t l r cd c l c r i ca l s t a l l '

l ' r r rnr /at / in a lux o l ' l ice | ( r l lux o l l icc i r t

t hc no r l h . . . l 7 t hc no r t l r o l Ens lan r l

I l l a d i a r y o f / abou t t hc i r hca l t h . . . t hcy

had l 9 $ 'hat sort o l dry 20 l i rur c lays

bcl i r re contract ine thc cokl I I a nrarkct l

, l r 0p i r r t l i l r r l en t f i ( ' \ . . . l l t r ' i r s ; r ous r ' .

22 l r icndly rc lat iorrs wi th the i r spor- lsrrs

2- l an increasc i r . r thc nurnbcr. . . 2:1 thc

nurnber o l socia l annoyanccs 25 a

dcl in i tc l ink bctwecn nxrod and in l 'ect ion

hl,x 177I I t ' s rny be l ie l ' tha t the l i r c . . .2 Their corrcspondcncc lastcd t irr

twenty years.3 Is there evcr a hyphcn in thc worcl

cooccur'l,1 Their behaviour was rcal ly bad.

w h i c h . . .5 These people are inhabitants of one .. .6 Al l the competitors must . . .7 Were the re any survivors of tlre crash'l8 The organization of the event wils

bri l l iant.

9 Those chi ldren's educat ion wrs nol

very good.

l0 You necd more pr i ic t ice. lAmEpracl ise l

I I The hostages're lease was wonderfu l .

l 2 I don ' t l i k c you r con t i nua l c r i t i c i s rn .

l3 Clan we rnake arrangcr lcnls to mccl ' l

l J W l r l r t i l r c t l l c s t J r \ a r r t l r t r i p cs

symbols/a symbol o{"1

l5 [ 'crhaps thc c l r . rb nce c ls rnorc publ ic i ty .

l6 Whcrc is thc cat 's l i rod ' l

l7 I t 's a hotel whcre y()r - l L 'an havc r l inncr

i r r thc garc le n.

l lJ Ol ' l icc rc locat ion usr. ra l ly r rpscts thc

s ta l l .

l 9 I was ou l o l b rea th .

l ( ) Y r r r r t l i t l r r ' l r r r i . c l r r r l , r h . j e t l i o r r .

l lx l T l i

l ( c ) t hc whcc l c l an rp . t hc po l i c c dcv i ce

l i r r i n r r nob i l i z i ng i l l c l i r l l v pa rkc r l

c a r s . w l r c n . . .

l ( c ) . . . l h c new r i ch . t hosc r i chc r t ha r r

h i n r se l l ' . . . .

3 (g ) t hc Bushcs ' s1 - x rn i e l . M i l l i c . . .: l ( l ) . . . gang w i t r l t t r c . l h cn t o r t t s . . .

6 (b ) AL rs t r a l i i r ' s n r rw 1 - t l us t i c bunk r t o t c .

thc la lest worcl in ant i - l l - i ru( l kno\ \ '

l t o w . . .

7 ( ( l ) . . . a pccu l i a r pheno rnc r ron . t hc

w i l l i ngness o1 ' acac l c rn i cs t o puy

t r i bu t c t o t hc l cuc l e r s o l ' b l t x rd l h i r s l v

rcgi nrcs.

Flx 179

I l t was an cr) te r la i l l i r ls p lay.

2 Hc gave an arnazing pcr l i r rnnncc.

3 I aclnt i re Edwarr l Fox's bcaut i lu l ly

t imcd i r c t i ng .'1 Nrx possib lc I ' iarr iv ing latc pcoplc l

5 S , r r t t r ' p l uys t o r t t i r i r t n r l hc l \ u l p f i s i r r r

language.

6 One real ly shockccl man le l t .

7 No t poss ib l e l * t hc l a l k i ne . . . ch i l c l r en l

l { The openin-u sccne was br i l l iant .

9 Not possib lc [ ' r 'wc atc got ice-creanrsl

l0 Not possib le [* thc denranded pr icesl

I I We always have rcscrved scats.

l2 The play had a rather con.rplicated

plot .

l3 Thcre was an unrelatecl twist at the

end of the play.

l 4 Thu l uus ce r l a i n l y l n unexpec ted

ending.

E r 180

I a c l rug aclc l ic t 2 l i fc insurancc 3 eye

stra i l r ;1 a ncws hul lc t in 5 a bartana ski r t

6 a nreaslcs oLl tbreak 7 garc len chairs

l l tooth decay 9 ar tnholcs l0 a c lothcs

b rush I I aneguhcad 12a tu ' o ca r

lanr i ly I 3 a post of f ice l '1 a bus stop

l5 a haby-s i t tcr l6 i t tc t t -storey ol ' l icc

b lock l 7 a packagc ho l i de l ' l 8 a r t ns

conlro l I9 u c l rcss shop 20. i t tnk t i r tx l

F lx l l i l

2 the rvholc ske in I l tur t tat t k ind ; l a

str - ik ing rcsert tb l iutcc 5 thc Ll r i t is l r scenc

(r a bct tcr opPortu l t i ty 7 l ishing rot ls

l i shot gut ts t hr"r r t t i r tg bools l0 act iv is l

o r ! un i zu t i ons | | l i c l t l spo r t s l J cou l t t r y

habi ts ant l pctspcct ives 1.3 re lat ionshi l - rs

bctrvccn hurnan k i t t t l at t t l the ani t la l

wo r l d 1 .1 hun t i ng . s l t oo t i t t g and l i s l t i r t g as

l prrst i r ) re I5 a wci tkne ss l i r r thc c l l tsc

I( r intcrrn i t tcnt l t i t r i tsstne t t t o l hurt ts i t t t t l

t h c i r suppo r te r s l 7 l i r x hun t i r t g s i t t c c t hc

wa r l f J t hc i r t vo l vcn re t t t o l poss ib l y two

n r i l l i on pe op l c | 9 bo t l t s i t l c s o l t he

rurgur l rcnt l0 thc acccss to thc tnccl ia

I I nrc l l ror ls o l bcl taviour l2 a w,:akt tcss

l i r r thc chasc l3 t l tc wcakt tcsscs

l-1 l i te ratu lc unr l a cul turc 2-5 lhose

26 lhe e xtenl 27 thc rnotrcy utr t l l l tc

r . rcccss Io thc r t tc t l i i t ] l l conccrnct l wi th

luninul wcl larc. i t r t t l rarrg i t rg across t l re

who l c ske in . . . t hc i u r i t na l wo r l t l

l9 barrccl by thosc . . . f rotn the Br i t ish

sccne J0 lo press t l rc i r argurt tetr ts t t r

succcss l u l co t t c l us i o t t s .

Chapter 18 Theme, focus, andinformation processing

Ex ltt2l ( b ) 2 ( c ) 3 ( a ) ' 1 ( c ) 5 ( b ) 6 ( d )

Ex l8 lI Afier an hour or two I lracl extritcted

l iom my inte r locutor the aclmission .. .gett ing me across.

2 The Revolut ionary Guards beat up and

detained for one clay. Mr Edward

Chrp l in . a Br i t i sh d ip lomi r t . inapparent retal iat ion .. . charges.

KEY - Suggested answers 183

3 l n h i s con t r i bu t i on t o Lu t c P i t ' u sso . . . .

Davic l Sylvester argues ( that) these

pictures lay nakecl the horror of

growing olc l ., l We cannot dcducc f rorn an c lect ion . . .

won by a distancc any very cont ident

po in t c r s . . . l i r u r yea rs hence .

5 Wi ld horses woulc l r to l l tave draggccl

l l 'onr rne the l ruth.

Fh ltt4

t ( b ) l ( b ) 3 ( a ) . 1 ( d ) 5 ( b ) 6 ( d ) 7 ( c ) l t ( a )

F.r ltt5

2 Vcry . j l i l iy .1 l lnr i l ics/ thenrsclvcs

5 C'hr is / ( 'hr is ty 6 lc l i 7 1976 l l Pcal t lon/

Pcursorr 9 in l0 lar tc lscapc I I two

l 2 w i l h o u t

F]\ ltl6

I Otr . jcct I carr t lo wi t l tout that sort o l

rcrrr ark.

I C'onrplcrne nt I t is r tot ob. jcct ivc.

3 ( - o r r r p l c rncn l l o l ob . j c c t l I ca l l i t

rur tk int l .

J l ' n ' t l i r ' l r t t ' l r r r t t l t r ' ) t l i t l r ' r ' i t i t i ze .

5 Advcrbi i r l I r r tust have secrt tc t l a

ch i l r l l o l hc r r r .( r Olr . ject Thcsc peoplc woukl br i r tg i r t

thrce or l i rur cars at u t i rnc l i r r

scrv ic i t tg.

7 Advc rb i a l The y ' r l g ru r r r b l c . . . abou t

son re t l 0 i t cn r o r t t hc b i l l .

13 Prccl icate I 'hcy wcrc a lways

g ru r t t b l i ng .

9 ( 'ornplcnrcnt - Thcv probably wcrc

rn i l l ior ta i rcs.

l0 Cornplcrr tcr t t ' Ihcy

werc notgcl lcrous.

I I Ob. iect - . Nobocly carr dclcnd th is

par l icular law.

l2 Aclvcrbia l Nobocly is arguing ahout

lhc ncccl t i r r a l ibe I law.

I 3 Prct l icate . . . thut i t is neecled.

l 4 Adve rb ia l The l aw canno t be . . .

det 'cnded in i ts prescnt state.

I 5 Comp lemen t . . . t hough i t may be

unsa t i s f i t c l o r y . . .

Ex 187I Staring up at him, row upon row,

srnug, self:satisfied ancl hostile sat the

new gene ru l i o r r o f Commun is l s . . . .

184 KEY - Suggested answers

2 . . . Then out came the spadcs, sand

r lats ancl towin{ ropes. ancl the whole

clreary busincss of 'un-st ick ing' rvould

star t again.

J Across lhe val lcy, dark against thc

set t ing sun. rose thc f i rs t o l - the ranr:cs

o t h i l l s wh i ch l ay be tween us anc l t he

cot tst .. l Across thc huy strctchccl u chain o l '

sant l is lancls anr l b l lck. jaglct l rocks.

shcl tcr ing thc l rarbour f i ln thc

wcstcr ly qalcs san( l is luncls anr l b lack

. jaggcd rocks. shcl ter i r rg t l re harbour

l ionr the wcsle r ly galcs ant l s t lual ls ot

t hc Ac l r i a t i c .

-5 Rouncl us at othcr tablcs sat t l te

co l l c c l i o t t o l l ' - gvp t i an pashas . ( i r c ck

r r r i l l i o n a i r c s . . . l h c w l r r( r Out o l thc l i r r ant l srnokc rosc cr- ics o l '

tc r ror .

7 Evc ry so o l t cn a l o r rg t he sca lh rn l

coul t l bc sccrt thc barc whi tc r ibs o l i r

h o a t . . . N o a h ' s A r k .

l J I n l 9 l 5 Raga r r rah was a s i r r r p l c l i r un .

ant l the lc was cr l rctct l t l tc lgrce nlcnt

t ha t un i l i c t l A rab ia .

9 Opirosi tc l l lc s i l l l \ \ ,o rct i re( l l i lc tory

wo rkc r s r vhosc . . . l l aps .

l 0 Abovc i t hung a ba r - b1 , w l r i ch t hc( ' hu i nnun co r . r l t l hau l r r p h i s a re i n l

bot ly ancl ncar thc la l ) wus u rct l but lor . r

l i r r cnrcrgcncics.

F} ltitl

I Nowherc huvc I sccn a nrore

won r l c r l u l bu i l d i ng .

2 No longcr i r rc lhe rc rc!u l l r passcn!cr '

l i n c r s . . .

3 No i r rvcrs ion Nowhcrc I have secrr

\ u r l ) i t : \ r ' \ r l r c T : r . j M l r l r l r . .- : 1 No i nve r s i o r r Nc i t hc r r r r v s i s l e r no r I

l i kes / l i k c t hc hca l .

- 5 . . . And nc i t hc r c l o I .( r No sooncr had we arr ivcr l t l ran the

stonn broke.

7 No t s i nce I was a ch i l d have I

expc r i encec l . . .

lJ No invers ion - I nei thcr kncw nor

ca rec l wha t wou ld . . .

9 Not onl l ' c l ic l Torn arr ivc late. but he

star tcd complain ing.

l 0 Neve r a - sa in w i l l I i n v i t e h i r n .

I I No invcrs ion - No goocl wi l l come of

t h i s .

l 2 No good w i l l t h i s do yo l r .

F lx 189

I Pcrhaps i t 's boredorn or a longing f i r r

cxci tenrent that rnakcs pcople

exper i lncnt wi th r l rugs.

I I t h i nk i t ' s n ta i n l y an tong t he young

that wc f inc l c l rug-takinr : .

I What wc ncct l to rnake peoplc rcal izc

i s t ha t r l r ug t ak i ng i s se l l - c l c s t r uc t i v c .:1 What sorne pcople th i r rk is that a l l

r l r u g s . . .

- 5 They s i r v i t ' s l h c c l a r l ou r o l ' do i ng

so l ) l c t h i ng i l l e ga l t ha t i l t t r ac t s pcop l c .

6 What surpr iscs nte is that any pcoplc

bccorr tc 'cour icrs ' wht : r r sorrrc

g ( \ vcnu ) l c l ) l s havc suc l t t ough l aws . . .7 I suppose i l i s t hc hopc o l ' easy r r r oncv

lh i l l t c l l l p l s t hc l n .

l J Whu t n rany pcop le r k rn ' ( r ca l i ze i s l h i t lo r t l i n i r r y t l r ug l ake r s . . .

t ) What lhc t ln lg barons t ic l ibcratc ly ' t l<r

r s i r r v o l v e ' s r n a l l p c o p l c ' .

l 0 Whe t l hc ( ' u s l o rns pcop l c a r c l t x r k i n I

l i r r i s t r a v c l l c r s w h o . . .

I I I l ' s o l t cn t he s l na l l peop l c . r r o t t hc b i gpeople. who set caught

l l W l i l r t n l r r \ l t o \ \ ' n l n t ( ' n t \ \ 4 i u t l i \ l ( l

s t o l l . . .

F} 190

I fo pcrsuat lc l t i r t t u,on' l bc cusy. :1 I 'hat

wc a r c qu i t c I i ke I y t o l i r i l sec r l s c l ca r . 7

What you sav wi l l probably nrakc r to

t l i l l t ' r ence . lA l l t he o the r sen t c l l c cs a r c

awkwart l or- inrpossib lc l

F l x l 9 l

I an outcry about the sulcty o l 'carr iagc

t loors

- l a voung nrarr rvho hat l becrr c l r ink ing

1o r r nos l o l t he . j ou rncy'1 rather nrore than hc shoul t l havc

5 a c l l im that thc ra i lway is rcsponsiblc

l i r r h is dc.ath

6 lccusl t ions ol negl igerrce

7 yct unothcr invcst igat ion i r r to saf 'ety

standar( ls

lJ a c lutv to cnsure that doors and

winclows are l tot l 'aul tyt) rnore than is good tbr thern

l0 a lot of nonscnsc about hurnan r ights

I I the idea that there is a lways sor leone

lo l r lame fbr an accident /someone who

should pay compensat iorr to thc

v i c t i n r s o r t he i r I am i l i es

I I r t o l t h : r r l u t c h u r r r u n t i g h t l 1 ) \ u r \ i \ c i l

J0urneyl 3 . journeys by t ra in. car. p lane, evcn on

i(x) t

l : l a duty to maintain h igh standarcls

l -5 the t i rnc to real izc thal thcy too l rust

excrc isc carc

l6 accic lents. sorne ol which rrc

nobody ' s l au l t

l lx 192

I . . . t hc re l i v cd i r b ro thc r .

I Now i tncl rgair t thcrc appcarct l orr t l rc

l ront stc l )s . . . a l t rxx l - l txrk ing rvort ran.

J Thcrc are sol l lc n ickrranrcs lhal a lc

obs(aclcs to l ' r ' icnclship.:1 A rnorr t l r u l tcr Dostoycvsky t l icr l lhcrc

was cnac (c ( l i t s ccnc . . .

5 A p l easa r t t c r p l acc . . . t hc r c cou l t l

not bc.

Chapter 19 From sentence totext

l lx l9-l

I l l icr I u l r -cut l1 ' . l sucl t us : l to 5 l l l r ic l r( r l l owcvc r 7 ques l i ons l l Whe l c

9 i t l 0 so | | I ' hesc l l l J t r l l . l so

l - 1 r na thcn ra t i c s l 5 l u t c l ( r l l ' i l hou l

l 7 l h is l f i rvhcthcr l 9 thcrc l i r rc l0 not

l l I n t he en t l l l t l i t l 23 cqu i r t i o r r l - 1 t h i s

25 l t a l l

F\ l9.l

l ( c ) 3 ( a ) : 1 ( d ) 5 ( b ) 5 ( c ) 7 ( d ) 8 ( b ) 9 ( b )

i 0 ( b ) I l ( b ) l 2 ( a ) l 3 ( c ) 1 . 1 ( i l )

F lx 195

t l l l U 6 t 3 t ) t 5

Ex 196. lac ;ucs-Yvcs ( 'ous tcau . . . i r r assoc i i . r t io r rwith his col lcugue . Erni lc ( iagnan. r 'n'horlcsignecl thc cri trcal dcnrancl valvc orrcguf ator, wlr i t / t ettuhltr! divcr ' ,s tr t l t rL'r t t l tuir ' l i orrt ,qrr,r rruri . i l r ' i , r utt t t t l tctt to t l t t i t 'l u t ks . By e nab l ing swi t t . rncrs . . . . h isinvcntion provecl of consiclerable stratcgic

KEY - Suggested answers 185

inrportance . . . dur ing the Seconcl World

War x'licr ttscd to ltlunt subnrurine ntirtt's.

Hou'ctar i t was Cousteau's f iht rs of

sunkerr wrecks ur td lut t r tha r tut t r ro l

I t is tot t of t l tc nrur i r ta utv intnr?c/r l which

brought thc unclersea wor lc l to . . . pcoplc.

Nox' he has turncd his c l ' l i r r ts to . . .

Ant t rct ica.

F} 197

l ( . 1 ) 2 ( i ) l ( k l . 1 ( e ) - s ( g ) 6 ( a ) 7 ( o ) f i ( i )

9 ( r n ) l 0 ( d ) l l ( n ) l 2 ( c ) l 3 ( h ) l - 1 ( b )

l 5 ( t )

Er l9t l

l ( u ) My b ro thc r . who l i v cs i n Aus t ra l i a .

i s r c t i r cd .( b ) My b ro l l r c r who l i v cs i n Aus t ra l i a

i s r c t i r cd .

l ( u ) Wr i t c soon shou l t l you I r avc uny

p rob le rns . l - c l r r e know .(b) Wri te soorr . Shouki you l l rvc un1'

pr-oblcnrs. lc t nrc know.

. l (a) f t thcsc boys rve rc crrcounrgct l lop l uy i r r o l c l i r o t ba l l . t hcv wou l t l r r ' l

I t i t v c t i r t t c l i l r o t l r c r t l l r r gc rous

l r u r su i t s .( b ) . . . t h c y w o u l t l n ' t h i t v c t i n r e l i r r

other. t l r rn!r : rous. ptr rst r i ts .. l (u) ' l 'h is

vcar s e\anr l ) i lPcts \4orc

L r r r r r suu l l y d i l l i cu l t .( b ) . . . w e r c . u n u s u u l l y . t l i l l i c u l t .

5 ( : t ) f hc i s l u r t d ev i dcn t l y t l i t l r r o t evokc

{oo l nxny sc r r t i n r c r r l a l n t c r r r o r i c s .

l i r r ( 'har le s anr l Diunu

subsequcn t l y ho l i t l a l ' e t l t he r c .( b ) . . . l t x l r t t i u t v se r r t i r t t cn l l t l r t t c t t t o r i es

l i r l Char lcs. u l r t l [ ) iarra

subset luent l l , hol i t lavct l therc.( r ( u ) M i chac l Dob t r s ' s t t ovc l / / o l r t , a /

( , 1 , 1 r u : r : : r r l l r l r t r ' r l . . .( b ) M i chac l l ) obbs ' s novc l . / 1o r r . r r , a f

( i r r r 1 . r . was u t l ap te r l f i r r l c l c v i s i on

Ias t yca r .

7 ( i r ) An o l t l bo rnb c rp l o r l c t l r n t he

cap i t a l ves t c r ( l l r ' . k i l l i n r : u l 5 -

_ \ ( . ' iU ( r l ( l \ I rU l l t \ \ h ' ) \ \ i t \ r ' \ i l t i l i I l i n - t

i t anc l i n . j u r i ng h i s l a t l t e r .(b) Art okl bonth cxplot lc-r l in thc

cap i t a l v cs te rdav . k i l l i n s i l l 5 -ye l r -o lc l vouth w' l t r u as cxarnin ing

i t . and in. j r - r l ing his lather.

186 KEY - Suggested answers

8(a) The document has already annoyed

the government which, says thesociety. is not real ly interested in

the zoo's problerns.(b) The clocunrent has alreacly annoycd

the sovcrnnrent, which saYs the

socicty is not real ly interesled in

thc zoo's proble t ls.9(a) My ncighbour's clog has i t t tackctl

our ci l t .(h ) My ne ighbours ' c log . . .

l0(a) Thc night porter scrves sattt lwichcs

artd clr inks.(b) ' l 'he night portcr scrvcs

sanc lw ichcs , a t td c l r i t t ks . l (a ) i s s t i l l

a hit anrbiguous antl rnight bc

bctter rcwort lecl Hc scrvcs t lr inks

iutcl sart i lwichcs. I

Flx 199L,vcrr rrow I was utrsurc whal t l re w t l lc

into this coul l l ry I lelrret l . I bclol lgetl t t l a

g r ' nc t i l l i ( ) l l l { ) ( r } r ) l l t l ! l ( | l i , l l ) l t l l t i c i . / L .

abou l Sov i c t ( l o t t t t t t u t t i s t r t . Yc t no th i l l g i l l

t l re intervcning ycars h i t t l t l ispcl lc t l tny

childhoocl estrangement atnd tgnorance.My mind was t i l led with confusedp ic tu rcs : para t lox . c l i ch6 . 'Russ ia . 'wrotc the marcluis cle Cusl ine in l t t39.' is a counlry where everyone is part of a

conspiracy to mysl i fy thc f irreigncr. '

Propaganda st i l l hangs l ike a grouncl-

misl ovcr the alrcady conrpl icatccltruth. Newspapers. unti l yt lu know howl { ) r c l t ( l l h cn t . i t r ( ' ( ) r g i r t l s r ) l

r l is inf i r rnrat ion. J 'hc ar ts i t re

conscrvat ive or s i lc t r t . Evct t i t r novcls,

which so ol tc t t paint thc or t l i t rary r tature

ol th ings. thc v is iorutr ics r t rd t l rut tks

who i nhah i t t he page s o l ' n i t t c t ee t t t l t

century l ic t ion have shr ivel lcd t t t thc

poor woor lct t hcrocs ol 'nroclcrn socia l is l

r e l r l i s r r t .

I t is us i l 'a grcat latnp l tac l bcct t tur t ret l

00wn .

F} 200Jan. whcrcas Gcol l icy hacl hat l

'hacl

had ' . I r a t l hac l ' hac l ' . 'Ha t l hac l ' hac l ha t l

t hc i r l c l l ow i t u t l r o r s ' ap l t r ova l .