a study of post recession effects on the demand of nokia e- series
TRANSCRIPT
“A STUDY OF POST RECESSION EFFECTS ON THE DEMAND OF NOKIA E- SERIES “
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of recession
RECESSION
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RECESSIONS ARE the result of reduction in the demand of products in the global market. Recession can also be associated with falling prices known as deflation due to lack of demand of products. Again, it could be the result of inflation or a combination of increasing prices and stagnant economic growth in the west.
Recession in the West, especially the United States, is a very bad news for our country. Our companies in India have most outsourcing deals from the US. Even our exports to US have increased over the years. Exports for January have declined by 22 per cent. There is a decline in the employment market due to the recession in the West. There has been a significant drop in the new hiring which is a cause of great concern for us. Some companies have laid off their employees and there have been cut in promotions, compensation and perks of the employees. Companies in the private sector and government sector are hesitant to take up
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new projects. And they are working on existing projects only. Projections indicate that up to one crore persons could lose their jobs in the correct fiscal ending March. The one crore figure has been compiled by Federation of Indian Export Organizations (FIEO), which says that it has carried out an intensive survey. The textile, garment and handicraft industry are worse affected. Together, they are going to lose four million jobs by April 2009, according to the FIEO survey. There has also been a decline in the tourist inflow lately. The real estate has also a problem of tight liquidity situations, where the developers are finding it hard to raise finances.
IT industries, financial sectors, real estate owners, car industry, investment banking and other industries as well are confronting heavy loss due to the fall down of global economy. Federation of Indian chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) found that faced with the global recession, inventories industries like garment, gems, textiles, chemicals and jewellery had cut production by 10 per cent to 50 per cent.
Meaning of recession
Recession is not to be confused with depression. Recession means a slow down or slump or temporary collapse of a business activity. In its early stage it can be controlled in a methodical manner. Experience helps to avert total collapse. Unchecked, it leads to severe depression. Depression is a dead end. It is time to close shop completely. It is a total state of irrevocable economic failure. When a country is doing well all round its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is on the rise.
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Overall economy is bullish; it is not only the stock exchanges that tell riches to rags stories but even small businesses. It all adds to the national exchequer. An economist is likely to give a detailed, comprehensive definition of recession. But for the layman who has been affected knows it only one way-when he loses his job and has no money to pay his credit and loans. Recession is when the consumer faces foreclosure and the banker comes knocking for his pound (or dollar) of flesh. Many companies and whole countries go bankrupt for want of liquid funds and cash flow for even daily requirements.
If you look at it from the point of view of a businessman, recession is a transitory phase. The Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research has another definition. It profiles the businesses that have peaked with their activity in one season and it falls naturally in the next season. It regains its original position with new products or sales and continues to expand. This revival makes the recession a mild phase that large companies tolerate. As the fiscal position rises, there is no reason to worry. Recession can last up to a year. When it happens year after year then it is serious.
Are we facing a recession or not? Yes, for the simple reason that not only our neighbors but our friends are unemployed. There is less of business talk and more billing worries. Transitory recessions are good for the economy, as it tends to stabilize the prices. It allows run away bullish companies to slow down and take stock. There is a saying, ‘when it’s tough the tough get going’. The weaker companies will not survive the brief recession also. Stronger companies will pull through its resources. So when is it time to worry? When you are facing a foreclosure, when the chips are down and out and creditors file cases for recovery.
Firms face closures when they go through recession and are not
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able to recover from losses. If, at this time, they are not able to sustain their prices and stocks then there is more trouble. Even when the recession period gets over, they will not be able to do well. If a business survives a recession period they should be able to survive a depression. But how many recession proof businesses are there? Who will eventually survive the recession?
1. Those that have been able to save their funds. 2. Those who have not invested in fly-by-night companies. 3. Those who remain clam till the storm passes. 4. Those that take stock immediately and decide to reinvest in a recession proof business.
DEFINITION OF RECESSION
In a 1975 New York Times article, economic statistician Julius Shiskin suggested several rules of thumb for defining a recession, one of which was "two down quarters of GDP".[3] In time, the other rules of thumb were forgotten,[4] and a recession is now often defined simply as a period when GDP falls (negative real economic growth) for at least two quarters.[5][6]
Some economists prefer a definition of a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months.[7]
In the United States, the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is generally seen as the authority for dating US recessions. The NBER defines an economic recession as: "a significant decline in [the] economic activity spread across the country, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP growth, real personal income, employment (non-farm payrolls), industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales."[8] Almost universally, academics, economists, policy makers, and businesses defer to the determination by the NBER for the precise dating of a recession's onset and end.
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Recession Analysis
The recession curve is the specific part of the flood hydrograph after the crest (and the rainfall event) where streamflow diminishes, refer Baseflow. The slope of the recession curve flattens over time from its initial steepness as the quickflow component passes and baseflow becomes dominant. A recession period lasts until stream flow begins to increase again due to subsequent rainfall. Hence, recession curves are the parts of the hydrograph that are dominated by the release of water from natural storages, typically assumed to be groundwater discharge. Recession segments are selected from the hydrograph and can be individually or collectively analysed to gain an understanding of these discharge processes that make up baseflow. Graphical approaches have traditionally been taken but more recently analysis has focussed on defining an analytical solution or mathematical model that can adequately fit the recession segments.
Each recession segment is often considered as a classic exponential decay function as applied in other fields such as heat flow, diffusion or radioactivity, and expressed as:
or
The recession-curve-displacement method is based on the upward displacement of the recession curve during the rainfall event (Rorabaugh 1964; Rutledge and Daniel, 1994; Rutledge, 1998)). The method assumes that baseflow is entirely groundwater discharge from an unconfined aquifer of uniform thickness and hydraulic properties, with the stream fully penetrating the aquifer. On the basis of the algorithms developed, the total recharge to the groundwater system during the rainfall event has been shown to be about twice the total potential discharge to the stream at a critical time (Tc) after the hydrographic peak. Hence, the total volume of groundwater recharge due to the rainfall event (R) can be estimated from the stream hydrograph by:
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(1) where Q1 is the baseflow at the critical time (Tc) extrapolated from the pre-event recession curve, Q2 is the baseflow at the critical time (Tc) extrapolated from the post-event recession curve, and K is the recession index (Figure 1).
Table 1: Different storage-outflow models used in recession analysis (Moore, 1997; Griffiths and Clausen, 1997; Dewandel et al, 2003) [Table saved as Framework_recessionanalysis_table1]
Conceptual Model
Storage-Outflow Relation
Recession Function Storage Types
Source Comments
Linear reservoir
General storage
Boussinesq (1877)Maillet (1905)
Linearised Depuit-Boussinesq equation.Approximation for short time periods
Horton double exponential
General storage
Horton (1933)
Transformation of linear reservoir model
Coutagne (1948)
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Karstic aquifers
Padilla et al. (1994)
Qc is discharge from low-transmissivity components of karst
Channel Bank Storage
Channel banks
Cooper and Rorabaugh, (1963)
Variant of linear reservoir. Also used to model evapotranspirative losses
Exponential reservoir
Throughflow in soil
hydraulic conductivity assumed to exponentially decrease with depth
Power-law reservoir
Springs and unconfined aquifers (p = -2)Soil moisture
Hall (1968)Brutsaert and Nieber (1977)
Recessions modelled using p ~ 1.67 (Wittenberg 1994)
Depuit-Boussinesq aquifer storage
Shallow unconfined aquifer
Boussinesq (1904)
Special case of power-law reservoir for Depuit-Boussinesq aquifer model
Depression Storage
Surface depressions such
Griffiths and Clausen
variant of power-law reservoir
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Detention Storage
as lakes and wetlands,Overland flow
(1997)
Two parallel linear reservoirs
Independent aquifers
Barnes (1939)
Two serial linear reservoirsCavern Storage
Underground caverns in karst terraine
Griffiths and Clausen (1997)
Hyperbola reservoir
Ice melt, lakes
Toebes and Strang (1964)
Constant reservoir
Permanent snow and ice pack, large groundwater storages
Constant stream flow over a finite time period
Q - dischargeS,S1,S2 – reservoir storagesSD – catchment storage deficitt– time since beginning of recessionQ0 – discharge for t = 0QB, Q1, Q2, k, k1, k2, ,, - parameters to be determined by calibration
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IDENTIFYING
In a 1975 New York Times article, economic statistician Julius Shiskin suggested several rules of thumb to identify a recession; these included the rule of 'two successive quarterly declines in GDP. Over time, the other rules have been largely forgotten, and a recession is now often identified as the reduction of a country's GDP (or negative real economic growth) for at least two quarters. Some economists prefer a more robust definition of a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months.In the United States the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is generally seen as the authority for dating US recessions. The NBER defines an economic recession as: "a significant decline in [the] economic activity spread across the country, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP growth, real personal income, employment (non-farm payrolls), industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales." Almost universally, academic economists, policy makers, and businesses defer to the determination by the NBER for the precise dating of a recession's onset and end.
ATTRIBUTES
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A recession has many attributes that can occur simultaneously and can include declines in coincident measures of activity such as employment, investment, and corporate profits.
A severe (GDP down by 10%) or prolonged (three or four years) recession is referred to as an economic depression, although some argue that their causes and cures can be different.
Causes of recessions
Currency crisis Energy crisis War Under consumption Overproduction Financial crisis Price of Fuels
Effects of recessions
Bankruptcies Credit crunches Deflation (or disinflation) Foreclosures Unemployment
STOCK MARKET AND RECESSIONS
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Some recessions have been anticipated by stock market declines. In Stocks for the Long Run, Siegel mentions that since 1948, ten recessions were preceded by a stock market decline, by a lead time of 0 to 13 months (average 5.7 months), while ten stock market declines of greater than 10% in the DJIA were not followed by a recession.
The real-estate market also usually weakens before a recession. However real-estate declines can last much longer than recessions.
Since the business cycle is very hard to predict, Siegel argues that it is not possible to take advantage of economic cycles for timing investments. Even the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) takes a few months to determine if a peak or trough has occurred in the US.
During an economic decline, high yield stocks such as fast moving consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco tend to hold up better. However when the economy starts to recover and the bottom of the market has passed (sometimes identified on charts as a MACD), growth stocks tend to recover faster. There is significant disagreement about how health care and utilities tend to recover. Diversifying one's portfolio into international stocks may provide some safety; however, economies that are closely correlated with that of the U.S. may also be affected by a recession in the U.S.
There is a view termed the halfway rule according to which investors start discounting an economic recovery about halfway through a recession. In the 16 U.S. recessions since 1919, the average length has been 13 months, although the recent recessions have been shorter. Thus if the 2008 recession followed the average, the downturn in the stock market would have bottomed around November 2008.
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RECESSION AND POLITICS
Generally an administration gets credit or blame for the state of economy during its time. This has caused disagreements about when a recession actually started. In an economic cycle, a downturn can be considered a consequence of an expansion reaching an unsustainable state, and is corrected by a brief decline. Thus it is not easy to isolate the causes of specific phases of the cycle.
The 1981 recession is thought to have been caused by the tight-money policy adopted by Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, before Ronald Reagan took office. Reagan supported that policy. Economist Walter Heller, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in the 1960s, said that "I call it a Reagan-Volcker-Carter recession. The resulting taming of inflation did, however, set the stage for a robust growth period during Reagan's administration.
It is generally assumed that government activity has some influence over the presence or degree of a recession. Economists usually teach that to some degree recession is unavoidable, and its causes are not well understood. Consequently, modern government administrations attempt to take steps, also not agreed upon, to soften a recession. They are often unsuccessful, at least at preventing a recession, and it is difficult to establish whether they actually made it less severe or longer lasting.
HISTORY OF RECESSIONS
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Global recessions
There is no commonly accepted definition of a global recession, IMF regards periods when global growth is less than 3% to be global recessions. The IMF estimates that global recessions seem to occur over a cycle lasting between 8 and 10 years. During what the IMF terms the past three global recessions of the last three decades, global per capita output growth was zero or negative.
Economists at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) state that a global recession would take a slowdown in global growth to three percent or less. By this measure, three periods since 1985 qualify: 1990-1993, 1998 and 2001-2002.
According to economists, since 1854, the U.S. has encountered 32 cycles of expansions and contractions, with an average of 17 months of contraction and 38 months of expansion. However, since 1980 there have been only eight periods of negative economic growth over one fiscal quarter or more, and four periods considered recessions:
January-July 1980 and July 1981-November 1982: 2 years total
July 1990-March 1991: 8 months March 2001-November 2001: 8 months December 2007-current: 15 months as of March 2009
From 1991 to 2000, the U.S. experienced 37 quarters of economic expansion, the longest period of expansion on record.
For the past three recessions, the NBER decision has approximately conformed to the definition involving two consecutive quarters of decline. However the 2001 recession did not involve two consecutive quarters of decline, it was preceded by two quarters of alternating decline and weak growth.
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Since history seems to repeat itself, maybe we could learn something
about the current possible recession by studying the world recession
history.
The market’s moves in approximately 15 year cycles. The market goes up
for 15 years then seems to go sideways for the next 15 years. This growth
& then consolidation pattern happens frequently through out history.
Let's first consider the Dow Industrials index from 1930 through 1945.
This period started with the great depression. We all know the effect the
depression had on stock values. The Dow lost over 88% of its value
between 1929 and 1933. It made a nice rebound following the depression.
It increased 345% over the next 4 years. We will see there is a theme in
the recession / expansion cycle. Recessions are relatively short and can be
very violent to investors in the stock market. The expansion period
following recessions are much longer and historically quite good.
One thing you need to be extremely aware of. Numbers and percentages
can be deceiving. We just mentioned that the index lost 88 percent, but
then gained 345%. Sounds like you made up all your losses and then
some. Not quite.
The dirty little secret to investment losses is this: if anybody loses 50% of
his portfolio, then it needs to make 100% just to break even. This is an
ugly little fact, but let’s looks at it in real life. If someone had $100,000
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and lost 50%, he would be left with only $50,000. How much do you have
to earn on your $50,000 to get back to even? You need to earn another
$50,000. This is 100% of what you currently have. You lost 50% and
must gain 100% just to break even.
Now that some of the back ground work is complete lets look at the next
15 years, from 1945 through 1960. In 1955 the Dow finally got back to
where it was before the great depression. This was a very long 25 year
wait. Imagine the poor retirees that retired before the depression and
never again regained their original portfolio value!
The last 15 years were mostly down then sideways (1930 through 1945).
The next 15 year time period (1945 thru 1960) had very mild recessions
with the worst only causing a 15% drop in the Dow. Overall, the Dow
gained 267% over these 15 years. This is very good reward for a
minimum amount of risk. This leads us to the next 15 years, 1960 to 1975.
The 15 year cycle is definitely in effect. The last 15 years were very tame
yet had a nice return. These 15 years were not for the feint of heart. Gain
was very little over the period, but volatility was killer. The period started
out with a wonderful 75% gain, but gave it all back by the end. The
recessionary periods were very violent. The reward available in this
market was much smaller than the risk. It would have been nearly
impossible to be a buy and hold investor and have stayed with the market.
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Thus far, we had a 15 year period that was horrible (1930-1945), one that
was very nice (1945-1960), then another horrible one (1960-1975).
Without looking ahead, we might guess that the next 15 year time period
would be another nice one. The market consolidated over the last 15 years
and should be ready to move ahead again.
This period began with a 6 years of continued consolidation (going
sideways), but when it was done consolidating, it moved up very nicely. It
moved from around 800 in 1982 to 2800 by 1990. This represents a 250%
increase for the period. The volatility for the period was pretty tame, at
least if you look at the volatility caused by recession. The largest pullback
in value was the 1981 to 1982 recession which was about 18%. There was
a large pullback in August of 1987 of about 30%, but wasn't caused by
recession and didn't take that long to be regained; all in all a very fruitful
15 years.
This would lead to believe that the next 15 years (1990 thru 2005) would
be tumultuous again as the market needs to digest its gains.
The roll the market had going continued for the first half of this period. It
gained 300% in just 8 years. This was more in the first half than the others
gained in their entire 15 year period. This didn't go un-noticed however,
and the market promptly took back a healthy 35% through the next
recessionary period. It took until mid way through 2006 to finally get
back to even from the highs seen in 1999. Once this was achieved,
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however, the Dow just kept going. It extended its gains through the
expansion period, hitting new highs once again.
This brings us to today. There is much talk about the beginning of another
recession. We're at the end of a period that should have shown
consolidation, but instead had another large run up. This run up wasn't
without sizeable volatility. We've just broken a long term support line.
I've drawn support lines through the years following recessions and had
you sold when the support line was broken, you would have been saved a
lot of grief during the next recession.
In summary, It would be said that the recession history points to our next recession causing havoc on the Dow and the global stock markets. When will the next recession be or are we already in it?
CURRENT RECESSION IN SOME COUNTRIES
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Official economic data shows that a substantial number of nations are in recession as of early 2009. The US entered a recession at the end of 2007, and 2008 saw many other nations follow suit. United States
The United States housing market correction (a consequence of United States housing bubbles) and sub prime mortgage crisis has significantly contributed to a recession.
The 2008/2009 recession is seeing private consumption fall for the first time in nearly 20 years. This indicates the depth and severity of the current recession. With consumer confidence so low, recovery will take a long time. Consumers in the U.S. have been hard hit by the current recession, with the value of their houses dropping and their pension savings decimated on the stock market. Not only have consumers watched their wealth being eroded – they are now fearing for their jobs as unemployment rises.
U.S. employers shed 63,000 jobs in February 2008, the most in five years. Former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan said on April 6, 2008 that "There is more than a 50 percent chance the United States could go into recession.". On October 1, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that an additional 156,000 jobs had been lost in September. On April 29, 2008, nine US states were declared by Moody's to be in a recession. In November 2008 Employers eliminated 533,000 jobs, the largest single month loss in 34 years. For 2008, an estimated 2.6 million U.S. jobs were eliminated.
Although the US Economy grew in the first quarter by 1%, by June 2008 some analysts stated that due to a protracted credit crisis and "rampant inflation in commodities such as oil, food and steel", the country was nonetheless in a recession. The third quarter of 2008 brought on a GDP retraction of 0.5% the biggest decline since 2001. The 6.4% decline in spending during Q3 on non-durable goods, like clothing and food, was the largest since 1950. A Nov 17, 2008 report from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
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based on the survey of 51 forecasters suggested that the recession started in April 2008 and will last 14 months. They project real GDP declining at an annual rate of 2.9% in the fourth quarter and 1.1% in the first quarter of 2009. These forecasts represent significant downward revisions from the forecasts of three months ago.
A December 1, 2008, report from the National Bureau of Economic Research stated that the U.S. has been in a recession since December 2007 (when economic activity peaked), based on a number of measures including job losses, declines in personal income, and declines in real GDP.
Other countries
A few other countries have seen the rate of growth of GDP decrease, generally attributed to reduced liquidity, sector price inflation in food and energy, and the U.S. slowdown. These include the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Australia, China, India, New Zealand and the Euro zone. In some, the recession has already been confirmed by experts, while others are still waiting for the fourth quarter GDP growth data to show two consecutive quarters of negative growth. India along with China is experiencing an economic slowdown but not a recession.
10 Indian industries to do well during recession
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In the current global economic slowdown, every sector of business is being affected and is witnessing a hard time. But IKON Marketing Consultants reports that in India there are few sectors which will grow in this adverse situation.
AS EVERY business sector is affected by present global crisis and everybody is talking of slow down in business, still in India there are few sectors which will grow in this adverse situation. Let’s have a look.
1. Food
No one can survive without basic food material like milk, vegetables and drinking water. Food processing companies will not be affected much and rather will earn profits by increasing the prices. These are the basic needs which we as a common man can not produce by our self.
According to Ministry of Food Processing Industry (MFPI), the food processing industry in India was seeing growth even as the world was facing economic recession. According to the minister, the industry is presently growing at 14 per cent against six to seven per cent growth in 2003–04.The Indian food market is estimated at over US$ 182 billion and accounts for about two thirds of the total Indian retail market. Further, the retail food sector in India is likely to grow from around US$ 70 billion in 2008 to US$ 150 billion by 2025.
2. Railway
As the aviation sector has been affect much badly and resulting in sharp rise in the air ticket rates the frequent travelers’ will prefer railways to cut the cost of traveling and this will result in increased traffic in railways and long queues at railway booking counters. The freight traffic of Indian Railways has continued to grow in the
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last few months, albeit at slow pace, indicating only marginal impact of the global recession on the Indian economy.
The railways registered 13.87 per cent growth in revenue to Rs 57,863.90 crore in the first nine months ended December 31, 2008. While total earnings from freight increased by 14.53 per cent at Rs 39,085.22 crore during the period, passenger revenue earnings were up 11.81 per cent at Rs 16,242.44 crore. The railways have enhanced freight revenue by increasing its axle loading, improving customer services and adopting an innovative pricing strategy.
3. PSU Banks
As seen in the private sector much of the job cuts due to global slowdown, it’s the public sector undertaking (PSU) banks which gained much confidence due to job safety and security. More and more people are likely to turn towards government institutions, particularly banks in the quest for safety and security.
A report "Opportunities in Indian Banking Sector", by market research company, RNCOS, forecasts that the Indian banking sector will grow at a healthy compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 23.3 per cent till 2011.
4. Education
As education is considered as the basic necessity and in India it is seen as a long term investment by parents and with respect to the demand still there is a huge supply gap. The craze to study in foreign university among the Indian youth still alive which will prompt foreign education institute to target India provided vast young population willing to join. We will see more and more foreign educational institutions coming up in India in recent coming years.
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Huge government as well as private investment is likely to flow into the Indian educational system. D E Shaw, a US$ 36 billion, global private equity firm is planning to invest around US$ 200 million in the Indian education sector.
5. Telecom
People will not stop to communicate with each other due to global crises rather it has been seen that it will increase much particularly with mobile communication. With cheap cell phones available in the Indian market and cheaper call rates, the sector has become the necessity and primary need of everyday life.
Telecom sector, according to industry estimates, year 2008 started with a subscriber base of 228 million and will likely to end with a subscriber base of 332 million – a full century. The telecom industry expects to add at least another 90 million subscribers in 2009 despite of recession. The Indian telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing in the world and India is projected to become the second largest telecom market globally by 2010.
6. IT
Recent news shown that Indian IT sector will grow 30 to 40 per cent next year. And on the other side to survive in current slowdown, industries have to decrease the cost and for that they will resort to customised IT solutions which will further boost up the software solution demand.
India is fast becoming a hot destination for outsourced e-publishing work. As per a Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) report, the industry is growing at an annual rate of 35 per cent and India’s outsourcing opportunities in the value-added and core services such as copy editing, project management, indexing,
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media services and content deployment will help make the publishing BPO industry worth US$ 1.46 billion by 2010.
7. Health care
India in case of health care facilities still lakes the adequate supply. In health care sector also there is huge gap between demand and supply at all the levels of society. Still there are so many urban areas were you could hardly find any multi specialty hospital. And in case of metros the market sentiments itself created a need of psychological consultation.
Healthcare, which is a US$ 35 billion industry in India, is expected to reach over US$ 75 billion by 2012 and US$ 150 billion by 2017. The healthcare industry is interestingly poised as it strives to emerge as a global hub due to the distinct advantages it enjoys in clinical excellence and low costs.
8. Luxury products
The high and affluent class of society will not be affected much by this global crises even if their worth is reduced significantly. They will not change their lifestyle and will not stop spending on luxurious goods. So luxurious product market will not be affected and in fact to maintain the lifestyle those affluent will spend more for it. Luxury car makers are pouring in to woo the nouveau riche (Audi, BMW are the most recent entrants).
9. M&A & Marketing Consultants
As in the current business slow down survival will be the main focus, the marketing and management consultants will be called for to reduce the costs and to show the ways to survive and stay in market. Others may join hands to fight with this situation together
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will call for the Marketing & M&A consultants. In a booming market there are growth strategies and M&A opportunities to advise on. When businesses are cutting back, consultancies will be right there to help clients decide where to wield the axe.
According to Ministry of Commerce and Industry’s estimation, the current size of consulting industry in India is about Rs 10000 crores including exports and is expected to grow further at a CAGR of aproximately 25 per cent in next few years.
10. Media and Entertainment
In current bad times, where people are losing jobs and getting enough time to watch TV, they will seek entertainment at home and hence advertising revenues will increase for the commercial channels. Also businesses like production of religious texts and religious materials, religious channels will do well. The TRP of religious channels will increase compare to the other entertaining/commercial channels.
According to a report published by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the Indian M&E industry is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 per cent to reach US$ 23.81 billion by 2012. According to the PWC report, the television industry was worth US$ 5. 48 billion in 2007, recording a growth of 18 per cent over 2006. It is further likely to grow by 22 per cent over the next five years and be worth US$ 12. 34 billion by 2012.
Effects of Recession
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An economic recession can usually be spotted before it happens. There is
a tendency to see the economic landscape changing in quarters preceding
the actual onset. While the growth in GDP will still be present, it will
show signs of sputtering and you will see higher levels of unemployment,
decline in housing prices, decline in the stock market, and business
expansion plans being put on hold. When the economy sees extended
periods of economic recession, the economy can be referred to as
being.in.an.economic.depression.
About the only good thing about a recession is that it will cure inflation.
The balancing act the Federal Reserve must pursue is to slow economic
growth enough to prevent inflation without triggering a recession.
Currently, it must do this without the help of fiscal policy, which is
generally trying to stimulate the economy as much as possible through
lowering taxes, spending on social programs and ignoring current account
deficits. The Major Effects of Recession are:
Slump in the market – Goods and services are difficult to be sold
as the purchasing power of the people comes down.
Stock prices come down – Investment suffers. The industrial
production is badly affected as investors avoid investing in companies
that might suffer losses during recession. Bigger companies are able to
withstand the setbacks but smaller companies have a tough time and some
may end up closing down.
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Increase in unemployment – People are thrown out of jobs. They
are left in the lurch. They are unable to meet both ends. Many goods and
services are not within their reach.
Depression – Recession causes depression if it persists for a long
time. Negative trends are visible in the stock market and rapid
unemployment is there. Companies need to be bailed out by the
government. Public spending suffers a set back.
National debts on the rise – Increase in national debts means less
money can be spent by the government on development. Money gets
diverted in bailing out companies. The recent recession in the U.S.
indicates how banks have to depend upon federal aid for their survival.
Taxpayer’s money is being spent in giving these banks a boost.
Halted Imports and exports – As the developing economies
exports depends upon the functioning and purchases from the developed
economies. In recession both the economies get affected badly as the
developed economies don’t have much liquidity so as to purchase or
depend on the Import as there is not enough money circulating in the
markets to purchase the resources available thus it ultimately affects the
exporting economies in terms of their export revenues.
US Recession can it affect India?
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Indo-US bilateral trade has been upbeat, except for the nuclear deal that is
facing a stormy period. According to the Indian Finance Minister, USA
will not go through the impending recession. Even if it does, it is not
likely to impact India. Having said that, in the last week of January 2008,
the actually story seems to be different. But trade and commerce, is
affected. Investors are aggrieved at the trading activity coming to a
grinding halt frequently in the last three months. Indian exports to the US
are less than earlier and dependence is less as it is also exporting to rich
European nations, China and Japan. Asian markets have also felt the
slump when Dow Jones hit the low notes. How much can India withstand
the impact?
In the first place, is the 2008 recession coming at all? If the rest of the
world recession impacts other nations, how can India remain insulated?
The crisis of US recession is looming on its policies in the Middle East
and home turf. There is no immediate concern for Indians. The jobs are
not being threatened as yet. BPOs are still working 24 X 7 and jobs are
being generated in other sectors. Real estate has more or less stabilized in
many cities and small towns. Infrastructure activity has not slowed down
either. The software professionals are returning home and Indian students
prefer to study in Australia, New Zealand and Britain.
Since US is one of the major super powers, a recession–mild or deeper
will have eventual global consequences? USA may cut their capital
28
investments into the country if they have to control recession at their end.
The year 2008 has not started on a good note for the US economy. Till the
stocks don’t climb upwards chances are that investors will loose more
money. Despite world recession and India’s optimistic outlook, the results
will not show at least in the next two years. Is a recession coming to
Indian shores? Highly unlikely. The rupee may have appreciated against
the shrinking dollar. But Indians are enjoying the new found material
wealth and flaunting it. The reigns have to be tighter at the US end till the
economy becomes buoyant.
]
Impact of a possible US Recession on India
Though no one likes or wants a recession, almost everyone appears
(looking at WEF, Davos) reconciled to one in the United States.
Meanwhile, politicians continue to downplay any fears of global
repercussions, citing decoupling of the United States and other economies
as a buffering factor. But what is the reality for countries like India?
It would be naïve to imagine that a recession in the United States
would have no impact on India. The United States accounts for one-fourth
of the world GDP and any significant slowdown is bound to have
reverberations elsewhere. On the other hand, interdependencies between
the US economy and emerging economies like India and China has
29
reduced considerably over the last two decades. Thus, the effect may not
be as drastic as would have been the case in the 1980s.
Even so, fears of a US recession led to panic in the Indian stock
market. January 21 and 22 saw a meltdown with a mind-boggling US$450
billion in market capitalization being vaporized. An unprecedented
interest cut by the Fed led to a bounce-back on January 23 and at the time
of this writing, the benchmark index (BSE) has gained 2.5%, almost in
line with Hang-Sang, Nikkei, and Kospi.
History might hold a clue here. The last time the bubble burst (2001-
2002), the DJIA went down by 23%, while the Indian Index fell by 15%.
Much has happened between then and now. The Indian economy
has shown a robust and consistent growth trajectory and the projection for
2008 is 9%. Indian exports to the United States account for just over 3%
of GDP. India has a healthy trade surplus with the United States.
Many companies like ICICI and TATA AIG holding saw an large
shredding of their consumers shares as people panicked in fear of
companies losing large sum of money in the nearby future as they were
having partnerships with the off-shores Financial Institution,
During the Recessional periods the Inflation rate was seen touching
its life-time high of 13.68% in Indian Economy.
30
Recession created a situation of High Interest rated followed by
Liquidity crunching situations in the economy and this resulted in the less
of credit for the capital formation of the various sectors and major sectors
affected was the Automobiles, Metals and the Business Outsourcing
sectors.
The effects of this Recession on India may be different from those of
the past ?
A credit crisis in the United States might lead to a restructuring of
asset allocation at pension funds. It has been suggested that CalPERS is
likely to shift an additional US$24 billion to its international portfolio. A
large portion of this is likely to flow into India and China. If other funds
follow suit, a cascading effect can be expected. Along with the already
significant dollar funds available, the additional funds could be deployed
to create infrastructure--roads, airports, and seaports--and be ready for a
rapid takeoff when normalcy is restored.
31
In terms of specific sectors, the IT Enabled Services sector may be
hit since a majority of Indian IT firms derive 75% or more of their
revenues from the United States--a classic case of having put all eggs in
one basket. If Fortune 500 companies slash their IT budgets, Indian firms
could be adversely affected. Instead of looking at the scenario as a threat,
the sector would do well to focus on product innovation (as opposed to
merely providing services). If this is done, India can emerge as a major
player in the IT products category as well.
The manufacturing sector has to ramp up scale economies, and
improve productivity and operational efficiency, thus lowering prices, if it
wishes to offset the loss of revenue from a possible US recession. The
demand for appliances, consumer electronics, apparel, and a host of
products is huge and can be exploited to advantage by adopting
appropriate pricing strategies. Although unlikely, a prolonged recession
might see the emergence of new regional groupings--India, China, and
Korea?
The tourism sector could be affected. Now is the time to
aggressively promote health tourism. Given the availability of talented
professionals, and with a distinct cost advantage, India can be the
destination of choice for health tourism.
The Indian Rupee has appreciated in relation to the US dollar.
Exporters are pushing for government intervention and rate cuts. What is
32
conveniently forgotten in this debate is that a stronger Rupee would
reduce the import bill, and narrow the overall trade deficit. The Indian
central bank (Reserve Bank of India) can intervene anytime and cut
interest rates, increasing liquidity in the economy, and catalyzing
domestic demand. A strong domestic demand would also help in
competing globally when the recession is over.
United States Recession History
The United States has encountered 32 cycles of expansions and
contractions, with an average of 17 months of contraction and 38 months
of expansion. Below you will find a detail history of economic recession
in the United States
• Late 2000's Recession
• Early 2000's Recession
• 1990's Recession
• 1980's Recession
• 1970's Oil Crisis
• Late 1960's Recession
• Early 1960's Recession
33
• Recession 1926
• Post World War I
Recession
• Panic of 1907
• 1870's Recession
• 1890's Recession
• Panic of 1857
• Panic of 1837
• Depression of 1807
• Late 1950's Recession
• Early 1950's Recession
• Late 1940's Recession
• Recession of 1945
• The Great Depression
Net Changes in U.S Jobs
Industrial Production World-wide
34
Thousands
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
Jun-05
Sep-05
Dec-05
Mar-06
Jun-06
Sep-06
Dec-06
Mar-07
Jun-07
Sep-07
Dec-07
Mar-08
Jun-08
Sep-08
Dec-08
January 2007-November 2008 (Worldwide) During Recession
Tendencies:
Sub-prime Crisis
35
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
Jan-07
Feb-07
Mar
-07Apr
-07Ma
y-07
Jun-07
Jul-07
Aug
-07Sep
-07Oct
-07Nov
-07Dec
-07Jan
-08Feb
-08Ma
r-08
Apr
-08Ma
y-08
Jun-08
Jul-08
Aug
-08Sep
-08Oct
-08Nov
-08
Involves financial institutions providing credit to borrowers who do
not meet prime underwriting guidelines. Sub-prime borrowers have a
heightened perceived risk of default, such as those who have a history of
loan delinquency or default, those with a recorded bankruptcy, or those
with limited debt experience.
In case of 2008 recession case the sub-prime mortgage resulted in
huge losses because the financial institutions where in the situation of
excess creditor to defaulter’s already known as Ninja’s and are low on
credit-worthiness.
It started with the lending of the money to the various less credit
worthy people in order to face the intense competitions in the markets of
lending.
After the Housing bubble busted out it resulted in the low of these Mortgages packaging and thus resulted into the filing of the Bankruptcies of the Biggest 5’s of New-York Wall-Street such as the BEAR-STERN,LEHMAN BROS. and other such as AIG and MORGAN STANLEY being acquired up by the various other competitors and helped by the Federal Reserve.
36
COMPANY PROFILE
COMPANY PROFILE
37
Nokia has played a pioneering role in the growth of cellular technology in India, starting with the first-ever cellular call a decade ago, made on a Nokia mobile phone over a Nokia-deployed network.
Nokia started its India operations in 1995, and presently operates out of offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,Jaipur,Lucknow,Chennai, Bangalore, Pune and Ahmedabad. The Indian operations comprise of the handsets business; R&D facilities in Bangalore and Mumbai; a manufacturing plant in Chennai and a Design Studio in Bangalore.
Over the years, the company has grown manifold with its manpower strength increasing from 450 people in the year 2004 to over 15000 employees in March 2008 (including Nokia Siemens Networks). Today, India holds the distinction of being the second largest market for the company globally.
VISION & MISSION
Many organizations have attempted to redefine the business they are in, or even streamline their growth in a specific direction. The merger
38
of Brooke Bond with Lipton India, the Glaxo Health Food Division being sold off to Heinz, the takeover of Timesbank by HDFC or the take over of Kelvinator by Whirlpool are some recent examples of organizations which have perhaps done some serious "soul-searching" and taken bold strategic decisions. An interesting trend in recent times is that companies have begun to define their "Vision/Mission Statement". A mission statement articulates the philosophy of the company with respect to the business in specific and society in general. Once the mission statement of the company is finalized and adapted, it provides a readymade guideline to employees of the organization about its principles, policies and practices.
It is important here to distinguish between "vision" and "mission" for the nokia e- series. Vision is often referred to as "skyhooks for the soul". In fact, vision is that igniting spark that can inspire and energise people to do better. The focus of vision is to reach out hungrily for the future and drag it into the present. To quote Tom Peters, "Developing a vision and living it vigorously are essential elements of leadership". The latest trend in many nokia e- seriess is to apply the "VIP" approach i.e. "Vision Integrated Performance
Devices business
Nokia has established itself as the market and brand leader in the mobile devices market in India. The company has built a diverse product portfolio to meet the needs of different consumer segments and therefore offers devices across five categories ie. Entry, Live, Connect, Explore and Achieve. These include products that cater to first time subscribers to advanced business devices and high performance multimedia devices for imaging, music and gaming.
Nokia has been working closely with operators in India to increase the geographical coverage and lower the total cost of ownership for consumers. Today, Nokia has one of the largest distribution network with presence across 1,30,000 outlets. In addition, the company also has Nokia Priority Dealers across the country and Nokia ‘Concept stores’ in Bangalore, Delhi, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Chennai, Indore and Mumbai to provide customers a complete mobile experience.
39
Services business
With the global launch of Ovi, the company's Internet services brand name, Nokia is renewing itself to be at the forefront of the convergence of internet and mobility. From being a product centric company, Nokia is now focusing to become solutions centric. The strategic shift is built on Nokia’s bid to retain consumers and empower Nokia device owners to realise the full potential of the Internet. Nokia will build a suite of Internet based services like Nokia Maps, the Nokia Music Store and Nokia N-Gage around its Ovi brand.
Infrastructure business
Nokia Siemens Networks is a leading global enabler of communications services. The company provides a complete, well-balanced product portfolio of mobile and fixed network infrastructure solutions and addresses the growing demand for services with 20,000 service professionals worldwide. Its operations in India include Sales & Marketing, Research & Development, Manufacturing and Global Networks Solutions Centre. Headquartered in Gurgaon, Nokia Siemens Networks has 47 offices and presence in over 170 locations across the country.
R & D centers
Nokia has three Research & Development centers in India, based in Bangalore and Mumbai. These R&D hubs are staffed by engineers who are working on next-generation packet-switched mobile technologies and communications solutions to enhance corporate productivity.
The Center in Bangalore, the biggest R&D site in the country comprises S60 Software Organization, Common Technologies, Next Generation now called Maemo Software, Productization and Software & Services.
Design Studio
Nokia has set up its first Design Studio in Bangalore in partnership with Srishti School of Art, Design and Technology. The first of its kind, the design studio will give Nokia designers and India’s talented youth the opportunity to work together on new design ideas for India and the global markets.
Manufacturing in India
40
Nokia has set up its mobile device manufacturing facility in Chennai, India to meet the burgeoning demand for mobile devices in the country. The manufacturing facility is operational with an investment of USD 210 million and currently employs 8000 people. Nokia has recently announced fresh investments to the tune of US $ 75 million towards its manufacturing plant in Sriperumbudur, Chennai for the year 2008.
Some Achievements for Nokia
Ranked No 1 Most Trusted Brand Survey by Brand Equity, 2008 Ranked the No 1. MNC in India by Businessworld, India’s leading
business weekly, 2006 Ranked as the No. 1 telecommunications equipment vendor in the country
by Voice & Data for five consecutive years –2008, 2007, 2006,2005 and 2004
Ranked as the 9th most powerful brand by Millward Brown’s BrandZ 2008 Ranked world’s 4th most valuable brand by Interbrand, 2007 Ranked Asia’s most trusted brand by the Media-Synovate, 2006
Nokia is a Finland-based company, established in 1865. The company is a leader in mobile communications. It has an employee base of around 58,874. It has 14 manufacturing facilities located in China, UK, Finland, Hungary, Germany, Mexico, Brazil, and the Republic of Korea. Its Research & Development centers are located in Japan and China.
Nokia products
41
INTRODUCTION NOKIA E-SERIES
Financial Performance
2006EUR m
2005EUR m
Change %
Revised*2004EUR m
42
Net sales 41 121
34 191
20 29 371
Operating profit 5 488 4 639 18 4 326
Profit before taxes 5 723 4 971 15 4 705
Net profit 4 306 3 616 19 3 192
Research and development
3 897 3 825 2 3 776
The Nokia Eseries SDK Plug-ins [1] enable developers to take full advantage of the additional features present in such Nokia Eseries enterprise-grade devices as the Nokia E55 messaging device and Nokia E75 business smartphone. Each Nokia Eseries SDK Plug-in enhances and extends a specific S60 3rd Edition SDK.
With the plug-ins, C++ applications can be developed and tested in an SDK emulator. Each SDK plug-in includes the APIs for using the features that have been added to Nokia Eseries devices, such as printing and the e-mail LED, along with device skins for the SDK emulators. Use of the APIs is supported by comprehensive documentation and example applications.
A Nokia Eseries SDK plug-in, used in combination with the appropriate S60 3rd Edition SDK, provides all the tools required to build and test enterprise applications for Nokia Eseries devices.
NOKIA ESERIES SDK PLUG-IN FOR THE S60 3RD EDITION, FEATURE PACK 2 SDK FOR SYMBIAN OS
Features
Printing framework
The printing framework enables developers to create new or update existing applications with the capability to produce hard copy via an
43
external printer. The emulator supports the testing and debugging of applications that need printing capabilities. In S60 3rd Edition, Feature Pack 2 Eseries devices, the printing framework has been updated with a new AIW interface, which simplifies the addition of printing features to S60 applications for Nokia Eseries devices.
E-mail LED API
The E-mail LED API allows applications to initiate blinking of the e-
mail LED that is present on certain Eseries devices via the Central
Repository using the Symbian Publish and Subscribe API. When
initiated, the e-mail LED blinks in accordance with the device’s
preference settings
Products Nokia E65 - Specifications - Nokia India Get detailed information about the Nokia E65 specifications. Nokia E65 incorporates a long battery life, 3G, quad-band calling, and multiple messaging options into a slim, stylish design with dedicated One Touch keys. Nokia 6151 - Specifications - Nokia India Get detailed information about the Nokia 6151 specifications. No matter how fancy, a phone is still, above all, a phone: a trustworthy, convenientway for you to stay in touch with the people who matter to you at home, at the office, and abroad. Nokia E5 - Products Nokia E5: connect to colleagues and friends through IM, email and your favourite online social networks. Nokia 6270 - Nokia India Discover the Nokia 6270: a reliable, intuitive phone that keeps you close to the people that matter. Classic design meets proven technology. The luxurious Nokia 6270 phone boasts an impressive 2 megapixel camera and excellent features, all packed in a stylish metal casing.
44
1209 - Specifications - 65,000 Color Vibrant Display Screen Phone with Prepaid Tracker Applications Get detailed information about the Nokia 1209 specifications. Highly affordable with a premium exterior, the Nokia 1209 is the ultimate choice of many first time users. The convenient One Touch shortcut key takes you to
message, calendar or phonebook features and even a handy flash light. PRODUCT NAME
The following table shows the skins and features supported by the plug-in for S60 3rd Edition, Feature Pack 2 Eseries devices:
Device SkinsPrinting
Framework API
E-mail LED API
Nokia Eseries Device
Identification API
Nokia E55
epoc_240x320.iniX X
Nokia E75
epoc_240x320.ini with keypad and 320x240.ini
with QWERTY keyboard
X X
Nokia E65 - Specifications - Nokia India Get detailed information about the Nokia E65 specifications. Nokia E65 incorporates a long battery life, 3G, quad-band calling, and multiple messaging options into a slim, stylish design with dedicated One Touch keys.
45
Nokia 6151 - Specifications - Nokia India Get detailed information about the Nokia 6151 specifications. No matter how fancy, a phone is still, above all, a phone: a trustworthy, convenientway for you to stay in touch with the people who matter to you at home, at the office, and abroad. Nokia E5 - Products Nokia E5: connect to colleagues and friends through IM, email and your favourite online social networks. Nokia 6270 - Nokia India Discover the Nokia 6270: a reliable, intuitive phone that keeps you close to the people that matter. Classic design meets proven technology. The luxurious Nokia 6270 phone boasts an impressive 2 megapixel camera and excellent features, all packed in a stylish metal casing. 1209 - Specifications - 65,000 Color Vibrant Display Screen Phone with Prepaid Tracker Applications Get detailed information about the Nokia 1209 specifications. Highly affordable with a premium exterior, the Nokia 1209 is the ultimate choice of many first time users. The convenient One Touch shortcut key takes you to message, calendar or phonebook features and even a handy flash light. Nokia E52 - Specifications Nokia E52 is ideal for working on the move. It offers 3G, HSDPA/HSUPA and WLAN internet connectivity, excellent battery life and noise cancellation. Nokia 1800 - Products The Nokia 1800 comes with a built-in FM radio, preloaded Nokia Life Tools, and a range of other practical features.
Nokia 6500 slide - Specifications - Nokia India Get detailed information about the Nokia 6500 slide specifications. Nokia C5-00 - Features
46
The Nokia C5 mobile phone features social networking, email, IM, imaging, video, music, web browsing and pre-loaded maps – in a beautiful, compact form. Nokia 9300i - Applications - Nokia India Mobile Sales Online provides scenarios tailored to the needs of sales representatives, sales managers, key account managers, and top management. Fujitsu mProcess Business Process Mobilizer Fujitsu mProcess Solution is a business process automation toolset for corporations wanting to more effectively and efficiently mobilize their operational mobile staff; be it field force service engineers, sales people, logistics or health care professionals
Original series
Phone Screen type Relea S Technology Generation Form
47
model sed factorNokia 100
Monochrome 1987 D NMT-900 1G Candybar
Nokia 101
Monochrome 1992 D NMT-900 2G Candybar
Nokia 252
Monochrome 1998 D AMPS/N-AMPS Unknown Candybar
Nokia 282
Monochrome 1998 D AMPS/N-AMPS Unknown Clamshell
Nokia 636
Monochrome 1995 D AMPS Unknown Candybar
Nokia 638
Monochrome 1996 D AMPS Unknown Candybar
Nokia 640
Monochrome 1999 D NMT-900 Unknown Candybar
Nokia 650
Monochrome 1999 D NMT-900 Unknown Candybar
Nokia 810 (car phone)
Monochrome 2003 D GSM Unknown Candybar
Nokia 918
MonochromeUnknown
D AMPS Unknown Candybar
Nokia 1000
Monochrome 1992 D AMPS DCT1 Candybar
Nokia 1011
Monochrome 1992 D GSM DCT1
Candybar - First GSM phone
Nokia Ringo
Monochrome 1995 DTACS/ETACS/NMT-900
DCT1 Candybar
] 1000–9000 series
Nokia 1000 series – Ultra basic series
The Nokia 1000 series include Nokia's most affordable phones. They are mostly targeted towards developing countries and users who do not require advanced features beyond making calls and SMS text messages, alarm clock, reminders, etc.
Phone Screen type Releas S Technology/ Form factor Images
48
model ed FrequencyNokia 1006
128 x 160 color 2009 P CDMA Candybar
Nokia 1100
96 x 65 Monochrome
2003 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1101
96 x 65 Monochrome
2005 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1108
96 x 65 Monochrome
2005 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1110
96 x 68 Inverse Monochrome
2005 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1110i
96 x 68 Monochrome
2006 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1112
96 x 68 Monochrome
2006 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1200
96 x 68 Monochrome
2007 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1202
96 x 68 Monochrome
2008 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1203
96 x 68 Monochrome
2009 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1208
96 x 68 CSTN(color super-twist nematic)
2007 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1209
96 x 68 pixels CSTN(color super-twist nematic)
2007 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1220
84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar
Nokia 1221
84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar
Nokia 1260
84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar
Nokia 1261
84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar
Nokia 1280
96 x 68 Monochrome
2010 P GSM Candybar
49
Nokia 1600
96 x 68 16-bit(65,536) Color
2006 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1610
Monochrome 1996 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1611
Monochrome 1997 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1616
128 x 160 (65,536) Color
2010 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1620
Monochrome 1997 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1630
Monochrome 1998 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1631
Monochrome 1998 D GSM Candybar
Nokia 1650
(65,536) Color 2008 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1661
128 x 160 (65,536) Color
2008 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1662
128 x 160 (65,536) Color
2008 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1680 classic
128 x 160 (65,536) Color
2008 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 1800
128 x 160 (65,536) Color
2010 P GSM Candybar
Nokia 3000 series – Expression series
The Nokia 3000 series are mostly mid-range phones targeted towards the youth market. Some of the models in this series are targeted towards young male users, in contrast with the more unisex business-oriented 6000 series and the more feminine fashion-oriented 7000 series. Feature wise, the 3000 series slot between the 2000 and 6000 series.
Phone model
Screen typeReleased
S TechnologyGeneration
Nokia 3100
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D GSM DCT4
50
Nokia 3105
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D CDMA2000 1x DCT4
Nokia 3108
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3109 classic
128 x 160 18-bit (262,144)
2007 DGSM/EDGE/HSCSD
BB5.0
Nokia 3110
Monochrome 1997 D GSM DCT2
Nokia 3110 classic
128 x 160 18-bit (262,144)
2007 DGSM/EDGE/HSCSD
BB5.0
Nokia 3120
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2004 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3125
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2004 D CDMA2000 1x DCT4
Nokia 3120 classic
240 x 320 (16M) Color
2008 P WCDMA/GSM -
Nokia 3128
128 x 160 18 bit (65,536) Color96 x 64 16 bit (4,096) Color (external)
2004 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3152
128 x 160 18-bit (262,144) Color96 x 65 Monochrome (external)
2005 D CDMA2000 1x DCT4
Nokia 3155
128 x 160 18-bit (262,144) Color96 x 65 Monochrome (external)
2005 D CDMA2000 1x DCT4
Nokia 3200
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3205
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2004 DCDMA2000 1x/AMPS
DCT4
Nokia 3210
84 x 48 Monochrome 1999 D GSM DCT3
Nokia 128 x 128 16-bit 2004 D GSM DCT4
51
3220 (65,536) ColorNokia 3230
176 x 208 16-bit (65,536) Color
2005 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3250
176 x 208 18-bit (262,144) Color
2005 D GSM BB5.0
Nokia 3280
84 x 48 Monochrome 2001 D CDMA/AMPS DCT3
Nokia 3285
84 x 48 Monochrome 2001 D CDMA/AMPS DCT3
Nokia 3300
128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D GSM DCT4
Nokia 3310
84 x 48 Monochrome 2000 D GSM DCT3
Nokia 3315
84 x 48 Monochrome 2002 D GSM DCT3
Nokia 3320
84 x 48 Monochrome 2001 D TDMA/AMPS DCT3
Nokia 3330
84 x 48 Monochrome 2001 D GSM DCT3
Nokia 3350
96 x 65 Monochrome 2001 D GSM DCT3
Nokia 3360
84 x 48 Monochrome 2001 D TDMA/AMPS DCT3
The Nokia 5000 series are similar in features to the 3000 series, but often contain more features towards active individuals. Many of the 5000 series phones feature a rugged construction or contain extra features for music playback.
Phone model number
Screen typeReleased
STechnology
Form factorCamera
Nokia 5000240 x 320 (65,000) Color
2008 P GSM Candybar 1.3 MP
Nokia 5030 XpressRadio
128 x 160 16 bit (65,536) Color
2009 P GSM Candybar None
52
Nokia 5070128 x 160 16-bit (65,536) Color
2007 D GSM CandybarVGA(0.3 MP)
Nokia 5100128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2003 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 511084 x 48 Monochrome
1998 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 512084 x 48 Monochrome
1998 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 512584 x 48 Monochrome
1998 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 513084 x 48 Monochrome
1998 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 5130 XpressMusic
240 x 320 (256,000) Color
2008 D GSM Candybar 2.0 MP
Nokia 5140128 x 128 12-bit (4096) Color
2004 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 5140i128 x 128 16-bit (65,536) Color
2005 D GSM CandybarVGA (0.3 MP)
Nokia 516084 x 48 Monochrome
1998 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 516584 x 48 Monochrome
2000 DTDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 517084 x 48 Monochrome
1999 D CDMA Candybar None
Nokia 5170i84 x 48 Monochrome
1999 D CDMA Candybar None
Nokia 5180iP84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DCDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 5185i84 x 48 Monochrome
2002 DCDMA/AMPS
Candybar None
Nokia 519084 x 48 Monochrome
1998 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 5200 128 x 160 18- 2006 D GSM Slide VGA (0.3
53
XpressMusicbit (262,144) Color
MP)
Nokia 521084 x 48 Monochrome
2002 D GSM Candybar None
Nokia 5220 XpressMusic
240 x 320 (262K) Color
2008 P GSM Candybar 2.0 MP
Nokia 5230360 x 640 24-bit (16M) Color
2009 P
UMTS/GSM/EDGE/HSPDA/
Candybar 2.0 MP
Nokia 5300 XpressMusic
320 x 240 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 D GSM Slide 1.3 MP
Nokia 5310 XpressMusic
240 x 320 24 bit (16,777,216) Color
2007 D GSM Candybar 2.0 MP
Nokia 5320 XpressMusic
240 x 320 (16M) Color
2008 P UMTS Candybar1) 2.0 MP + CIF
The 5510 was Nokia's first phone with a built in MP3 player, and it had 64 megabytes of memory for storing MP3s. It also had a full QWERTY keyboard and an 84 x 48 monochrome display. This phone did not sell very well even though it was advertised on television, possibly because it was too expensive and too big. Its replacement is the Nokia 3300.
The 5330 XpressMusic was discontinued, but replaced by the Nokia X3. The X3 features some styling cues taken from the 5330.
Nokia 6136 UMA is the first mobile phone to include Unlicenced Mobile Access. Nokia 6131 NFC is the first mobile phone to include Near Field Communication.
Nokia Eseries – Enterprise seriesMain article: Nokia Eseries
The Nokia Eseries is an enterprise-class series and includes business-optimized smartphones.
Phone model number
Screen typeReleased
Technology CameraImages
54
Nokia E50
240 x 320 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM/EDGE1.3 megapixels
Nokia E51
240 x 320 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2007GSM/EDGE/HSDPA/3G/WLAN
2 megapixels
Nokia E52
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2009GSM/EDGE/HSDPA/3G/WLAN
3.2 megapixels
Nokia E55
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2009GSM/EDGE/HSDPA/3G/WLAN
3.2 megapixels
Nokia E60
352 x 416 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS/WLAN None
Nokia E61
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS/WLAN None
Nokia E61i
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2007GSM/EDGE/UMTS/WLAN
2 megapixels
Nokia E62
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2006 GSM/EDGE None
Nokia E63
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2008GSM/EDGE/UMTS/WLAN
2 megapixels
Nokia E65 320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million)
2007 GSM/EDGE/UMTS/WLAN
2 megapixels
55
Color
Nokia E66
240 x 320 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2008GSM/EDGE/UMTS/WLAN
3.15 megapixels
Nokia E70
352 x 416 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2006GSM/WLAN/UMTS (Europe/Asia)
2 megapixels
Nokia E71
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2008GSM/EDGE/UMTS/WLAN
3.2 megapixels
Nokia E72
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2009GSM/EDGE/HSDPA/HSUPA/WLAN
5.0 megapixels
Nokia E75
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2009GSM/EDGE/UMTS/3G/WLAN
3.2 megapixels
Nokia E5
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2010GSM/EDGE/HSDPA/3G
5.0 megapixels
Nokia E90 Communicator
800 x 352 24-bit (16.7 million) Color
2007GSM/EDGE/3G/WLAN
3.15 megapixels
Nokia Nseries – Mobile Computer seriesMain article: Nokia Nseries
The Nokia Nseries is for people who wish to have advanced multimedia and connectivity features and as many other features as possible into one device.
Phone model number
Screen type
Released
TechnologyForm factor
Camera
56
Nokia N70
176 x 208 18-bit (262,144) Color
2005GSM/EDGE/UMTS
Candybar 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N70 Music Edition
176 x 208 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS Candybar 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N71
320 x 240 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N72
176 x 208 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM Candybar 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N73
320 x 240 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006GSM/EDGE/UMTS
Candybar 3.2 megapixels
Nokia N73 Music Edition
320 x 240 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006GSM/EDGE/UMTS
Candybar 3.2 megapixels
Nokia N75
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N76
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N77
329 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007 GSM/UMTS Candybar 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N78
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M)
2008 GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA
Candybar 3.2 megapixels
57
Color EGSM
Nokia N79
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2008
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
Candybar 5.0 megapixels
Nokia N80
352 x 416 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS Slide 3.15 megapixels
Nokia N81
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007GSM/UMTS/WLAN
Slide 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N81 8GB
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007GSM/UMTS/WLAN
Slide 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N82
320x240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
Candybar 5.0 megapixels
Nokia N85
320x240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2008
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
2-way Slide
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N86 8MP
320x240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2009
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
Slide 8.0 megapixels
Nokia N90
352 x 416 18-bit (262,144) Color
2005 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N91
176 x 208 18-bit (262,144) Color
2005 GSM/UMTS Slide 2.0 megapixels
Nokia N92
320 x 240 24-bit
2007 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 2.0 megapixels
58
(16.7M) Color
Nokia N93
320 x 240 18-bit (262,144) Color
2006 GSM/UMTS Clamshell 3.2 megapixels
Nokia N93i
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
Clamshell 3.2 megapixels
Nokia N95
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2006
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
2-way Slide
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N95 8GB
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2007
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
2-way Slide
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N96
320 x 240 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2008
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM DVB-H
2-way Slide
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N97
640 x 360 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2009
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
QWERTY keyboard, withtilt display
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N97 mini
360 x 640 24-bit (16.7M) Color
2009
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
QWERTY keyboard, withtilt display
5.0 megapixels
Nokia N8
360 x 640 (16.7M) Capacitive AMOLED touchscreen
2010
GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA EGSM
Candybar 12.0 megapixels
Nokia N900
800 x 480 24-bit (16.7M)
2009 GSM EGPRS UMTS WLAN WCDMA HSDPA
Tablet 5.0 megapixels
59
Color EGSM
Note:
Although part of the Nseries, the Nokia N800 and N810 Internet Tablets did not include phone functionality. See the Internet Tablets section.
Nokia Xseries – Multimedia seriesMain article: Nokia Xseries
The Nokia X series targets a young audience with a focus on music and entertainment.
.
OBJECTIVE’S
60
OBJECTIVE’S
To analysis how we can increase the sales of nokia e-series product.
To know about customer satisfaction level toward recession.
To analysis customer perception about nokia e- series
To analysis of effect on recession on nokia e series product.
To study about recession
61
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
62
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods may be understood as those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research. All those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of studying his research problem, are termed as research methods . Keeping in view, the research methods can be put into following three groups:
In the first group we include those methods which are
concerned with the collection of data. These methods will be
used where the data already available are sufficient to arrive at
the required solution.
The second group consists of those statistical techniques which
are used to establish relationships between the data and the
unknown.
The third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy of the obtained resultsThis type of analysis helps the management of the company to plan its future polices according to the external environment. Any sound research must have a proper design to achieve the required result, this study id constructed on the basis of descriptive design.
The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various tools, which basically analyze critically economical position of to the nokia series
63
RESEARCH DESIGN
To conduct the market research first of all it is necessary to create a research
design. A research design is basically a blue print of how a research is to be
conducted, it may include;
1. CHOOSING THE APPROACH
2. DETERMINING THE TYPES OF DATA NEEDED.
3. LOCATING THE SOURCE OF DATA.
4. CHOOSING A METHOD OF DATA.
64
Research Design
Exploratory Conclusion
CasualDescriptive
Observation Survey Experiment
65
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Following limitations were encountered while preparing this project:
Lack of experience
Short time duration
Lack of proper supervision
Small sample size
Lack of resources
66
DATA COLLECTION
Types of data collection
There are two types of data collection methods available.1. Primary data collection2. Secondary data collection
67
1) Primary data collection method
The primary data is that data which is collected fresh or first hand, and for first time which is original in nature. Primary data can collect through personal interview, questionnaire etc. to support the secondary data.
2) Secondary data collection method
The secondary data are those which have already collected and stored.Secondary data easily get those secondary data from records, journals, annual reports of the company etc. It will save the time, money and efforts to collect the data. Secondary data also made available through trade magazines, balance sheets, books etc.This project is based on primary data collected through personal interview ofhead of account department, head of SQC department and other concerned staff member of finance department. But primary data collection had limitations such as matter confidential information thus project is based on secondary information collected through five years annual report of the company, supported by various books and internet sides. The data collection was aimed at study of working capital management of the company
TOOLS USED
To know the response. I have used the questionnaire method in sample survey.
Statistical tools used are:
Pie Charts Bar Graphs Percentage method
68
Data analysis&
Interpretation
Q1. Which Companies Mobile handset are using ?
Options Percentage of Respondents
LG 46
69
Nokia 48
Tata Indicom 2
Spice 4
Interpretation:
48% of the respondents are using LG 46% of the respondents are using
SPICE This shows that Market share of NOKIA e series is 48% which is the
result of aggressive sales promotional strategy of the company.
(2)What was the sale of nokia e-series during pre-recession?
option Percentage of respondents
Low 25
70
Average 35
high 40
Interpretation:
25% of the respondents of say that the of the nokia was low because other
companies are providing better schemes, 35% of the respondents are saying
that other telecom companies are offering attractive promotional offers and
40% say it was on high position.
(3)What was the sale of nokia e- series during recession?
Option Percentage of respondents
Increase 40
Decrease 35
71
moderate 25
Interpretation:
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage.
(4) What is the change percentage of nokia e-series during recession?
Option Percentage of respondents
Increase 50
Decrease 35
72
moderate 15
Interpretation:
50% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 15% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage.
(5) What is the sale of nokia e-series during the post recession?
Option Percentage of respondents
High 40
Low 35
73
average 25
Interpretation:
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage.
(6) Did nokia provide any schemes?
Option Percentage of respondents
Yes 65
74
No 35
Interpretation:
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage
(7) Did you take any advantages to nokia e-series in recession.
Option Percentage of respondentsYes 65No 35
75
Interpretation:
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage
(8) Which kind of schemes provided by the company?
Option Percentage of respondentsDiscount 35Free gift 30
76
Coupons 25others 15
Interpretation:
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage.
(9) Now are you satisfied with the nokia e -series handset?
Option Percentage of respondents
77
Yes 65
no 35
Interpretation:
65% of the respondent says that it we are satisfied with nokia brand and 35% of the respondent says no.
10) How nokia is different from other products?
78
Options No of respondents
Price 41
Quality 29
Services 22
others 18
79
Interpretation
41% of the respondents say that price factor make different nokia to other and 29% of the respondent say that quality make different and 22 % of the respondent say that nokia services make different.
11) Did recession decrease the sale of nokia e-series?
Options No of respondent
Yes 55
No 45
Interpretation
80
55% of respondent say yes and 45% the respondents say that there were no effect of recession on sale of nokia.
OBSERVATIONS&
FINDINGS
81
Observation & findings
48% of the respondents are using LG 46% of the respondents are
using SPICE This shows that Market share of NOKIA e series is 48%
which is the result of aggressive sales promotional strategy of the company.
25% of the respondents of say that the of the nokia was low
because other companies are providing better schemes, 35% of the
respondents are saying that other telecom companies are offering
attractive promotional offers and 40% say it was on high position.
40% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 25% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage.
65% of the respondent says that it we are satisfied with nokia brand and 35% of the respondent says no.
50% of the respondent says that it was on increased stage and 35% of the respondent says that was on decrease stage and 15% of the respondent says it was on moderate stage
82
‘
Conclusion
&
Suggestions
83
Conclusion
In the present project I have analyzed the effect of recession on nokia e-series brand used by nokia. I found that nokia e-series is having aggressive sales promotion strategy to attract customers.
The best part of this brand is the schemes which nokia provide to their customer. nokia is offering unlimited option at a very low cost as compared to other companies.
The promotional offers launched by Airtel are also very good. nokia is No.1 mobile provider brand.
Over the past couple of months, fears of a slowdown in the United States of America have increased. The impact of the sub prime crisis along with a slowdown in mortgages has led to a significant lowering of growth estimates. Since the United States dominates the global economy, any slowdown there would have an impact on most of the global economic variables.
For India, it could mean a further appreciation in the rupee Vis--Vis the US dollar and a darkening of business outlook for sectors dependent on US companies. No sector has a dominant influence on earnings growth and risks to our estimate are limited. Corporate India is also learning to master the art of efficient capital management, reduction in costs and delivery of value-added services to sustain profit margins. Further, interest rates are expected to be stable primarily due to control over inflation and proactive measures undertaken by the RBI.
SUGGESTIONS
84
Aggressive Sales Promotional activities must be done.
The company should introduce some new type of advertisements
which can capture attention of people always and they may retain the
advertisement during recession.
Customers must be made aware about the Schemes of nokia e-series
mobile.
Tariff plan should have consistent base. It should not fluctuate
frequently.
Customer retention programs should be more frequent in order to
assess the feedback of the customers about the company.
Efforts should be made to minimize the billing related problems.
Value Added Services need to be streamlined.
Customers should be properly educated about the latest launching of
the services.
85
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
www.nokia.com
www.economist.about.com
86
www.economisttime.com
www.sharemarket.com
BOOKS
Laurence Shatkin, Ph.D. , Editors at JIST
Jerry Ryan , Roberta Ryan
87
ANNEXUREQUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name : _______________________________
Address : _______________________________
Occupation : _______________________________
Office Address : _______________________________
Q1. Which Companies Telephone services you are using ?
a. LG b. NOKIA
c. Tata Indicom d. SPICE
88
(2) What was the sale of nokia e-series during pre-recession? (a) Low (b) average (c) high
(3) what was the sales of nokia e- series during recession? (a) Increase (b) decrease c) moderate
(4) What is the change percentage of nokia e-series during recession? (a) increase (b) increase © moderate
(5) Did nokia provide any schemes? (a) Yes (b) no
(6) There were any advantages to nokia e-series in recession. (a) yes (b) no
(7) Which kind of schemes provided by the company? (a) discount on MRP (b) free gift (c) coupons (d) other
(9) now are you satisfied with the nokia e -series handset? (a) yes (b) no
10) How nokia is deferent from other products?
a) Priceb) Qualityc) ServicesD) Others
11) Does recession decrease the sale of nokia e-series?
89
A) YES b) No
90