a study of some aspects of the metabolic profile of

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

A STUDY OF SOI'IE ASPECTS OF THE

I4ETABOLIC PROFILE OF GRAZINC DAIRY CATTLE

IN NEl,'i ZEALAND

A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE REOUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AT MASSEY UNIVERSITY

MAX MERRALL

B.V. Sc.

JUNE L982

r:.tfflrl ! .::::

itl

ABSTRACT

Groups of cattle on three dairy units at Massey University weresampled on a monthly basis for a period of twelve montlrs tocollect data on 11 blood parameters that would provide thebasis for a metabolic profile for grazing dairy cattle in New

ZeaLand. The parameters selected were those initially in the'Compton Profile' i.e. haematocrit, haemoglobin, total protein,albumin, urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium,calcium and inorganic phosphate.

Comparison between the Massey and the U.K. results revealedthat haematocrit and haemoglobin values were lower and serumtotal protein, urea nitrogen and glucose values higher than thecomparable figures for the U.K. and almost all parameters forthe New Zealand data were more variable. Possible reasonsfor differences \^rere discussed.

The design of the investigation permitted the estimation of a

number of sources of variation, namely season, lactation andage. To obtain additional information a further herd was

sampled for another year and in another location. Seasonalvariation occurred with most parameters although this was

minimal with sodium and potassium. The seasonal variation inhaematocrit and haemoglobin followed a consistent pat.tern withhigh values in winter and summer and low values in autumn andspring. Urea niErogen values showed marked changes whichfollowed the variation in pasture protein content but whichwere apparently modified by the amount of feed offered. Inthe case of other parameters seasonal change appeared to be.minor and/or inconsistent; nevertheless it could at times beimportant, e.g. low serum magnesium in the spring in one herdonly

stage of lactation appeared to have little influence on thevalues recorded except at times of peak lactation whennutritional insufficiency was also present. rnorganic

1V

phosphate and calcium showed a decrease with age andglobulin showed an increase; the extent of these changes wasrelatively small. Age had minimal influence on all otherparameters measured.

rn an attempt to define other factors contributing to thevariation observed an additional two investigations v/erecarried out: the first where sets of identical twin cowshrere sampled daily for three consecutive days each month forthirteen months; the second where two hourly samples werecollected for a L2 day period from cattle which r{7ere housed,and fed and milked on a rotation which allowed the effects ofdiurnal variation (if any) and the influence of these tr,rro

variables to be separated.

Monthly changes in the values of the parameters, whichrepresent the combined effects of season and lactation, was animportant source of variation in all cases but daily variationwas found to be relatively unimportant. significant geneticeffects were observed with haematocrit and haemoglobin, to alesser extent with urea nitrogen, total protein and albumin,and to a minor extent with glucose, potassiumrcalcium andinorganic phosphate.

Significant diurnal rhythms were observed with sodium, calciumand inorganic phosphate, with the latter two tending to movetogether. Time since milking was relatively unimportant as asource of variation.

Time since feed was first offered was an important source ofvariation in the case of haematocrit, haemoglobin and inorganicphosphate while the amount of feed consumed was important withhaematocrit, haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and calcium.

Despite the efforts that hrere made to standardise proceduresthroughout the entire investigation, and to partition thetotal variance to a number of likely sources, the residualvariation remained high. Further investigations are warranted

v

to define further the factorsresidual variation before theprofile' as a diagnostic tool

that contribute to thispotential of the 'metaboliccan be properly exploited.

v1

ACKNOt^lLEDGEIVIENTS

I am deeply indebted to my supervisors, Prof . E.D. Fielden,Prof . R.E. Munford and Dr R.M. Greenway for their intr rest,advice, guidance and encouragenrent during the entire courseof this study.

For the work with the animals, Alan Lowe, manager of theIdentical Twin Research and Development Unit was a majorsource of helpl also instrumental in the supply of stock were

Maurice Newth, manager No. I Dairy Unit and Brian Johnson,manager No 3. Dairy Unit. During the trial when the animalswere in the barn, Alan Lockyear of the Animal PhysiologyUnit helped prepare and maintain the facilities and JirnThompson of the Department of Veterinary Clinical Scienceswas responsible for milking the cohrs and cleaning the barn.

Mr D.C. Anderson, Senior Veterinarian, Rangitaiki PlainsVeterinary Club was responsible for sampling the animals inthe Awaroa herd and Mr C. Blackshaw was responsible forperforming the haematocrit estimations and preparing thesamples for freezing and despatch to Massey - to both Iextend my thanks.

During the course of this project I have been assisted by anumber of other technical staff and my thanks go also tothem; they include Gail Bowman, Julia Chrisfield, Rose Law,

Lynn Bell and Carol Black. Besides the sterling work ofMrs V. Fieldsend who has typed the major portion of thedraft and virtuaLly all the final copy, typing help has

been given by Elizabeth El1is, Hazel Boudreau, Sue Shirriffs,Joy Pearce and Alison Cleaver.

I am also grateful to Mr I.J. Steffert and other academrc

staff of the Veterinary Faculty for their support andtolerance during the project and for the many discussions,including those with members of the Dairy Husbandry

vli

Department, that have helped me formulate my ideas and

conclusions concerning this investigation.

I would like to thank my late parents, especially my father.Both gave me much encouragement and my father's desirt, tohelp was so great I asked him to prepare the flow chartdiagrams in Appendix B - a task he successfully completedbefore his death in L977.

Finally my thanks deservedly go to my long suffering wife and

family who for years listened to me talk of my work and

'*y thesis' and who with me are sharing my excitement now.Without their support and encouragement the task would havebeen much less the pleasure and absorbing interest it hasbeen.

Vtal

ABSTMCT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

TABLE OF COI,|TENTS

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Development and use of metabolicprofile tests in cattle

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r22r28L29

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r33L44

B. Selected literature concerning theparameters studiedHaematocrit (PCV)

HaemoglobinTotal serum protein and albuminUrea nitrogenGlucoseSodiumPotassiumMagnesiumCalciumInorganic phosphate

CHAPTER III MATERIAL AND METHODS

art A (Massey Dairy Units)Part B (Awaroa Herd)Part C (Identical Twin Trial)Part D (Indoor Ilousing Trial)The Analytical ProceduresStatistical Analysis

iX

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

RESIJLTS AND DISCUSSION - PART A

Key to Graphs Chapter IV FacingHaematocrit and haemoglobinTotal protein and albuminUrea nitrogenGlucoseSodium and potassiumMagnesiumCalciumInorganic phosphate

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS - PART B

Key to Graphs Chapter V FacingHaematocritTotal protein and albuminUrea nitrogenGlucoseSodium and potassiumMagnesium

CalciumInorganic phosphate

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS - PART C

Haematocrit and haemoglobinTotal protein and albuminUrea nitrogenGlucoseSodium and potassiumMagnesium

CalciumInorganic phosphate

RESI]LTS AND DISCUSSIONS - PART D

Haematocrit and haemoglobinSerum total protein and albuminUrea nitrogen

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CIIAPTER VII

X

CHAPTER VIII

BIBLIOGMPHY

APPENDICES

GlucoseSodiumPotassiumMagnesiumCalciumInorganic phosphate

SI]M},IARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Mean values for the parameters measuredGenetic influencesAge effectsSeasonal effectsStage of lactationMonthly variationDaily variationDiurnal variationAmount of feed consumed

Time since feedingTime since milkingApplication of metabolic profiles todairy herds

Addendum to BibliographyA. Chemicals used in the methodologyB. Auto-anaLyzer manifold flow chartsC. 1. Means of parameters derived from

Part C of the Study2. Sumnrary of the procedure used to

estimate the cbmponents of variance xv3.-5. Correlations between haematocrit

and haemoglobin and the othervariables xvi

D. Analyses of variance for the parametersfor imount of feed consumed, time sincefeeding, time since rnilking-and time of xrxday.

E. Copy of a paper "A Metabolic Profile of xxxGrazing Dairy Cattle for a One YearPeriod'. Pre-sented at the 9th InternationalCongress on Diseases of Cattle. Paris 1976.

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305396

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Table

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I2

LIST OF TABLES

CHANGES IN BLOOD GLUCOSE IN RESPONSE TOFEEDING

MEANS (t sd) FoR BLOOD PARAMETERS FROMMASSEY DATA AND UNITED KINGDOM DATA

PERCENTAGE OF VARIATION EXPLAINED (R2)MASSEY UNITS

MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THEAWAROA HERD TOGETHER WITH THE CALCULATEDMEANS FOR THE THREE MASSEY UNITS AND ACOMBIMD }.IASSEY_AWAROA MEAN

PERCENTAGE OF VARIATION EXPLAINED(R2) -AWAROA HERD

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, HAEMATOCRIT

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, HAEMOGLOBIN

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, TOTAL PROTEIN

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, ALBI]MIN

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, UREA NITROGEN

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, GLUCOSE

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, SODII'},I

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, POTASSIIJM

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, MAGNESIT]M

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, CALCIIJM

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, INORGANIC PHOSPHATE

SI]MMARY OF THE COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE FORTHE ELEVEN PARA]'IETERS EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGEOF THE TOTAL VARIANCE FOR EACH PARA]'{ETER

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT

xl

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VII

VII

284

286VARIABLES

THE EXTENT OF VARIATION IN BLOOD MEASUREMENTSASSOCTATED WITH THE AMOUNT OF FOOD EATEN,TIME SINCE FEEDING, TIME SINCE MILKING ANDTIME OF DAY 288

Figure

II: 1

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IV: L2

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IV:19IV: 20

IV: 2I

Pathways of energy metabolism inbovine

LIST OF FIGURES

xii

Page

the46

intervals 159

intervals 159

intervals 159

Unit 1, haematocrit,



A11 3 Massey units,simultaneous plotUnit 1, haematocrit,



A11 3 Massey units,milk

time in 4 wk

time in 4 wk

time in 4 wk

haematocrit,

wks in milk

wks in milk

wks in milk

haematocrit, wks in

r59

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t62

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r64

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r64

U{rit 1, autumn calving group, haematocrit,time in 4 wk intervalsUlit 1, spring calving group, haematocrit,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,haemaLocrit, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, haematocrit,wks in milkUnit 1, spring calving group, haematocrit,wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,haematocrit, wks in rnilkUnit 1, haematocrit, age

Unit 2, haematocrit, age

Unit 3, haematocrit, .age

A11 3 Massey units, haematocrit, sg€

Unit 1, haemoglobin, time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 2, haemoglobin, tirne in 4 wk intervalsUnit 3, haemoglobin, time in 4 wk intervals

Figure

IV

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IV: 4L

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IV: 44

A11 3 Massey units,simultaneous plotUnit 1, haemoglobin,

Unit 2, haemoglobin,

Unit 3, haemoglobin,

A11 3 Massey units,wks in miikUnit 1, autumn calving group, haemoglobintime in 4 wk intervalsUlit l, spring calving group, haemoglobintime in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,haemoglobin, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, haemoglobin,wks in rnilk

Unit 1, spring calving group, haemoglobin,wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,haemoglobrn, wks in milkUnit l, haemoglobin, age

Unit 2, haemoglobin, age

Unit 3, haemoglobrn, age

A11 3 Massey units, haemoglobin,

haemoglobin,

wks in milk

wks in milk

wks in rnilk

haemoglob in,

total protein, time in 4



Unit

Unit

Unit

1,

2,

3,

protern,

in milk

in rnilk

in rnilk

protein, wks

xiii

Page

r64

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165

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r66

t66

r66

L67

t67

t67

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L75

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L75

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L76

t76

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age

wk intervalswk intervals

wk intervals

A11,3 Massey units, totalsimultaneous plotUnit 1, total protein, wks

Unit 2, total protein, wks

Unit 3, total protein, wks

A11 3 Massey units, totalmilk

in

Figure

IV: 45

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xtv

Page

Unit 1, autumn calving groupr. total protein,time in 4 wk interval s L77

Unit 1, spring calving group, total protein,time in 4 wk intervals I77

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,total protein, simultaneous plot 177

Unit 1, autumn calving group, total protein,wks in milk 178

Unit 1, spring calving group, total protein,wks in milk 178

Unit I, autumn and spring calving groups,total protein, wks in milk 178

Unit 1, total protein, age L79

Unit 2, total protein, ag€ L79

Unit 3, total proteinr sg€ 179

A11 3 Massey units, total protein, age I79

Unit I, albumin, time in 4 wk intervals 180

Unit 2, albumin, time in 4 wk intervals 180

Unit 3, albumin, time in 4 wk intervals 180

A11 3 Massey units, albumin, simultaneousplot 180

Unit 1, albumin, wks in milk _ 181

Unit 2, albumin, wks in rnilk 181

Unit 3, albumin, wks in rnilk 181

All 3 Massey units, albumin, wks in milk 181

Unit 1, autumn calving group, albumin, timein 4 wk intervals L82

Unit i, spring calving group, albumin, timein 4 wk intervals 182

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,albumin, simultaneous plot L82

Unit 1, autumn calving group, albumin,wks in milk 183

Figure

IV: 67

IV: 68

Unit 1, spring calving group, albumin,wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,

group, urea nitrogen,

Page

r83

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r84

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intervals 188

intervals 188

intervals 188

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nrtrogen,190

groups,190

nitrogen,191

ni trogen,19r

grouPs,19r

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IV:86

albumin, wks in milkUnit 1, albumin, aBe

Unit 2, albumin, sg€

Unit 3, albumin, age

A11 3 Massey units, albumin, ag€

Unit 1, urea nitrogen, time in 4 wk



A11 3 Massey units, urea nitrogen,simultaneous plotUnit 1, urea nitrogen, wks in milk

Unit 2, urea nitrogen, wks in milk

Unit 3, urea nitrogen, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, urea nitrogen, wksin milk

IV: 87

IV: 88

IV:89

Unit 1, autumn calvingtime in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, spring calving group, ureatime in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1 r autumn a+d spring calvingurea nitrogen, simultaneous plot

Unit 1, autumn calving group, ureawks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, ureawks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calvingurea nitrogen, wks in milk

Unit 1, urea nitrogenr sg€

Unit 2, urea nitrogen, age

Unit 3, urea nitrogen, age

Figure

IV: 90

IV: 91

xvi

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IV: 112

IV:113

A11 3 Massey units, urea nitrqgen, sg€

Variation in pasture nitrogen with timeof year

Unit 1, glucose, time in 4 wk intervals



A11 3 Massey units, glucose, simultaneousplotUnit 1, glucose, wks in milk

Unit 2, glucose, wks in milk

Unit 3, glucose, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, glucose, wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn calving group, glucose,time in 4wk intervalsUnit 1, spring calving group, glucose,time in 4 wk intervals

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,glucose, simultaneous plot

Unit 1, autumn calving group, glucose,wks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, glucose,wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups 'glucose, wks in milk

Unit I, glucose, aB€

Unit 2, glucose, 89€

Unit 3, glucoser sB€

A11 3 Massey units, glucose, aB€

Unit 1, sodium, time in 4 wk intervals



A11 3 Massey units, sodirrm, simultaneousplot

Figure

xvI1

Page

2LO

2tQ

2ro

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211

2LL

2LT

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t29

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Unit 1, sodium, wks in rnilk

Unit 2, sodium, wks in milk

Unit 3, sodium, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, sodium, wks in milkUnit 1, autumn calving group, sodium,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, spring calving group, sodium,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit. 1, autumn and. spring calving groups,sodium, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, sodium,wks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, sodium,wks in milk

IV

IV

IV

IV

Unit 1, autumn andsodium, wks in milkUnit 1, sodium, age

Unit 2, sodium, age

Unit 3, sodium, age

A11 3 Massey units,Unit 1, potassium,

Unit 2, potassium,

Unit 3, potassium,

Al1 3 Massey units,simultaneous plot

Unittime

Unit i, potassium, wks in rnilk

Unit 2, potassium, wks in milk

Unit 3, potassium, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, potassium,

autumn calving group,4 wk intervals

spring calving groups,

sodium, ag€

time in 4 wk intervalstime in 4 wk intervalstime in 4 wk intervalspotassaum,

wks in milkpotassium,l,

IN

Figure

IV: I 37

IV: 138

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IV : L42

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r57

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Unit I, spring calving group, potassium,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,potassium, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, potassium,wks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, potassium,wks in milk

wks in milk

magnes ium,

magnesium,

xvl- I_ 1

Page

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Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,potassium, wks in milk 2L7

Unit 1, potassium, ag€ 218

Unit 2, potassiumr ag€ zLB

Unit 3, potassium, age 218

A11 3 Massey units, potassium, age 2I8

Unit 1, magnesium, time in 4 wk interval s 222

Unit 2, magnesium, time in 4 wk intervals 222

Unit 3, magnesium, time in 4 wk intervals 222

A11 3 Massey units, magnesium, simultaneousplot

Unit 1, magnesium, wks in milkUnit 2, magnesium, wks in milkUnit 3, magnesium, wks in rnilk

A11 3 Massey units, magnesium,

Ulit 1, autumn calving group,time in 4 wk intervalsUlit 1, spring calving group,time in 4 wk intervals

IV

IV

IV

Unit 1, autumn gnd spring_calving groups,magnesium, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, magnesium,wks in milk

Unit-1, spring calving group, magnesium,wks in milk

IV

Figure

IV: 159

IV: 160

IV : 161

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IV:163

IV: I 64

IV: 1 65

IV: 166

IV: 1 67

IV: I 68

IV: 169

IV: I 70

IV : 171

IV -.I72

IV: 1 73

IV: 1 74

IV: 1 75

IV:176

IY:L77

IV

IV

IV

IV

IV

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t79

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181

r82

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,magnesium, wks in milk

Unit 1, magnesium, age



All 3 Massey units, magnesium, age

Unit 1, calcium, time in 4 wk intervals



A11 3 Massey units, calcium, simultaneousplotUnit 1, calcium, wks in milkUnit 2, calcium, wks in milkUnit 3, calcium, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, calcium, wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn calving group, calcium,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit I, spring calving group, calcium,time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,calcium, simultaneous plotUnit 1, autumn calving group, calcium,wks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, calciumweeks in milk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,calcium, wks in milkUnit 1, calcium, age

Unit 2, calcium, sg€

Unit 3, calcium, sg€

A11 3 Massey units, calcium, age

Unit 1, inorganic phosphate, time in4 wk intervals

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Figure Page

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Unit 2, inorganic phosphate, time in4 wk intervalsUnit 3, inorganic phosphate, time in4 wk intervalsA11 3 Massey units, inorganic phosphate,simultaneous plotUnit 1, inorganic phosphate, wks in milk

Unit 2, inorganic phosphate, wks in milk

Unit 3, inorganic phosphate, wks in milk

A11 3 Massey units, inorganic phosphate,wks in milk

Unit 1, autumn calving group, inorganicphosphate, time in 4 wk intervalsUnit I, spring calving group, inorganicphosphate, time in 4 wk intervalsUnit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,inorganic phosphate, simultaneous plot.Unit 1, autumn calving group, inorganicphosphate, wks in milk

Unit 1, spring calving group, inorganicphosphate, wks in rnilk

Unit 1, autumn and spring calving groups,inorganic phosphate, wks in milk

Unit L, inorganic phosphate, age

Unit 2, inorganic phosphate, age

Unit 3, inorganic phosphate, age

A11 3 Massey units, inorganic phosphate,age

haematocrit, time in 4 wk

and all 3 Massey units,simultaneous plothaematocrit, wks in milk

IV

IV

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IV

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L99

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3

Awaroa herd,intervals

Awaroa herdhaematocrit,

Awaroa herd,

Figure

V:

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6

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,haematocrit, wks in rnilk

Awaroa herd, haematocrit, age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey herds,haematocrit, aB€

Awaroa herd, total protein, time in 4 wkintervalsAwaroa herd and all 3 Massey units, totalprotein, simultaneous plotAwaroa herd, total protein wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units, totalprotein, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, total protein, sg€

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,toLal proteinr age

Au'aroa herd, albumin, time in 4 wkintervalsAwaroa herd ana.a11 3 Massey units,albumin, simultaneous plotAwaroa herd, albumin, wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,albumin, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, albumin, age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,albumin, aB€

Awaroa herd, urea nitrogen, time in4 wk intervalsAwaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,urea nitrogen, simultaneous plot

Awaroa herd, urea nitrogen, wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,urea nitrogen, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, urea nitrogen, age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,urea nitrogen, age

Awaroa herd, glucose, time in 4 wkintervals

8

V

V

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V:

V:

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V: 23

V: 24

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10

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_ Vz 17

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t2

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2t

22

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Figure

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Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,glucose, simultaneous plot

Awaroa herd, glucoserwks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,glucose, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, glucose, age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,glucose, ag€

Awaroa herd, sodium, time in 4 wk intervals

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,sodium, simultaneous plot

Awaroa herd, sodium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,sodium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, sodiumr age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,sodium, age

Awaroa herd, potassium, time in 4 wkintervalsAwaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,potassium, simultaneous plot

Awaroa herd, potassium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,potassium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, potassiumr age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,potassium, age

Awaroa herd, magnesium, time in 4 wkintervalsAwaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,magnesium, simultaneous plotAwaroa herd, magnesium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,magnesium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd , magne s iurq age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,magnesium, age

xxat

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3r

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49 Awaroa herd, calcium,intervalsAwaroa herd and all 3calcium, simultaneous

Awaroa herd, calcium,

Awaroa herd and all 3calcium, wks in milk

Awaroa herd, calcium,

Awaroa herd and all 3calcium, age

time in 4 wk

Massey units,plotwks in milk

Massey units,

age

Massey units,

Awaroa herd, inorganic phosphate, timein 4 wk intervals-Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,inorganic phosphate, simultlneous plotAwaroa herd, inorganic phosphate,wks in nilkAwaroa herd and all 3 Massev units.inorganic phosphate, wks in-milkAwaroa herd, inorganic phosphate, age

Awaroa herd and all 3 Massey units,inorganic phosphate, age

Haematocrit, time since feeding

Haemoglobin, time since feeding

Sodium, time of day

Magnesium, time since feeding

Calcium, time of day

Calcium, time since feeding

Inorganic phosphate, time of day

Inorganic phosphate, time since feeding

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VIIVIIVII

VIIVIIVIIVIIVII

a study of some aspects of the metabolic profile of

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