214 OLR (I 986) 33 (3)

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

B I0. Apparatus and methods

86:1479 Dobson, Fred (comment), S.V. Hsiao and O.H.

Shemdin (reply), 1985. Comment on 'Mcasm'e- meats of wind velocity and pressure with a wave follower during MARSEN.' J. geophys. Res., 90(C5):9206-9208. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS, Canada.

1380. Radiation

86:1480 Koprova, L.I., 1985. Radiation heat exchange in the

energy-active zone of the Gulf Stream in winter. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 7:56-62. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Estimates are derived for the radiation balance and its components (statistical distributions, mean values, diurnal course of quantifies) for three periods of observations and for the entire period. Processes of radiation heat exchange formation are compared with those in near-equatorial and tropical latitudes.

86:1481 Olszewski, Jerzy, 1985. A verification of model of

npwelling radinee above the sea surface. Oceano- logia, Warsz, 20:51-58.

A model of upwelling radiance utilizes a combi- nation of single and simplified multiple scattering effects. Results of computations of vertical diffuse reflection of radiance are compared to the results obtained with the Monte Carlo technique and show quite a good agreement between the models. Inst. of Oceanol., Polish Acad. of Sci., Sopot, Poland.

Bll0. Climate, climatology

86:1482 Nicolis, C., J.P. Boon and G. Nicolis, 1985. Fluc-

tuation-dissipation theorem and intrinsic stodmstidty of dimate. Nuovo Cim., (C)8(3): 223-241.

In climate dynamics the effect of internally gener- ated fluctuations is usually described by augmenting the balance equations through the addition of random forces. A fluctuation-dissipation theorem

relating their covariance matrix to the phenome- nological coefficients such as eddy diffusivity is proposed and used to identify the statistical prop- erties of the climatic variables themselves, and thus to characterize climatic variability from the stand- point of the statistical theory of irreversible proc- esses. Applications to a simple thermal convection problem and to a zonally averaged energy-balance model are presented, the possibility of experimental verification is discussed. Inst. d'Aeron. Spatiale de Belglque, 3 Ave. Circulaire, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgium.

BI40. Air-sea interactions

86:1483 Kagan, B.A., V.A. Ryabchenko and A.S. Safray,

1985. Modellin$ the seasonal variability of the hydrological eyrie in the occan-ntmosphere sys- tem. Meteorologiya Gidrol, 6:66-73. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Numerical experiments which illustrate the depend- ence of the ocean-atmosphere system on soil moisture content are discussed. The seasonal evo- lution of specific air humidity, meridional transport of water vapour in the atmosphere, evaporation, precipitation, soil moisture content and streamflow is reproduced; it is noted that an incorrect repro- duction of the streamflow may distort the system's response to an external disturbance.

86:1484 Khalsa, S.-J. S., 1985. A mixed-hffer Imlk lmrame-

terization of surface fluxes tested with zira'Mt data. J. geophys. Res~ 90(C5):9073-9078.

The parameterization used relates the fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture at the surface of the central equatorial Pacific to parameters in the well-mixed region above the surface layer. Derived transfer coefficients for momentum and moisture agree well with those estimated from theoretical work. Sensible heat flux was too small at flight level to parameterize effectively. CIRES, Univ. of Colo- rado, Boulder, CO, USA.

86." 1485 Love, Geoff, 1985. A study d the Iimm" reimkmam~

Imtween the m o m ~ mere flei~ d m a mrlme ~ mmm ma level lmZmwe md dotal. ineu over tim northwest Pacific. d. met. Soc. Japan, (Sex. II)63(2):201-209.

OLR (1986) 33 (3) B. Marine Meteorology 215

Linear relationships were sought using the empirical orthogonal function technique on the data fields stratified into summer and winter data sets. The first winter eigenvector/amplitude coefficient pair re- sembled an El Nh3o/Southern Oscillation event. No other statistically significant eigenvector/amplitude coefficient pairs were obtained. Generally the rela- tionships between the three pairs of variables were statistically insignificant. Meteorol. Satellite Center, Japan Meteorol. Agency, Kiyose, Japan.

86:1486 Nicholls, S., 1985. Aircraft observations of the Ekman

layer during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Ex- periment. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 111(468):391-426.

Observations from eight occasions during JASIN when the atmospheric boundary layer was neutrally stable are used to estimate the momentum and turbulent kinetic energy balances throughout the depth of the Ekman layer. The terms consistently balanced and their importance was described by Ekman scaling. The turbulent momentum transport was confined to high wavenumbers whose charac- teristics were a function of depth and stability. Implications for the heat and water mass balances arc discussed. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK. (wbo)

~ : 1 4 ~ Overland, J.E., 1985. Atmospheric boundary layer

structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. geophys. Res, 90(C5):9029-9049.

Air/sea drag coefficients for first-year ice are estimated from recent aircraft measurements. Re- sults reconcile the range of observed drag coeffi- cients for all sea ice types, based on ice roughness and seasonal meteorology, i.e., structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. Values are given for regional stress associated with regional winds since sea ice is heterogeneous on scales less than 20 km. The relation between geostrophic and surface winds is reviewed; drag coefficients are proposed for a wide range of ice concentrations and atmospheric conditions based upon inversion height. Pacific Mar. Lab., NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA. (wbo)

86:1488 Wu, Jin, 1985. Parameterlzatlon of wind.str~-~s

cooffldents over water surfaces. J. geophys. Res, 90(C5):9069-9072.

At all fetches under various wind velocities the wind-stress coefficient is related to the nondimen- sional fetch. A unique relationship was found between the wave age and nondimensional fetch; the former can therefore be used as an alternate

parameter for the latter, especially useful for the open sea. Air-Sea Interaction Lab., College of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA.

B 1 7 0 . C ~ u l a t i o n

86:1489 Sardeshmukh, P.D. and B.J. Hoskins, 1985. Vorticity

balances in the tro~es daring the 1982--83 El Nifio-Southern Oscillation event. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 111(468):261-278.

Mean vorticity balances in the tropical atmosphere were determined from archived data at one upper (150 nab) and one lower (850 rob) tropospheric level. The lower level balance is a linear Sverdrup balance between stretching and advection of planetary vorticity; the upper, nonlinear with a primary balance between stretching and advection of abso- lute vorticity by the time-mean horizontal flow. Transients play a smaller but significant role; vertical advection and twisting of vorticity can be neglected. Nonlinear character is highlighted by the failure of a linearized barotropic model to simulate anomalous flow in the central Pacific. Stretching in regions of strong convective outflow leads to rapid spin-down of the local absolute vorticity and the production of a region of almost zero absolute circulation. Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Reading, UK. (wbo)

B 2 5 0 . C l o u d s

86:1490 Chen, Yi-Leng, 1985. Diagnosis of the net cloud mass

flux In GATE. J. atmos. Sci, 42(16): 1757-1769.

A diagnostic analysis of the net cloud mass flux for the mean state of Phase III is presented. It is hypothesized that a considerable portion of the moisture detrained from tall clouds is transported horizontally toward higher latitudes by horizontal eddy fluxes. The diagnosed environmental subsi- dence has a maximum in the midtroposphere and is less than 1.5 times the sinking motion required by the radiative cooling in low levels. The vertical profile of the diagnosed net detrainment rate suggests three primary detrainment layers: below 800 mb, between 700 and 500 mb, and above 300 mb. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

86:1491 Curry, J.A. and G.F. Herman, 1985.

betwo~ ~ heat and ~