a study of the usage of public elderly fitness corners...

A STUDY OF THE USAGE OF PUBLIC ELDERLY FITNESS CORNERS

IN HONG KONG

BY

CHAN HOI CHING

13005642

AN HONOURS PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARTS

IN

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT (HONOURS)

HONG KOND BAPTIST UNIVERSITY

APRIL 2015

2

HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY

24th

April, 2013

We hereby recommended that the Honours Project by Miss Chan Hoi Ching

entitled “A Study of the usage of public elderly fitness corners in Hong Kong” be

accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Honours

Degree in Physical Education And Recreation Management.

______________________________ ___________________________

Prof. Chung Pak Kwong Dr. Louie Lobo

Chief Adviser Second Reader

3

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this honours projects “A Study of the usage of public

elderly fitness corners in Hong Kong” represents my own work and had not been

previously submitted to this or other institution for a degree, diploma or other

qualification. Citations from the other authors were listed in the references.

____________________________

Chan Hoi Ching

24th

April, 2015

4

ACKNOELEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my chief advisor Prof. Chung Pak

Kwong, for his valuable recommendations and kindness guidance on the whole

project. Besides, I would like to show my appreciation to my second reader Dr. Louie

Lobo, for being my second reader on this project.

In addition, I would like to give thanks to all the respondents involved in this

study which including 91 users of the LCSD’s elderly fitness corners and 100

non-users of the corners, for their help in this study.

____________________________

Chan Hoi Ching

Department of Physical Education

Hong Kong Baptist University

Date: 24th

April, 2015

5

ABSTRACT

Recently Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) has built certain

amount of elderly fitness corners in its leisure venues such as parks and playgrounds.

Meanwhile, the problem of aging is very serious in Hong Kong which means more

and more elderlies are going to occur in the society in the future. Therefore, it is

wonder about the effectiveness of the LCSD’s elderly fitness corners. There are two

purpose of this study: First, to investigate the elderly’s usage of elderly fitness corners

of the parks of LCSD; Second, to examine the major reasons that motivate or interfere

elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners. 191 elderlies included both users

and non-users of the corners were invited to answer the questionnaire. The result of

2x2x3 ANOVA showed that there was a significant mean interaction effect between

days (weekdays and weekends) and time slots (morning, afternoon and evening)

(F=5.046, p=0.027). In addition, the results of frequency distribution showed that

want to do exercise was the main reason that motivate elderly to participate in the

elderly fitness corners (82.4%, N=75); on the other hand, afraid of being tired (74%,

N=74) and afraid of getting injured (64%, N=64) were the major barriers that interfere

elderly to participate in the corners.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………10

Statement of the Problem……………………………………..11

Definition of Terms…………………………………………...11

Delimitations...………………………………………………..12

Limitations……………………………………………………13

Assumptions…………………………………….…………….13

Hypotheses………………………………….……….………...14

Significance of the Study………………….…….…………….15

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………….….………….16

Aging……………………………………………….…………16

Importance of physical activity among elderly……………….18

Hong Kong elderly’s physical activity level………………….20

Elderly’s playgrounds in other countries……………………..21

Elderly’s playgrounds in Hong Kong………………….……...23

Summary……………………………………………………...24

7

Chapter Page

3. METHOD………………………………………………………25

Collection of data……………………………………………..25

Sample of selection…………………………………………...26

Procedures…………………………………………………….26

Method of analysis……………………………………………27

4. ANALYSIS OF DATA……………………………………….....28

Results………………………………………………….….…..28

Discussions…………………………………………….….….. 48

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUTIONS……………………..…..…53

Summary of results……………………………………….…..…53

Conclusion……………………………………………………....54

Recommendations for further study…………………………….55

REFERENCES……………………………………………………….…..56

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………........59

A. (A1-A4) Questionnaire of users version……………………59

B. Questionnaire of non-users version……………………...….63

C. (C1-C4) Self-modified SOPARC Path Coding form

for the observation………………………………………….64

8

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Gender

of the Users Respondents……………………………………29

2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age

of the Users Respondents…………………………………....30

3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Gender

of the Non-users Respondents……………………….………31

4. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age

of the Non-users Respondents……………………………….31

5. Frequency Distribution of the Major Reasons

that Motivate Elderly to Participate in the Corners…………..32

6. Frequency Distribution of the Major Barriers

to Participate in the Corners among Elderly……………..…..34

7. Frequency Distribution of the Frequency

of Using the Corner among Elderly………………………….35

8. Frequency Distribution of the Preference

on use of Equipment (Questionnaire result)…………………37

9

9. Frequency Distribution of the Preference

on use of Equipment (Direct observation result)……………39

10. 2x3x3 ANOVA of Mean Interaction among Gender, Days

(weekdays and weekends) and Time slots

(morning, afternoon and evening)……………….………….41

11. One Way ANOVA of Mean Difference between Days……...46

12. One Way ANOVA of Mean Difference among Time slots….47

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background

Aging is a universal issue that many countries are experiencing it. In Hong Kong,

aging is increasing rapidly which indicates the seriousness of the problem. According

to 2011-2012 Policy Address (2011),

Our population is rapidly ageing. As post-war “baby-boomers” approach

retirement age, our population aged 65 or above is expected to surge from about

900 000 at present to 2.1 million by 2030 to account for a quarter of our

population. The rapidly ageing population will bring tremendous challenges to

our elderly and public healthcare services. We must get prepared.

Therefore, it is necessary to plan and implement policies to solve this problem.

LCSD’s elderly fitness corner is one of the policies developed for this issue recently,

aims to provide more platforms for elderly to workout. They are built in ninety two

leisure venues of LCSD in the eighteen districts up to 2006. (Hong Kong Government,

2006) If more elderly do regular exercise, then there will be less burden of the

medical system in Hong Kong due to the increasing number of elderly. “Exercise as

medicine”, which is actually well known by us.

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Statement of the Problem

The first purpose of this study was to investigate the elderly’s usage of elderly

fitness corners of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD). It was divided

into three parts: (a) The interaction among gender, weekdays and weekends, and the

three targeted timeslots (Morning: 0730-0830 for observation; Afternoon: 1230-1330

for observation; Evening: 1830-1930 for observation), (b) The equipment preferred to

use most frequently by the elderly, and (c) The frequency of using the corner among

elderly. The second purpose of this study was to examine the major reasons that

motivate or interfere elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners.

Definition of Terms

Elderly Fitness Corners

Elderly fitness corners in this study refer to the corners that provide different

fitness equipment for the elderly in the parks of LCSD.

Elderly

According to the Hong Kong Government Social Welfare Department (2014),

Hong Kong residents who aged 65 or over are eligible to apply for the Senior Citizen

Card. Therefore citizens in Hong Kong who are 65 years old or over are defined as

elderly.

12

Delimitations

These delimitations were set.

1. Elderly aged 65 or over are the targeted samples.

2. An eight days direct observation is conducted in four Kowloon district parks

of Leisure and Cultural Services Department: Jordon Valley Park, Kowloon

Tsai Park, Ngau Chi Wan Park and Po Kong Village Road Park.

3. Self-modified SOPARC Path Coding form is used as a check list during

observation.

4. Self-designed questionnaire in Chinese version were distributed to the

respondents in order to have a direct communication with them in March

2015.

5. Questionnaires were completed by the respondents with assistance of the

researcher.

13

Limitations

These limitations were set.

1. Not all parks with elderly fitness corner but merely those in Kowloon district

are being observed in this study due to the time and cost limitation.

2. Only three time slots are being observed for thirty minutes due to the

research time limitation.

3. Convenience sampling is used in the questionnaire of non-users because of

the research cost limitation.

4. The honesty of respondents in answering questionnaire has not been

controlled.

Assumptions

1. It was assumed that the respondents in answering questionnaire were honest

to themselves.

2. It was assumed that there is a normal distribution in the reasons of both

participating and not participating in the elderly fitness corner.

3. It was assumed that there is a normal distribution in the frequency of using

elderly fitness corner.

4. It was assumed that there is a normal distribution in the major types of

equipment used by the elderly

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Hypotheses

These hypotheses were set for testing at the .05 level of significance:

1. There would be no significant interaction effect on the usage of elderly

fitness corner between male and female.


fitness corner among weekdays, weekends and, weekdays and weekends.


fitness corner among morning, afternoon and evening.


fitness corner between gender (male and female) and days (weekdays,

weekends and, weekdays and weekends).


fitness corner between gender (male and female) and time slots (morning,

afternoon and evening).


fitness corner between days (weekdays, weekends and, weekdays and

weekends) and timeslots (morning, afternoon and evening).


fitness corner among gender, days and time slots.

15

Significance of the Study

Nowadays, the aging problem in Hong Kong is very serious. This issue is

absolutely an impact to today’s sport and recreation industry and as well as in the

future. Recently LCSD has built certain amount of elderly fitness corners in its leisure

venues such as parks and playgrounds, and there is a trend that more elderly fitness

corners are going to be built in order to fulfill the increasing needs of elderly. “LCSD

will continue searching for appropriate venues to build elderly fitness corner in order

to let elderly be able to do exercise more conveniently” (Hong Kong Government,

2006) Therefore, it is important to examine the elderly usage of existing elderly

fitness corners so as to check the effectiveness of it. The result can also work as a

reference and consideration when building new elderly fitness corners in the future.

On the other hand, by examining the perception of participating in elderly fitness

corner among elderly help us to be more familiar with their needs and the reasons that

they use or not to use the equipment in the corner. So LCSD could design the

upcoming new corners in a more user-friendly way and take appropriate actions to

encourage more elderly to use it since LCSD as a public recreational provider would

definitely want to maximize the public’s usage toward their venues and equipment.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter was divided into six parts: (a) Aging, (b) Importance of physical

activity among elderly, (c) Hong Kong elderly’s physical activity level, (d) Elderly’s

playgrounds in other countries, (e) Elderly’s playgrounds in Hong Kong and (f)

Summary.

Aging

Definition of aging: Panno (2011) suggested that classical aging refers to the

gradual reduction in terms of functional capacity of an individual. However the

modern lifestyle like high fat, high sodium and high sugar nutrition intake, smoking

and lack of exercise promotes the reduction of body’s functional capacity and people

are more likely to become frail which called modern aging.

During the aging process, people will experience the decline of body functioning.

Ferrini & Ferrini (2008) pointed out that aging cause different changes in different

human body systems:

First of all in terms of the musculoskeletal system, mainly four changes occurred.

Decrease of muscle mass known as Sarcopenia is common among seniors which

related to the decrease of muscular strength. Generally, senior group have 25% less

muscle mass than the young group and will lose 15% of muscular strength per decade.

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Due to the proportion of muscle decrease, the proportion of body fat will increase

although the total body fat is relatively constant in adulthood. Besides, the flexibility

of joints will decrease which lead to the limited range of movement and damage of

cartilages may occur in joints that are heavily used such as knee and hand too,

therefore many elderlies suffer from vary joint problems especially the knee.

Furthermore, bone mass and strength will decrease as unbalance bone remodeling

(bone rebuilding work slower than bone breakdown) occurs in older age. Last but not

least, erect posture becomes harder to maintain because of the decline of muscles,

joints and bones.

Secondly, the efficiency of cardiovascular system will lose gradually. “For

example, it becomes more difficult to sustain high levels of exercise over a long

period of time, and it is harder to achieve maximal exercise tolerance.” (Ferrini &

Ferrini, 2008) Moreover, the heart will become heavier and the walls will become

thicker so the force of the heart increases when pumping, blood vessels’ elasticity will

also diminish which result in the increase of blood pressure.

Thirdly, actually changes happen in each sensory organ of the sensory system,

however only vision and balance & equilibrium will be mentioned in this part. It is no

doubt that one of the most significant changes during aging is the decrease of visual

acuity. Thicken in cornea and lens and the atrophy of muscles that are responsible for

18

dilate pupils reduce the amount of light that can enter the eye. Also, the light

sensitivity reduced since the lens become cloudy. The older the age the more rely on

vision for stability, nevertheless vision decline due to the increase of age, as a result

the balance skill decreases when human becomes older and older.

Importance of physical activity among elderly

It is well believed that exercise and physical activity bring a lot of benefits to

human, and especially for the elderly it can help to slow down the negative changes of

body systems during aging. Weir (2010) stated that a lot of chronic health-related

problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes are due to the habit

of lifestyle especially lack of physical activity. He also mentioned that adults who are

more active in doing physical activity are more socially connected. Metro Daily (2015)

reported that the fitness level of two sampled elderly are even better than the youth

who are lack of physical activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that if elderly are

willing to be more physically active, they are able to perform as good as the youth in

terms of physical fitness and gain benefits in different aspects:

Firstly, falling is one of the most serious problems towards elderly group as

many of them have osteoporosis which may cause broken bone easily after falling.

Exercise can directly increase the bone density and prevent osteoporosis, it also

enhances the balance skill in order to prevent getting fall easily. (Leisure and Cultural

19

Services Department, 2014; Metro Daily, 2015) This shows that exercise works

effectively in lowering the risk of falling and reducing the negative impact even fell.

Secondly, high blood pressure is another common chronic disease that may

increase the chance of getting heart disease among elderly. Exercise can train the

cardiorespiratory system and strength the cardiovascular system so as to prevent

cardiovascular disease like stroke and control the blood pressure. (Leisure and

Cultural Services Department, 2014; Westhoff et al., 2007) This supports exercise is a

useful tool to prevent hypertension which is very important to the elderly.

Thirdly, it is well known that a huge amount of elderly suffer with different joint

problems. It is pointed out that exercise improves the muscles strength and prevents

atrophy of muscles. (Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2014; Metro Daily,

2015; Oriental daily, 2011) It increases the flexibility and good for weight control too.

(Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2014) Having stronger muscles helps to

support the body weight and larger range of motion of a joint is allowed with higher

flexibility, achieving optimal weight reduces the load of lower limb joints especially

the knee too. So these factors are actually interrelated and all in all to result in

reducing joints’ pressure and pain.

Fourthly, some news reported that physical activity and exercise create positive

effects in brain function. The memory and cognitive function of brain among elderly

20

increased after doing regular exercise, it also reduces the chance of having

Alzheimer's disease. (Metro Daily, 2015; Oriental daily, 2011)

Hong Kong elderly’s physical activity level

According to the report from Central Health Education Unit Department of

Health (2005), Hong Kong elderly do believe that enough exercise will benefit in their

health and generally they have a good habit in doing exercise in the past two weeks at

a frequency of between three times a week to once per day in the morning. They also

think doing exercise is not difficult because some of the exercise can perform at home

such as twisting towel and doing housework while exercise in vigorous intensity is

not preferable by them. However according to Wenweipo (2012), a research of “Hong

Kong elderly exercising habit and perception” found that more than half of the elderly

didn’t have exercising habit and the major reasons are afraid of tired, lazy and afraid

of falling. Base on the findings mentioned above, Hong Kong elderly have a more

positive perception of exercise and their physical activity level is much higher in the

past ten years when compare to the recent three years which is quite unexpected.

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Elderly’s playgrounds in other countries

The born of the elderly’s playground is actually associated with the increasing

number of elderly around the world so that people started to pay more attention to the

recreational needs of elderly while not just for kids and the younger group.

Bettencourt and Neves (2012) reported that elderly’s playground is created for elderly

that aims to promote physical activity among them so that to help them to achieve the

goal of active and healthy aging. Inside the playground, different equipment is

provided for working on motor skills and all body parts. In general, those equipment

are similar to the machines in the gym room. The result of their research in Portugal

found that most elderly have a positive perception towards the elderly’s playground

but they do not use it too much and do not remain too long. On the other hand, elderly

who don’t use the playground are mainly because of unable to identify with the types

of the equipment.

In the United Kingdom, seniors are making very little use of the equipment

inside the playground for exercise. Afraid of acting like the youth again, worry about

getting injured by using the playground and feel embarrassing are the potential

barriers to playground among elderly. Placing playgrounds in a supervised and

controlled environment, placing playground in an indoor manner and accompany with

children are the potential factors that could encourage the playground use. (Mitchell,

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Elton, Clift, & Moore, 2007). Scott (2006) also stated that elderly would benefit if

accompanying children to participate in parks as this would encourage them to use

and play the equipment.

Moreover, playgrounds are not just for kids anymore nowadays. A new concept

of “multi-generational playground” or “three-generation play” which refers to the

playground that is created for all ages to use camp up recently. Parents and

grandparents can enjoy the playground’s equipment and workout together with the

children, in other words, they can still keep an eye on their children when they are

doing exercise. (Lade, 2014; Scott, 2006)

Chow (2011) noted that using the fitness equipment in parks is not the main

purpose for elderly in Taiwan to visit the parks but most of them perceive the benefit

of using those fitness equipment in terms of the social connection and as well as both

physical and psychological health. Pleson, Nieuwendyk, Lee, Chaddah, Nykiforuk &

Schopflocher (2014) mentioned that the usage of community green spaces like parks

in Taipei, Taiwan among older adults is very high and particularly, the combination of

structured and unstructured activities in the green spaces helped to promote positive

relationships between social connection and physical activity participation. It was

found that the proximity of the green spaces is another factor that affects older adults’

usage of the spaces too. These finding on the other hand supports Weir (2010)’s

23

believe about adults who are more active in doing physical activity are more socially

connected.

To sum up, most of the elderly in other countries seldom use the playground and

as well as the fitness equipment while some research found that the usage in Taipei,

Taiwan is quite high. Although the elderly do not often participate in the playground,

most of them understand the benefit of using its fitness equipment. It is believed that

joining together with grandchildren and having a multi-generational environment will

help to encourage the elderly to use the playground.

Elderly’s playgrounds in Hong Kong

Base on the aging issue in Hong Kong, according to the Hong Kong Government

(http://news.gov.hk, 2006) Leisure and Cultural Services Department had built

“Elderly fitness corner” which can be view as a types of elderly’s playground in

ninety two leisure venues such as parks and playgrounds in the eighteen districts in

order to let the elderly to do exercise ad maintain health more conveniently. There are

over ten types of fitness equipment: Upper limb stretcher, Stepper, Waist twister, Tai

Chi wheel, Riders, Back stretcher etc. More “Elderly fitness corner” will be built up in

the future.

http://news.gov.hk/

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Summary

In conclusion of this chapter, aging is a universal problem that more and more

elderly are going to be found in our society. People who are experiencing aging will

experience the negative changes usually the decline of body system. To face to this

phenomenon, a relatively new idea of “Elderly playground” boomed out. Hong Kong

has already developed certain number of elderly fitness corners in the leisure venues

of LCSD in order to fulfill the future recreational and exercise needs of the elderly.

However, the findings showed that the physical activity level among elderly is lower

and the perception of doing exercise is more negative recently when compare to the

past ten years. In other countries, the low usage of playground with a relatively

positive perception of playground was found in most of the findings except the one

Taipei, Taiwan. Also, several researches stated that accompanying with children could

be a motivation that encourages elderly to use playground for exercise.

25

Chapter 3

METHOD

This chapter was divided into four parts: (a) Collection of data, (b) Sample of

selection, (c) Procedures, and (d) Method of analysis.

Collection of Data

Quantitative research method is used in this study. Direct observation and a

self-designed questionnaire are conducted in measuring the usage of LCSD’s elderly

fitness corners and the motivation and barriers to participate in the corners among

elderly in Hong Kong.

A self-modified SOPARC Path Coding form is used as a check list of the

observation in order to meet the purpose of study.

The self-designed questionnaire included two different versions, one for users

and the other one for non-users so as to find out the reason of both participating and

not participating in the elderly fitness corners. There were three parts in users’ version.

In part one, questions focused on the usage. The frequency of using the corner, the

usual days and time of using it and types of equipment preferred to use are asked in

part one. For the question about equipment, the choices of types were specific to the

particular park. In part two, questions focused on the motivation of using the corners.

Reason of using the corner is asked in part two. Basic information of age and gender

26

are asked in part three. Non-users’ version was similar to the users’ one except

without the first part and reason of not using the corner is asked in part two. The two

versions of questionnaires are done by both users and non-users of elderly fitness

corners separately. Moreover, Chinese version is used to have a direct communication

with the respondents.

Sample of Selection

The samples of this study were the elderly (aged 65 or over) users and non-users

of the elderly fitness corners in LCSD’s parks of Kowloon district. Sample size of

users was 91 based on the eight days of direct observation. Sample size of non-users

was 100.

This study observed LCSD’s parks in Kowloon district. According to the Leisure

and Cultural Services Department (2014), there are twelve parks in Kowloon and five

of them contain elderly fitness corner. Four out of the five parks provide more than

five sets of fitness equipment for the elderly that considered as a large scale of elderly

fitness corner in this study, therefore the four parks: Jordon Valley Park, Kowloon Tsai

Park, Ngau Chi Wan Park and Po Kong Village Road Park were observed.

Procedures

The direct observation is conducted in four LCSD’s parks of Kowloon district in

March 2015. One day of weekday and one day of weekend are observed of each park.

27

Three time slots (0730-0830, 1230-1330, and 1830-1930) in total are observed for

thirty minutes on each day. Only elderly are counted in.

Questionnaire for users are answered by elderly users of the corners in the four

targeted LCSD’s parks during the observation time. On the other hand, questionnaire

for non-users are answered by the elderly in a community center which located in

Sham Shui Po.

Method of Analysis

Method of descriptive research was used in this study. All data from direct

observation and questionnaire were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social

Science (SPSS Program). 2 x 3 x 3 ANOVA was computed to examine the interaction

among gender, days (weekdays, weekends and, weekdays and weekends) and usage of

elderly fitness corners in the three different time slots (Morning, afternoon and

evening). Secondly, bar charts were used to show the univariate frequency distribution

of the following data: (a) The preference on use of equipment among elderly, (b)

Major reasons that motivate the elderly to participate in elderly fitness corners, (c)

Major barriers of the elderly to participate in elderly fitness corners, and (d) The

frequency of using the corner.

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Chapter 4

ANALYSIS OF DATA

Results

The aim of this study was to investigate the elderly’s usage of elderly fitness

corners of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD). The data of this study

were analyzed and presented in the following order:

1. Description of the background information in terms of gender and age of the

respondents: users and non-users.

2. Description of the frequency distribution of the major reasons that motivate the

elderly to participate in elderly fitness corners

3. Description of the frequency distribution of the major barriers to participate in

elderly fitness corners among elderly.

4. Description of the frequency distribution of the frequency of using the corners

among elderly.

5. Description of the frequency distribution of the preference on use of equipment

among elderly including the results from both questionnaire and direct

observation.

6. A result from 2x3x3 ANOVA among gender, days and the three time slots.

29

Descriptive statistic of the respondents

Users’ background information

A total number of 191 questionnaires were collected for this study and 100 of

them were responded by the non-users of LCSD’s elderly fitness corners whereas 91

of them were responded by the users of the corners. Among those 91 respondents, 34

were males (37.4%) and 57 were females (62.6%) (see Table 1).

Table 1

Gender

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Male 34 37.4 37.4 37.4

Female 57 62.6 62.6 100.0

Total 91 100.0 100.0

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Respondents of users were divided into three age groups. Respondents who were

65 to 69 years old was 42.9% (N=39), 70 to 79 years old was 45.1% (N=41), 80 years

old or over was 12.1% (N=11) (see Table 2).

Table 2

Age


Cumulative

Percent

Valid 65-69 39 42.9 42.9 42.9

70-79 41 45.1 45.1 87.9

80 or over 11 12.1 12.1 100.0

Total 91 100.0 100.0

Non-users’ background information

A total number of 191 questionnaires were collected for this study and 100 of

them were responded by the non-users of LCSD’s elderly fitness corners. There were

45 male (45%) and 55 female (55%) (see Table 3).

31

Table 3

Gender


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Male 45 45.0 45.0 45.0

Female 55 55.0 55.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Respondents of non-users were also divided into three age groups. Respondents

who were 65 to 69 years old was 42% (N=42), 70 to 79 years old was 51% (N=51),

80 years old or over was 7% (N=7) (see Table 4).

Table 4

Age


Cumulative

Percent

Valid 65-69 42 42.0 42.0 42.0

70-79 51 51.0 51.0 93.0

80 or over 7 7.0 7.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

32

Description of the major reasons that motivate elderly to participate in the corners

Among the users respondents, 82.4% (N=75) participated in the elderly fitness

corner of LCSD were because of want to do exercise, 23.1% (N=21) were because of

to kill time, 9.9% (N=9) were because of other reasons, 8.8% (N=8) were because of

someone accompanied (see Table 5).

Table 5

$Reasons Frequencies

Responses Percent of

Cases N Percent

$Reasonsa Want to do exercise 75 66.4% 82.4%

Someone accompanied 8 7.1% 8.8%

To kill time 21 18.6% 23.1%

Other reasons 9 8.0% 9.9%

Total 113 100.0% 124.2%

a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

33

Description of the major barriers to participate in the corners among elderly

Among the non-users respondents, 74% (N=74) do not participated in the elderly

fitness corner of LCSD were because of afraid of being tired, 64% (N=64) were

because of afraid of getting injured, 15% (N=15) were because of having past

physical injury, 6% (N=6) were because of do not know how to use the equipment,

5% (N=5) were because of do not like to do exercise, 5% (N=5) were because of other

reasons (see Table 6).

34

Table 6

$Reasons Frequencies

Responses

Percent of Cases N Percent

$Reasonsa Do not like to do exercise 5 3.0% 5.0%

Do not know how to use the

equipment 6 3.6% 6.0%

Afraid of getting injured 64 37.9% 64.0%

Afraid of being tired 74 43.8% 74.0%

Have past physical injury 15 8.9% 15.0%

Other reasons 5 3.0% 5.0%

Total 169 100.0% 169.0%


35

Description of the frequency of using the corner among elderly.

Among the users respondents, 56% (N=51) were usually participated in the

LCSD’s elderly fitness corners 7 times or more per week, 23.1% (N=21) were usually

participated in it 5 to 6 times per week, 11% (N=10) were usually participated in it 3-4

times per week, 9.9% (N=9) were usually participated in it 1-2 times per week (see

Table 7).

Table 7

Times


Cumulative

Percent

Valid 7 times or more 51 56.0 56.0 56.0

5-6 times 21 23.1 23.1 79.1

3-4 times 10 11.0 11.0 90.1

1-2 times 9 9.9 9.9 100.0

Total 91 100.0 100.0

36

Description of the preference on use of equipment (questionnaire result)

Base on the result of users’ questionnaire by N=648, 79.1% (N=72) of the elderly

users were preferred to use pull down machine, 67% (N=61) were preferred to use

rider, 61.5% (N=56) were preferred to use tai chi wheels, 56% (N=51) were preferred

to use whole body stretch, 47.3% (N=43) were preferred to use standing push up,

46.2% (N=42) were preferred to use balance or back strengthening, 42.9% (N=39)

were preferred to use Bench stepper, 36.3% (N=33) were preferred to use stepping

platform, 33% (N=30) were preferred to use lower body stretch, 31.9% (N=29) were

preferred to use waist twister, 30.8% (N=28) were preferred to use moon walker,

30.8% (N=28) were preferred to use calf stretch, 28.6% (N=26) were preferred to use

37

upper back stretch, 26.4% (N=24) were preferred to use stepper, 26.4% (N=24) were

preferred to use shoulder stretch, 26.4% (N=24) were preferred to use cycling

machine, 25.3% (N=23) were preferred to use ring walk, 16.5% (N=15) were

preferred to use upper body stretch and strengthen (for wheelchair users) (see Table

8).

Table 8

$Equipment Frequencies

Responses Percent of Cases

N Percent

$Equipmenta

Pull down machine 72 11.1% 79.1%

Rider 61 9.4% 67.0%

Tai Chi wheels 56 8.6% 61.5%

Whole body stretch 51 7.9% 56.0%

Standing push up 43 6.6% 47.3%

Balance or back strengthening 42 6.5% 46.2%

Bench stepper 39 6.0% 42.9%

Stepping platform 33 5.1% 36.3%

Lower body stretch 30 4.6% 33.0%

Waist twister 29 4.5% 31.9%

Moon walker 28 4.3% 30.8%

Calf stretch 28 4.3% 30.8%

Upper back stretch 26 4.0% 28.6%

Stepper 24 3.7% 26.4%

Shoulder stretch 24 3.7% 26.4%

Cycling machine 24 3.7% 26.4%

Ring walk 23 3.5% 25.3%

Upper body stretch and strengthen(for wheelchair users) 15 2.3% 16.5%

Total 648 100.0% 712.1%


38

Description of the preference on use of equipment (direct observation result)

Base on the result of direct observation by N=167, 26.4% (N=24) of the elderly

users were chosen to use Tai Chi wheels, 24.2% (N=22) were chosen to use rider,

23.1% (N=21) were chosen to use pull down machine, 14.3% (N=13) were chosen to

use stepping platform, 13.2% (N=12) were preferred to use whole body stretch, 13.2%

39

(N=12) were preferred to use upper back stretch, 9.9% (N=9) were preferred to use

waist twister, 8.8% (N=8) were preferred to use moon walker, 8.8% (N=8) were

preferred to use cycling machine, 7.7% (N=7) were preferred to use calf stretch, 7.7%

(N=7) were preferred to use balance or back strengthening, 5.5% (N=5) were

preferred to use lower body stretch, 5.5% (N=5) were preferred to use standing push

up, 4.4% (N=4) were preferred to use bench stepper, 3.3% (N=3) were preferred to

use stepper, 3.3% (N=3) were preferred to use shoulder stretch, 3.3% (N=3) were

preferred to use ring walk, 1.1% (N=1) were preferred to use use upper body stretch

and strengthen (for wheelchair users) (see Table 9).

Table 9

$Equipment_observation Frequencies

Responses Percent of Cases

N Percent

$Equipment_observationa

Tai Chi wheels 24 14.4% 26.4%

Rider 22 13.2% 24.2%

Pull down machine 21 12.6% 23.1%

Stepping platform 13 7.8% 14.3%

Whole body stretch 12 7.2% 13.2%

Upper back stretch 12 7.2% 13.2%

Waist twister 9 5.4% 9.9%

Moon walker 8 4.8% 8.8%

Cycling machine 8 4.8% 8.8%

Calf stretch 7 4.2% 7.7%

Balance or back strengthening 7 4.2% 7.7%

Lower body stretch 5 3.0% 5.5%

Standing push up 5 3.0% 5.5%

40

Bench stepper 4 2.4% 4.4%

Stepper 3 1.8% 3.3%

Shoulder stretch 3 1.8% 3.3%

Ring walk 3 1.8% 3.3%

Upper body stretch and

strengthen(for wheelchair users)

1 0.6% 1.1%

Total 167 100.0% 183.5%


41

Interaction among gender, days and the three time slots from 2x3x3 ANOVA

Table 11 displayed the mean and standard deviation of the usage rate (scored by

1 to 4, 1: use 1-2 times per week, 2: use 3-4 times per week, 3: use 5-6 times per week,

4: use 7 times or over per week) (see Table 10 and 11).

A three way 2x3x3 ANOVA was used to analyze the interaction among gender,

days and time slots in terms of the usage of LCSD’s elderly fitness corners. The result

indicated that there was no significant interaction effect among gender, days and

timeslots at the .05 level of significance (F=1.725, p=0.193). Likewise, there was no

significant interaction effect between male and female (F=0.099, p=0.754); between

gender and days (F=0.072, p=0.790); and between gender and time slots (F=0.188,

p=0.665) at the .05 level of significance. However, there was significant interaction

effect among weekdays, weekends, weekdays and weekends (F= 95.886, p=0.000);

among morning, afternoon and evening (F=4.496, p=0.014); and between days and

time slots (F=5.046, p=0.027) at the .05 level of significance, which rejected the null

hypotheses (see Table 12, Plot 1 and Plot 2).

Table 10

Between-Subjects Factors

Value Label N

Gender 1.00 Male 34

2.00 Female 57

Days 1.00 Weekdays 27

2.00 Weekends 5

42

3.00 Weekdays and

Weekends 59

Time_slots 1.00 Morning 66

2.00 Afternoon 2

3.00 Evening 23

Table 11

Descriptive Statistics

Dependent Variable: Usage

Gender Days Time_slots Mean Std. Deviation N

Male Weekdays Morning 2.5000 .57735 4

Evening 2.0000 .00000 2

Total 2.3333 .51640 6

Weekends Evening 1.0000 .00000 2

Total 1.0000 .00000 2

Weekdays and Weekends Morning 3.9474 .22942 19

Evening 3.7143 .48795 7

Total 3.8846 .32581 26

Total Morning 3.6957 .63495 23

Evening 2.9091 1.22103 11

Total 3.4412 .92740 34

Female Weekdays Morning 2.6667 .61721 15

Evening 1.6667 .81650 6

Total 2.3810 .80475 21

Weekends Morning 1.0000 . 1

Afternoon 1.0000 .00000 2

Total 1.0000 .00000 3


Evening 3.8333 .40825 6

Total 3.8182 .46466 33


Afternoon 1.0000 .00000 2

Evening 2.7500 1.28806 12

Total 3.1404 1.04264 57

Total Weekdays Morning 2.6316 .59726 19

43

Evening 1.7500 .70711 8

Total 2.3704 .74152 27

Weekends Morning 1.0000 . 1

Afternoon 1.0000 .00000 2

Evening 1.0000 .00000 2

Total 1.0000 .00000 5


Evening 3.7692 .43853 13

Total 3.8475 .40741 59


Afternoon 1.0000 .00000 2

Evening 2.8261 1.23038 23

Total 3.2527 1.00657 91

Table 12

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Usage

Source

Type III Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model 72.237a 10 7.224 30.496 .000

Intercept 150.658 1 150.658 636.022 .000

Gender .023 1 .023 .099 .754

Days 45.426 2 22.713 95.886 .000

Time_slots 2.130 2 1.065 4.496 .014

Gender * Days .017 1 .017 .072 .790

Gender * Time_slots .045 1 .045 .188 .665

Days * Time_slots 1.195 1 1.195 5.046 .027

Gender * Days * Time_slots .409 1 .409 1.725 .193

Error 18.950 80 .237

Total 1054.000 91

Corrected Total 91.187 90

a. R Squared = .792 (Adjusted R Squared = .766)

44

Plot 1

Plot 2

45

Plot 3

Because of significant interaction effect exist between days and timeslots (see

Plot 3), one way ANAOA was run for days and time slots separately. And Scheffe

Test was conducted as Post Hoc Test in order to analyze which means was

significantly differ from one another. The means of the three conditions of days:

weekends (M=1.0000), weekdays (M=2.3704), weekdays and weekends (M=3.8475)

were appeared in separate column, which indicated that they were all significantly

different from each other (see Table 13 and 14). The means of afternoon (M=1.0000)

was appeared in separate column while means of evening (M=2.8261) and morning

(M=3.4697) were appeared in the same column which indicated that in terms of time

46

slots, the means of afternoon was significantly different from morning and evening

(see Table 15 and 16).

Table 13

ANOVA

Usage

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 67.263 2 33.632 123.711 .000

Within Groups 23.923 88 .272

Total 91.187 90

Table 14

Usage

Scheffea,b

Days N

Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2 3

Weekends 5 1.0000

Weekdays 27 2.3704

Weekdays and Weekends 59 3.8475

Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 11.812.

b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.

Type I error levels are not guaranteed.

47

Table 15

ANOVA

Usage

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 17.443 2 8.722 10.408 .000

Within Groups 73.744 88 .838

Total 91.187 90

Table 16

Usage

Scheffea,b

Time_slots N

Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2

Afternoon 2 1.0000

Evening 23 2.8261

Morning 66 3.4697

Sig. 1.000 .518

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 5.370.

b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of

the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are not

guaranteed.

48

Discussions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage of elderly fitness corners

of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) among elderly in Hong Kong. It

would be better to know the effectiveness of the LCSD’s elderly fitness corner by

knowing the usage rate of it. Besides, this study also examined the motivation and

barriers of participating in the elderly fitness corner among elderly. It examined the

preference on use of equipment among elderly users too.

These would be discussed in 5 parts by the following order:

1. Motivation factors of the elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners

2. Barriers factors of the elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners

3. Preference on use of equipment among elderly

4. Usage rate of the elderly fitness corners on gender difference

5. Usage rate of the elderly fitness corners on time slots difference

49

Motivation factors of the elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners

The result from this study showed that the main reason that motivates the elderly

to participate in the LCSD’s elderly fitness corner was want to do exercise (82.4%),

and some of the elderly respondents participated in it because they want to kill time

while someone accompanied was the least motivation to them.

Scott (2006) mentioned that accompanying children to participate in parks would

encourage elderly to play and use the equipment. Nevertheless, this was not supported

by the result of this study since most of the elderly respondents used the equipment in

the elderly fitness corner was not because of someone accompanied including children,

family or friends.

Barriers factors of the elderly to participate in the elderly fitness corners

In this study, the major reasons of the elderly do not participated in the corners

were they are afraid of being tired (74%) and afraid of getting injured (64%) while do

not like to do exercise was the least barrier to them (5%).

According to Wenweipo (2012), around three quarters of the elderly respondents

did not do any exercise over ten years in Hong Kong and the main reasons are lazy

and afraid of being tired, the second reason fowling is afraid of having injury by

falling. The results above were similar to this finding. It is good to know that elderly

do not participated in the corner was not because of do not like to do exercise,

50

however the result also told us that we might have to educate the elderly more about

exercise. Researcher in a University of Georgia found that chronically tired adults felt

65% less tired after six weeks exercise at a low intensity level and some had 20%

more energy by exercise at low or moderate intensity (Kosecki, 2008). It showed that

doing exercise itself won’t make people being tired but help to reduce fatigue instead.

Or sometimes even increase people’s energy. Secondly, it is well believed now that if

we do enough warm up exercise and perform the exercise movement in a correct

position manner, and then the risk of getting injured by exercise will decrease.

Therefore, if we could enhance the elderly’s knowledge of exercise in terms of the

energetic function and ways to prevent injury during exercise, it would be more

possible to see more elderly participated in the elderly fitness corner in the future.

Preference on use of equipment among elderly

Although most elderly mentioned that they will actually use all equipment

in the elderly fitness corner, pulldown machine, rider and Tai Chi wheels were the top

three popular equipment preferred to use by the elderly based on the result of both

questionnaire and direct observation.

Hong Kong Government (http://news.gov.hk, 2006) stated that more elderly

fitness corner will be built up in the future by LCSD. So it is recommended that

LCSD may consider to build the three equipment: pulldown machine, rider and Tai

51

Chi wheels more in the new elderly fitness corner or add in them in the existing

corners during renovation if any.

Usage rate of the elderly fitness corner on gender difference

There was no significant interaction effect between male and female in terms of

the mean usage score based on the result of this study. The result also indicated that

most of the elderly respondents used the elderly fitness corner in both weekdays and

weekends (N=59) out of the total 91 respondents, and the mean usage score of both

male and female who used the corner in both weekdays and weekends was higher in

the morning (male M=3.9474, female M=3.8148) and also in the evening (male

M=3.7143, female M=3.8333) (no afternoon users in this group) than those who used

in weekdays and in weekends. The usage score was set by 1-4: 1 indicated use 1-2

times per week, 2 indicated use 3-4 times per week, 3 indicated use 5-6 times per

week and 4 indicated use 7 times or over per week.

Hong Kong Government Leisure and Cultural Services Department (2014)

suggested that elderly who aged 65 or over ought to do muscle strengthening exercise

2 or more days per week. Thus using the elderly fitness corner 3-4 times per week

(usage score=2) was considered as normal usage rate, 1-2 times per week (usage

score=1) was considered as below average, 5-6 times per week (usage score=3) was

considered as above average and 7 times or over per week (usage score=4) was

52

considered as high usage rate in this study. Therefore, the usage rate of the LCSD’s

elderly fitness corner among both male and female elderly users was quite high as

most of them use it nearly 7 times or over per week.

Usage rate of the elderly fitness corner on time slots difference

This study found that there was significant interaction effect among morning,

afternoon and evening in terms of the mean usage score. The usage rate is

significantly higher in the morning and evening than in the afternoon (only two

females were found that usually use the corners in the afternoon). Because of aging,

the ability of elderly’s internal clock to enable sleep decrease, so elderly are more tend

to be wake up early (Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, 2007).

Some of the evening users mentioned that they went to the park and use the elderly

fitness corner as to take a walk after dinner. These may explain why the usage rate in

the morning and evening were higher.

53

Chapter 5

SUMMAY AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary of results

The aim of this study was to investigate the elderly’s usage of LCSD’s elderly

fitness corners in Hong Kong. It examined whether there was interaction effect among

gender, days, and the three targeted timeslots. The elderly’s preference on use of

equipment and the frequency of using the corner were also examined by this study.

The second aim of this study was to investigate the major reasons that motivate or

interfere elderly to participate in the corners.

A total of 191 questionnaires were collected. 91 of them were collected from 34

male elderly users and 57 female elderly users in the four observed parks in Kowloon

district. The remaining 100 of them were collected from 45 male elderly non-users

and 55 female elderly non-users in a community center in Sham Shui Po. All data

collected were analyzed by SPSS. 2x3x3 ANOVA was used and a .05 level of

significance was set.

The 2x3x3 ANOVA showed that there was no significant interaction effect

among gender, days and time slots on the usage of elderly fitness corner. Likewise

there was no significant interaction effect between gender and days, between gender

and time slots, between male and female. However, there was a significant interaction

54

effect between days and time slots. The means of usage rate at weekdays and

weekends was significantly higher than the weekdays’, and the means of weekdays

was significantly higher than the weekends’. Moreover, the means of usage rate in the

morning and evening were significantly higher than afternoon.

The frequency distribution results of both questionnaire and direct observation

showed that rider, pull down machine and Tai Chi wheels were most preferable to use

by the elderly. Most of the elderly respondents participated in the elderly fitness

corner 7 times or over per week. On the other hand, want to exercise was the major

reason that motivate elderly to participate in the corner while afraid of being tired and

afraid of getting injured were the main reasons that interfere the elderly to participate

in it.

Conclusion

It was found from this study that there was no significant interaction effect

among gender, days and timeslots on the usage rate of LCSD’s elderly fitness corner.

There was no significant interaction effect between male and female; between gender

and days; and between gender and time slots too. Nevertheless, there was significant

interaction effect among weekdays, weekends, weekdays and weekends; among

morning, afternoon and evening; and between days and time slots.

55

Recommendations for further study

1. For the sample of selection, only the LCSD’s parks in Kowloon district were

being observed in this study, so further study could observe parks in other

district or more districts.

2. Qualitative study is not included in this study while interviewing elderly

could result in more details about the reasons that motivate or interfere them

to use the elderly fitness corner. Therefore, further study may conduct an

interview in order to get more in-depth information.

56

References

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Play and Recreation in Communities. Retrieved from:

http://activelivingresearch.org/soparc-system-observing-play-and-recreation-com

munities

Baker, J., Horton, S. & Weir, P. (Eds.). (2010). The Masters Athlete Understanding the

role of sport and exercise in optimizing aging. New York: Routledge.

Bettencourt, L. & Neves, R. (2012). Seniors’ Playground and Physical Activity -

Perceptions and Practices. 8th World Congress on Active Ageing. doi:

10.13140/2.1.3203.1684 Retrieved from:

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267660108_Seniors%27_playground_an

d_physical_activity_-_perceptions_and_practices

Chow, H. W. (2013). Outdoor fitness equipment in parks: a qualitative study from

older adults’ perceptions. BMC Public Health, 13(1216). doi:

10.1186/1471-2458-13-1216 Retrieved from:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/1216/

Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School. (2007). Changes in sleep with

age. Retrieved from:

http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/science/variations/changes-in-sleep-

with-age

Ferrini, A. F. & Ferrini, R. L. (2008). Health in the later years. (4th ed.). Boston:

McGraw-Hill.

Hong Kong Government Department of Health. (2005). A qualitative study on dietary

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http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/grp-pmpdb-focus_group_e.pdf

Hong Kong Government. (2006). 近百場地設長者健身設施 . Retrieved

from:

http://archive.news.gov.hk/isd/ebulletin/tc/category/healthandcommunity/060127

/html/060127tc05006.htm

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Hong Kong Government. (2011). 2011-12 Policy Address. Retrieved from:

http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/11-12/eng/p53.html

Hong Kong Government Leisure and Cultural Services Department. (2014). Fitness

Programmes for the Elderly. Retrieved from:

http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/healthy/fitness/elderly.html

Hong Kong Government Leisure and Cultural Services Department. (2014). Parks,

Zoos and Gardens. Retrieved from: http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/ls_park.php

Hong Kong Government Social Welfare Department. (2014). Senior Citizen Card

Scheme. Retrieved from:

http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_elderly/sub_csselderly/id_sen

iorciti/

Kosecki, D. (2008). TIRED? Exercise Anyway. Prevention, 60, 88. Retrieved from

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Lade, D. C. (2014). Multigenerational playgrounds inviting to kids,

seniors. McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Retrieved from


Mitchell, V., Elton, E., Clift, L., & Moore, H. (2007). Do older adults want

playgrounds? IN: Proceedings of Include, 'Designing with People', 1-4.

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Metro Daily. (2015). 長者勤運動年輕 30年. Retrieved from:

http://www.metrohk.com.hk/?cmd=detail&id=198510

Oriental Daily. (2011). 長者度身訂造運動防癡呆. Retrieved from:

http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20110803/00176_064.html

Panno, J. (2011). Aging: Modern theories and therapies. (Revised ed.). New York:

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Pleson, E., Nieuwendyk, L. M., Lee, K. K., Chaddah, A., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., &

Schopflocher, D. (2014). Understanding older adults' usage of community green

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Public Health,11(2), 1444-64. Retrieved from


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Westhoff, T. H., Franke, N., Schmidt, S., Vallbracht-Israng, K., Meissner, R., Yildirim,

H., . . . van, d. G. (2007). Too old to benefit from sports? the cardiovascular

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Wenweipo. (2012). 7 7 %長者 1 0 年無運 . Retrieved from:

http://paper.wenweipo.com/2012/07/26/ED1207260009.htm

59

APPENDIX A1

香港浸會大學體育及康樂管理文學士（榮譽）學位課程問卷 (使用者-佐敦谷)

是次問卷調查目的是研究康樂及文化事務署「長者健體園地」的長者使用率和與

使用「園地」有關的因素。此問卷只作研究用途，所有個人資料絕對保密。

1. 平均每週使用「長者健身園地」的次數:

7 次或以上□ 5-6 次□ 3-4 次□ 1-2 次□

2. 多數使用的日子:

週日(星期一至五)□ 週未(星期六及日)□ 週日及週未□

3. 多數使用的時段:

上午(05:00-11:59)□ 下午(12:00-17:59)□ 黃昏(18:00-20:00)□

4. 多數使用的設施包括 (可選多項):

腳踏平台□ 下身伸展架□ 小腿伸展□ 強健背部□

站立式臂伏撐□ 上身熱身運動 (坐輪椅人士使用 )□

5. 使用「長者健身園地」的原因 (可選多項):

想做運動□ 有他人相伴(如家人、朋友)□ 消磨時間□

其他，請註明:_________________________□

6. 性別:

男□ 女□

7. 年齡:

65-69 歲□ 70-79 歲□ 80 歲或以上□

〜全卷完，謝謝您的寶貴意見〜

60

APPENDIX A2

香港浸會大學體育及康樂管理文學士（榮譽）學位課程問卷 (使用者-九龍仔)




7 次或以上□ 5-6 次□ 3-4 次□ 1-2 次□




上午(05:00-11:59)□ 下午(12:00-17:59)□ 黃昏(18:00-20:00)□


健騎機□ 太極揉推器□ 上肢伸展器□ 扭腰機□ 踏步機□

離地漫步機□ 全身伸展運動器□ 肩關節伸展器□

腳踏平台□ 單車踏機□ 下身伸展架□ 小腿伸展□

站立式臂伏撐□ 平衡鍛練 /強健背部□



其他，請註明:_________________________□

6. 性別:

男□ 女□

7. 年齡:

65-69 歲□ 70-79 歲□ 80 歲或以上□


61

APPENDIX A3

香港浸會大學體育及康樂管理文學士（榮譽）學位課程問卷 (使用者-牛池灣)




7 次或以上□ 5-6 次□ 3-4 次□ 1-2 次□




上午(05:00-11:59)□ 下午(12:00-17:59)□ 黃昏(18:00-20:00)□


腳踏平台□ 下身伸展架□ 小腿伸展□ 強健背部□

站立式臂伏撐□ 上身熱身運動 (坐輪椅人士使用 )□



其他，請註明:_________________________□

6. 性別:

男□ 女□

7. 年齡:

65-69 歲□ 70-79 歲□ 80 歲或以上□


62

APPENDIX A4

香港浸會大學體育及康樂管理文學士（榮譽）學位課程問卷 (使用者-蒲崗村道)




7 次或以上□ 5-6 次□ 3-4 次□ 1-2 次□




上午(05:00-11:59)□ 下午(12:00-17:59)□ 黃昏(18:00-20:00)□


健騎機□ 太極揉推器□ 上肢伸展器□ 站立式臂伏撐□

臂肩協調活動器□ 舒展背肩運動器□ 全身伸展運動器□

腳踏平台□ 鍛練腳部器□ 平衡鍛練 /強健背部□

上身伸展架及強健鍛練 (坐輪椅人士使用 )□



其他，請註明:_________________________□

6. 性別:

男□ 女□

7. 年齡:

65-69 歲□ 70-79 歲□ 80 歲或以上□


63

APPENDIX B

香港浸會大學體育及康樂管理文學士（榮譽）學位課程問卷 (非使用者)

是次問卷調查目的是研究長者不使用康樂及文化事務署「長者健體園地」的原因。

此問卷只作研究用途，所有個人資料絕對保密。

1. 不使用「長者健體園地」的原因 (可選多項):

不喜歡做運動□ 不懂得使用當中的設施□ 怕會受傷□ 疲倦□

有關節、筋腱或肌肉傷患□ 其他，請註明:_______________________□

2. 性別:

男□ 女□

3. 年齡:

65-69 歲□ 70-79 歲□ 80 歲或以上□


a study of the usage of public elderly fitness corners...

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