a study on crop combination regions in palakkad …a study on crop combination regions in palakkad...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 6, No 2, 2015

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on August 2015 published on November 2015 1430

A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala Premakumar K1, Anandan. R1

, Nagarathinam S.R2

1- Research Scholar in Geography, Govt. Arts College, Coimbatore

2- Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography,

Govt. Arts College, Coimbatore.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the crop combinations regions in Palakkad district of Kerala state.

Palakkad district is known as “the granary of Kerala state” .Agriculture is the dominant

economic activity and supports nearly 76% of the rural population of the district .Paddy,

coconut, vegetables, rubber, fruits and spices and condiments are the principal crops

cultivated in the district. Crop association reveals that the crops are mostly adjusted to the

irrigation facilities and soils of the district. The ranking of crops and the application of crop

combination analysis of Weaver’s (1954) and Raffiullah’s (1956) methods brought the

existing possible crop combination regions and changes in crop associations in Palakkad

district.

Key words: Crop combination, crop ranking

1. Introduction

Crops are grown in combinations and are rarely they occupy isolation from other crops .To

understand the dominance of agricultural activities in a region and for better planning and

development of agriculture, a study on crop combinations is essential .The analysis of crop

combination regions in an area provides a good basis for agricultural regionalization. Hence

this paper attempt to study the crop combination regions in Palakkad district of Kerala.

2. Study area

The study area, Palakkad district is located in the central Kerala and is one of the backward

districts in Kerala state. It is lies between 10º 21’ North and 11º 14’ North latitudes and 76º

02’ East and 76º 54’ East longitudes. Figure 1 It covers an area of 4475.8 sq.km and has a

total population of 2809934 as per census 2011. The district experiences humid and sub

humid climate. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 2171 mm. Nearly 90 % of

the total annual rainfall is received during South west and Northeast monsoon seasons. The

Bharathapuzha and Siruvani with their tributaries drains the entire district. About 45% of the

total geographical area is cultivated and nearly 86% of the net sown area is irrigated. Paddy,

coconut, vegetables, fruits, rubber and spices and condiments are the major crops cultivated

in the district. The selection of the crops and crop associations show that variety of crops are

sown and are mostly adjusted with soils and irrigation facilities. The study of crop ranking

and crop combinations will provide the existing nature of crop cultivation in the district.

Methodology

Block level data on agricultural variables of crops cultivated and area under each crop during

2001 and 2011 agricultural year statistics were collected for 13 blocks including municipal

A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala

Premakumar K et al

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1431

areas from Agricultural Departments and Department of Economics and Statistics, Palakkad

and Thiruvananthapuram. Based on the ranking of crops and the application of crop

combination analysis of Weaver’s (1954) minimum deviation method and Raffiullah’s (1956)

maximum deviation method, the possible crop associations and crop combination regions are

identified and represented with suitable cartographic technique.Agriculture is the dominant

activity of Palakkad district. Variety food and non food crops are cultivated in the district.

Figure 1: Study area

The major crops cultivated in the district includes paddy, coconut, vegetables, rubber, fruits

and spices and condiments. These crops occupy more than 95% of the total cropped area.

Other crops such as tuber, fodder, sugarcane, areca nut, groundnut, pulses, cotton etc shares

the remaining 5% of the area.

Paddy is the major crop and occupies 31% of the total cropped area of the district in 2011. It

is cultivated largely in mid low land plain areas of the district. The red loamy soils with

irrigation facilities favours wet paddy cultivation in these areas. Coconut is the second rank

crop next to paddy and occupies 21% of the cropping area. Coconut are cultivated mostly on

the upland and terraces of the high land areas in the district.

Rubber is the third ranking crop of the district and confined only on the upland and hilly

areas in the north, south and south western parts of the district. Fruits occupies 13.5% of the

cropped area and cultivated in the black cotton soils. Vegetables are cultivated in most of the

paddy fields after the harvest of paddy. Spices and condiments shares 8.4% of cropped area

and cultivated as a intercrop in rubber and coconut cultivated areas in the district. Other crops

sugarcane, groundnut, pulses, tapioca, arecanut are cultivated in limited areas in few blocks

of the district.


Premakumar K et al



4. Crop combination regions in Palakkad district

There are two approaches commonly applied to delineate the crop combination region. The

first approach is an arbitrary choice method i.e. first crop only or first two crops or three

crops by ranking the area occupied by the crops. The second is based on statistical approach.

It is more accurate, reliable and scientific as it gives better objectives grouping of crops of a

region. In this study the above said two approaches are applied to delineate crop combination

regions in Palakkad district. The two periods of 2001 and 2011 agricultural year statistics

related to crops are used here to bring out the past and existing crop combinations and

changes in crop associations in Palakkad district.

5. Ranking of Crops- Arbitrary Choice Method 2001

The first or first two or first three crops occupying the major areas of the gross cropped area

selected on the basis of their areal strength and are discussed. In this approach first ranking

crop i.e. the crop occupying the highest percentage of the total cropped area in each of the

component areal units could be chosen no maters, what percentage it occupies in the cropped

area. Using this approach, the distributional pattern of first ranking of crops are given in the

Table .1 and has been discussed

First Ranking Crops in 2001

The following Table 1 gives the first ranking crop region in 2001 in Palakkad district.

Table 1: First Ranking crops in 2001

Name of Crop Number of

Blocks Name of Blocks

First Ranking Crop

Paddy

10 Alathur, Chittur, Kollengode, Kuzhalmannam, Malampuzha,

Ottappalam,Palakkad Pattambi, Nemmara and

Sreekrishnapuram

Coconut 1 Thrithala

Rubber 1 Manarkkad

Fruits 1 Attappady

On the basis of first ranking crops, paddy stood as the first ranking crops in the ten blocks,

coconut ranked as first ranking crop in Thrithala, rubber in Mannarkkad block and fruits in

Attapady blocks.

First two crops

On the basis of first and second ranking crops, six important crop combinations regions

maybe recognized in Palakkad district. Paddy, coconut, rubber, fruits, vegetables and tubers

constitute the crop combinations in the blocks. The crops and crop combinations are given in

the following Table 2.

Table 2: Palakkad District – based on first two crop combination region 2001

Crop Number of block Name of block

Paddy, Coconut 8

Chittur,Kollengode,Kuzalmanam,Nemmara,

Ottappalam,Palakkad, Pattambi, Malampuzha

Paddy-Rubber 1 Alathur


Premakumar K et al



Paddy-Fruits 1 Sreekrishnapuram

Rubber -Fruits 1 Mannarkkad

Coconut-Fodder 1 Thrithala

Fruits-Spices 1 Attappady

The delineation of the crop combination region on the basis of first two crops gives six crop

combination regions in Palakkad district. Paddy and coconut occupy the major area of the

eight blocks. Paddy, rubber, fruits, fodder, and spices and condiments also constitute in five

other blocks in Palakkad district. The relative strength of first two crops are more than 80%

in six blocks. It is above 70% in three blocks, more than55% in two blocks and less than 45%

in two blocks.

First three crops

When the first three crops were taken into consideration the number of crop combination

regions became as large as 7 regions Table 3.

Table 3: Palakkad District - First Three Crops Combination Regions in 2001

Crop Number of Blocks Name of Blocks

Paddy-Coconut-Rubber 5

Alathur (90%),Malampuzha (90%),

Nemmara (82%), Ottappalam (82%) and

Palakkad (81%)

Paddy-Coconut-Vegetables 1 Chittur (81%)

Paddy-Coconut-Fruits 3 Kollengode (96%), Pattambi (96%) adn

Sreekrishnapuram (81%)

Paddy-Tuber-Coconut 1 Kuzhalmannam (94%)

Rubber-Fruits-Fodder 1 Mannarkkad (69%)

Paddy-Coconut-Fodder 1 Thrithala (70%)

Fruits-Spices-Tuber 1 Attappady (51%)

The relative strength of the first three crops constitute more than 90% in five blocks, above

80% in five blocks, nearly 70% in two blocks and 51% in one block. Paddy, coconut and

rubber in five blocks and other crops such as fruits, spices, fodder, tuber and vegetables are

also included in the combinations.

First Ranking Crop in 2011

The following Table 4 gives the first ranking crops in 2011 in Palakkad district.

Table 4: Palakkad District - First Ranking Crop Region in 2011

Name of Crop Number of Block Name of Block

Paddy 8

Alathur,Chittur,Kollengode,

Kuzhalmannam,Ottappalam,Palakkad,

Sreekrishnapuram

Coconut 2 Thrithala,Pattambi

Rubber 2 Mannarkkad,Sreekrishnapuram

Fruits 1 Attappady

On the basis of first ranking crops the paddy stood as the first ranking crops in eight blocks,

coconut and rubber in two blocks each and fruits in one block of Attappady in the district.


Premakumar K et al



First Two Crops

On the basis of first and second ranking crop, six important crop combinations regions maybe

recognized in Palakkad district during 2011. The crops and crop combinations are given in

the following Table 5.

Table 5: Palakkad District - First Two Crop Combinations Regions 2011

Crop Number of

Block

Name of Block

Paddy- coconut 7

Chittur (75%), Kollengode (82.1%),

Kuzhalmannam (81.6%), Ottappalam (49.5%),

Pattambi (52%), Malampuzha (72.4%),

Thrithala (55.5%)

Rubber-fruits 1 Sreekrishnapuram(53.9%) &Mannarkkad

Paddy-rubber 3 Alathur (64%), Nemmara (76.2%),

Palakkad (58.8%)

Fruits-coconut 1 Attappady (52%)

The Table shows that the crops paddy, coconut, rubber and fruits constitute the crop

combination in the blocks in Palakkad district.

The delineation of the crop combination region on the basis of first two crops reveals that,

paddy-coconut occupy the major areas of the seven blocks, Paddy and rubber in three blocks.

Rubber, fruits and coconut constitute the other blocks in Palakkad district. The relative

strength of first two crops are more than 70% in five blocks. 60-65% in two blocks and 50 to

60% in five blocks and 40-50% in one block in the district.

First Three Crops

When the first three crops were taken, the crop combination in blocks comes to 5 regions.

Table 6.

Table 6: Palakkad District - First Three Crop Combination Regions 2011

Crop Combination Number of Blocks Name of Block

Paddy-Coconut-Rubber 3

Alathur (789.9%),

Nemmara(85%),

Palakkad (75.2%)

Paddy –Coconut-Fruits 5

Chittur (82%)

Kollengode (90.4%)

Malampuzha (78.8%)

Ottappalam(71.4%)

Pattambi (71.4%)

Paddy-Coconut-Spices and

Condiments 2

Kuzhalmannam (86.9%)

Thrithala (70.4%)

Fruits –Coconut-Spices 1 Attappady (70.3%)

Rubber-Coconut-spices 2 Sreekrishnapuram (71.6%)

Mannarkkad (80%)

In relative strength of the first three crops constitute more than 80% in five blocks, 70-80% in

seven blocks and 66% in one block. Paddy, coconut, rubber, tuber and Vegetables are also

included in the combination. Paddy, coconut and fruits occupies in 6 blocks, paddy, coconut


Premakumar K et al



and spices and condiments in 2 blocks. Fruits, coconut and spices and fruits, rubber and

coconut in one block each in the district.

Change in Ranking of Crops between 2001 and 2011

In 2001 paddy rank first in 10 blocks, coconut ranked first in Thrithala, rubber in

Mannarkkad and fruits in Attappady. In 2011 paddy ranked first in 8 blocks. In

Sreekrishnapuram paddy is replaced by rubber as a first ranking crop in 2011. Similarly in

Pattambi coconut replaced paddy as a first ranking crop.

In 2001 the second ranking crops of coconut stood in 6 blocks, rubber in Alathur and

Nemmara blocks and fruits in Sreekrishnapuram block, spices in Attappady, fodder in

Thrithala, tuber in Kuzhalmannam block. In 2011 coconut ranked as second ranking crop in 7

blocks rubber in 3 blocks of Alathur, Nemmara and Palakkad. Paddy replaced coconut in

Pattambi, fodder in Thrithula.

In 2001 third ranking crops of coconut occupied 4 blocks of Alathur, Kuzhalmannam,

Nemmara and Sreekrishnapuram, but in 2011 coconut ranked third ranking crop in 4 blocks

of Alathur, Palakkad, Nemmara and Sreekrishnapuram. Fruits replaced vegetables in Chittur,

rubber in Malampuzha, Palakkad and Ottapalam blocks. Spices replaced tuber in Attappady

coconut in Kuzhalmannam and Paddy in Thirthala and stood as a third ranking crop in 2011.

Crop combination analysis- statistical approach

Analysis the possible crop combinations in the study area, a statistical approach is used to

demarcate the pattern of complex crop distribution. In the present study Weaver’s (1954)

minimum deviation method and Raffullah’s (1965) maximum positive deviation method are

used to delineate the possible crop combinations during 2001 and 2011 in Palakkad district

and are interpreted.

Weaver’s (1954) Crop Combination Regions-2001

Out of the many approaches to crop combinational analysis, Weavers method is widely used

and has been applied largely by the geographers to bring the more crop associations in an

aerial unit. The application of Weavers crop combination method in 2001 gave six crop

combination regions in Palakkad district. The following Table 7 gives the number of crop

combination regions in Palakkad.


Premakumar K et al



Figure 2:

Table 7: Palakkad District - Weaver’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001

Crop Combination

Region Name of Crops Block Names

Mono crop Paddy

Kollengode and

Kuzhalmannam

Two crops

Combination Paddy and Coconut

Chittur, Palakkad and

Pattambi

Three crops

Combination

Paddy, Rubber and Coconut Alathur

Rubber, Fruits and Coconut Mannarkkad

Four crops

Combination

Fruits, Spices, Vegetables and Tuber Attappady

Paddy, Coconut, Rubber and Fruits

Ottappalam and

Sreekrishnapuram

Coconut, Paddy, Rubber and Fodder Thrithala

Five crops Combination Paddy, Rubber, Coconut, Fruits and Spices Nemmara

Six crops Combination

Paddy, Coconut, Rubber, Fruits, Fodder

and Spices Malampuzha

The table reveals that there are six crop combination regions in Palakkad district during 2001.

Mono culture of cultivating paddy is found in Kuzhalmannam and Kollengode blocks. There

are 3 two crops region with paddy and coconut in Palakkad, Pattambi and Chittur and 2 three

crops region with paddy, rubber, coconut and fruits are noticed in Alathur and Mannarkkad

blocks. Four crop combinations are found in four blocks namely Attappady, Ottappalam,

Sreekrishnapuram and Thrithala. Where fruits, spices, tuber, vegetables, paddy coconut,

rubber and fodder crops constituted the crop regions. Only one five crop combination region

in Nemmara block and one six crop combination region in Malampuzha block are noticed

during 2001.

Weaver’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011

The application of Weavers (1954) method in 2011 gave six crop combination regions in

Palakkad distric The Table.8 reveals that paddy is cultivated as a mono crop in one block

namely Kuzhalmannam. Paddy with coconut and paddy with rubber form two crops

combination in three blocks of Chittur, Kollengode and Nemmara. Paddy with rubber and


Premakumar K et al



coconut formed three crop combinations in Alathur block, Rubber, spices, fruits, coconut and

paddy constitutes in four crops combinations in five blocks, namely Mannarkkad, Ottappalam,

Palakkad, Pattambi and Sreekrishnapuram and five crops combination in one block of

Thrithala and eight crops combination in two blocks of Attappady and Malampuzha in

Palakkad district during 2011.

Figure 3:

The blocks with different crop associations are given in Table 8

Table 8: Palakkad District – Weaver’s Crop Combination Region in 2011

Crop Combinations Crops Block Names

Mono crop Paddy Kuzhalmannam

Two Crops Combination Paddy, Coconut, Paddy and

Rubber

Chittur, Kollengode and

Nemmara

Three Crop Combination Paddy, Rubber and Coconut Alathur

Four Crop Combination

Rubber, Spices ,Fruits and

Coconut Mannarkkad

Paddy, coconut, Rubber and

Fruits Ottappalam.

Paddy, Coconut, Fruits and

Spices Palakkad and Pattambi

Paddy, Rubber, Coconut and

Fruits Sreekrishnapuram

Five Crop Combination Paddy, Fruits, Coconut, Spices

and Rubber Thrithala

Eight Crop Combination

Paddy, fruits, coconut, spices,

rubber, spices, Vegetables and

tuber.

Attappady and Malampuzha

Change between 2001 and 2011

There are six crop combination regions in both time point of study.


Premakumar K et al



1. In 2001, Mono crop cultivation of Paddy in Kollengode is replaced in to two crop

combination by including coconut as a second crop during 2011.

2. Out of three two crop combination regions of cultivating paddy and coconut are

converted into four crop combination regions and no change in one block of Chittur.

3. Four crop combination of Attappady, Ottapalam, Sreekrishnapuram and Thrithula

blocks, Thrithula block converted into five crop combination regions adding fruits &

spices and replacing fodder crop and Attappady emerged as a eight crop combination

region in 2011.

4. The five crop combination of Nemmara block changed into two crop combination and

six crop combination of Malampuzha by adding tuber and fodder crop become eight

crop combination region in 2011.

5. There is no change in three crop combination region of Alathur but Mannarkkad

converted into five crop combination with spices and condiments in their crop

combinations in 2011.

Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001

To minimize the over generalization of crop associations, Rafiullah’s (1956) maximum

deviation method is applied and possible crop association and crop combination regions in

Palakkad district are brought out and presented in Table 9 and Figure 4.

The application of the Rafiullah’s method gave only three crops combination regions in

Palakkad district during 2001.There are 6 mono crop regions cultivating paddy in Kollengode,

Kuzhalmannam and Palakkad, fruits in Attappady, rubber in Mannarkkad and coconut in

Thrithala blocks. There are five two crops combination regions where paddy and rubber in

Alathur and Nemmara, paddy with coconut in Chittur, Malampuzha, and Pattambi blocks are

largely cultivated. There are two three crops combination regions, where paddy, coconut and

fruits in Sreekrishnapuram blocks and paddy, coconut and rubber are constituted to form

three crop combination in Ottappalam in Palakkad district.

Table 9: Palakkad District- Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001


Premakumar K et al



Crop Combination Name of Crops Block Names

Mono crop

Paddy Kollengode, Pattambi, Palakkad and

Kuzhalmannam

Fruits Attappady

Rubber Mannarkkad

Coconut Thrithala

Two crops Combinations

Paddy and Rubber Alathur and Nemmara

Paddy and coconut Chittur

Paddy and Spices. Malampuzha

Three crops Combinations Paddy, Coconut and Rubber, Ottappalam

Paddy ,Fruits and Coconut Sreekrishnapuram

Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011

The application of Rafiullah’s method gave only two crop combination regions in Palakkad

district during 2011 Table 10. Out of 13 blocks, seven blocks have mono crop cultivation and

two crops combinations are found in six blocks. Paddy, Coconut, Rubber, vegetables, fruits

and spices and condiments crops constitute the crop combinations of the district. Paddy is

cultivated as a mono crop in Chittur and Ottapalam blocks. Monocultura of cultivating

coconut is found in Mannarkkad, Pattambi and Thrithala blocks. Mid uplands with red soils

favours coconut cultivation in these areas fruits are cultivated as a mono crop in Attappady

and Sreekrishnapuram blocks. Paddy and coconut constituted to form two crops combination

regions in the other blocks of the district Figure 4.

Table 10: Palakkad District - Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011

Crop Combination Name of

Crops Block Names

Mono crop

Paddy Chittur and Ottapallam

Coconut Mannarkkad, Pattambi and Thrithala

Fruits Attapaddy and Sreekrishnapuram

Two crops

Combinations

Paddy,

coconut

Kollengode, Kuzhalmannam, Malampuzha, Nemmara,

Palakkad and Alathur

Change between 2001 and 2011

Out of the seven mono crop regions of 2001, only three mono crop regions of Kollengode,

Kuzhalmannam and Malampuzha are converted into two crop combination regions with

paddy, rubber and coconut crops. There is no change in other blocks of Pattambi, Thrithalla,

Mannarkkad and Attappady in 2011.

1. Two crop combination of Chittur become mono crop region of cultivating paddy in

2011.

2. Three crop combinations of Sreekrishnapuram and Ottapalam blocks changed to

mono crop cultivation of rubber and paddy respectively.

3. There is no change in two crop combinations in Alathur, Nemmara and Malampuzha

blocks where paddy and rubber in Alathur and Nemmara and paddy with coconut in

Malampuzha block are cultivated.


Premakumar K et al



Conclusion

To conclude paddy, coconut, rubber, spices and condiments, vegetables and fruits are the

crops cultivated largely in the district. The crop combination analysis of Weaver’s method

(1954) gave six crop combination regions in the district. Rafiullah’s method identified only

two crop combination regions with paddy and coconut crops in the district. The availability

of irrigation facilities and the soils favored more number of crops cultivation in the district.

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