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ISSN(Online):2533-8945 VOLUME 5 ISSUE 6

PAPER AVAILABLE ON WWW.IJECEC.COM-VOLUME5-ISSUE6-2019 46

A STUDY ON EFFECT OF CERAMIC WASTE AS A FILLER

IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIX 1TALLA DAMODAR, 2S.T.SHAHID

M.Tech Student, Professor

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Bheema Institute Of Technology And Science, Adoni

ABSTRACT:

Aggregates in coarse, fine and filler fractions are

the main constituents of the bituminous paving

mixes. Bituminous mixes are most commonly used

all over the world in flexible pavement

construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen (used

as a binder) and mineral aggregate which are mixed

together, laid down in layers and then compacted.

Today’s bituminous concrete pavements are

expected to perform better as they are experiencing

increased volume of traffic, increased loads and

increased variations in daily or seasonal

temperature over what has been experienced in the

past. In this paving mix, normally lime is used as

filler material to evaluate the suitability of ceramic

waste as a filler material in Bituminous Concrete.

A bituminous concrete mixes with ceramic dust

were prepared in different proportions (3% and

5%) as filler. The amount of optimum binder

content was determined by Marshall Stability test

for samples. The mechanical performance was

determined for Marshall Stability, deformation

behavior or flow, as well as for density and void

characteristics base on prevailing Indian standards

specifications. Results show that the stability

values and other parameters of samples containing

ceramic wastes are improved in comparison to

conventional mineral filler. The benefits of using

ceramic waste in bituminous concrete mixture as

mineral filler (3-5%) are therefore recommended.

The replacement of conventional filler like lime

and other mineral in bituminous concrete by

ceramic wastes will have major environmental

benefits

KEYWORDS: Bituminous mixture, Bottom ash,

Fly ash, Tensile strength ratio

I.INTRODUCTION

Bituminous roads are defined as the roads

in the construction of which bitumen is used as

binder. It consists of an intimate mixture of

aggregates, mineral filler and bitumen. The quality

and durability of bituminous road is influenced by

the type and amount of filler material is used. The

filler tends to stiffen the asphaltic cement by

getting finely dispersed in it. Various materials

such as cement, lime, granite powder, stone dust

and fine sand are normally used as filler in

bituminous mixes. Cement, lime and granite

powder are expensive and used for other purposes

more effectively. Fine sand, ash, waste concrete

dust and brick dust finer than 0.075 mm sieve size

appear to be suitable as filler material. The use of

waste powder as filler in asphalt mixture has been

the focus of several research efforts over the past

few years. Phosphate waste filler Jordanian oil

shale fly ash bag house fines recycled waste lime

municipal solid waste incineration ash and waste

ceramic materials have been investigated as filler.

It was proved that these types of recycled filler

could be used in asphalt mixture and gave

improved performance. So the present study has

been taken in order to investigate the behavior of

bituminous mixes with different types of filler

materials locally available. If filler is mixed with

less bitumen than it is required to fill its voids, a

stiff dry product is obtained which is practically not

workable. Overfilling with bitumen, on the

contrary, imparts a fluid character to the mixture.

The filler has the ability to increase the resistance

of particle to move within the mix matrix and/or

works as an active material when it interacts with

the asphalt cement to change the properties of the

mastic. Elastic modulus of asphalt concrete mixture

can increases by the addition of mineral filler. But

excessive amount of filler may weaken the mixture

by increasing the amount of asphalt needed to

cover the aggregates.

The effects of these fillers are also

dependent on gradations. It was reported that the

mechanical and transport properties were improved

by using marble powder and limestone filler in self

compacting concretes (SCC) Using granite sludge

and andesite mineral filler in bituminous hot

mixtures could improve the engineering properties

of the mixes in wearing courses The behavior and

effect of pre compaction curing on grade-2 semi

dense bituminous concrete (SDBC-2) mix using

bituminous emulsions treated mixtures (BETM) by

modified Marshall Method was also studied. The

results shows that mix with cement and hydrated

lime as filler each 2% both showed better results

for dry and wet Marshall Stability, Marshall Flow

and ITS (Indirect Tensile Strength) compared to

mix with no filler Addition of Copper Slag (CS) as

fine aggregate (up to 30%) in various bituminous

mixes like Bituminous Macadam, Dense

bituminous Macadam, Bituminous Concrete and

Bituminous Concrete provides good interlocking



and eventually improves volumetric and

mechanical properties of bituminous mixes

Considering the effectiveness of ceramic waste in

cement concrete work, in this paper ceramic waste

was studied in bituminous concrete as mineral filler

for road construction work. In this study, the

usability of optimum percentage of ceramic wastes

was investigated in the semi-dense bituminous

concrete mixes. To achieve the objective, Marshall

Stability mixes were prepared containing different

proportion of ceramic dust and hydrated lime. The

waste material proportion was experimented as per

the Indian codal provision to check its mechanical

properties and durability for bituminous layer

Bituminous Binder:

To prepare bituminous concrete, Bitumen used in

the study is penetration grade 60/70. Laboratory

tests were performed for defining the properties of

bitumen and found to be within acceptable limits as

per the prevailing standards

Ceramic waste dust:

In the study two types of filler have been used, the

conventional filler i.e. lime and other is ceramic

waste. The lime was obtained from local market

and the ceramic waste was collected from Morbi

Ceramic industrial area, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

Sieve analysis of powdered form ceramic waste

and lime was carried out and result shows that

98.5% of ceramic powder and 58.37% of lime

passed through 75µ Sieve as per the Indian codal

provision (MORT&H 2012, IS 2386). The

chemical properties of the ceramic waste were

considered as mentioned Bituminous concrete is

the most commonly used pavement material due to

its construction procedures. The ever increasing

economic cost and lack of availability of natural

material have opened the opportunity to explore

locally available waste materia l. If industrial waste

materials can be suitably used in road construction,

the pollution and disposal problems may be

partially reduced. As reported, Indian ceramics

industry, which is comprised of wall and floor tiles,

sanitary ware, bricks and roof tiles, refractory

materials and ceramic materials for domestic and

others use is producing approximately 15 to 30 MT

per annum waste.

The state of Gujarat accounts for around 70% of

total ceramic production in India and out of total

production 30% goes as waste and dumped in the

open spaces. The advantages of using ceramic

waste dust in road construction as mineral filler and

as aggregate are:

The ceramic dust available at zero economic

cost.

Chemical and mechanical properties will be

consistent.

Road construction activity approaches to become

green.

Durable, hard and highly resistant to biological,

chemical and physical degradation forces.

Researches show that potential use of the ceramic

wastes in the construction industry is beneficial.

Fi

gure: Ceramic Aggregate

Recycling of Ceramic Waste:

A lot of waste is generated while producing

ceramic wares in the factory, which are usually

referred to as rejects. These wastes are from

finished products that have such deficiencies that

would naturally make them unacceptable in the

market because they could constitute health risk.

The wares usually have such fault like internal

cracks, dunting (cracking of pottery caused by

stresses which form during firing and cooling) and

bloating. The production moulds which are made of

Plaster of Paris, usually under normal

circumstances, expire after 90 product casts, though

some are made to go far more than such tolerable

limits. The expired moulds in most instances are

dumped after they may have expired. These broken

ceramic wares and the expired plaster moulds

constitute environmental hazards at dumped sites

and result in an unnecessary distraction

Ceramic Waste as Recycled Aggregate:

As mentioned previously, one of the objectives of

the new waste reuse and recycling policies in the

construction and industrial sectors is to use

recycled aggregates as a substitute for conventional

natural aggregates, In the case of industrial use,

most (82%) was destined for the manufacture of

cement, whilst the remainder was employed for

different industrial applications such as the

manufacture of lime and plaster, glass and

ceramics, among others. A further important aspect

for analysis, as mentioned at the beginning, is the

energy factor. The processes involved in cement

manufacture, in ceramics production, or in

transport, endow construction materials with

energy, called embodied energy (Construction

Research Institute, 2000). It has been estimated that

of all the embodied energy incorporated in a

building, only around 20% corresponds to the

construction phase. Therefore, when a defective



construction material is discarded, or a building

demolished, a huge quantity of embodied energy is

wasted.

CERAMICS INDUSTRY WASTE:

As regards the ceramics industry in Spain, some 30

million tons of ceramic products such as bricks,

roof tiles, breeze blocks, etc., were produced in

2006. Although the recent industrial crisis had

resulted in a 30% drop in production, the industry

continues to generate a significant volume of

material unsuitable for commercialization. The

percentage of products considered unsuitable for

sale and thus rejected depends on the type of

installation and the product requirements. Such

waste can be considered inert, due to its low

capacity for producing contamination. However,

dumping constitutes a major disadvantage,

producing significant visual impact and

environmental degradation. Ceramic factory waste

known as masonry rubble, is not sorted according

to the reason for rejection, which may include:

- Breakage or deformation, which does not affect

the intrinsic characteristics of the ceramic material.

Firing defects, due to excessive heat or insufficient

heat (under-firing), faults particularly associated

with the use of old kilns and which may affect the

physico-chemical characteristics of the product

Figure: Ceramic factory waste

CLASSIFICATION OF BITUMINOUS

MIXTURES:

A bituminous mixture is a combination of

bituminous materials (as binders), properly graded

aggregates and additives. Bituminous mixtures

used in pavement applications are classified either

by their methods of production or by their

composition and characteristics. By the method of

production, bituminous mixtures can be classified

into Hotmix asphalt (HMA), Cold-laid plant mix,

Mixed-in-place or road mix and Penetration

macadam. Hot-mix asphalt is produced in hot

asphalt mixing plant (or hot-mix plant) by mixing a

properly controlled amount of aggregate with a

controlled amount of bitumen at an elevated

temperature. The mixing temperature has to be

sufficiently high such that the consistency of

bitumen is fluid enough for proper mixing and

coating the aggregate, but not too high as to avoid

excessive stiffening of the asphalt. HMA mixture

must be laid and compacted when the mixture is

still sufficiently hot so as to have proper

workability. They are the most commonly used

paving material in surface and binder courses in

bituminous pavements. Cold-laid plant mix is

produced in a bitumen mixing plant by mixing a

controlled amount of aggregate with a controlled

amount of liquid bitumen without the application of

heat. It is laid and compacted at ambient

temperature. Mixed-in-place or road mix is

produced by mixing the aggregates with the

bitumen binders in the form of emulsion (medium

setting or slow setting) in proper proportions on the

road surface by means of special road mixing

equipment. Penetration macadam is produced by a

construction procedure in which layers of coarse

and uniform size aggregate are spread on the road

and rolled, and sprayed with appropriate amounts

of bitumen to penetrate the aggregate. The

bituminous material used may be hot bitumen or a

rapid setting bitumen emulsion.

Figure: Dense graded HMA

Figure: Open graded HMA



Requirements of Bituminous mixes:-

Stability Stability is defined as the resistance of the paving

mix to deformation under traffic load. Two

examples of failure are

(i) shoving - a transverse rigid deformation

which occurs at areas subject to

severe acceleration and

(ii) grooving - longitudinal ridging due to

channelization of traffic. Stability

depend on the inter-particle friction,

primarily of the aggregates and the

cohesion offered by the bitumen.

Sufficient binder must be available to

coat all the particles at the same time

should offer enough liquid friction.

However, the stability decreases when

the binder content is high and when

the particles are kept apart.

Durability: Durability is defined as the resistance of the mix

against weathering and abrasive actions.

Weathering causes hardening due to loss of

volatiles in the bitumen. Abrasion is due to wheel

loads which causes tensile strains. Typical

examples of failure are pot-holes, - deterioration of

pavements locally and stripping, lost of binder from

the aggregates and aggregates are exposed.

Disintegration is minimized by high binder content

since they cause the mix to be air and waterproof

and the bitumen film is more resistant to hardening.

Flexibility Flexibility is a measure of the level of bending

strength needed to counteract traffic load and

prevent cracking of surface. Fracture is the cracks

formed on the surface (hairline-cracks, alligator

cracks), main reasons are shrinkage and brittleness

of the binder. Shrinkage cracks are due to volume

change in the binder due to aging. Brittleness is due

to repeated bending of the surface due to traffic

loads. Higher bitumen content will give better

exibility and less fracture.

Skid resistance: It is the resistance of the finished pavement against

skidding which depends on the surface texture and

bitumen content. It is an important factor in high

speed traffic. Normally, an open graded coarse

surface texture is desirable.

Workability: Workability is the ease with which the mix can be

laid and compacted, and formed to the required

condition and shape. This depends on the gradation

of aggregates, their shape and texture, bitumen

content and its type. Angular, flaky, and elongated

aggregates workability. On the other hand, rounded

aggregates improve workability.

Desirable properties From the above discussion, the desirable properties

of a bituminous mix can be summarized as follows:

Stability to meet traffic demand

Bitumen content to ensure proper binding

and water proofing

Voids to accommodate compaction due to

traffic

Flexibility to meet traffic loads, esp. in

cold season

Sufficient workability for construction

Economical mix

Constituents of a mix

Coarse aggregates: offer compressive and

shear strength and shows good

interlocking properties

E.g. Granite

Fine aggregates: Fills the voids in the

coarse aggregate and stiffens the binder.

E.g. Sand, Rock dust

Filler: Fills the voids, stiffens the binder

and offers permeability.

E.g. Rock dust, cement,lime, flyash

Binder: Fills the voids, cause particle

adhesion and gluing and offers

impermeability

E.g. Bitumen, Asphalt, Tar

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HMA &

CONVENTIONAL MIXES:

SMA is successfully used by many countries in the

world as highly rut resistant bituminous course,

both for binder (intermediate) and wearing course.

The major difference between conventional mixes

and HMA is in its structural skeleton .The HMA

has high percent about 70-80 percent of coarse

aggregate in the mix .This increases the

interlocking of the aggregates and provides better

stone to stone contact which serves as load carrying

mechanism in HMA and hence provides better rut

resistance and durability. On the other hand,

conventional mixes contain about 40-60 percent

coarse aggregate. They does have stone to stone

contact, but it often means the larger grains

essentially float in a matrix composed of smaller

particles, filler and asphalt content .The stability of

the mix is primarily controlled by the cohesion and

internal friction of the matrix which supports the

coarse aggregates .It can be followed from diagram



of the grain size distribution of the mixes given

below. The second difference lies in the binder

content which lies between 5-6 percent for

conventional mixes. Below this the mix becomes

highly unstable. Above this percent will lead to

abrupt drop of stability because the binder fills all

the available voids and the extra binder makes the

aggregates to float in binder matrix. The HMA uses

very high percent of binder > 6.5 percent which is

attributed to filling of more amount of voids

present in it, due to high coarse aggregate skeleton.

The high bitumen content contributes to the

longevity of the pavements.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW

the ceramic wastes in the construction industry is

beneficial. Concrete mixtures with ceramic

aggregates perform better than the control concrete

mixtures concerning compressive strength,

workability, capillary water absorption, oxygen

permeability and chloride diffusion, thus leading to

more durable concrete structures It was reported

that recycled, eco-efficient ceramic aggregate

concrete present superior mechanical behavior

compared to conventional concrete as it interfere in

a negative way during hydration process. In case of

flowable concrete, the recycled ceramic aggregates

were found more workable and compact than in

case of natural aggregate It was noticed that fine

carbonate fillers complement the deficiency in fine

particles of the cement's particle size distribution,

which enhance both the flow ability and stability of

fresh concrete. Ceramic dust gets fill in between

the relatively coarser cement grains, reducing the

room available for water and consequently the

water demand. The contribution of hydroxide and

calcium carbonate as a filler in the mixture

increases its preserved resistance up to 40%,

fulfilling the Indian codal specifications for its

application in cement construction work.

Furthermore, the filler contribution is demonstrated

to improve the adherence between aggregate–

bitumen under the effect of water by 45% The

asphalt dynamic modulus, flow number and

indirect tensile strength of hot mix asphalt were

showing considerable improvement by adding filler

made of ground scrap Researcher reported that

waste tiles also show pozzolanic properties as

chemical and physical properties of the cement

meets the cement standard up to the addition of

35% waste tiles

III.METHODOLOGY

Aggregate shape properties are known to influence

Bitumen pavement performance. Angularity and

texture govern the frictional properties and dilation

of the aggregate structure. Aggregate texture plays

a major role in influencing the adhesive bond

between the aggregate and the binder, while

aggregate form influences the anisotropic response

of Bitumen mixes Aggregate characteristics such as

particle size, shape, and texture influence the

performance and service ability of hot-mix asphalt

pavement Flat and elongated particles tend to break

during mixing, compaction, and under traffic.

Therefore, aggregate shape is one of the important

properties that must be considered in the mix

design of asphalt pavements to avoid premature

pavement failure. The shape of aggregate particle

has a significant influence on the performance of

the bituminous pavement. Particle shape can be

described as cubical, flat, elongated and round. The

presence of flaky aggregates is considered as

undesirable in bituminous mixtures because of their

tendency to break down during construction and

subsequent traffic operations. The voids present in

a compacted mix depend on the shape of

aggregates. Blade shape aggregates

Characteristics of material used in bituminous

mix:

There are various types of mineral aggregates

which can be used in bituminous mixes. The

aggregates used to manufacture bituminous mixes

can be obtained from different natural sources such

as glacial deposits or mines. These are termed as

natural aggregates and can be used with or without

further processing. The aggregates can be further

processed and finished to achieve good

performance characteristics. Industrial by products

such as steel slag, blast furnace slag etc. sometimes

used as a component along with other aggregates to

enhance the performance characteristics of the mix.

Reclaimed bituminous pavement is also an

important source of aggregate for bituminous

mixes. Ceramic Aggregates play a very important

role in providing strength to asphalt mixtures as

they Contribute a greater part in the matrix. SMA

contains 70-80 percent coarse aggregate of the total

Stone content. The higher proportion of the coarse

aggregate in the mixture forms a skeletontype

structure providing a better stone-on-stone contact

between the coarse aggregate particles resulting in

good shear strength and high resistance to rutting as

compare to BC.

Fine aggregates Aggregates size ranging from 4.75 mm to 0.075

mm IS sieve are called Fine aggregates. As with

course aggregate, Fine aggregate should be free

from dusts, clay, vegetation, loam or organic

matter. Fine aggregate fills the voids between the

coarse aggregate and stiffens the binder

Mineral Filler Aggregates those are smaller than 0.075 mm IS

sieve is called as mineral filler. Filler are used to

fills the voids in mix, which cannot be filled by fine

aggregates. And also used to increase the binding

property between the aggregates in the preparation

of specimens.



Fillers Three different types of filler were selected

in this study. These are stone dust, cement, and

brick dust. Cement was purchased from the local

distributor of the Meghna Cement Mills Ltd.,

Khulna and stone dust and brick dust were

collected from different local sources. The filler

materials were sieved through No. 200 sieve. The

specific gravities of different types of fillers are

shown in Table 2

Table: Specific Gravity of Filler Materials

Filler type Test Method Specific

gravity

Cement ASTM D854 2.75

Stone dust ASTM D854 2.68

Brick dust ASTM D854 2.70

Materials:

A bituminous mixture is normally composed of

aggregate and bitumen. The aggregates are

generally divided into coarse, fine and filler

fractions according to the size of the particles. The

following sections include the description of the

coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral fillers and

bitumen used in this study.

Ceramic waste:

Ceramic waste is produced from ceramic bricks,

roof and floor tiles and stoneware industries. Indian

ceramic production is 100 Million ton per year. In

the ceramic industry, about 15%-30% waste

material generated from the total production. The

principle waste coming into the ceramic industry is

the ceramic powder, specifically in the powder

forms. Ceramic wastes are generated as a waste

during the process of dressing and polishing.

Ceramic waste powder is settled by sedimenta- tion

and then dumped away which results in

environmental pollution.

Figure: Ceramic waste

Crushed quartzite aggregate was used as coarse

aggregate (20 mm and 10 mm) in this experimental

investigation. Aggregates were obtained from

Chikhli local quarry around Surat city, in the state

of Gujarat, India. The sizes of aggregate and stone

dust were used as per specification

Aggregate material tests were carried out based on

Indian standards, in order to ascertain the physical

and mechanical properties of the material to be

used in the samples of Marshall Stability mixtures.

The physical properties of the aggregate

Table: Properties of Coarse Aggregate and Fine

Aggregate

Mixture Design and Sample Preparation

In the study, aggregate grading curve for

bitumen mixture were obtained from MORTH

Specification Sieve analysis were carried out and

obtained grading curve used in the study. Mix

design was done according to Marshall Method.

Specimens each of

2.5 inch (64 mm) height and 4 inch (102 mm)

diameter were prepared at different bitumen

content (4.5-7%) for filler content at 3% and 5%.

Marshall Test was carried out to find the

optimum binder content for both filler (Ceramic

waste and lime). Sample Specimens shown in

Figure were prepared using Marshall

Compactor by giving 75 blows with hammer

freefall height of 457 mm on one side of the

mould.

Figure: Sample used in test

Figure: Marshall Test and

Stability and Flow Digital

Indicator

https://www.ijert.org/
















Ceramic properties:

The properties of ceramic materials, like all

materials, are dictated by the types of atoms

present, the types of bonding between the atoms

and the way the atoms packed together. This is

known as atomic scale structure. Most ceramics

are made up of two or more elements. This is

called compound.The two most common

chemical bonds for ceramic materials are

covalent and ionic. The chemical bond is called

the metal- lic bond ceramic materials wide range

of properties; they are used for a multitude of

applications.

In most ceramics are:-

Hard

Wear-resistant

Brittle

Refractors

Thermal insulators

Electrical insulators

Nonmagnetic

Oxidation resistant

Prone to thermal shock

Chemically stable

Coarse Aggregate:

Coarse aggregate for bituminous mix has been

defined as that portion of the mixture which is

retained on 2.36 mm (No. 08) sieve according to

the Asphalt Institute. Basalt rock was used as

coarse aggregate. It was crushed manually and

brought to the sizes 25.0 mm or less. The

aggregates were then sieved using separated out in

different fractions.

Figure: Appearance of coarse aggregate

Fine Aggregate:

Aggregate passing through 2.36 mm sieve and

retained on 0.075 mm sieve was selected as fine

aggregate. Domar sand was the source of fine

aggregates

Figure : Appearance of fine aggregate

Filler:

Fine sand and stone dust mix, waste concrete dust

and brick dust finer than 0.075 mm size sieve were

used as filler in the bituminous mixes for

comparison and economical point of view

Figure. Appearance of fine sand and stone dust

mix.

Figure 4. Appearance of waste concrete dust.




























Figure: Appearance of brick dust

Properties of Aggregates:

Tests were performed to determine the Aggregate

Crushing Value, Aggregate Impact Value, Specific

gravity, L.A Abrasion value and Water absorption

according to the procedures specified by AASHTO

and BS standards and results are summarized in

Table

Table: Physical Properties of aggregates

Properties AASHTO/

BS

Designatio

n

Aggregates Standard

values

(AASHT

O)

Coar

se

Fin

e

Aggregat

e

Crushing

Value

(%)

BS812:Part

3

12 - < 30%

Aggregat

e Impact

Value

(%)

BS812:Part

3

20 - < 30%

Specific

gravity

T85 2.84 2.8

9

2.60 –

2.90

L.A

Abrasion

value(Gra

de A)

T96 15 - < 40

Properties of Filler:

Tests were performed to determine the specific

gravity of filler fine sand with stone dust, waste

concrete dust and brick dust according to the

procedures specified by AASHTO and given in

Table

Table: Physical Properties of fillers

Properties of Bitumen:

Penetration, specific gravity, ductility, softening

point, flash and fire point of bitumen were

determined according to the procedure specified by

AASHTO standards. Properties of bitumen used in

bituminous mix are given in Table

Table 3. Properties of bitumen.

properties AASHTO

Designation

test

value

standard

values

(AASHTO)

Penetration

(1/10th

mm )

T49 96 85-100

Specific

Gravity

T229 1.03 1.01-1.05

Ductility(mm) T51 100 Min.100

Softening

Point(ºC)

T53 48 45°C -52°C

Flash

Point(ºC)

T48 295 280 ºC-

300ºC

Fire Point(ºC) T48 315 300°C-

320°C

Marshall Mix Design:

In this research work Marshall Stability testing

setups was used. The Marshall Stability test was

carried out using marshall test and stability flow

indicator on four samples each, containing 3% and

5% ceramic waste and the other containing 3% and

5% lime as filler in the mix design. The stability

(kN), unit weight (gm/cc), percentage of air voids

present in the sample, flow value measured in mm,

percentage of voids filled with bitumen (VFB) and

voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) were evaluated

on each sample. Results of all the parameters for

both ceramic wastes and lime having 3% and 5%

filler content in the sample are mentioned as in

Tests were performed to determine the Marshall

stability, flow value, optimum bitumen content and

amount of bitumen required for mix types

containing different filler. The aggregates and

bitumen were rapidly mixed to yield a mixture

having a uniform distribution of bitumen

throughout. After determination of specific

gravities of the compacted specimens were

immersed in the thermostatically controlled water

bath maintained at a temperature of 60ºC for 30

minutes. Marshall Stability and flow test were

performed afterwards for each specimen by testing

machine.

Bituminous Binder:

To prepare bituminous concrete, Bitumen used in

the study is penetration grade 60/70. Laboratory

tests were performed for defining the properties of

bitumen and found to be within acceptable limits as

per the prevailing standards.

Ceramic waste dust:

In the study two types of filler have been used, the

conventional filler i.e. lime and other is ceramic



waste. The lime was obtained from local market

and the ceramic waste was collected from Morbi

Ceramic industrial area, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

Sieve analysis of powdered form ceramic waste

and lime was carried out and result shows that

98.5% of ceramic powder and 58.37% of lime

passed through 75µ Sieve as per the Indian codal

provision The chemical properties of the ceramic

waste were considered as mentioned

IV.ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

The analysis of research results reveals that various

types of recycled filler can be used as proper

replacement of standard fillersand waste ceramics.

Thus some authors conclude in their studies that the

use of waste ceramics in Bituminous mixes

increases the stability, reduces deformations and,

expectedly, results in lower density of Bituminous

mixes. It can be concluded from these studies that

the use of waste glass does not result in greater

difference in properties compared to standard

mixes. Other research results show that the use of

waste from cement industry in asphalt mixes results

in higher stability and lower deformation values. In

addition, some authors state that an increase in the

cement dust content in mix results in an increase of

the optimum proportion of bitumen, and in poorer

economic performance of the mix. Further studies

show that waste concrete and waste brick particles

can be used in Bituminous mixes as replacement

for traditional filler. It is indicated that waste

concrete and waste brick particles can be used up to

the grain size of 0.075 mm, that the use of recycled

brick dust results in higher stability, and that the

use or the recycled concrete dust leads to the fall in

stability. Other recycled materials that can be used

as fillers are the fly ash, slag, etc. Relevant studies

show that different types of filler oscillate as to

their influence on the fatigue of materials. Addition

of ceramic dust to the mix results in an increase in

stability compared to traditional filler, and in

creation of a more flexible mix. The use of fly ash

increases the life span of Bituminous courses

compared to limestone-based material, and

increases an optimum proportion of bitumen in the

mix. Some studies have shown that

nonconventional fillers, such as non-plastic sand,

brick dust and ashes, are also suitable for use in

Bituminous mixes as for traditional filler.

Table: Parameter Obtained for

mix (Ceramic Wastes)

Graph: Variation of bitumen content (%) with

stability (KN)

Graph: Variation of bitumen content (%) with flow

value

Graph: Variation of bitumen content (%) with air

voids %




VMA %


VFB %

Graph: Variation of bitumen content (%) Weight

gm/cc

Table . Marshall Parameter

Graph: Specified Range vs 3% ceramic waste

content


mix (filler Content)

Graph: Specified Range vs 5 % ceramic waste

content

Graph: Specified Range vs 3 % Filter content

Graph: Specified Range vs 5 % Filter content


mix (Ceramic Wastes



Graph: Variation of filler content (%) stability

(KN)

Graph: Variation of filler content (%) flow value

Graph: Variation of filler content (%) air voids %

Graph: Variation of filler content (%) VMA %

Graph: Variation of filler content (%) VFB %

V.CONCLUSIONS

The higher order roads like National highway,

State Highway and Major Urban Arterials and

Sub Arterials posses the bituminous concrete at

the top and need filler contents. Generally, lime,

cement or fine dusts are used. As ceramic

industries produce ceramic powder as waste in

huge quantity, it necessitates the disposal of

such materials. The alternate option is to use it

in construction activities.

This study focuses on a laboratory evaluation of

the mechanical performance of asphalt concrete

mixes using Ceramic Waste as filler. A

comparative study is carried out here for two

different filler materials i.e. lime and Ceramic

powder. The Marshall tests were conducted on the

bituminous mixes containing 3-5% ceramic waste

& lime. Based on the laboratory experiments and

analysis, the following conclusions are drawn.

It is observed that with the increase in

Ceramic Waste content from 3 to 5%, the

stability value increases by 14.29% and

the stability increases by 3.96% for filler.

On comparison between Ceramic Waste

and Lime, it is found that Marshall

Stability of Ceramic mix is 10.32%

greater than that of Lime mix at 5% filler

content.

The patterns obtained in the flow values

indicates that ceramic waste will deform

more under the traffic loads and will have

more flexibility.



The flow values for both 3% and 5% CW

filler satisfy the limits and hence can be

used in SDBC as filler.

Ceramic waste satisfies the entire

minimum requirement for mineral filler

specified in the MORTH bituminous

concrete mixture.

It was concluded that ceramic industrial

waste can be utilized as a replacement for

conventional mineral fillers in bituminous

mixes. The utilization of ceramic waste in

the asphalt concrete mixes may solve the

significant disposal problem to save the

environment.

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