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A STUDY ON:
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MUSHROOM IN
THE EAST AND SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
OF ODISHA
BY:
Sagarika Dehury
Admission No:11ABM/15
Department of Agribusiness Management
Centre for Post Graduate Studies
Orissa University of Agriculture &Technology
Bhubaneswar 751003
2017
A STUDY ON:
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MUSHROOM IN THE EAST
AND SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN OF ODISHA
INSTITUTIONAL GUIDE
DR. (Mrs.) GAYATRI BISWAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
OUAT, BHUBANESWAR
Submitted By:
Sagarika Dehury
Admission No.:11ABM/15
CENTRE FOR POST GRADUTE STUDIES, OUAT
BHUBANESWAR
ORISSA UNIVERCITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE OF CENTRE FOR
POST GRADUATE STUDIES (CPGS)
Dr.Gayatri Biswal Bhubaneswar
Associate Professor Date:
Department of Plant Pathology
College of Agriculture, OUAT , BBSR
CERTIFICATE I
This is to certified that this project work entitled “STUDY ON
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MUSHROOM IN THE EAST
AND SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN OF ODISHA” under
Orissa Universisy of Agriculture & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar
is a bonfide work carried out by Ms. Sagarika Dehury towards the
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of “MASTER IN
BUSINESS MANAGEMEN”(Agribusiness management) under my guidance & supervision. The results of the
investigation reported in this report have not so far been
presented for any Degree or Diploma. The assistance & help
received as well source of information availed during the course
of investigation have been duly acknowledged.
CHAIRMAN
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
ORISSA UNIVERCITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE OF CENTRE FOR
POST GRADUATE STUDIES (CPGS)
CERTIFICATE I I
This is to certify that this project work entitled “STUDY ON
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MUSHROOM IN THE EAST AND SOUTH-
EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN OF ODISHA”Submitted by Ms. Sagarika Dehury to
the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION(AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT) has been approved /
disapproved by the students’ advisory committee and the external examiner.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman:
Dr .(Mrs.) Gayatri Biswal
Associate Professor
Department of Plant Pathology
O.U.A.T , Bhubaneswar …………………………
Members:
1. Dr. Samarendra Mahapatra
Head of Department
Department of Agri-Business Management ..........................................
2. Mr. Debdutt Behura
Assistant Professor
Department of Agri-Business Management ..........................................
External Examiner ………………………….
(Name & Designation)
DECLARATION
I do hear by declare that the dissertation entitled “STUDY ON
PRODUCTION AND MRKETING OF MUSHROOM IN THE EAST AND
SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLIN OF ODISHA “being submitted by me in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Of Master In Agri-Business
Management Administration to Dr. (Mrs.) GAYATRI BISWAL Associate
Professor , Department of Plant Pathology , OUAT , Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
I further declare that contents of the report are authentic & have not been
published or presented earlier.
Date: Sagarika Dehury
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
I owe great thanks to no. of great people who helped & supported me
during the preparation of this project report.
I am also grateful to my guide Dr. (Mrs.) Gayatri Biswal Associate
Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar for her guidance
& highly constructive comments during the entire course of study and preparation
of this project report. Thanks to my beloved parents & family for their moral
support, love and cooperation during the course of study.
On the successful completion of this project, I express my deepest sense
of gratitude towards OUAT for providing me this golden opportunity of
undergoing my project. The experience at the organization has been quite
enriching as it has not only augmented my knowledge base but also given me the
right exposure to the field condition for applying the knowledge practically. I take
this opportunity to thank all those whose encouragement and guidance has been
instrument in this successful completion of this project.
Sagarika Dehury
CONTENTS
SL NO. SUBJECT PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITRERATURE 5-9
CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES 11
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13-15
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 16-32
CHAPTER 6 LIMITATION &SUGGETION 34-35
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 36-38
BIBLIOGRAPHY 39-41
ANNEXURE 42-48
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
NO. 1 Age wise involvement of mushroom growers 16
2 Gender wise involvement of respondents in mushroom
production
17
3 Educational status of the respondents 18
4 District wise distribution of spawn and mushroom
production in the East and south. Eastern coastal plain
zone of Odisha(2015-16)
19
5 Status of mushroom in Odisha(2015-2016)
20
6 Constraints in Mushroom production
21-22
7 Cost of cultivation of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella
volvacea) per bed
23
8 Cost of cultivation of Oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) per
bag
24
9 Economics of cultivation of mushroom (perbed/ bag)
25
10 Sources of mushroom production and processing
technology
26
11 Nutritive value of different mushrooms(dry weight basic
g/100g).
27
12 Information on commercially cultivated mushrooms of
Odisha
28
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NO.
TITLES
PAGE NO.
1 Age wise involvement of mushroom growers 16
2 Gender wise involvement of respondents in mushroom production 17
3 Education status of the respondents 18
4 District wise distribution of spawn and mushroom production in the
East and South Eastern Coastal Plain zone of Odisha(2015-16)
19
5 Status of mushroom in Odisha(2015-16) 20
6 Cost of cultivation of paddy straw mushroom(Volvariella volvacea)
Per bed
23
7 Cost of cultivation of oyster mushroom(Pleroutus sp.) per bag 24
8 Economics of cultivation of mushroom(per bed/bag) 25
9 Nutritive value of different mushrooms(dry weight basic g/100) 26
LIST OF PLATES
PLATES NO.
TITLES
PAGE NO. 1 Paddy straw mushroom outdoor cultivation 45
2 paddy straw mushroom indoor cultivation 45
3 Paddy straw mushroom bed 45
4 Oyster mushroom cultivation 45
5 Oyster mushroom bag(P. sajor. caju ) 46
6 Oyster mushroom bag(P. florida) 46
7 Oyster mushroom bag(P. pulmonarious) 46
8 Oyster mushroom bag(P. cous) 46
9 Milk mushroom cultivation 47
10 Milk mushroom bag 47
11 Mushroom spawn 47
12 Competitor moulds of straw mushroom 47
13 Competitor moulds of oyster mushroom 48
14 Mushroom packaging 48
15 Fresh mushroom sale/disposal 48
16 Mushroom processing 48
LIST OF FLOW CHARTS SL.NO. TITLES PAGE NO.
1 Flow chart of paddy straw mushroom production 30
2 Flow chart of oyster mushroom production 31
3 Flow chart of marketing of mushrooms 32
ABSTRACT
Odisha is a leading state in mushroom production. The preferred mushrooms of the
state are paddy straw (9,550 tonnes/annum) and oyster (6,310 tonnes/annum). However, button
mushroom production is abysmally low (126 tonnes/annum). The total mushroom production
stands at 15,986 tonnes/annum contributing to 13 percent of national production.
An exhausting survey was conducted across districts of the East and South-Eastern
coastal plain zone of Odisha with a sample size of 50 farmers to assess the constraints and
opportunities associated with mushroom farming.
By and large, mushroom is cultivated outdoor as an intercrop in the coconut plantation.
Association of competitor moulds, insect pests and diseases along with uncontrolled weather
bring down the yield level below 15 percent. Further, quality planting material (spawn) is not
available at the door step of farmers.
Majority of the entrepreneurs are resource poor incapable of raising semi-controlled and
controlled units meant for improving production and productivity.
Mushroom marketing is unorganized and the growers are often exploited by the brokers
leading to low sale price.
In spite of the aforesaid constraints, the mushroom cultivation is highly profitable in
comparision to other components of agriculture or animal husbandry. The address of constraints
related to production and marketing will leads to rejuvenation of the Odisha mushroom industry.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION Mushrooms have been prized as delicacy since time immemorial. The Greek
philosopher, Theophrastus (372 – 287 B.C) mentioned that mushroom gathered form farm lawns,
fields and meadows were value days food. Literature indicate that Auricularia aricula was first
cultivated in China in 600 AD while Flammulina vaelutipes was grown around (800 – 900 AD).
Cultivation of other mushrooms such as Latinula edodes , Volvariella volvacea , and Tremella
faciformis was first recorded in China in the year (1000-1700 and 1800 AD) respectively
(Chang and Miles , 1987).
Interest in the food values of mushroom has focused primarily on their high protein
content. Mushroom has a great potential of producing high amount of protein per unit area ,
which is not possible by any other form of agriculture and technology at par at level .
Mushrooms contain 20 to 35% protein(on dry wet basis) with all essential amino acids required
for human body (Hays and Haddad 1976).
Mushrooms produce a wide range of enzymes that can degrade complex agricultural ,
industrial waste that can be utilized for production of protein rich food. Large quantities of
renewable lingo-cellulosic residue are generated every year as a result of extensive agricultural
practices. Mushrooms on the other hand , have the ability to transform nutritionally useless waste
in to highly acceptable nutritious food. The cultivation of mushroom in addition is labour
intensive and provides employment opportunities to the landless labourers and weaker section of
the society in our country.
Modern classification has placed the fungi in a group distinct fro m plants and animals
and has assigned them to the kingdom – Mycetes distinct from the traditional kingdom Plantae
(Aelxopolus and Mims , 1972).
Most of the cultivated edible mushrooms belong to the order Agricales of the Class –
Agaricomycetes belongs to the divison Basidiomycota. This order is cpmposed of fungi forming
fleshy usually umbrella like frust bodies. The term mushroom refers to this fruit body, which
is otherwise called as the basidiocrp.
2
India is gifted with distinct seasons namely summer, rainy, winter. Accordingly
mushrooms can be selected and cultivated around the year. Paddy Straw mushroom(Volvariella)
sp) and milk mushroom(Calocybe india) can be grown in summer and rainy season in the
temperature range of 25 to 40 degree Celsius. While oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp) and
bottom mushroom (Agarius sp) can be grown in winter season when the atmosphere is about 20
to 30 degree Celsius respectively.
Paddy straw mushroom commonly known as straw mushroom or the Chinese
mushroom belongs to the family Pluteaceae of the class Agricomycetes . Thomas et. al.
(1943) cultivated paddy straw mushroom at the College of Agriculture , Coimbatore for the first
time. There after many improvements modification in the growing technique are worked out at
various research centers in India(Ahlawat and kamar , 2005). In India only three species out of
13 recorded namely V . diplesia , V.esculenta , V . volvacea have been cultivated.
Pleurotus mushroom generally referred to s” Oyster mushroom or Dhingiri mushroom”
is relatively new to the mushroom industry but has gained popularity at a tremendous pace and
today it is cultivated in about 25 countries of east Asia ,Europe , and America. It is the third
largest cultivated mushroom in the world and its annual production is around 875000 tons (
Chang and Miles , 2004 ) out of 38 species of pleurotus describes so far , P.sajorcju and P.
floria are very much popular in India.
In Odisha mushroom cultivation has been commercialized since 1992 with the
establishment Centre of Tropical Mushroom Research and Training(CTMRT) in Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology. Besides the availability of paddy straw mushroom in
abandonce , other agro waste such as ragi straw , maize stalks and cobs , paddy husks ,jute sticks
, groundnuts haulms higher strictly are found in the state for taking of commercial cultivation of
paddy straw and oyster mushroom.
In India , Odisha is the leading state in terms of both paddy straw and oyster mushroom
cultivation. The paddy straw mushroom production of Odisha stands at 9550 tons contributing to
80% of the straw mushroom production of the country. Likewise as many as ten pleurotus sp are
under cultivation in the state with annual production 6310 tons contributing to about 42% of the
total oyster mushroom production of the country. In Odisha , paddy straw and milk mushroom
3
are usually cultivated from the month of March to October where as oyster mushroom is
cultivated from the month of July to February. Though the people of Odisha prefer growing
paddy straw mushroom. Oyster mushroom is cultivated during the winter season when
productivity of paddy straw mushroom declines owing to low temperature.
Both paddy straw and oyster mushrooms are cultivated outdoor or partially indoor in both
coastal and in land dist Cultivation is done largely in non – pasteurized paddy straw without
organic supplement. Therefore the yields of both paddy straw and oyster mushrooms are low
with an average of 10% and 80% respectively. The reason of for such low level of productivity
are attributed to non availability of quality spawn , used as of non-pasteurized substrate without
suppliments and lack of after care. Besides , a number of harmful fungi encountered in the beds
mushroom and in the bags of oyster mushroom at times results in complete crop failure
depending upon the stage of infection , quality of substrate and environmental condition.
Postharvest handling and packaging followed by the disposal of the produce in another
area that needs immediate refinements as mushroom in highly perishable in nature , the produce
is subject to bacterial spoibge immediately after harvest unless their packaged and store well in
appropriate temperature. In view of the aforementioned facts in mushroom production disposal
and processing an attempt has been made to undertake a survey on “ Survey on production and
marketing of mushroom in east and south eastern coastal plain of Odisha”.
4
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) also known as Chinese mushroom
ranks sixth among the cultivated mushrooms of the world. It’s cultivation began in 1822 in china
for Emperor’s delight (Chang , 1977). This mushroom could not make such headway with the
time except in some coastal states like Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , West Bengal , Tamil Nadu and
Kerala because of low and unstable yield under conventional method of farming and poor
keeping quality. The biological efficiency hovers around 10-15% in the coastal and steamy
climate of Odisha where straw mushroom is largely cultivated as an intercrop in coconut
plantation. Extreme temperature during summer , association of competitor moulds and diseases
are the factors contributing to poor yield , on the contrary , cultivation on a variety of substrates ,
availability of large number of species , simple cultivation method , longer shelf life and above
all highest productivity among all edible mushrooms has made oyster mushroom so popular
among the growers. Above all mushroom cultivation is an ecofriendly and profitable enterprise
and has got the least address effect on the environment. A review of available literatures on the
areas of survey work included in this thesis , has been briefed here under.
2.1 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION: PRESENT SCENARIO
Paddy straw mushroom is the sixth largest cultivated mushroom in the world with as
annual production of 1,80,800 tonnes contributing to over 3% of the total mushroom production
of five million tons (Chang and Miles , 2004).
It has been in cultivation in the coastal states like Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , West
Bengal , Tamil Nadu and Kerala( Ahlawat and Tewari , 2007). Mohapatra et al.(2010) indicated
that under conventional method of farming ,the yield is quite unstable and low with an average
bio-efficiency of 10% , this was attributed to the use of poor quality spawn and inappropriate
aftercare of beds including biotic disorders.
Singh (2011) opined that straw mushroom cultivation has been restricted to
Odisha. This variety has low yield and poor keeping quality, however pasteurized paddy straw
substrate supplemented with cotton seed hulls could give more productivity.
6
In India , Odisha is the leading state in terms of straw mushroom production.
Approximately , 9,550 tonnes of mushroom is produced every year in the state generating as
turnover of 95 crores of rupees (AICRP Anuual Report , 2016-2017).
Oyster mushroom is cultivated in about 25 countries of far. East Asia , Europe
and America , It is the third largest cultivated mushroom of the world production. Odisha is the
leading state in India producing 6,310 tonnes of oyster mushroom/nnum(AICRP Annual Report ,
2016-2017).
2.2 PREFERRED SUBSTRATES
Mahbuba et. al. (2008) reported that biological efficiency of straw mushroom was
highest (20.34%) on paddy straw as compared to sugarcane bagasse , cotton waste , sugarcane
bagasse+rice straw , cotton waste+sugarcane bagasse and rice straw+cotton waste.
Patra and Narain (1997) indicated that , yields of 1.2 -1.45 kg , 1.15 – 1.4 kg nd
1.1 – 1.38 kg were obtained from V.volvacea in rice straw, water hyacinth and banana leaves
respectively.
Rani et. al. (2008) evaluated various lignoullulosic wastes for production of edible
mushroom , Pleurotus eous. Biological efficiency of 55 – 65% was observed in paddy straw
following by sorghum stalk (45%) and banana pseudo steam (33%).
Ingale and Ramteke (2010) used substrates for Pleurotus in which he found
85.5% yield on rice straw substrate.
Sharma et.al. (2013) reported that rice straw was founded as a best substrate with
yield (381.85g) and biological efficiency (95.46%) followed by rice + wheat straw and rice straw
+ paper waste for the production of mushroom.
7
2.3 SUBSTRATE PROCESSING AND PASTURIZATION
Ahlawat and Tewari (2017) reported that immersing of bundles in clean water
with 2% calcium carbonate for 12-18 hours could improve the bioefficiency of straw mushroom
appreciably.
Behera et. al. (2010) observed that soaking of 2% calcium carbonate solution for
six hours gave the highest bioefficiency of 10.17% alongwith low incidence of competitor
moulds.
Siqueira et. al. (2012) studied the cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms in
substrates obtained by steam pasteurization. Economic and sustainable mushroom cultivation
could be take up making use of regional lignoullulosic residues.
2.4 SPAWN MAKING
Upadhyay et. al. (2004) indicted cereal grains like wheat , maize , bajra and jowar
as suitable substrates for spawn production.
Mohaptra et.al. (2010) recorded highest sporophore yield (1103.33 g/ bed) raised
from pddy grain spawn with bioefficiency of 14.95%.
Pleurotus mushroom spawn can be prepared on any kind of cereal grains like wheat
, jowar , bajra or rye and on agricultural wastes like corn cobs , wooden sticks , rice straw , saw
dust and used tea leares etc. However , diseases and should not be broken , old and damaged by
insects pests (Singh et. al. , 2011).
2.5 CULTIVATION SYSTEM
In Odisha , paddy straw mushroom is largely cultivated outdoor as an intercrop in
coconut plantations in the coastal agro-climatic situations of the state from the month of march to
October , where as in inland districts this is cultivated in low-cost thatched sheds during the same
period. However , oyster mushroom is cultivated largely in partially controlled thatched sheds or
not houses only (Thakur and Mohaptra , (2013).
8
Mahaptra et. al. (2010) reported that is conventional method of farming under tree
shade , yield are unstable and low with an average biological efficiency below 10%.
Further , in non-hygienic conditions , activities of compositor moulds are more
and therefore , yields are low (Ahlawat and Tewari , 2007). It was these observed that the
traditional method of cultivation practiced by growers since the last two decades resulted in low
economic out of them. However , this kind of simple and easy technique has penetrated well as a
cottage industry activity in the coastal belt of the state.
2.6 EVALUATION OF COMPOSTED SUBSTRATE
Quimio et. al. (1990) indicated that the indoor cultivation technology practiced in Thailand ,
Indonesia , Vietnam , Singapore and some parts of Malaysia was able to reap 25-50% biological
efficiency when cotton waste was used as the substrate. The combination of rice straw and cotton
waste gare yield of about 21.8-2705%.
Ahlawat and Tewari(2007) observed that cotton waste under indoor method of cultivation gve a
higher and more stable yield (30-40%) along with early fructification and harvesting.
Besides 2.8 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Sporadic appearance of Aspergillus niger , A. flavus , Mucor sp. , Penicilluim sp. , Rhiopus sp. ,
Selerotium roffsic and Tricoderma sp. were also observed during the survey.
Mohaptra et. al. (2007) were of the view that the competitor fungi found frequently encountered
in mushroom beds in kharif season compete for space and nutrition in the substrate hampering
the growth of Volvariella volvacea.
Sahoo et. al. (2012) conducted an exhaustive survey on competitor moulds and diseases of paddy
straw mushroom in the east and south eastern coastal plain of Odisha and ascertained that
bacterial button rot disease was an emerging problem in the hot and humid coastal belt during the
summer months. He indicated that pre-soaking of substrate with calcium carbonate solution @
2.0% for six hours ws significantly superior among the treatments with as biological efficiency
of 14.52%. further , the intencity of Coprinus spp. Was found to be low in the above treatment.
9
2.9 OFF – SEASON CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOM
Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) is cultivated in the tropical climates of
South – East Asian countries in the temperature range of 25-40C. However , cultivation has been
made possible in the off – season (winter) also by manipulating the growing conditions.
2.10 MUSHROOM MARKETING
Marketing of mushrooms in India is not yet organized. It is a simple system of
producers selling directly to retailer or even to consumer. Which has its own limitations. Unlike
the other countries , where 10% of the total cost is ear marketed for marketing , marketing has
not been given sufficient thought and investment. Per capita consumption of mushroos in India is
less than 50g as against over as kg in various countries. Serious efforts are required to promote
the product , to strength and expand the market in order to increase its consumption(Singh et. al.
, 2011).
10
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
11
OBJECTIVES:
1. The status of the mushroom production in Odisha.
2. Constraints associated with mushroom production and marketing.
3. Possibilities of improvement in the areas of production and marketing.
4. Opportunities of raising mushroom processing infrastructure in Odisha so as to avoid
disperse sale in near future.
5. Sorting of management practices for improvement of marketing.
12
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
13
Research Methodology
Sample
The sample is the respective unit of population. Here the viewers of some of the
mushroom producers have been taken about the mushroom production technique and about their
marketing procedures as sample for this survey. Since in this survey, the samples have been
collected according to convenience , the sampling technique is simple random sampling method.
The population can be infinite and finite. The population is said to be finite if it consists
of a fixed number of elements so that it is possible to enumerate it in it’s totally. An infinite
population is one which it is theoretically impossible to observe all the elements.
Sampling Method
Here simple random sampling method has been adopted. In this method the sampling
units are chosen primarily on the basis of convenience to the investigator. In this type of
sampling , items for the sample are selected randomly by the researcher , his/her choice
concerning the items remains supreme. In other words, under this sampling, the organizer of the
inquire purposely choose the particular unit of the universe for constituting a sample on the basis
that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be representative of the whole.
Data Collection
The data required for present investigation were primary in nature.
1.Primary Data
Primary data were collected from the sample mushroom growers, rural vendors and
retailers through survey method and personal interview with the help of pre-tested well prepared
interview schedules covering various aspects to answer the objectives of this study. The primary
data recorded regarding socio-economic characteristics of the mushroom growers, land use
pattern, farm assets, fixed and variable cost of mushroom production, operation wise labour
utilization, total quantity sold, price of mushroom, agency to whom sold, place of sale and
expenditure incurred during marketing of produce etc. The primary data were also collected from
14
other channels of marketing prevailing in the study area. Each of selected sample mushroom
growers and market functionaries were approached personally for recording relevant data.
2.Secondary Data
Some secondary information regarding its production in the Odisha state, India and
some data were collected from published record of statistics department and various websites.
Questionnaire
The term questionnaire refers to a self – administrated process whereby the
respondent himself/herself reads the questions and records his answers with assistance of an
interviewer.
Although the instruments is essentially question asking and data gathering tool, the
questionnaire is more structured and standardized. The questionnaire consists of a number of
questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or a set of forms. This method of data
collection is quite popular in case of big enterprise.
Statistical Technique
Statistical method and technique of central tendency was used by the researcher in the
analysis of data in research.
Percentage refers to a special kind of ratio. Percentage are used to describe
relationships. Percentages are used in making comparisons between two or more series of data.
Percentages can also be used to compare the relative terms, the distribution of two or more series
of data. Along with this by the help of bar diagrams some of the data have shown for better
understanding.
Measures of Central Tendency tell us the point about which items have a tendency
to cluster. Such a measure is considered as the most respective figure for the entire mass of data.
Measures of central tendency is also known as “statistical average”.
Data Analysis
The data collected from the respondents were edited for adequacies and accuracies
and cross examined before they were subjected to tabular analysis. The primary data were
classified and tabulated in the light of stated objectives of the study and analyzed as per the
suitable statistics and economic tools. The data which were collected has been shown in the form
of graphical representation.
15
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
16
Results and Discussion
To have a in depth study of the project important parameters were identified and
classified according to the significance. They are as follows :
FACTOR INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
Age :
Though mushroom cultivation can take as by all age groups but their lies a great
variation in their outcomes(Table-1). In a comparisons of three age groups involve in mushroom
cultivation. 50% of the mushroom growers belong to middle age group(35-45) , they were
followed by the young age groups(25-35) to comprise 40% of the total farmers involved in
mushroom cultivation. People of higher age group that is more than 45 years were least involved
in the activity.
Table 1. Age wise involvement of mushroom growers
SL.
NO. Age category(year) No. of growers Percentage
1 25-35 20 40
2 35-45 25 50
3 >45 5 10
[Fig 1]
40%
50%
10%
25-35
35-45
>45
17
Gender :
Mushroom cultivation does not required any gender specific skill. In a population of
50 persons growing mushroom, 68%(34 no.s) were males and 32%(16 no.s) were female where
indicator a gender biasness towards male members(Table-2). The biasness does not have any
bases here , it may be due to the societal standing.
Table 2. Gender wise involvement of respondents in mushroom production.
SL. NO. Sex No. of growers Percentage
1 Male 34 68
2 Female 16 32
[Fig 2]
68%
32%
male
female
18
Education :
The data depicted in Table–3 indicates important of education in adopting
mushroom cultivation. The data shows 52 persons are mushroom growers are graduates followed
by matriculates who comprise 30% of the population. The cultivation was adopted by only 10%
farmers who are under matriculates. People with higher degree that is post graduation were the
least in numbers to adopt mushroom cultivation. The lower level of post graduates getting in to
mushroom cultivation may be due to their employability in the other sector.
Table 3. Educational status of the respondents.
SL. NO. Educational status No.of growers Percentage
1 Under metric 5 10
2 Matriculate 15 30
3 Graduate 26 52
4 Post graduate 4 8
[Fig 3]
10%
30%
52%
8%
under matric
matriculate
graduate
post graduate
19
District wise spawn distribution:
A study conducted to find out influence of spawn units on mushroom production
reveals that the district with highest no. of spawn units influence production of spawn as well as
mushroom. The data observe is depicted in Table-4. Out of 139 units established in Odisha
highest (38) no. of spawn units are located in Puri district which is the highest producer of both
paddy straw and oyster mushroom , along with spawn production. Its is followed by Khordha
districts with 31 units but in terms of quantity of spawn and mushroom produced is surpass that
Ganjam district which as 29 spawn production units. Other district like cuttack , Kendrapada ,
Nayagarh , Jagatsinghpur has lesser no. of spawn units and the quantity of spawn and mushroom
production varied accordingly.
Table 4. District wise distribution of spawn and mushroom production in the East and south.
Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha(2015-16)
SL.
NO.
District No.of
spawn
units
Paddy straw
mushroom(tons/an
num)
Oyster
mushroom(tons/an
num)
Total(tons/annu
m)
Spawn Mushro
om
Spawn Mushro
om
Spawn Mushro
om
1 Cuttack 16 146.4 525 73.2 350 219.6 875
2 Ganjam 29 400.8 1400 200.4 900 601.2 2300
3 Jagatsinghp
ur
6 64.8 225 32.4 150 97.2 375
4 Kendrapada 10 81.6 800 40.8 200 122.4 500
5 Khurdha 31 372.0 1255 186.0 840 558.0 2095
6 Nayagarh 9 79.2 290 39.6 190 118.8 480
7 Puri 38 554.4 1900 277.2 1315 831.6 3215
Total 139 1699.2 5895 849.6 3945 2548.8 9840
[Fig 4]
4% 12%2%3%11%2%16%50%
cuttack 16
Ganjam 29
Jagatsinghpur 6
kendrapara 10
khurdha 31
nayagarh 9
puri 38
20
STATUS OF MUSHROOM :
Data collected on status of mushroom production in the state reveals highest production of
paddy straw mushroom which is 60% of total mushroom production(Table-5). It is followed by
oyster mushroom which is 39% of total mushroom production. The quantity of button mushroom
produced in country accounts in only 1%. The data on mushroom production is influenced by
weather condition which are more suitable for paddy straw mushroom production. The fall in
oyster mushroom production may be due to short winter condition prevailing in mushroom
growing stage. The meager production of button mushroom may be accountants for its specific
requirements of chilling temperature.
Table 5. Status of mushroom in Odisha(2015-2016)
SL.NO. Particulars
information/pro
duction
(tonnes/annum)
percentage of
total production
1 paddy straw mushroom 9550 60
2 oyster mushroom 6310 39
3 Button mushroom 126 1
4 total mushroom production 15986 100
5 spawn production units 255 -
6 total mushroom production 4047 -
7 no. of processing units 4 -
[Fig 5]
26%
18%
0%
44%
1%
11%0%
paddy straw mushroom
oyster mushroom
Button mushroom
total mushroom production
spawn production units
total mushroom production
21
METHOD OF CULTIVATION AND CONSTRAINTS ENCOUNTERED:
Seven districts of Odisha were surveyed to find out method of cultivation and the
problems faced by the farmers(Table-6). From among 50 respondents distributed in seven
districts, more than 60% adopted both outdoor and partially indoor methods were as the rest
adopted indoor methods only. All of them used paddy straw of high yielding verities which is
easily available in the locality. All the respondents used organic supplements either in the form
of wheat bran or gram powder of which wheat bran is wide spreads. Some respondents limited to
Ganjam district used lathyrus powder. As regard biological efficiency the respondents from
Kendrapada district obtained highest biological efficiency and the farmer of Nayagarh district
registered least biological efficiency. The other district at par. The respondents faced or
encountered to measure constraints that is non availability of quality spawn and contamination of
mushroom bed by coprinus species. Khordha and Puri district which ae the measure mushroom
growing district of the state are bugged by problem of contamination mainly the coprinus
species. Whereas the respondents from the rest other district expressed on availability of quality
spawn.
22
Table 6. Constraints in Mushroom production
SL.N
O.
District
surveyed
No.of
responde
nts
Cultivation
system
Substrate
employee
Organic
suppleme
nt used
Biological
efficiency(
%)
Major
constraint
1 Cuttack 7 Outdoor/partially
indoor
HYV
straw
Wheat
bran
10-15 Non-
availability
of quality
of spawn
2 Ganjam 5 Partially indoor HYV
straw
Wheat
bran/lathy
rese
powder
10-15 Do
3 Jagatsing
hpur
3 Partially indoor HYV
straw
Wheat
bran
12-17 Do
4 Kendrapa
da
5 Partially indoor HYV/loca
l straw
Wheat
bran
15-20 Do
5 Khurdha 15 Outdoor/partially
indoor
HYV
straw
Wheat
bran
12-15 Bed
constraint
with
coprinus
6 Nayagarh 5 Partially indoor HYV
straw
Wheat
bran
8-12 Non-
availability
of quality
of spawn
7 Puri 10 Outdoor/partially
indoor
HYV
straw
Wheat
bran/gram
powder
12-15 Bed
constraint
with
coprinus
23
PRODUCTION OF PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM:
The material required for paddy straw mushroom production for one bed are
paddy straw (7.0kg), spawn (200g), wheat bran (200g)(Table-7).The cost of paddy straw is Rs.
28.00 (@ Rs. 4.00/kg), spawn is Rs. 12.00 (@ Rs. 12.00/200g),wheat bran is Rs. 4.00 (@ Rs.
20.00/kg). The labour payment per bed is Rs. 10.00 and other miscellaneous expenditure is to
spent about Rs. 6.00 per bed. These are generally expenditure of Rs. 60.00/bed.
Table 7. Cost of cultivation of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) per bed.
SL. No. Particular Quantity Rate(Rs.) Amount(Rs.)
1 Paddy straw 7.0 kg 4.00 /kg 28.00
2 Spawn 200 g 12.00/200 g 12.00
3 Wheat bran 200 g 20.00/kg 4.00
4 Labour charges - - 10.00
5 Misc.
charges(chemicals)
- - 6.00
Total 60.00
(Rupees sixty only)
[Fig 6]
0%0%
000
28
12
4
10
6
paddy straw7.0kg
spwn
whet bran
labour charges
misc.charges(chemicals)
24
PRODUCTION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM:
The materials required for one bag of oyster mushroom production are paddy
straw , spawn ,polythene, the quantity of paddy straw per bag is 2 kg , the spawn requirement is
200g and a polythene bag (one number)(Table 8). The cost of paddy straw is Rs. 8.00 (@ Rs.
4.00/kg) , spawn is Rs.12.00 (@Rs. 12.00/200g) , and also for a polythene bag is Rs.3.00 (@Rs.
3.00/piece). Including labour charges and other miscellaneous charges (steming/ hot water
treatment) total expenditure for per bag oyster mushroom production is Rs. 40.00.
Table 8. Cost of cultivation of Oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) per bag.
SL. NO. Particulars Quantity Rate(Rs.) Amount(Rs.)
1 Paddy straw 2.0 kg 4.50/kg 8.00
2 Spawn 250 g 12.00/250 g 12.00
3 Polythene bag One 8.00/piece 3.00
4 Labour charges - - 10.00
5 Misc.charges(streaming
/water treatment )
- - 7.00
Total 40.00
(Rupees forty only)
[Fig 7]
000000
8
12
3
10
7
paddy straw
spawn
polythene bag
25
ECONOMICS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION:
The assessment of economic of cost of cultivation is very important. The benefit:
cost ratio is to be calculated per bed in paddy straw mushroom and per bag in case of oyster
mushroom (Table-9).The yield of paddy straw and oyster generally 2kg and 2.25kg respectively.
The sale price of paddy straw mushroom is Rs.120.00 (@ Rs.60/kg) and for oyster, it is Rs.90
(@ Rs.45.00/kg). Net profit obtained from paddy straw is Rs.60.00/bed while in oyster it is
Rs.50.00/kg. Benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) is 2.00 and 2.25 respectively.
Table 9. Economics of cultivation of mushroom (per bed/ bag)
[Fig 8]
60
120
60
240
90
50
2.250
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
paddystraw mushroom
oyester mushroom
SL. NO. Mushroom Gross
expenditure(Rs.)
Gross
return(Rs.)
Net
return(Rs.)
P : O
Ratio
1 Paddy straw 60.00 120.00 60.00 2
2 oyster 40.00 90.00 50.00 2.25
26
SOURCES OF PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF MUSHROOM :
The Centre of Tropical Mushroom Research and Training centre is working in
OUAT, Bhubaneswar-3. There are 31 KVK working in the state under OUAT, and 2 more are
under NRRI(Table-10). Training on mushroom production with processing and spawn
production is conducted at CTMRT each month. The subject matter specialist of KVK also
impart training on different aspect of mushroom production , spawn production and processing.
The interested farmers can avail the benefit from such facilities.
Table 10. Sources of mushroom production and processing technology .
SL.NO. Mushroom
production
Spawn production Mushroom
Processing
Krushi Vigyan
Kendra
Yes No No
CTMRT ,
OUAT,BBSR
Yes Yes Yes
Directorate of
mushroom research
solan(HP)
Yes yes Yes
27
NUTRITIVE VALUE :
Among edible mushrooms the six most popular are button mushroom , oyster
mushroom , shiitake , paddy straw mushroom , milky mushroom and black ear mushroom(Table-
11). The mushrooms are delicious and at the same time highly nutritive. They contain
carbohydrates , fiber , protein , fat and ash but there amount varies from genus to genus. The
carbohydrate contain in different mushrooms vary from 46.17 to 82.8. Black ear mushroom
contains highest amount of carbohydrate (82.8g / 100g). It is followed by milky mushroom
(64.26g) , oyster mushroom (63.4g) , paddy straw (54.8g) shiitake (47.6g) and button mushroom
(46.17g). The fiber contain in food which is of prime important in found maximum in oyster
mushroom (48.6g/100g). It is followed by shiitake(28.8g) , button mushroom(20.9g) , black
ear(19.8g) , paddy straw(5.5g) and milky mushroom(3.4g). Proteins are another important
constituent of food is found highest in paddy straw mushroom(37.5g) followed by button
mushroom(33.48) , shiitake(32.93g) , oyster(19.23g) , milky mushroom(17.69g) and the least in
black ear(4.2g). The fats which are least prefer food these days. Among the mushroom the least
amount of fat is found in paddy straw mushroom(2.6g). The other genera of mushroom under
study also contain low amount of fat but they are marginally higher than paddy straw mushroom.
Similarly the ash contained was least in paddy straw mushroom(1.1g) and marginally higher in
other genera of mushroom that is in milky mushroom(7.43g) followed by oyster(6.32g). In other
mushrooms like button mushroom, shiitake and black ear the nutritive value is 5.7g, 5.2g and
4.7g respectively. The maximum energy is obtained from button mushroom(499 k.cal.) followed
by oyster mushroom(412 k.cal.). Among other mushrooms such that in milky, shiitake, black
ear, paddy straw mushroom the energy value recorded as 391k.cal., 387k.cal., 351k.cal. and
305k.cal. respectively.
28
Table 11. Nutritive value of different mushrooms(dry weight basic g/100g).
SL.No. Mushroom Carbohydrate Fiber Protein Fat Ash
1
Button mushroom(Agaricus
bisporus) 46.17 20.9 33.48 3.1 5.7
2
Oyster mushroom(Pleurotus
ostreatus) 63.4 48.6 19.23 2.7 6.32
3
Shiitake
mushroom(Lentinuala
edodes) 47.6 28.8 32.93 3.73 5.2
4
Paddy straw
mushroom(Volvariella
volvacea) 54.8 5.5 37.5 2.6 1.1
5
Milky mushroom(Calocybe
indica) 64.26 3.4 17.69 4.1 7.43
6
Black ear
mushroom(Auricularia
auricula) 82.8 19.8 4.2 8.3 4.7
[Fig 9]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus)
Oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus)
Shiitake mushroom(Lentinuala edodes)
Paddy straw mushroom(Volvariella volvacea)
29
INFORMATION :
In Odisha paddy straw, oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated. Button mushroom
and milky mushroom though have a great potentiability have yet to gain popularity(Table -12).
The climate in Odisha are more suitable for paddy straw and milky mushroom which are grown
during summer and rainy season. The oyster mushroom requires milled temperature and is grown
only during winter months. The crop cycle of different mushrooms vary in the state. The paddy
straw mushroom requires 21 days for a cycle where as oyster mushroom , milky mushroom and
button mushroom required 45 , 60 and 90 days respectively to complete cycle. The biological
efficiency of different mushroom genera varies from 15-100%. The paddy straw mushroom has
the least biological efficiency (15-20%) , oyster and milky mushroom give an output of (80-
100%).
Table 12. Information on commercially cultivated mushrooms of Odisha.
SL.NO. Mushroom
Period of
cultivation
Crop
cycle(d) Biological efficiency(%)
1 paddy straw mushroom summer , rainy 21 15 – 20
2 oyster mushroom rainy , winter 45 80 – 100
3 milky mushroom summer , rainy 60 80 – 100
4 button mushroom Winter 90 20 – 25
30
FLOW CHART OF PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM
PRODUCTION:
Selection of substrate / paddy straw (7.0 kg)
Substrate processing and pasteurization
(Detection of substrate moisture at 65%)
Rising of bed (cuboidal)(1.5’x1,5’x1.5’) { Procurement of
planting spawn(200gm)
organic additive (200
g)}
Covering with polythene sheet till
completion of mycelia run (7-8 days)
Withdrawal of polythene sheet and after care of beds
(Temperature: 32-34C / humidity: above 80% /
light : 1000 lux / good ventilation)
Emergence of mushroom primordia (9 – 10 days)
Development of mushroom primordial in to
harvestable buds/buttons (14-15 days)
Harvesting and packaging
Storing at appropriate temperatures (10 – 15C) and marketing within 72 hours
31
FLOW CHART OF OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTION:
Selection of substrate / paddy straw (2.0 kg)
Substrate chopping (3- 5 cm)
Substrate processing and pasteurization (Retention of substrate moisture at 65%)
Preparation of bag (cylindrical)
(80 cm x 40 cm) {Procurement of planting spawns (200g)
And organic additive (200g)/no additive}
Incubation in darkness for 15 days for mycelia runs
Withdrawal of polythene bag and after care
(Temperature: 20-30C / humidity: 75% / light: 200 lux / good ventilation)
Emergence of mushroom primordia at 17-20 days
Harvest of mushrooms at 21-24 days
Packaging and storing at 4-6C
Marketing with 72-96 hours
32
FLOW CHART OF MARKETING OF MUSHROOMS:
Paddy straw & Oyster mushroom
Jet washing
Desanding
(Depuration) Fresh Live paddy straw
& oyster mushroom
Heat sucking
Grading
Counts 100-120/kg
Packaging
(Icing, freezing, canning, smoking)
Immediate local markets/
Cold chain Markets/ External Markets/ Metro Cities
Govt. Marketing Agencies/
Super Markets
33
CHAPTER 6
LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
34
LIMITATIONS:
Mushroom production has stepped up convincingly from 5,846 tonnes in 2010 to
15,986 tonnes in 2015 with over 17% growth rate annually in Odisha in comparison to the
national growth rate of 10% only. However, this passing phase from conventional outdoor
farming to partially controlled or fully controlled farming has pushed the farmers into a number
of constraints also some of the foreseeable constraints are :
1. Majority of the farmers of Odisha are resource poor and unable to raise high tech semi
controlled or controlled production units.
2. Till date, a large section of the society has got indifferent attitude towards mushroom.
3. The fear of mushroom poisoning has not yet been completely eliminated from the minds
of the people.
4. Quality mushroom spawn is not available at the door step of farmers. Though the state has
got 255 spawn production units across the districts , still a huge gap exists in between
supply and demand.
5. Dissemination of scientific knowledge on mushroom production and spawn preparation
technology is at a slower pace than expected.
6. The weather extremes often experienced in our state influences stability in production.
7. There is no organized marketing of the fresh or processed mushrooms. Often the growers
are exploited by the middle men associated in the production – distribution chain.
8. After all, the growers are not aware of the financial assistance extended by the public
agencies in this area.
35
SUGGESTIONS:
The people of Odisha intresyed in mushroom cultivation , spawn production and
mushroom processing should acquire the related knowledge from Krishi Vigyan Kendras ,
located in each districts of the state or the OUAT headquarters. Advanced training can also be
acquired from Directorate of mushroom Research, Solan (HP) in this regard.
Out state has tremendous potential for mushroom production and all commercial edible
and medicinal mushroom can be grown successfully. Besides the domesric demand, both fresh
and processed products can be exported to other states / countries. Our youth should take
advantages of this wonder crop for raising their livelihood.
National Horticulture Mission (NHM), National Horticulture Board (NHB), Agricultural
Promotion and Investment corporation of Odisha Limited (APICOL) are the key players
extending financial help to the growers who are training enough to establish a mushroom units of
any kind.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) has got a Mushroom Research
Centre (MRC) that nourishes well the upcoming entrepreneurs right from providing training till
production and marketing.
Therefore, the non-green revolution , otherwise referred as mushroom cultivation has to
be accepted to meet the food demand for the ever increasing population from the limited land
resources available.
36
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
37
CONCLUSION:
Diversification in any farming system imparts sustainability. Mushrooms not only
impart diversification but also help in addressing the problem of quality food , health and
environment related issues. Utilizing the agro-wastes for growing mushrooms can enhance
income higher level of sustainability. Commercial production of edible mushrooms bio converts
the agricultural , industrial , forestry and house hold wastes into nutritious food(mushrooms).
Indoor cultivation of mushrooms utilizes the vertical space and is considered as the highest
protein producer per unit area and time among the components of conventional agriculture and
animal husbandry.
Odisha is a leading state in mushroom production with an annual production of
15,986 tonnes contributing to over 13% of the production of the country. Both straw and oyster
mushrooms are popular in the state with annual production of 9,550 tonnes and 6,310 tonnes
respectively. Efforts are on to accelerate the production of milky and white button mushroom
through various extension programs across the state.
However, the Odisha mushroom industry cripples over a plethora of constraints like
non-availability of quality spawn, non-accessibility of growers to latest technical know-how
leading to adoption of low leading production procedures, absence of organized marketing and
post harvesting processing and preservation approaches as revealed from the extensive survey
made across this agro climatic zone.
Mushrooms being highly profitable in nature, more and more youth are now attracted
towards this enterprise. Further, mushroom cultivation is women friendly in nature, as it is grown
indoor. The programme can go a long way with the presence of a strong mission Sakti
comprising of over 40 lakhs self Help Group members in the state.
The state has tremendous potential for producing all the tropical and sub tropical
mushroom. Agro Wastes and man power are available in plenty. Though growth of mushroom
will depend on increasing and widening domestic market in coming years, export marketing will
equally be attractive. To be successful in both domestic and export market, it is essential to
produce quality fresh mushrooms devoid of pesticide residues.
38
Co-ordination from all concerned in marketing the entrepreneurs conscious of the
developments will subsequently augment mushroom production further in making Odisha as
strong mushroom production state.
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexopoulos CJ and Mims CW, 1979. Introductory Mycology. J. Wiley and Sons, New York 632p.
Ahlawat OP and Kumar S. 2005. Traditional and modern cultivation technologies for the paddy
Straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) In Frontiers in mushroom
Biotechnology (Rai, RD., Upadhyay), R.C. and Sharma, S.R. Eds.
pp. 157-164 National Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan(HP)
India.
Ahlawat OP and Tewari RP. 2007. Cultivation Technology of Paddy Straw Mushroom
(Volvariella volvacea) National Research Centre for
Mushroom (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan (HP).36P.
Behera B. Mohapatra KB and Kumari K. 2010. Competitor Moulds of paddy straw mushroom
And their management. National seminar on
Emerging trends in pest management strategies
Under changing climate scenario.20-21,December
Chang ST. 1977. The origin and early development of straw mushroom cultivation. Economic
Botany 31(3):374-376.
Chang ST. and Miles PG. 1987. Historical records of the early cultivation of Lentinus Mushroom
J. Tropics 7:31-37.
Chang ST. and Milles PG. 2004. Volvariella. A high temperature cultivated mushroom. (In)
Mushroom Cultivation, National Value, Medical effect and
Environmental impact. CRC Press. Boca Raton Florid aPp.227-304.
Hayes, W.A and Haddad, N.1976. The Food value of the cultivated mushroom and its
Importance to the mushroom industry. The mushroom J.40:104-110.
Ingale. A and Remteke. A. 2010. Cultivation of Pleroutus spp.In different substrate, Innovative
Romanian Food Biotechnology, 6:25.
40
Mahbuba. M. Rahul Amin. S.M. and Sarkar. N.C.2008. Performance of different substrate on the
Growth and yield of Volvariella volvacea(Bull.ex.fr.)
Sing. Bangladesh J. Mushroom 2(1):47-51.
Mohapatra KB. Behera B. Panda S. and Dhal NK. 2007. Management of competitor fungi in
Paddy straw mushroom. Proceedings of
National symposium on sustainable pest
Management for safer Environment, on
December, pp.122-123.
Mohapatra KB. Behera B and Mahapatra SS.2010. Influence of spawn quality on biological
Efficiency of paddy straw mushroom Volvariella
Volvacea. Indian journal of mushroom.
Patra. AK and Narain A. 1997. Studies on the productivity of locality availability edible
Mushroom (Volvariella and Calocybe) with respect to their
Commercial cultivation PhD. Thesis, Department of Plant Pathology
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar.
Quimio TH, Chang ST and Royse DJ. 1990. Technical guide for mushroom growing in the
Tropics. Plant Production and Protection paper 106:FAO
Rome, pp. 155.
Rani. P. Kalyani, N. and Pratibha, K.2008. Evaluation of lignocellulosic wastes for production of
Edible mushrooms. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
151(2-3):151-159.
Sahoo AK. Mohapatra KB and Behera B. 2012. Effect of substrate processing and bed
Dimension on production of straw mushroom (V.volvacea)
Following conventional method of cultivation Environment
And Ecology,30(4A):1413-1415.
41
Sharma S., Yadav, R.K.P. and Pokhrel. C.P.2013. Growth and yield of oyster mushroom
(Pleuroutus ostreaus) on different substrates Journal of New
Biological Report 2:(1):30-08.
Singh M. 2011. Mushroom production: An Agribusiness activity. (In) Mushroom Cultivation
Marketing and Consumption(Singh N. Vijay B,Kamal S. and
Wakchaure GC, Eds.). Directorate of Mushroom Research
(ICAR), Chambagha, Solan (HP) pp 1-10.
Thakur MP & Mahapatra KB. 2013. Tropical Mushroom: Present status, constraints and success
Story in: Processing of Indian mushroom Conference, 16-17
April, 2013. PAU. Ludhiana Punjab, Pp 42-43.
Upadhayay RC, Singh SK and Tewari RP, 2004. Mushroom spawn production and infrastructure
Requirements. National Research Centre (ICAR)
Chambahat, Solan(HP),38p.
42
ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
ON
SURVEY ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MUSHROOM IN THE EAST AND SOUTH-EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN OF ODISHA.
(TO BE FILLED IN BY THE MUSHROOM GROWER/TRADER)
1. Socio-economic background of the sample mushroom entrepreneur
Name ___________________________________Son/Daughter of ____________________
Husband/Wife/of _______________________________________
Address: Village: ________________ Block _________________District _______________, Mobile
No:________________________ E-mail ID_______________ ______________
Age_______ Caste __________________ Years of education _________________
Family Main Occupation______________________ Secondary occupation _____________________
Any other occupation ____________________________________________________
Household size: Adult male_____, Adult female ______ Boy_____, Girl_______
How many are in farm operation? Adult Male____, Adult Female____ Boy_____, Girl_____
How many earning members? Male_____, Female_______
Who is engaged in mushroom activities? Self___, Wife___, Daughter___Son___ Parents___ Others____
Average annual net income (Rs): Crops______________, Livestock_______________, Off-farm
labour___________, Non-farm labour____________, Business___________, Service__________,
Remittances_____________, Mushroom farming_________Others (specify)_____________________
Economics of mushroom cultivation 1. Mushroom crop grown on: a) Own land b) leased in land If in leased in land terms of leased
in________
2. If own land whether grown in open field or in stairs inside a chamber?
3. If grown inside a chamber, what arrangement is made? Bamboo stakes or others
4. Cost of construction of the chamber Rs _________
5. Types of mushroom grown: a) Straw Mushroom b) Oyster Mushroom c) Milky Mushroom d) Button Mushroom 6.Are the crops seasonal / grown round the year?
43
Season/Month Mushroom type
No of times crop grown
No of beds per crop
Cost per bed
Output per bed
Income per bed
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
7. Is the enterprise run individually or in group / cluster mode/or in SHG ?
8. Is the crop grown outdoor / partially indoor /indoor?
9. What is the period of soaking of straw / medium?_______ Hour
10. Is the substrate pasteurized before raising bed? If pasteurized cost of pasteurization__________
11. System of raising beds: a) Raised b) lie on ground
12. What is the bed dimension (LxBxH)? ______X_______X______Quantity of straw used per bed____________ Cost__________
13. What additive is supplemented ? Name __________ Quantity used per bed_______ Cost per bed____________
14. Quantity of spawn and organic supplement used /bed? Quantity______________ Cost________
15. Cost of polythene for covering the substrate Quantity per 100/ beds: Quantity __________ Cost___________. How many crops can be used _______________
15. Is the bed covered till harvest /completion of mycelia run?
16. Is the crop harvested at bud stage /matured stage? If bud stage percentage of harvest ______ and price per kg_____
If mature stage price per kg______
17. From which source the spawn is procured and its price? Source_______________, Price per bottle________ Transportation cost_______
18. Is the produce sold directly to customers or brokers? If sold to customer percentage of sale______ and Price per kg________, If sold to middle men percentage of sale________ and price per kg_________
19. Do you adopt any measures to enhance storability? If yes kindly mention____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
44
20. Any training taken for initiating the venture. Kindly mention the institute and organization_________________________ No of days taken__________________________, Financial benefits accrued________________
21. Do you get any subsidy from Government for the project? If yes, mention in details___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. What is the source of up-to-date market information? Please mention_________________________________________________
23. Do you go for any post- production / processing activity? If yes please mention what type of products being produced? Viz. Soup powder Quantity __________Price per kg________, Pickle: Quantity __________ Price_________, Mushroom Badi: Quantity___________ Price per kg Others (Please mention)Name____
How do you sale the value added products? Through SHGs__________ through large intermediary_____________
24. Do you get proper value for the fresh mushrooms and / or value added products?
25. Problem faced by the grower in the process.
26. How does mushroom cultivation impacted your livelihood in enhancing your income and bring welfare to the family? Education of children/Purchase of productive assets/Purchase of white goods/Purchase of kitchen apparatus/Purchase of livestock/
45
[Plate 1] [Plate 2]
[Paddy straw mushroom out door cultivation] [ Paddy straw mushroom indoor ciltivation]
[Plate 3] [Plate 4]
[Paddy straw mushroom bed] [Oyster mushroom cultivation]
46
[Plate 5] [Plate 6]
[Oyster mushroom bag(P. sajot.caju)] [Oyster mushroom bag(P. florida)]
[Plate 7] [Plate 8]
[Oyster mushroom bag (P. pulmonarius)] [Oyster mushroom bag (P.cous)]
47
[Plate 9] [Plate 10]
[Milk mushroom cultivation] [Milk mushroom bag]
[Plate 11] [Plate 12]
[Mushroom spawn] [Competitor moulds of straw mushroom]
48
[Plate 13] [Plate 14]
[Competitors moulds of oyster mushroom] [Mushroom packaging]
[Plate 15] [Plate 16]
[Fresh mushroom sale/disposal] [Mushroom processing]