eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

A Summary of the 2010 Photocathode Physics for Photoinjectors Workshop

Ivan Bazarov, David Dowell, *Fay Hannon, Katherine Harkay, Carlos Hernandez Garcia, Howard Padmore,

Triveni Rao, John Smedley

* fhannon@jlab.org3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 Workshop

Aimed at bringing the photocathode community together to discuss and explore the current state of the art in accelerator photocathodes, from both a theoretical and a materials science perspective.

All types of photocathode materials were discussed, including metals, NEA and PEA semiconductors, and ‘designer‘ photocathodes with bespoke properties.

Share documentation Learn from our predecessors

http://www.bnl.gov/pppworkshop/

3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

Motivation

Interest in photocathodes for accelerators increased dramatically– Present knowledge isn’t adequate– Look beyond empirically found results– Need to understand the fundamental physics of

what is happening inside and at the surface– Generate new models for emission– Compare to measurements

3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

Motivation

• Think smarter:– Share resources, reduce duplication– Discover most promising materials– How to make better photocathodes, longer

lifetime, more robust, resistant to contamination etc.

• Build collaborations

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eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 Structure

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eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session I

Problem Formulation• Requirements for Photocathodes for Photoinjectors

(Dowell)• Update the table of requirements from ERL09

workshop. Status reports (Rao)– Comprehensive spreadsheet of Gun/Injector

specs/performance & cathode details/ research opportunities (on Indico site)

All talks can be found here:

https://indico.bnl.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=2903/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3- Session IIMeasurement of Relevant Cathode Parameters• What materials science techniques can tell us about the structure and

function of accelerator photocathodes, and allow us to understand how and why their performance degrades. Both for growth and post-mortem studies

• In particular:– Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) gives us access to the "true"

intrinsic momentum distribution off of the cathode, and therefore the intrinsic (thermal) emittance.

– Diffraction tells us about the structure of grown cathodes, allowing grain size and orientation to be characterized, along with the fraction of the cathode which is actually the desired form (K2CsSb, for example, as opposed to KCs2Sb or K3Sb).

– X-ray fluorescence (either x-ray stimulated or electron stimulated) tells us the stoicometric mix of the cathode, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) tells us the chemical bonding.

Overview of techniques: Smedley. Examples and research from Vecchione, Jordan-Sweet, Rameau, Cultrera, Attenkofer, and Chambers3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session III

Photoemission Physics I: TheoryGlobal Need: predictive emission models for the

calculation of QE that account for emission beyond the present Three-Step Model (TSM) and other related models.

• Lot of effort required here• Models to account for each of the following are

needed or should be developed: (K. Jensen)

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eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session IIIWithin the TSM & Related Models• Transport near surface under band bending (semiconductors) (effect on

energy spread/emittance)• Response time (temporal shape) of the emission current• Surface dipole model (esp. for semiconductors) and other factors that

affect emission (e.g., plasmon scattering)• Reflectivity and laser penetration depth can be calculated in principle• Usual TSM & related models assume photoemitted electrons haven’t

scattered: relax that assumption and find the impact of these electrons• Transmission probability associated surface (related to dipole model as

well) treated as a step function, but it is not• Electron trapping at surface – effect on field• Space Charge, band bending effects and relation to external field• Density of States effects3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session IIIBeyond the TSM & Related Models• Variation in emission due to work function changes, varying crystal face,

contamination and surface damage/ roughness (due, e.g., to handling, ambient vacuum, cathode cleaning, ion back bombardment) . Thus seeding emittance growth

• Incorporate dark current models (aka field emission)• Electron trajectories near the surface of the cathode (related to non-

uniform emission and field emission)• Temperature effects due to laser heating (high average current deposits

optical energy into crystal), causes heating in semiconductors, and affects QE. Heat removal becomes important

• For NEA photocathodes, surface important but largely unknown. Dopant density/graded bandgaps

• Fields in vacuum when electrons are emitted

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eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session IV

Photoemission Physics II: Agreement with Measurements

• Measurements of a) QE vs wavelength; b) thermal emittance, energy spectra; c) response time, are made in injectors, need to compare to material science measurements and theory.– Do differences give clues to emission mechanism

with gradient on cathode?

3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session V

New Ideas and Future Collaborations• Predominant themes:– Semiconductors are efficient, metals are fast– Cathode coatings to lower work function/improve

laser transmission.– Optically enhanced performance : Complete

optical absorption, surface plasmon resonance, nano-photonic phenomenon

– Multi-photon emission

3/5/12

eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

P3 – Session V

• Cathode coatings:– MgF2 coated Cu (lower reflectivity)– MgO on Ag(001) (lower work function)– CsBr on Cu, Nb (QE enhancement, postulated

intraband states combined with Cs migration)Juan Maldonado

Pietro Musumeci

Karoly Nemeth

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eSources WG | FLS2012 @ JLab

Collaboration• Material science techniques – available at modern

user facilities, such as synchtrotron light sources and nano-centers

• Methods of vacuum transport or in-situ growth in analysis systems. Can we share load-lock designs?

• Cathode recipes - minimize duplication and utilize local expertise

• photocathode.org domain is a work in progress, but will be open to the whole community to participate

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