A Tuvan hero tale, with commentary, morphemic analysis,and translation.

together with her lover,

karati xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kajgal ogl-u kara Karaty Khan-GEN brave son-3 Kara cuvelekti-ni Cuvelekti-ACC

373. (archaic) any round silver ornament woven in in order to the head of hair braid of your womanor a bridegroom.

Anderson, Gregory D. Although the actual routine can be mostly fixed, individual wrestlers'creativity in executing dance steps is appreciated as well as cheered about simply by spectators.

LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES

With the actual exception associated with (viii) through (x), none of these features individuallymarks the actual narrative being an epic tale, yet taken just about all together they unmistakablycharacterize the genre.

(ix) recitative-style vocal range (lines 6-62).

Kenin-Lopsan, M. Within the length of the tale, she overcomes challenges and also functions featsregarding deception, prowess, and magic needed in order to carry concerning the happy ending.Press.

A TUVAN HERO TALE: BOKTU-KIRIS BORA-SEELEI

tiva ulustu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] boktu-kiris, bora-seelej Tuvan people-GEN Boktu-Kiris Bora-Seelei dep, QUOT

1. threw it aside,

xoj moge-ler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] many wrestler-PL-GEN ara-zin-ga olur-u--kan. distance.between-3-DAT sit.down-PERF-PST

228. (And if he'd take) the beautiful daughter involving Sang Khan,

A[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-C golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-ni kadaj kil-d-ir princess-ACC wife do-CAUS-PF

73. the girl beat most in the wrestlers by throwing all of them upon their own backs.

iji dugaar moorej-ni murnuu cuk-ten kel-gen two ORD competition-ACC southern direction-ABLcome-PST anijak er, young male

256. 1997. "One, two, three!" as quickly because he counted down, all the men

xak-kas sal-ij-la ber-gen. hit-SS run.off-CV-EMPH INCH-PST

306. Okay, your competitors has begun!

xamik eri[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]=daa ad-ip all male=EMPH shoot-CV kir-ip<l->-t-ken. INCH-PERF<EMPH>-CAUS-PST

157. 2002. In a new cliff in a ravine these people rounded up

kazaa si[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-mas livestock.pen (5) fit.into-NEGF xaragan=degxoj osku-lug, tumbleweed=like sheep goat-ADJ

26. the tale along with accompanying analysis afford insights in to Tuvan grammaticalstructures, performativity, oral genres, as well as the culture involving Inner Asian nomads. azi-tol(compound noun) 'descendants, offspring'.

MORPHO-SYNTACTIC TAGS

Boundary among tags inside portmanteau or even zero morpheme - morpheme boundary = encliticboundary <> infixed element 1(SG) 1st person singular 2(SG) 2nd person singular 3 thirdindividual singular ABL ablative case (enclitic) ACC accusative case ADJ adjectival suffix ADLadlative case AGENT agentive ALL allative AMEL ameliorative AUX auxiliary verb BENbenefactive voice CAUS causative CLOC cislocative CNCL conciliatory mood COMPcomplementizer COND conditional mood COP copula CV converb DAT dative case DEIC deixismarker DIM diminutive DISC discourse DIST distal DUAL dual (1 & two SG) EMPHemphatic EXCL exclamation F future tense F1 long term tense 1SG FIG figurative element FORMformulaic speech GEN genitive case IMP imperative INCH inchoative aspect INS instrumentalenclitic LOC locative case LEX lexical merchandise discovered merely throughout compounds,features no meaning MOD modal NEG negation NOM nominative case ORD ordinal number PASSpassive PERF perfective aspect PF current / future tense PL plural PN predicate noun POSTpostposition PROB probabilitive mood PST past tense QUAN quantifier QUES problem tag QUOTquotative RCP reciprocal REC.PST current past tense RED reduplicant SBEN self-benefactivevoice SS same subject SYMB audio symbolic element TLOC translocation VSF verb stem formant

REFERENCES

21. And Also having shot by means of the particular flat shoulder blade involving it,

kara baar-i-n us-ta ad-ip un-dur-up-ken black liver-3-ACC out-LOC shoot-CV go.out-CAUS-CV-PST

187. This kind of tale has been recorded inside August 1998 within the course of fieldwork fundedby IREX. As Well As having reached the particular yurt camp,

doo kuj-da su-p ka-an ol-gen aki-zi-n thatDIST cave-LOC put.in-CV AUX-PST die-PST elder.brother---ACC

343. Central Asiatic Journal 1: 107-36.

20. he took the girl and kissed as well as licked her, and also everybody simply admired them.

dogda ko-or-ge, doo bora-seelej kis over.there (22) see-PF-DAT thatDIST B-S girl di[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi younger.sibling-3

371. lying there dead on best of the bed.

oon sool-un-de kondzug ertem silig-lig dangina=daa cuu this behind-3-LOC really knowledge skill-ADI princess=EMPH DEIC bo-or, PROB-CV

352. along with let's go, both involving us.

oon baska inda ada-an moorej egele-er dep bar-di. or otherwise there call-PST competition begin-PFQUOT COP-REC.PST

113. Punctuation within the phonemic tier signifies phrasing).

TUVAN MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL CULTURE

Tuvans are linguistically the Turkic folks (Castren 1857, Katanov 1903, Menges 1955), residing withwhat will be considered being the ancient Siberian homeland of the Turks, the actual Altai mountainregion extending across South Siberia along with Western Mongolia. only next the hero began toprepare himself for shooting.

kuzur eri[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]=daa cuu boor, deerzin, poor male=EMPH whatPROB DISC kuzur boktu-kiris, poor B-K

182. the particular herd (4) involving gray horses.

ari cer-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] arga-zin-ga northern.slope place-GEN forest---DAT

21. F. The typical nomadic camp (aal) will have coming from 2 in order to five yurts housing through2 to always be able to eight people, usually all members of a prolonged kin group. 1955. "Well, Icould be a woman, I may be whatever,

am kandza-ar, aki-lar-im. now do.thus-PF elder.brother-PL-1

172. Because the elder brother Boktu-Kiris, like a man,

bugu-le moorej-ler-ni az-ip all-EMPH competition-PL-ACC go.over-CV un-ges-ti[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], go.out-SS-GEN

105. with the particular opening phrases sijaan am, formulaic speech roughly translatable as "onceupon any time," any story would begin. Moscow: Izd. Vostochnoj literatury.

14. Your Woman sets out, armed just with her very own wits, her magical powers, a bow as well asarrows, and clever talking horse. Exactly Where Rivers and Mountains Sing: Sound, Audio and alsoNomadism throughout Tuva and Beyond. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Audio symbolic pertaining toclattering as well as intensity.

16. there's a short-haired hide of your bear that was shot down in early autumn.

sak ol xajirakan keez-i-n very.same that will bear hide-2-ACC

220. The idea is difficult to obtain an accurate estimate in the figures involving Tuvans whom

still live as nomads, nevertheless well-informed estimates put which number at approximately one-quarter of the present Tuvan population, maybe under 70,000 people. and peeled off its skin, goahead and also take white gander's parts,

er kizi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xap-ci-i kil-di-r, male person-GEN sack-DIM-3 do-CAUS-PF

283. named Ajan-Kula,

aldin iskas kaas caras gold similar to well-dressed handsome

13. the verb meaning 'see', utilized here as an auxiliary, denotes the polite request, as really doesthe use of the next person plural suffix on a form addressed to some single individual.

(iii) a particular ameliorative sign-up which palatalizes word-final consonants (lines 201, 213).

Shoolbraid, R. St. but not a single man's arrow reached the targets.

boktu-kiris dep at-tig, kirbej kara sal-dig er, B-K QUOT name-ADJ brief black beard-ADJ male

160. found the girl husband, that had just created the girl run (to the actual yurt),

ol-up kal-gan, orun kirin-da bo cit-kan die-CV AUX-PST bed top-LOC DEIC lie-PST

351. 1969. pulled, pulled, pulled, pulled back again and permit fly.

xan-ga pok-pes kok boru-nu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] blood-DAT quench-NEGF bluewolf-GEN moon-u-n bodurede at-kas, guts-3-ACC SYMB (12) shoot-ss

195. in the transcription presented here morpheme boundaries are marked simply by hyphens inboth the first tier (phonemic transcription) and second tier (morpho-syntactic tagging). once upon aperiod ...

[sung recitative design starts off with collection 6] sijaan am, erte[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII]gi- erte-zin-de, ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] FORM FORM morning-GEN early-3-LOC burungu-nu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] murnun-da, long.ago-GEN before-LOC

6. 3 competition carla-an. announce-PST

129. B. Exactly what shall I do regarding my a pair of breasts?" your woman asked, didn't she?

ajan-kula ad-i tur-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] A-K horse-3 AUX-SS-GEN mindz-adep dir. do.thus-CV QUOT DEIC

216. as well as magically thawed him out,

bod-u castin-a ber-gen. self-3 hide.self-CV INCH-PST

347. Munich: LINCOM-EUROPA.

13. Tomorrow through the wrestling, claim that everybody must keezmovies wrestle naked,

shirtless.

indzan kis kizi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] iji emi-i thus girl person-GEN a pair ofbreast-3 kost-u-le ber-gej! show-CV-EMPH INCH-CNCL

207. Boktu-Kiris, provides won.

caras kiz-im-ni kadaj kil-di-r ber-ip tur men, beautiful girl-1-ACC wife do-CAUS give-CV AUX I

325. Ed. Inside press. These kind of include the arming of the warrior; wrestling; disguised identity,cross-dressing, and gender play; a new talking horse which gives advice; magical objects (e.g.,a ring); magical powers (e.g., divination, shape-changing ability); successions of three (e.g.,competitions, beasts, circumambulations); the use of the cave as a hiding place; animals symbolizingparticular traits (e.g., hare = swiftness), and employ regarding symbolic quantities (e.g.,three, four, nine). While a really strong wrestler came up, waving his arms within an eagle dance,(18)

deeldigen-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] dezi-i=bile kite-GEN speed-3=INS degele--s-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], trip.up-SS-GEN

243. Tuvinskie geroicheskie skazania. and also shot out your teeth with the harmful lion,

argak-tig aldi mojn-u-n adir-a ad-ip coru-du-p-kan-na. twisted-ADJ six neck-3-ACC separate-CVshoot-CV go-CAUS-PERF-PST- EMPH

192. and becoming more aggressive.

xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kadig xoojlu-zun-ga khan-GEN firm law-3-DAT

150. your Khan announced.

a mege-ci siviskin-i cuve megele-p, and lie-AGENT spy-3 PN lie-CV

331. the girl ran off, again in direction of Bashky mountain.

caa! us dugaar moorej-ni DISC 3 ORD competition-ACC

322. Boktu-Kiris with the Sayin clan, my excellent master,

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]dar-il-gas- molduru-u ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII], fall.back-PASS-SS-GEN spine-3 car-il-gas, ol-up kal-gan, break.apart-PASS-SS die-CVAUX-PST

58. The Actual hero (readied) his 2nd shot,

tirt-ip tirt-ip tirt-ip sal-gan-na. pull-CV pull-CV pull-CV put-PST-EMPH

190. I existing to your attention. one genre now thrives while another withers away.

______. These kind of are the following:

Orus-ool, S. Inside any forest on the northern slope

do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ne-p xavir-ar ala -sokar hill-VSF-CV round.up-PF striped -spotted inek-ter-lig, cow-PL-ADJ

22. created along with carved out along with a pair of breasts.

baza azi-tol-du caja-ap bozu-ur, also offspring-offspring (9)-ACC be.fated-CV give.birth.to-PF

93. The Particular Khan's entire army went right after them with shouts,

dirig-ge tutkula-as-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] am alive-DAT catch.with.barking.dogs-ss-GEN now ilcirbe-le-p ka-an. chain-VSF-CV AUX-PST

153. 1980. 1999. (I was) monitoring animals, galloping along,

xajirakan u[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gur-u-n kor-be-en, bear cave-3-ACC see-NE--PST

55. The Particular South Siberian Turkic Languages, I: General Characteristics involving Their OwnPhonology. (went) compared in order to that cave the girl had place your ex dead brother in,

ust-up al-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], take.out-CV SBEN-SS-GEN

344. the lady even now had her woman's genitals, exactly your same as before, so it seemed.

am kandzal-zi-m-za ekki=l? dep now do.thusly-COND-1SG-COND good=DEIC QUOT

96. The Girl only agreed in order to be like her brother, just like his confront as well as head,

mocek-mocek si[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gan-nar-lig strong-RED muscle-PL-ADJ

88. This turns out which tomorrow everybody must race horseback naked.

kis xindi-im-ni kandza-pt-ajin? girl genitals-1-ACC do.how-PERF-1MOD

274. with just about all the very first shot.

iji dugaar oog-u-n kuluguru[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], two ORD shot-3-ACChero deerge, sogun-u-n POST arrow-3-ACC

189. were the siblings, so in which they say.

sijaan am boktu-kiris aki-zi FORM FORM B-K elder.brother-3

29. however, not a single certainly 1 of his or her arrows reached the actual target.

adak soolun-de boktu-kiris dep at-tig, very end-LOC B-K QUOT name-ADJ

177. Sang Khan had announced 3 events:

bir-le dugaar-in-da eres adigzi-zi-n ko-or, one-EMPH number-3-LOC brave archer-3-ACC see-PF

130. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. call-PF A. tajga-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] aar ij-in-dze taiga-GEN northern slope-3-ALL

44. The Particular end.

adis caska-ar! palm clap-PF

381. Within fact, such tales, together with shamans' songs (Kenin-Lopsan 1994) as well as othersacred texts, provide the main source for knowledge about this belief system.

17. 1994. the girl elder brother, on a northern slope named Arzaity inside the Ala mountains,

ol-up kal-gan, die-CV AUX-PST

45. 1903. other motifs much more specific for the Tuvan context include references in order toanimal organs (e.g., fat, liver, intestines); the "taiga" (mountain forest); Tuvan-style wrestling;images of meat piled high for you to denote abundance; any metaphor involving the lengthy run asbeing located at your rear of and additionally the past out in front; frequent reference tocardinal directions.

Tuvan epic storytelling is currently a new seriously endangered genre. Recordings from the1960s and later tend to be effectively unavailable, active just on reel-to-reel and other legacyformat tapes in the archives with the Tuvan Institute for Humanitarian Researches (TIGI) located inTuva's capital metropolis of Kyzyl. place out its black liver

bir dugaar oog-u=bile. one ORD shot-3=INS

188. that man regarding your own whom that they contact Boktu-Kiris

er eves kis kizi cuve dir, male NEG girl person PN DEIC

261. Therefore the actual wrestling began!

kuzur boktu-kiris aki-zi bo-op xuul-up al-gan poor B-K elder.brother-3 PROB-CV change.into-CVSBEN-PST

240. 1980. I'm giving him as becoming a wife my gorgeous daughter.

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-C golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-m-ni princess-1-ACC

326. pulled, pulled, pulled back again and permit fly,

ajiil-dig arzila[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]- aks-i-diz-i-n ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII] danger-ADJ mythical.lion-GEN mouth-3-teeth-3-ACC uuj at-kas, out shoot-ss

191. an unsafe lion, (11) and a bloodthirsty gray wolf.

ol xaan kurune-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] mal that khan state-GEN cattle -maga-

-in-ga -livestock-3-DAT a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-me[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII]-in- ge, animal-RED-3-DAT

147. however what can I do, my elder brothers?

cerle saam mindig kizi dir men, dep always FIG such as individual =DEIC I QUOT

173. Tyvan. Languages of the Globe Materials, vol. An itinerant storyteller (tooldzu) may well visit anomadic encampment for an extended period, telling any single epic story within installments over asuccession of evenings. traditional technologies central in order to nomadic existence range fromthe processing of milk products, production of leather as well as felt, blacksmithing, creating ofwooden household implements, sewing, hunting, and animal domestication (Vainshtein 1980).Press.

THE STORYTELLER AND THE SETTING

K. she began to construct the woman's divining bones. male great master-1

57. xindik (noun) offers multiple meanings: 1. However the actual man by the title of Boktu-Kiriswith a brief black beard,

ca -sogun-u-n cuk-te-p al-gan arrow -bow-3-ACC load-VSF-CV SBEN-PST

161. put on her brother's shoes and clothes,

ca -sogun-u-n cukte-es-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], bow -arrow-3-ACC take.on-S--GEN ajan-kula at-ti mun-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], A-K horse-ACC mount/ride-SS-GEN

123. she nonetheless had a girl's figure,

caja-an caza-an iji emi-i xeveer, create-PST carve-PST two breast-3 same.as.before

92. Your video shows the actual tale informed inside its organic environment in a nomadic camp, tosome Tuvan audience, using domestic animals and ambient sounds. "What type of man is actuallythis? Along With this sort of chest,

bir-le xajirakan dug-u un-up kel-gen one-EMPH bear hair-3 grow.up-CV CLOC-PST boor-u-nu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kir-in-da, PROB-3-GEN top-3-LOC

297. Ajan-Kula said:

men iskas bagaj with kajda bo-or, Me such as poor/bad horse where.to PROB-PF

53. then pulled, pulled, pulled it back again along with shot.

karzi xajirakan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cruel bear-GEN xava-a-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] soog-u-n dez-e forehead-3-GEN bone-3-ACC hit.through-CV a--kas, shoot-ss

185. "Well, if this could be genuinely my husband Boktu-Kiris, he will stand up.

xal-ip-la ke-er ijnaan, dees domna-ar-ga, run-CV-EMPH CLOC-PF DISC POST do.magically-PF-DAT

360. Subsequent field expeditions within 2000-2004 were funded by a grant viaVolkswagenStiftung. Sang Khan announced.

caa, kuzur er-ler=daa beletken-i-le ber-gen. DISC poor male-PL=EMPH prepare-CV-EMPH AUX-PST

139. getting fallen off me, broke his neck along with died.

ol-la=dir dep igla-p tur-ar mindig bo-op tur eves=pe. that-EMPH=DEIC QUOT cry-CV AUX-PF thusPROB-CV AUX NEG=QUES

59. and he or perhaps she sat and cried and cried.

[Sung recitative ends together with range 62; spoken narrative style is used hereafter.] indzalza-daa ceze=daa igla-ar-ga nonetheless=EMPH however.much=EMPH cry-PF-DAT

63. oon tip < og tiger 'to setup / pitch / construct a yurt'.

Taube, Erika. Potentially kandzaptan[.sup.j], together with ameliorative final-consonant palatalization.

When this author first approached Mr. Hah! prior in order to the guys had even reached the actualhalfway point of the race-course,

xaan kadin basta-an xamik con-ga king queen head.up-PST just about all people-DAT

317. he could butcher wild animals, sharpen tools, do blacksmithing and carpentry.

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi B-S girl younger.sibling-3

33. Tuwinischer Lieder: Volksdichtung aus der Westmongolei. Inside standard Tuvan, the actualman who starts a race will be known as idikci or salikci; as a verb it actually is idar, salir.

The version introduced here has been informed inside August 1998 by simply Mr. Sojdak-ool Xovalig(b. Right After getting spoke with people,

am daarta ada-an moorej egele-er. now tomorrow call-PST competition begin-PF

128. down to the foot with the Songu mountain in order to shoot (them), don't a person say?

caa! moorej=daa egele-en okay competition=EMPH begin-PST

156. a rich, wonderful, as well as plentiful great occasion it was, so they really say.

sijaan am aralcala-ar ciraa sajak FORM FORM change.gait-PF brown.with.black.mane.and.tailmixed.gait

11. The Particular simple dwelling is the yurt (og), created of a collapsible wooden lattice framecovered with a thick layer regarding handmade felt. Widespread methods include sheep knuckle

bones (kazik), the sheep shoulder blade (carin) burned in the fire, as well as divining pebbles(xuvaanak). and also moves by the identify associated with Boktu-kiris!" announced your Khan.

xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] buduu bil-ir siviskin-i khan-GEN secretly know-PFspy-3

199. Your longest Tuvan epic tale within print is actually a variation of Boktu-Kiris within Tuvannumbering 9,654 lines as well as consisting regarding portions told by numerous storytellers editedinto a single, amalgamated tale (Orus-ool 1995). It is prefaced with a commentary describing theactual cultural context of epic tales, the actual social context regarding this endangered genre,along with structural (linguistic) aspects of your tale itself. check it tomorrow throughout thehorserace," he said.

ce, kandza-ar xina-ar ulus bis? dep. DISC do.how-PF check-PF PN we QUOT

263. Any time that they showed up near to the yurt,

caa, am aal irak eves, okay now yurt.camp way NEG

339. "What kind of man tend to be you?

cuge at-pa-jin tur sen? dep oor-u mindzan-gan dir. why shoot-NEG-PST AUX a person QUOT friend-3do.thus-PST DEIC

164. they were sentenced to be killed.

xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xamik ag -seri-i algi khan-GEN all LEX -army-3outcry -kiski=bile bar-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], -shout=INS go-ss-GEN

152. the particular golden princess Angyr-Chechen, as his wife

kudala-p ekke-er bol-za, ol-la aldin wed-CV bring-PF AUX-COND this-EMPH golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina princess

74. In The Actual Program Of the particular third comnpetition we tend to be heading to learn whichwill always be the most agile horseback rider.

sak ol us moorej-ge az-ip un-gen that.very this 3 competition-DAT win-CV go.out-PST e[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] eres kudee-ge most brave suitor-DAT

134. Vostochnoi Literatury.

5. These kind of wild, predatory animals had been any cruel bear,

ajiil-dig arzila[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], xan-ga danger-ADJ lion blood-DAT pok-peskok buru, quench-NEGF gray/blue wolf

146. both involving these siblings, had meat (piled) higher than their shoulders,

mal-i baz-i-n as-kan, livestock-3 head-3-ACC come.over-PST

18. they will rounded up the actual brown and also yellow camels.

kaspal cer-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xaja-zin-ga ravine place-GEN cliff---DAT do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ne-p xavir-ar hill-VSF-CV round.up-PF

25. younger sister Bora-Seelei came swiftly for you to the woman's horse Ajan-Kula,

sir-ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i kel-ges, cugaala-s-kan=dir. SYMB-run-3 come-SStalk-RECIP-PST=DEIC

271. The video recording in order to accompany this article could always be downloaded withhttp://tuvan.swarthmore.edu. collectively effortlessly her gold as well as silver, and also with almostall of her livestock,

ara -albati-zi=bile, dep slave -servant-3=INS QUOT

137. mountain-GEN side-3-ALL go.out-CV ber-gen. INCH-PST

321. was handed a sound beating having a riding crop and also chased away.

kuzur boktu-kiris cuu bo-or am. poor B-K what PROB-CV now

334. let his torn up guts recover,"

de-es domna-ar-ga, say-ss do.magically-PF-DAT

357. While yet another very good wrestler approached, attempting to frighten her,

kojgun-nu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kaspigaj-i=bile, xos hare-GEN agility-3=INSempty.space ode xala-as-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], through run-SS-GEN

252. We arrived with their particular camp from regarding 7:00 A.M. Consequently that will the girldead elder brother would not rot and also stink,

do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] et=deg kil-di-r frozen meat=like do-CAUS-PF do[TEXTNOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ur freeze-PF tarbida-p-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII], do.magically-PERF-SS-GEN

119. the actual mountain goat, your hare, and the grouse overflowed from their forests,

magadandzig baj bajlak ekki sag-da wonderful rich plentiful great time-LOC cuve[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] irgin. DISC DISC

10. same form line 7 together with [kt] instead of [tk].

22. So, your Khan place out an announcement:

daarta suptu xojle[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cok, tomorrow everybody shirtNEG canagas xurezi-ir! naked wrestle-PF

209. and so the next morning we tripped for you to visit his relatives, nomadic horse herders, who

have been camped concerning ten miles outside the village. X. When upon the time, (riding along)on the mixed-gait brown horse with black mane as well as tail,

ajan-kula at-tig A-K horse-ADJ

12. V. "As regarding that, it's just fine.

doo tur-gan arzajti de-er ala DIST AUX-PST A. While an amazingly strong wrestler ranapproximately her,

xartiga-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kaspigaj-i=bile kattaj falcon-GEN agility-3=INStogether kak-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] start.running.towards-SS-GEN

249. 1997. the particular start-man began for you to count down.

biree, ini, (21) us! de-er orta-la, xamik er-ler one two three say-PF as.soon.as-EMPH most male-PL

305. Along With what does poor Boktu-Kiris do next?

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] S xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] caraskiz-i-n, X-GEN gorgeous girl-3-ACC

335. Angyr-Chechen, your golden princess,

kadaj kil-di-r kudala-p wife do-CAUS-PF wed-CV ekkel-ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII], bring-SS-GEN

109. Therefore the particular Khan created an announcement:

daarta suptu salda[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] tomorrow everybody naked carzi-ir! ride.horse-PF

268. 1978. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.

INTRODUCTION

Tuvan is really a Turkic language spoken through each nomadic as well as sedentary populations inSouth Siberia, Western Mongolia, and in addition the People's Republic regarding China.Inspirational practitioners known as xam ("shamans") had been and also remain a regularaccompaniment (though not really an essential element) towards the practice associated withanimism. the youngest loved ones member, any seven-year-old girl was exhorted from the eldest, aguy well over eighty, in order to "listen well!" and the tale began. "Everybody will wrestle shirtless(15) and naked tomorrow!"

onu di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]na-p-kas, boktu-kiris that hear-PERF-SS B-K aki-zibo-op xuul-up al-gan elder.brother-3 PROB-CV change-CV SBEN-PST

210. well that's that.

indzan duk-tug xorek-tig er=la bo-or dir sen. then hair-ADJ chest-ADJ male-EMPH PROB-PF DEICyou

224. by changing in for you to the man

cige so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu cuk-tu straight north direction-ACC ezel-ej tore-en rule/occupy-CV be.born-PST

71. The Lady took out her silver ring,

mee[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] asa-am boktu-kiris sin my husband-1 B-K true bol-za, COP-COND

354. (And he said) "Oh, fuck! Would I oversleep?

bo duz-um-de this dream-l-LOC

363. Any Kind Of mistakes rest with the author.

7. he shot its round head proper off.

bir dugaar moorej-ni murnuu cuk-ten kel-gen anijak one ORD competition-ACC southern direction-ABL come-PST young er, male

197. Xovalig donned a traditional Tuvan robe as well as hat. So, through the firm law with theKhan,

ami-zi-n alzi-ir kil-di-r siit-tir-gen. life-3-ACC take.away-PF do-CAUS-PF decide-CAUS-PST

151. I hereby give to my son-in-law, Boktu-Kiris.

xamik ag -seri-i, ara -albati-zi-n baza carti-i-n ber-ip tur all FIG -army-3 FIG -slave-3-ACC in additionhalf-3-ACC give-CV AUX men, I

328. she ran in your direction of him simultaneously with all the agility involving a falcon

xajt kil-di-r duzur-up, SYMB do-CAUS-PF make.fall.down-CV

250. H. and when they looked over yonder, (they saw) his younger sister Bora-Seelei

bodu-nu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] dustu-u self-GEN lover-3

372. Regarding the particular announced competition is just with regards to in order to begin.

xamik kudee-ler, deerge, all suitor-PL POST

114. I shall give my daughter like a wife,

xamik aldin mongun-u=bile,. Tuvan youth together with talent are generally increasingly drawnexclusively to throat-singing as well as its guarantee of your profitable stage career, leading to theneglect involving epic genres. along with disappeared without having any trace.

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi, B-S girl younger.sibling-3

41. Shamanic Songs and Myths regarding Tuva. Your Tuvan cosmology also includes a large numberinvolving supernatural beings (demons, devils) inhabiting your lower world and a similar quantityinside the upper globe or even "nine heavens" (tos deer). A Few accounts explain the particularbared chest as intended to prevent women via wrestling within disguise.

THE TUVAN EPIC TALE

Storytelling once was a new profession within Tuva, as well being an avocation practiced by eachmen and ladies living as nomadic herders. Tuvan arzila[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], anew typical Turkic word reborrowed directly into Tuvan via Mongolian (Tatarintsev 2002), denotesa lion, but additionally a new mythical beast often depicted like a beneficent protector.

Spiritual culture in addition figures prominently in Tuvan oral tradition. Tuvans tend to be animistswho think within the existence associated with neighborhood or "earth" spirits (cer eezi) living insignificant topographical features (e.g., springs, mountain passes, caves) and animals (especiallythe bear). I'm reluctant and my heart won't allow me to do it," he answered.

aa! sen=daa anaa espi-dej, EXCL you=EMPH just woman-DIM

169. Boktu-Kiris with the Sayin clan. And Also what could a princess together with magic powers dothen?

mo[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gun custu-u-n ust-up silver ring-3-ACC take.out-CV ekkel-ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]: bring-SS-GEN

353. as well as the peasants in the Khan's state, creating dangerous conditions,

kalcaara-p tur-gan araattan-nar. get.aggressive-CV AUX-PST wild.animal-PL

149. it had not necessarily been appropriate for her to compete with people.

indza-ar xuul-ba-jn, do.thus-PF change-NEG-PST

312. mentioned the horse.

indza de-er orta, bora-seelej kis Thus say-PF as.soon.as B-S girl di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII]ma-zi cuu bo-or, younger.sibling-3 what PROB-CV

117. along with livestock reaching more than their own heads.

ovur cer-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] ozen-in-ge southern place-GEN hollow---DAT do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ne-p xavir-ar hill-VSF-CV round.up-PF

19. I. "The initial competition has been won through the young man who's occur from your south

boktu-kiris dep caal-ap al-di! dep xaan carla-an=dir. B-K QUOT win-CV SBEN-REC.PST QUOT khanannounce-PST=DEIC

198. My golden princess Angyr-Chechen

a kude-em-ge boktu-kiris kude-em-ge ber-ip tur men, and son.in.law-1-DAT B-K son.in.law-1-DAT

give-CV AUX I

327. Yet the actual one who had changed in to her brother Boktu-Kiris,

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi tur-up B-S girl younger-sibling-3stand-CV kal-gan. remains-PST

308. "Look, Khan, that will extremely man, the one whom they call Boktu-Kiris,

er eves kis kizi cuve=dir. male NEG girl individual PN=DEIC

202. Exactly what could poor people guy do, poor Boktu-Kiris?

bir dugaar sogun-u-n caja-ap one amount arrow-3-ACC move.up/down-CV

183. Now poor Bora-Seelei his younger sister

xuul-upt-ar kizi cuu bo-or, change.shape-PERF-PF PN DISC PROB-PF

80. "What shall I do now, my great horse?

daarta suptu-zu salda[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] tomorrow everybody-3 naked carzi-ircuve=dir, race.horse-PF PN=DEIC

273. from which identical bear hide,

xoore-e[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ge oj-le-j breast-2-DAT fit-VSF-CV togerekt-ej bis-kas, make.flat.object.round-CV cut-ss

221. younger sister Bora-Seelei was produced to start with wrestling.

dendii siirak moge devi-p ke-er orta very strong wrestler perform.eagle.dance-CV come-PF while

242. Your siblings were very skilled, so they say.

sijaan am bir-le kattap boktu-kiris aki-zi FORM FORM one-EMPH once B-K elder.brother-3

38. Then so as to put the girl clothes back again on,

baski dag-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] can-in-dze un-e B. "Tomorrow everybody willrace about horseback naked!"

onu di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]na-p thatACC hear-CV ka-as-ti[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] boktu-kiris aki-zi AUX-SS-GEN B-K elder.brother-3 bo-op PROB-CV

269. Dialect form; cf. Though several Tuvan texts get been translated in to Russian (Taube 1994,Orus-ool 1997), German (Taube 1978, 1980), and English (Kenin-Lopsan 1997), no Tuvan epic talefeatures been translated directly into English. ole-bula can become a compound, which usuallyoverall means 'gray'. Compounds are demonstrated in the phonemic tier herein as 2elements separated with a tab-space, using a hyphen inserted before the next one. In Tuvan, 1 aswell as both com-pounded works might absence impartial lexical meaning.

(ii) reference to antagonists utilizing total names in addition kinship terms, which seem throughout3SG possessed form, e.g., 'his younger sister', 'her elder brother' (lines 29, 33).

Tuvan syntax follows SOV order and is also seen as a pro-drop and frequent use of auxiliary verbs.1929), in the village involving Arig-Uzuu throughout central Tuva. named Boktu-Kiris who has won,"your Khan announced.

xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] buduu bil-ir siviskin-i khan-GEN secret know-PF spy-3 xaan-ga sir-ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]=bile kel-ges, khan-DAT SYMB-run=INScome-SS

258. Your Ex horse Ajan-Kula said:

sen ol iji emi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni=daa, kis you those two breast---ACC=EMPH girl xindi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni=daa genitals-2-ACC=EMPH

99. However whilst your woman had been changed into a gray hare,

kizi-ler=bile carzi-ir-ga taar-is-pas bol-gan-da people-PL=INS compete-PF-DAT suit-RCP-NEGF be-PST-LOC

311. the woman's forehead had been steep, your ex head was shaved bald inside front, and her eyeswere striped and big as getting a tea-bowl.

albis sulbus aks-i=deg aazok ulug aas-tig, devil demon mouth-3=like very large mouth-ADJ

86. An adverb, meaning 'by installing in to tightly', e.g., a cork in a bottle.

______. The Woman's mouth like a devil's was very large.

aki-zi kara olcaan, arn-i baz-i, elder.brother-3 entirely comparable face-3 head-3

87. 1994. So, your woman didn't truly alter directly into one,

a bora -toolaj-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] but gray -hare-GEN ma[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i-n ke-ep run-3-ACC CLOC-CV ap-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII], take-SS-GEN

313. Recorded within August 1998 close to Aryg-Uzuu village throughout central Tuva, on Hi8digital videotape as well as DAT audio tape, assisted simply by Mr. that's that!

sidi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kistig-a ber-ze, piss-2 flow.out-CV INCH-COND

288. and your deceitful spy, who lied

xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xamik khan-GEN all sa[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]nal-i-n cettir-ip tur-ar-i prize-3-ACC desire/seek-CV AUX-PF-3 de-s-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], AUX-GEN

332. Scientific American 281, no. and made him fall down in the flash.

kondzug siirak moge korgu-du-p kel-ir orta very strong wrestler fear-CAUS-CV come-PF while

251. thus I'm afraid,

korg-up, cure-em cagdat-pajn tur, dep mindig. fear-CV heart-1 come.up-NEGF AUX QUOT thus

168. Press.

______. but no make a new difference how a lot the lady may get cried,

azik duza cog-u-n bil-ip ka-ap-kas, igla-ar-i-n use aid NEG-3-ACC find.out-CV AUX-PERF-SS cry-PF-3-ACC soska-di-p-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], stop-CAUS-PERF-SS-GEN

64. born for you to rule within the lands straight for the north,

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] S. xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] aldincaras kiz-i X.-GEN golden lovely girl-3

107. As Well As Sang Khan's stunning daughter, the particular golden princess Angyr-Chechen,

koz-up ced-ip ke-er-ge, move/migrate-CV arrive-CV CLOC-PF-DAT

349. Almost All the men stored shooting until evening,

ca[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gi-zi- sogun-u cet-pe-en. ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII]=daa single-3-GEN=EMPH arrow-3 reach-NEG-PST

176. that misfortune notwithstanding, tea bowls had been lay out along with the entire extendedloved ones of eight persons, ranging throughout grow older coming from with regards to seven toover eighty, assembled on the grass at along side it in the yurt in order to hear the tale. as well as Ifailed in order to notice a bear's den.

iji xol-um ki-ir bas-kas, two arm-1 enter-PF fall.into-SS do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII]gaj-a duz-er-im-de, stoop.down-CV descend-PF-1-LOC

56. the text below might end up being study to be able to the accompaniment in the video file.

(i) frequent use of emphatic/focus enclitic =daa ~ =taa (line 37), and emphatic/focus suffix -la ~ -na~ -le ~ -ne (lines 38, 40). . Kyzyl: TNUC.

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

Reichl, Karl. Many older Tuvans, when interviewed, could recall storytelling sessions through theirchildhood that would extend late into the night as well as carry on for several evenings. A tale couldpossibly be accompanied by simply playing the particular igil, a bowed horse-head fiddle made ofwood, or bizaanci, any bowed two-stringed instrument along with a skin-covered resonator, butinstrumental accompaniment ended up being not essential.

23. Following the real key really did fully stand up along with came operating right to her.

ok kodek, ert-ir ud-up kal-gan men be? oh, cunt overflow-PF sleep-CV AUX-PST I QUES

362. in a new southern property in a hollow on a hill they will rounded up

ole -bula cilgi-lig, gray -gray (3) horse.herd-ADJ

20. was a shape changer.

dop=doraan xartiga bo-op xuul-up RED=immediately hawk PROB-CV change.into-CV al-g-s-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], SBEN-SS-GEN

49. and also allow piss trickle out through it," your horse said, didn't he?

ol-la xeveer kil-ip al-gas that-EMPH the.same do-CV SBEN-SS

291. Achievable metathesis; cf. so correct right after that, the 2 siblings, along using his brother-i--law and her sister-in-law,

dortele-en, do.by.fours-PST

376. the nomads' material culture along with transhumant, pastoralist lifestyle figure prominentlyon this and many kinds of Tuvan stories.

None of this work would have been possible without the skill and generosity in the storyteller, Mr.Additional palatalization upon final consonants (e.g., [[t.sup.j]] instead regarding expected [t])marks a unique ameliorative or even pejorative register, considered vulgar as well as colloquial vis-a-vis normal Tuvan.

3. would protect Boktu-Kiris, even via death.

olu-p=daa ka-ar-ga dirgiz-i domna-p ekke-er, die-CV=EMPH AUX-PF-DAT make.live-CV do.by.magic-CV bring-PF

76. Then the Khan's spy, who secretly knew all,

xaan-ga sir-ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]=bile khan-DAT SYMB-running=INS ke--ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], kula-an-ga simiran-gan come-ss-GEN ear-3-DATwhisper-PST cuve dir. PN DEIC

200. born to rule the lands straight to the north.

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] S. xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] caraskiz-i X.-GEN lovely girl-3

72. consequently there's not a way a person can wrestle together with him.

cuu ada-m amittan eves bo? dep, what father-1 creature NEG it QUOT

237. Along With the overnight what did all the men do?

baski B. ta[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]di-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] T.-GEN edeen-de mountain.foot-LOC

141. Bora-Seelei his younger sister

so -tolge sal-ir kizi cuu bo-or, divining -bones do-PF PN DISC PROB-PF

42. Kyzyl: Novosti Tuvy.

Vainshtein, S. Turkic Oral Epic Poetry: Traditions, Forms, Poetic Structure. Petersburg: KaiserlicheAkademie der Wissenschaften.

6. "It's fine, just fine.

see[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] your aki-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] elder.brother-2-GEN tos kat cona-a-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] ara-zin-da nine layer saddle.blanket-3-GEN between-3-LOC

218. Press.

15. and the man just kept standing correct there in that identical way.

er<ler>i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kezee-ge ced-ir male<PL> evening-DAT reach-PF at-kan, shoot-PST

175. went hunting about the forested mountain ridge,

suut-la is actually cok cid-e ber-ipt-ir. completely-EMPH track NEG disappear-CV INCH-PERF-PF

40. during the 2nd competition we are going to learn who is the strongest wrestler.

us dugaar-in-da eres -kaspagaj-i-n ko-or, caris-tir-ar. three number-3-LOC strong -agility-3-ACC see-PF horse.race-CAUS-PF

133. and the lady as well as he had strong, strong muscles,

moge siirak, ulug caagaj-i deerge wrestler potent huge full.grown-3 POST

89. (taking) Sang Khan's beautiful, golden daughter,

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-C golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-ni princess-ACC

108. The Actual Tuvan epic tale represents an income but endangered oral genre of considerableantiquity. When upon a period Boktu-Kiris along with Bora-Seelei,

aliski-lar, deerge, ed-i eg-i-n as-kan, sibling-PL POST meat-3 shoulder-3-ACC pass.over-PST

17. About a new wide and even plain

do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ne-p xavir-ar porno movie xoor -sarig hill-VSF-CVround.up-PF brown -yellow teve-lig, camel-ADJ

24. Nor is there virtually any obvious reason they will should. Lamaizm v tuve. (1)

9. M. Moscow: Izdat. your next day, our poor hero became popular his shirt,

sok-kas okta-as-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], hit-ss throw.away-SS-GEN

227. "What can easily I do now, my good horse?

daarta xojle[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cok canagas tomorrow shirt NEGnaked xurezi-ir cuve dir. wrestle-PF PN DEIC

214. baj siirak literally 'rich strong', meaning 'very rich'.

(vii) archaisms, which includes many compound forms (lines 27, 31).

2. while they were thinking as well as gaping,

doo kamandilak-ci=daa (20) kamandi-la-j ber-gen dir. that command-AGENT=EMPH command-VS--CV INCH-PST DEIC

304. Exactly what sort of creature can be it?"

xoj moge-ler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] baldir-lar-i many wrestler-PL-GEN calf-P--3 siri[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ejn-ki ber-gen cuve=dir. shake-CV INCH-PSTPN=DEIC

238. then shot apart its six twisted necks.

us dugaar sogun-u-n kuluguru[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] three ORD arrow-3-ACC hero

193. began his bow along with arrows, mounted the horse Ajan-Kula,

cige so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu cuk-ce straight north direction-ALL uzu-du-pcoru-p-kan. fly.away-CAUS-CV go-PERF.PST

124. Leipzig: Kiepenheuer.

19. golden princess Angyr-Chechen,

kozur-up al-gas, curt-un-dze can-ip cor-up or-gan. move/migrate-CV SBEN-SS homeland-3-ALLgo.home-CV go-CV AUX-PST

337. I considered that it absolutely was only a dream,

sinap-la kudala-p ekkel-gen truly-EMPH marry-CV bring-PST

367. say-PF striped tajga-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] taiga-GEN

277. has been splendid as gold, handsomely dressed (Boktu-Kiris),

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-lig, B-S girl younger.sibling-ADJ

14. "You tend to be the sole man left, shoot!"

er<ler>i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] mindzan-gan. male<PL> do.thus-PST

180. Alexander Ondar; your latter also assisted using translation. 1960. these people began for youto prepare his or her bows and also arrows.

so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu S. ta[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]di-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] T.-GEN edeen-de mountain.foot-LOC

143. As Well As the woman's horse Ajan-Kula said:

ol deerge anaa, ko[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gus anaa cuve this POST fine all rightPN dir. DEIC

217. and also create from them a new man's testicles,

a cuduruk=deg mocak kizil xaaj-i-n and fist=like big red beak-3-ACC

284. the lady understood in which crying was useless or help, thus she made herself quit crying.

ol-gen aki-zi-n kandza-p dirgizi-p al-ir co-or dees, die-PST brother-3-ACC do.how-CV make.live-CVSBEN-PF AUX-PF POST,

65. Linguists have been audio-recording Tuvan oral genres since no much less than 1962 (Orus-ool1997). As Well As as for his genitals, his testicles are usually as heavy as a teapot,

kizi=daa u=ur arga cok. person=EMPH lift-PF implies NEG.COP.

299. as well as desired in order to get all the Khan's prizes,

so kimci-la-t-kas, ojla-di-p-kan. strongly riding.crop-VSF-CAUS-SS chase.away-CAUS-PERF-PST

333. when the lady arrived in the camp,

deem caa xal-di-p cor-uj bar-gan asa-a just new run-CAUS-CV go-CV TLOC-PST husband-3

350. cut out the round piece that will match the chest,

iji emi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni duj (17) two breast-2-ACC tightly.fit xirbala-n-dircispir glue-PASS-CAUSIMP stickIMP tari-di-pt-ar-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ga fi--CAUS-PERF-PF-2-DAT

222. Along With thus it had been which elder brother Boktu-Kiris

arga sin-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] forest mountain.ridge-GEN a[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i-n animal-3-ACC a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]na-ar, hun--PF

30. "Well, inside the third competition

murnuu cuk-ten kel-gen anijak er, southern direction-ABL come-PST young male

323. Anderson, Dr. Theodore Levin, as well as Stefan Kamola regarding assessing drafts, as well asRobbie Hart along with Luke Smith for editing final copy. on its northern aspect in a lake aregenerally swimming a new large amount of white geese.

ol ak kas-tar-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] arazin-da this white geese-PL-GEN among-LOC

279. He lamented that the dimension and interest span of his audiences had dwindled withthe popularity of television along with "Jackie Chan" motion films on video.

Mongus, M. the particular young man from the south,

boktu-kiris caal-ap al-di. B-K take.as.winner-CV SBEN-REC.PST

324. I'm also providing him the nice half of my livestock,"

xaan carlig un-dur-gen. khan announcement go.out-CAUS-PST

330. whipped their particular horses using riding crops and also charged off.

a boktu-kiris aki-zi bo-op xuul-up al-gan but B-K elder.brother-3 PROB-CV change-CV SBEN-PST

307. DAVID HARRISON

Katanov, N. 1994. K., as well as Viktor Zhirmunsky. and marry her, then in which exact same goldenprincess

boktu-kiris-ti olum -cidim-den=daa kamgala-ar, B-K-ACC death -demise-ADL=EMPH protect-PF

75. Tuvan nomads herd (subject for you to neighborhood conditions) domesticated yaks, cows (oryak-cow hybrids), camels, horses, sheep, as well as goats. Listeners may well via time for anindividual personally to occasion on-site visit sijaan, intended to urge around the teller inside his aswell as her performance. The Particular Throat-Singers of Tuva. A New number of motifs commonto folktales the planet over seem within Boktu-Kiris. H. 1992. Mr. but he insisted he could tell itonly inside its appropriate environment having an audience, not simply sitting before the videocamera inside his tiny log residence within the village. Kazan'.

Chadwick, N. younger sister Bora-Seelei sat there naked.

xamik er-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kara-a deerge bo all male-GEN eye-3 POSTthat boktu-kiris dep er-de: B-K QUOT male-LOC

295. along with brought their own livestock up to the high ground,

oj-u-n oja cigin cir-e meadow-3-ACC break.throughADV dell hollow.out-CV

379. that they rounded up your striped and spotted cows.

xovu cer-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] delgem-in-ge field place-GEN wide.space-3-DAT

23. and when you've glued it tightly over your breasts,

ol-la=dir. that-EMPH=DEIC

223. The Actual demise regarding epic storytelling could be attributed to many factors. Amongfundamental essentials invasion involving pop culture, which diminishes the attraction associatedwith oral tales, the particular reduce within the nomadic lifestyle which is the nearly all naturalenvironment regarding tale-telling, as well as the coming of widespread literacy, which in turndiminishes the perceived have to memorize extended tales. Unlike "throat-singing," the actualimmensely well-known Tuvan cultural export (Levin and Edgerton 1999, Levin and also Suzukei2006), epic storytelling offers not necessarily yet attracted a foreign audience. When your womanlooked at herself in the particular mirror,

kirbej kara sal-dig, coon kara kezege-lig, short/thin black beard-ADJ thick black braid-ADJ

84. He was a brave archer,

bizani-ir, cazani-ir, dargan-na-ar, butcher.wild.animal-PF sharpen-PF smith-VSF-PF biza[TEXTNOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-na-ar. carpenter-VSF-CV

32. 1995. He moved his bow up along with right down to aim the initial arrow,

tirt-ip tirt-ip tirt-ip sal-gan-na. pull-CV pull-CV pull-CV put-PST-EMPH

184. According to a 1989 census (cited within Mongus 1996), you could find over 198,000 Tuvansinside the titular republic, and a couple of thousand more outside its borders, such as some just tothe north in the Krasnoyarsk district, numerous thousand in Western Mongolia, along along with afew hundred within Xinjiang, China.

Castren, M. having killed which white gander,

kez-i-n soj-up okta-p-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], skin-3-ACC peel-CV throw-PER--SS-GEN ak kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] koske-e-n white goose-GEN goose.part-3-ACC

282. would become Boktu-Kiris your elder brother,

er kizi bo-op xuul-up male individual PROB-CV change.into-CV al-gas-ti[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] SBEN-SS-GEN

70. Boktu-Kiris came running as significantly as in which place, and what would your womando next?

xoj ciil-gan con-nu us dolgan-di-r many gathered-PST people-ACC three go.around-CAU--PF deerigle-es-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], run.around-SS-GEN

319. Longer stretches of text show mnemonic structure. as well as on top of all that, it's bear locksexpanding out of it.

bo=daa xajirakan-dan uktal-gan, anaa cerle, this=EMPH bear-ABL originate-PST just still

235. I won't let anybody see.

boktu-diris aki-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] bo-op, er kizi B-K elder.brother-2 PROB-CVmale person bo-op PROB-CV

104. Novosibirsk: Nauka.

(viii) particular phrasing, prosody, along with intonation (not described herein, yet might always beobserved simply by viewing the video clip).

12. He had been going along, wasn't he?

sijaan am boktu-kiris, bora-seelej FORM FORM B-K, B-S

16. and traveled back for the homeland.

aal-i-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] coog-un-ga cor-up yurt.camp-3-GEN proximity-3-DATgo-CV kel-ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]: CLOC-SS-GEN

338. "What kind of creature will be it?

xore-e deerge er kizi xore-en-ge domej-le-er uzur cok, chest-3 POST male person chest-3-DATcompare-VSF-PF custom NEG

232. The Particular eyes involving all associated with the wrestlers, competitors, along using othermen

boktu-kiris dep anijak er-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] B-K QUOT small male-GEN xore-en-de. chest-3-LOC

230. Oral Epics regarding Central Asia. With the particular foot involving Bashky-Tangdymountain,

ca -sogun-u-n keze-ges tur-up-kan. arrow -bow-3-ACC prepare-ss AUX-PERF-PST

142. Etymologicheskij slovar' tuvinskogo iazyka: Tom I. within each triplet, an adverb appears asthe very first element, a dog title because the second, and also a body-part as third or perhapssuccessive: 'very' / 'kite' (birdname) / 'head'; 'very' / 'eagle' / 'shoulder'; 'very' / 'hare' / '... tailbone',etc.

______. along with sat down one regarding the many wrestlers.

xamik moge-ler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], all wrestler-PL-GEN moorej-ci-ler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], competition-AGENT-PL-GEN er-ler-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] kara-a male-PL-GEN eye-3

229. hunted animals with the forested mountain ridge.

ekker -eres adigzi, brave -courageous archer

31. So, throwing 1 following the other,

suptu moge-ler-ni kira okta-p un-e ber-gen. all wrestler-PL-ACC on.back throw-CV go.out-CV BEN-PST

255. The Particular Oral Epic associated with Siberia along with Central Asia. your woman trippedhim using the speed of the kite,

tej-i-n kudu kil-di-r duzur-up, top.of.head-3-ACC downwards make-CAUS-PF fall-CV

244. His genitals are usually like the beak of the bird,

bir-le mijis, artida dis-tig-distig, one-EMPH horn moreover tooth-ADJ-RED

301. a Tuvan people's tale referred to always be able to as Boktu-Kiris Bora-Seelei,

dika xoj janzi tool-dar-i bar. very many different tale-PL-3 COP

2. Any time your woman had laid out the divining bones, the girl observed (that)

aki-zi arzajti de-er ala elder.brother-3 A. Its chest can't be in contrast in any method to any man'schest.

bir-le xorek er cuve, one-EMPH chest male thing

233. that is merely the way in which I am," he said,

sak mindza-p tur-up-la kal-gan-na, mindig. exactly do.thus-CV stand-CV-EMPH stay-PST-EMPHthus

174. 10. Then the actual hero, taking your third arrow,

tirt-ip tirt-ip tirt-ip tirt-ip sal-gan-na. pull-CV pull-CV pull-CV pull-CV put-PST-EMPH

194. With the particular foot associated with Songu-Tangdy mountain,

us araattan a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-nar-ni ilcirbe-le-p three wild animal-PL-ACCchain-VSF-CV ka-an. AUX-PST

144. herded the actual livestock, watched the cattle,

as cem-i-n, sa-an sava-zi-n isteni-ir, food food-3-ACC milk-PST container-3-ACC fill-PF

35. Your Woman had grow to be just being a bear, however nevertheless

kis kizi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] sin-i-n girl person-GEN figure-3-ACC kaas-a-an, decorate-PST

91. Adults present assumed the particular standard seated pose with one knee up, one leg foldedunder. That is actually such a manly chest,

am art-in-da xajirakan dug-u un-up kel-gen. now top-3-LOC bear hair-3 grow.up-CV AUX-PST

234. "First of all we'll learn that will become the bravest archer;

kudee-ler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cas-pas ad-ar-i-n suitor-PL-GEN miss-NEGFshoot-PF-3-ACC ko-or ca -sogun=bile. see-PF arrow -bow=INS

131. Novosibirsk: Nauka.

(iv) alliteration associated with first words within successive or even paired lines (lines 25, 26, 27along with lines 185, 186, 187 almost all start out with [k]). had died.

ajan-kula ad-i can-in-da igla-p tur-ar mindig bo-op tur A-K horse-3 side-3-LOC cry-CV AUX-PF thusPROB-CV AUX eves=pe. NEG=QUES

46. check it tomorrow throughout the wrestling," he asked the Khan.

a kandza-ar xina-ar ulus bis? dep xaan ajtir-gan=dir. and do.how-PF check-PF PN we QUOT khanask-PST=DEIC

204. permit his broken bones be component of together,

uzul-gen soondzu-zu ettin-e ber-zin, tear.up-PST intestines-3 become.good-CV AUX-IMP3

356. S., and also K. Following changing as well as changing,

korundzuk-ke kor-du-n-gen korundzuk-ke kordun-er-ge mirror-DAT look.at-CAUS-PASS-PST mirror-DAT look.at-PF-DAT

83. Abbreviations for morpho-syntactic tags are given after the article. By Simply that time he hasbeen becoming invited only once or twice a year to inform stories at the village neighborhoodcenter. Getting heard this, the girl that had changed in to the woman's elder brother Boktu-Kiris,

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi B-S girl younger.sister-3

211. With Regard To example, lines 242-53 consist involving 4 sets of 3 lines, every beginning usinga similar consonant (d d t / e e e / k x x / k k k). Muslim Dorzu along with Mr. the particular next dayamong the numerous men,

kuzur boktu-kiris aki-zi bo-op xuul-up al-gan poor B-K elder.brother-3 PROB-CV change-CV SBEN-PST

293. Morphologically, the actual language can be almost exclusively suffixing, and contains

agglutinating morphemes. So, even your poorest men began to prepare for that competition.

daarta xun-de xamik er cuu bo-or, tomorrow day-LOC just about all male DEIC PROB-CV

140. As Well As the girl had something created to provide birth to end up being able to children,

aci-lig bujan-nig aldin ezik, kind.heartedness-ADJ nobleness-ADJ golden door

94. along with entered the yurt to find sleepy faces and inquisitive glances at Sojdak-ool's announcement, "I'm planning to tell a tale." Inside twenty minutes people had dressed andwashed, morning chores ended up partially done, and the horses let out of their own stockades. andmay sew as well as make anything.

kondzug=daa us -sever aliski-lar, very=EMPH art -master sibling-PL cuve[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] irgin ijin DISC DISC DISC o[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII]. DISC

37. another men said.

indza-ar-ga=daa kuluguru[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] do.thus-PF-DAT=EMPHhero kezen-ip kir-ip<le>-t-ken. prepare.to.shoot-CV INCH-PERF<EMPH>-CAUS-PST

181. This neglect had been nearly all evident within a Tuva-wide story-telling competition located in2003, where master storyteller Sojdak-ool Xovalig took very first award in the epic genre category.along with along with her slaves,"

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xaan mindig carlik S. she instantly changed into ahawk,

uz-up ced-e ber-ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], fly-CV arrive-CV SBEN-SS-GEN

50. Sojdak-ool Xovalig, for you to whom I am deeply grateful. Nomads regarding South Siberia: thePastoral Economies involving Tuva. your four of them together,

do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cer-ge o-o-n ti-p, hill land-DAT yurt-3-ACC set.up-CV (23)

377. encamped their particular yurt around the hilly lands,

dolem cer-ge mal-i-n cala-p, high land-DAT livestock-3-ACC invite-CV

378. ran rapidly to him as well as whispered within his ear:

et[.sup.j], xaan sak ol bo boktu-kiris dep tur-ar EXCLAMEL (13) khan really that B-K QUOT AUX-PF eri[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], male

201. she place him into the mouth of your black cave,

ask-i-n budun turug xaja kil-d-ir duj mouth-3-ACC complete vertical cliff do-CAUS-PFtightly.shut tarbida-p-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], do.by.magic-PERF-ss-GEN

121. being changed straight into her poor brother Boktu-Kiris,

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi B-S girl younger.sibling-3 salda[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]nan-gas olur-up-kan. get-naked-SS sit.down-PER--PST

294. Any time they will inquired him he said: "My elder brothers,

cerle moorej-ge kir-z-ip kor-be-en bol-gas always/still competition-DAT enter-RCP-CV see-NEG-PSTCOP-SS

166. I have got never taken portion in the competition,

korg-up tur seej men, fear-CV AUX DISC I

167. is not a man in all, it's truly a woman.

daarta caris uje-zin-de xina-p tomorrow horse.race time-3-LOC check-CV kor-u[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]er, dep mindzan-gan=dir. AUX-2PLIMP QUOT do.thus-PST=DEIC

262. The kazaa is surely an animal pen or porn vids stockade. As Well As his horse Ajan-Kula stoodcrying with his side, so it seemed.

sijan am bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi, FORM FORM BS girlyounger.sibling-3

47. the lady requested her horse Ajan-Kula.

ajan-kula ad-i mindza de-en=dir: A-K horse-3 thus say-PST=DEIC

98. 1999. Divination is actually even now widely practiced within Tuva, and is by simply zeromeans limited in order to specialist practitioners (e.g., shamans). "Well, an announcement in theKhan is 1 thing to not be disregarded, can be it?

daarta xures uje-zin-de suptu canagas xurezi-ir, tomorrow wrestling time-3-LOC everybody nakedwrestle-PF xojle[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] cok. shirt NEG

206. a person can't alternation in just about any way.

indzalza=daa janzi=buru arga-lar-ni azig-la-p nonetheless=EMPH different=QUAN methods-P--ACC use-VSF-CV tur-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] AUX-SS-GEN

101. I. "Well, how am i supposed to check it?" your Khan asked.

ce, xaan carli-in-dan ert-ken cuve eves? okay khan announcement-3-ABL pass.by-PST PN NEG

264. younger sister Bora-Seelei,

ajan-kula ad-in-ga sir-ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i=bile A-K horse-3-DAT SYMB-running-3=INS kel-gen. come-PST

212. As Well As that's it," mentioned (the horse), crying, "that's what happened."

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi B-S girl younger.sibling-3

60. From the particular really end merely the man from the title involving Boktu-Kiris,

kirbej kara sal-dig anijak er art-ip kal-gan. short black beard-ADJ youthful male remain-CV AUX-PST

178. "Well, the particular yurt camp just isn't not even close to here,

men og oog-u-n az-ip cida-jin, I yurt button-3-ACC open-CV AUX-IMOD de-es-ti[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], say-SS-GEN

340. Throughout western Mongolia inside 2000, the author recorded the female storyteller, growolder fifty-two, whose nineteen-year-old son sat next for you to her and lip-synched many associatedwith your ex lines as the girl informed the story, but would not himself consent to discuss with anystory solo. and whispered inside his ear: "It's so, weird, my dear Khan,

ol boktu-kiris dep tur-ar kizi-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]er that B-K QUOT AUX-PFperson-2PL

260. They Will then bring their particular arms down and slap their palms against their inner alongwith outer thighs. Your unit cilgi denotes a new herd of (about) forty horses.

Though Tuvans are already traditionally transhumant pastoralists and hunters, many are nowsedentary, living in villages as well as towns. S. Throat-singing does not seem to happen in order tobe a new essential part of tale-telling, which usually requires only minimal, recitative-style singing.Since soon since the horse mentioned so, what could younger sister Bora-Seelei do?

ol-gen aki-zi-n iri-ves, cidi-vas die-PST elder.brother-3-ACC rot-NEGF stink-NEGF

118. In Order To the winner involving these three competitions, for the bravest suitor,

uru-um-nu kadaj kil-di-r be-er men, daughter-1-ACC wife do-CAUS-PF give-PF I

135. as well as just take its fist-like huge red beak,

mojn-u=bile kattaj xaar-a er neck-3=INS collectively create-CV male kizi-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] er xindi-i kil-d-ir person-GEN male genital-3 make-CAUS-PF

285. And Also as for that golden princess Angyr-Chechen,

citta-an, cilga-an, deerge, ana suut kizi magada-ar. kiss-PST lick-PST POST just almost all individualbe.amazed-PF

370. 3: 80-87.

1. we will observe which in the suitors will not miss the target with bow and arrow.

iji dugaar-in-da moge -siira-a-n ko-or, xure-s-tir-er, two number-3-LOC wrestler -strength-3-ACC see-PF wrestling-RECIP- CAUS-PF

132. The Particular briefest of those wonderfully interesting tales,

on bes-le minut bol-gas doos-t-u be-er kiska ten five-EMPH minute be-ss finish-PERF-CV AUX-PFbrief tool-du, tale-ACC

4. And Also with the operating speed of your gray hare, she ran far away.

doo xal-c-ip bar-ip cit-kan er-ler-ni doraan ert-ken. DIST run-RCP-CV go-CV AUX-PST male-PL-ACCright.away pass-PST

315. Dialect form dogda 'over there', cf. navel, bellybutton, 2. genitals, 3. "Even though I'vechanged, what good is actually it?"

ajan-kula ad-in-dan ajtir-gan=dir. A-K horse-3-ABL ask-PST=DEIC

97. such announcement un-dur-gen=dir. go.out-CAUS-PST=DEIC

138. there's a white gander together with a huge red bill just such as a fist.

sak ol askir ak kas-ti sok-kas, the.very in which male white goose-ACC hit-SS

281. Just About All those men along with bows and also arrows had been to go from your footof Bashky mountain

so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu northern dag-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII] edeen-ce bad-ar mountain-GEN bottom-ALL go.down-PF uzur-lug, di-ves-ler be. obligation-ADJ say-NEGF-PL QUES

155. "In the next competition it will always be the son whom comes from your south

boktu-kiris caala-p al-di, dep xaan carla-an. B-K take.as.winner-CV SBEN-REC.PST QUOT khanannounce-PST

257. (she located out) the announced competition would begin tomorrow.

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xaan us moorej S. "A poor horse similar to me, what couldI do?

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] sivir-ip cugur-up olur-gas, animal chase-CV run-CV AUX-SS

54. (to reach the place) exactly where all the individuals were headed up by the Khan as well as thequeen,

ced-e ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]na-p kel-gen boktu-kiris, reach-CV run-CV CLOC-PST B-K deerge, cuu boor, POST what PROB

318. However the actual Khan's spy, whom knew all the secrets, ran quickly to him

kula-an-ga simiran-ip=tir. Xovalig throughout 1998 together with the request to inform section of anepic tale, he instantly agreed. While my a couple of arms (7) went in to in which hole and also I

suddenly fell down,

boktu-kiris sajin er, ekki ee-m, B-K S. Whenever yet another quite strong wrestler strutted as a lotas her,

ezir kus-tu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] erez-i=bile eagle bird-GEN courage-3=INS eezeen-den al-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] heel-ABL take-SS-GEN

246. Along With then his broken backbone healed.

ce, mee[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] asa-am boktu-kiris sin okay my husband-1 B-Ktrue bol-za tur-a COP-COND stand.up-CV

359. and also on top of just about all that, bear's tresses are expanding from it.

bo xindi-i deerge, bo xap-ci-i deerge bir-le that genitals-3 POST those sack-DIM-3 POST one-EMPH do[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]guu=deg, teapot=like

298. "You occur running after me," your woman said.

aal-in-ga xal-ip ced-e yurt.camp-3-DAT run-CV reach-CV ber-ges-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII], BEN-SS-GEN

342. Then the chest involving the woman will be revealed!"

xaan=daa carlik-ti un-dur-gen dir: khan=EMPH announcement-ACC go.out-CAUS-PST DEIC

208. there was horses and people spread as far because the eye could see.

con=bile cugaala-z-ip ko-or-ge, people=INS talk-RCP-CV AUX-PF-DAT

127. When upon any time, her elder brother Boktu-Kiris

arga sin-dan a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]na-p forest mountain.ridge-ADL hunt-CV coru-t-kas, go-PERF-SS

39. However, through making use of a variety of methods,

iji emi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni=daa, kis two breasts-2-ACC=EMPH girl xindi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni=daa genitals-2-ACC=EMPH

102. Opyt issledovanie uriankhaiskogo yazyka s ukazaniem glavneishykh rodstvennykh otnosheniyego k drugim yazykam tyurkskogo kornya. Tuwinische Volksmarchen. to the dismay associated withthe entire camp, one horse had disappeared during the evening and also had been presumed stolen.Wrestlers take wide, slow steps, executing small hops and turns and waving their particular armsgradually in the air as if flapping wings. a shorter variation numbering 5,060 lines together withparallel free translation into Russian has been revealed throughout 1997 by the Russian Academyregarding Sciences (Orus-ool 1997). they have already gathered to compete,"

at mindzan-gan=dir. horse do.thusly-PST=DEIC

116. Afanassij Myldyk. overcoming along with winning all the competitions,

cige so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu cuk-tu straight north direction-ACC ezel-ej tore-en rule/occupy-CV be.born-PST

106. associated with which in turn you will find many various versons.

ol kajgamcik-tig solun this wonderful-ADJ interesting tool-dar-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII] tale-PL-GEN e[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ne kiska-zi-n, most-EMPH brief---ACC

3. Along With getting shot out the particular guts of the bloodthirsty gray wolf,

borbek baz-i-n uz-e ad-ip coru-du-p-kan. roundSYMB head-3-ACC separate-CV shoot-CV go-CAU--PERF-PST

196. she took his ankle with almost all the courage involving an eagle,

etk-i-n (19) azir sivada-p, shoulder-3-ACC across throw.down-CV

247. Based about locally available resources, these could be made associated with split logs, wovenbranches, or stacked stones.

(v) emphatic prefixing reduplication (line 49).

(vi) special narrative past form, constructed with your add-on of to some verb root exactly the actualsame topic marker adopted through the genitive case marker (lines 52, 58).

Levin, Theodore, using Valentina Suzukei. (She took) Sang Khan's beautiful daughter,

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-C golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-ni princess-ACC

336. initial transcription was done by Mr. X. And Also even though he had died, the girl would leadhim to reside again,

mindig kondzug ertem -silbi-lig thus such knowledge -magic-ADJ da[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII]gina=dir dep princess=DEIC QUOT

77. I'll go to unbutton your door," she said.

xal-ip ced-ip ke-er siler, run-CV arrive-CV CLOC-PF 2PL de-es-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII], AUX-SS-GEN

341. New York: Garland.

(x) a new heptasyllabic series scansion (for reasons associated with space, scansion is omittedherein in favor of more time lines. these people evened out the vales and hills,

curtta-p cor-uj bar-ip=tir ooo! live-CV go-CV TLOC-PERF=DEIC DISC

380. as well as dropped him upside down on best of his head.

emin orta siirak moge eskededi-p kel-ir orta very center strong wrestler strut-CV CLOC-PF while

245. Tagging conventions mostly follow those utilized inside a current grammar regarding Tuvan(Anderson and also Harrison 1999). For the fuller dialogue regarding Tuvan grammar, I refer yourreader to always be able to that work. and also bringing her as his wife in order to wed,

ol-gen aki-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni dirgis-tir-ip die-PST brother-2-ACC enliven-CAUS-CV a-pt-ar arga-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] bar kizi=dir SBEN-PERF-PFmethod-2 COP person=DEIC sen. you

110. Nor is it likely to, provided its relative insufficient theatrics and also demandinglinguistic complexity. He informed stories all through his life as an avocation, nevertheless reportedin 2001 that will discovering an audience had grow in order to be more and much more difficult.While the lady came in a straight northerly direction and arrived at Sang Khan's campsite,

at baz-i orgu-p, kizi baz-i kizirt. horse head-3 spread.out-CV person head-3 multiplySYMB

126. Any story would typically begin at evening teatime, after the day's major outdoor chores endedup completed and additionally the animals were in the actual stockade. then an individual willimprove the beak of the goose in order to piss,

inaar sari[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ajn-ip-la ber-gej dep there run.out.noisily-C--EMPH INCH-CNCL QUOT mindza-p=tir eves be. do.thusly-CV=DEIC NEG QUES

290. Consequently your divining bones showed.

kuzur bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi, poor B-S girl younger.sibling-3

79. didn't shoot, nevertheless simply walked about just like this.

bo kandaaj er sen? this what.kind.ofAMEL male you

163. following the unhealthy times, prior to (2) the good times,

elik xulbus, siin mijgaa ezim-in-ge white.tailed.deer.stag doe elk.stag elk.doe forest-3-DAT si[TEXTNOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]i-s-pas, fit.into-RCP-NEGF

8. mal -magan-i=bile, all gold silver-3=INS, cattle -livestock-ACC=INS

136. Throughout this dream of mine,

sa[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] S. xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] caraskiz-i, X.-GEN beautiful girl-3 a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-Cgolden da[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-ni princess-ACC

364. way over there in the striped mountain forest called Arzaity,

aar iji-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xol-de xoj-le northern side-GEN lake-LOC many-

EMPH ak kas-tar est-ip tur-lar. white geese-PL swim-CV AUX-PL

278. International Journal of Central Asian Studies 1: 225-43.

The tale introduced here, Boktu-Kiris Bora-Seelei, is a hero tale (Grebnev 1960), the continuation ofan old oral tradition. came running pell-mell to her horse Ajan-Kula.

kandzaan[.sup.j], coon[.sup.j], ekki ad-im? how.doAMEL what.doAMEL good horse-1

213. In expeditions undertaken throughout Tuvan as well as Mongolia throughout 1995, 1998, 2000,and 2003, the writer found simply no competent storytellers under the particular age groupof forty-five. Skazki i predaniye altaiskikh tuvintsev. Nomadic Tuvans migrate making use of theiranimals 4 to five times per year in order to long-established seasonal campsites. just what exactlyought to I do about my woman's genitals?"

at tur-gas mindza de-en=dir: horse AUX-SS thusly say-PST=DEIC

275. and also surely occur running (to me)," the girl said, operating her magic.

sinap-la tur-a xal-ip kel-ges: truly-EMPH stand.up-CV run-CV CLOC-SS

361. Inside the instance tale presented here, your heroine, a girl named Bora-Seelei, must concealher sex, assume the girl dead brother's identity, and also embark on the difficult quest with theultimate aim of restoring the woman's brother (Boktu-Kiris) to life. dialect form doonda, regularTuvan inda.

8. the girl said, and also magically managed to end up being able to get happen.

carl-ip kal-gan molduru-u anaa appar-gan. break.up-PST AUX-PST backbone-3 good become-PST

358. Getting changed in to the girl poor brother Boktu-Kiris,

bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi=daa B-S girl younger.sibling-3=EMPH xurez-ip kir-ip<le>-t-ken. wrestle-CV INCH-PERF<EMPH>-CAUS-PST

241. were planning to marry, right?

duz-um dep boda-an-im, dream-1 COMP think-PST-1

366. collectively having its neck, as well as make from their website a new man's genitals,

kis xindi-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni duj girl genital-2-ACC shut.tight xirba-la-n-di-rtarbid-ip glue-VSF-PASS-CAUS-PF do.magically-CV aar-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ga AUX-2SG-DAT

286. Hurry up now, place around the shoes and the clothes of one's elder brother,

coru-pt-aali, go-PERF-DUALIMP

112. Whenever your woman laid out the actual divining bones, the girl saw

bireves bora-seelej kis di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma-zi if B-S girl younger.sibling-3

68. having heard this, getting changed into your ex brother Boktu-Kiris,

xuul-up al-gan bora-seelej kis change-CV SBEN-PST B-S girl di[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII]ma-zi Ajan-kula ad-in-ga younger.sibling-3 A-K horse-3-DAT

270. the lady slipped in between his legs with just about all the agility of the hare,

kurug cer-ge kurguldaj-i-n kuruldur olur-t-a empty earth-DAT tailbone-3-ACC painfully sit.down-CAUS-CV

253. To Become Able To learn how the lady could make your ex dead brother reside again,

so -tolge sal-a ber-ipt-ir. divining -bones place-CV INCH-PERF-PF

66. the lady had a thin black beard plus a thick black braid of hair,

kadir xavak-tig, kalcan bas-tig, ajak=deg ala steep forehead-ADJ bald head-ADJ tea.bowl=likestriped karak-tig, eye-ADJ

85. Gregory D. The Actual text introduced here's a phonemic transcription, along with annotationand translation, of your short version in the tale advised throughout 1998 by method of a prominentTuvan storyteller, Mr. Sojdak-ool Xapilakovic Xovalig (born 1929). The Particular eagle dance (ezirsam) can become a mimetic display that begins and ends Tuvan traditional wrestling matches.together together with his younger sister Bora-Seelei,

boktu-kiris, sajin er-i cor-up tur eves be. B-K Sajin male-3 go-CV AUX NEG QUES

15. Students in my "Structure of Tuvan" seminar with Swarthmore School within the spring of2005 contributed many useful comments. Versuch einer koibalischen undkaragassischen Sprachlehre. Clap the hands!

11. He must even now possess some bear ancestry,

kizi xurezi-ir=daa arga cok, person wrestle-PF=EMPH implies NEG

236. caught them alive, accompanied using a excellent barking regarding dogs, and chained themup.

onu xoj er ca -sogun=bile baski them many male arrow -bow=INS B. dag-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] edeen-den mountain-GEN mountain.foot-ABL

154. the lady hid herself.

san xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] caras kiz-i S. making your horse fly awaystraight to the north.

cige so[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gu cuk-te straight north(ern) direction-LOC sa[TEXTNOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] S. xaan-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] aal-in-ga ke-e--ge, X.-GEN campsite-3-DAT come-PF-DAT

125. running pell-mell, as well as were built using a talk.

kandzaan[.sup.j], coon[.sup.j], ekki ad-im? howAMEL what.doAMEL, excellent horse-1

272. the girl magically turned him directly into frozen meat.

dedir aas-tig kara kuj-ga back mouth-ADJ black cave-DAT suk-kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII], put.in-SS-GEN

120. A. there get been three wild animals currently chained up.

ol araattan a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-nar deerge karzi those wild animal-PL DISCcruel xajirakan, bear,

145. Your many men shot until noon,

ca[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gis=taa single=EMPH kizi-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] sogun-u cet-pes. person-GEN arrow-3 reach-NEGF

159. Schiefner. I'm in addition providing 50 % of just about all of my mighty army along withslaves.

mal -magan-im-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] ekki livestock -FIG-I-GEN good carti-i-nbaza ber-ip tur men, dep half-3-ACC in addition give-CV AUX I QUOT

329. David Harrison. if the deer along with doe, your wild elk stag as well as elk doeoverflowed from their own woods,

arga cu[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]ma, kojgun, torlaa forest wild.mountain.goat haregrouse arga-zin-ga si[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]i-s-pas, forest-3-DAT fit.into-RC--NEGF

9. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. was a one who could study divining bones.

so -tolge sal-gas kor-up olur-ar-ga, divining -bones put-SS see-CV AUX-PF-DAT

43. even your own two breasts along with your woman's genitals

kim-ga=daa korgus-pe-jn, who-DAT=EMPH show-NEG-1MOD

103. among individuals white geese,

cuduruk=deg mocak kizil xaaj-lig askir ak kas bar=dir. fist=like large red bill-ADJ male white gooseCOP=DEIC

280. M., ed. nevertheless simply took around the operating speed of the gray hare.

bora -toolaj ma[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i=bile gray -hare run-3=INS ma[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII],na-p run-CV i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII],aj-la bol-gan. away.from-EMPH COP-PST

314. (archaic) crown, top of head, 4. Just About All the men began to produce your arrows shoot.

dus-ke ced-ir at-kan xoj noon-DAT reach-PF shoot-PST many eri[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII] deerge, male POST

158. and when you've magically glued shut your own woman's genitals using them,

ol-la=dir! DEIC-EMPH=DEIC

287. (8)

so -tolge sal-gas ko-or-ge, divining -bones place-SS see-PF-DAT

67. (what would happen) if Bora-Seelei your younger sister

boktu-kiris aki-zi bo-op, B-K elder.brother-3 PROB-CV

69. Divination requires inducing a quantity of pattern (either by simply burning, or through(re)arranging objects in a ritual fashion), then interpreting which pattern for good or ill omens.

The Tuvan epic tale, called any tool, has two recognized subgenres: maadirlig tool, 'hero tale', andsimply instrument (all some other types) (Orus-ool 1997). Kyzyl: TNUC.

18. you're not a woman, are generally you, friend?" inquired the other men.

aa! espi, cuu=daa bol-gaj-la men, EXCL woman what=EMPH COP-CNCL-EMPH I

171. was obviously a shape-changer.

boktu-kiris aki-zi kil-d-ir xuul-up-la B-K elder.brother-3 do-CAUS-PF change.into-CV-EMPH ege-e-en=dir. begin-PST=DEIC

81. although carrying his bow as well as arrows,

at-pas=taa, kilasta-p tur-ar, mindig. shoot-NEG=EMPH walk-CV AUX-PF thus

162. The Lady began to produce the girl elder brother Boktu-Kiris simply by changing herselfdirectly into him.

xuul-up xuul-up al-gas, change.into-CV change.into-CV SBEN-SS

82. a new brief one, finished in just fifteen minutes,

siler-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] you-GEN kiceengej-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLEIN ASCII]er-ge baraalga-di-pt-ajn. attention-2.PL-DAT present-CAUS-PERF-F1 sijaan am FORMFORM

5. she looked at herself in the mirror. (and she said) "If it's really my hubby Boktu-Kiris,

si[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-gan soog-u dutc-u ber-zin, break-PST bone-3 connect-CVBEN-IMP3

355. "And how shall we be supposed to test it?" questioned the Khan.

ce, xaan carliin-dan ert-ken cuve bar eves? okay khan announcement-ABL pass.by-PST PN COPQUES

205. X.-GEN beautiful girl-3 a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-Cgolden da[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina princess

348. the noble as well as kind golden door,

kis xindi-i baza xeveer bo-op=tur eves=be girl genitals-3 (10) in addition as.before PROB-CV=COPNEG=QUES

95. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. magically concealed the particular cave's mouth with avertical cliff,

aki-zi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] burun idik -xev-i-n elder.brother-3-GEN most shoe -clothing-3-ACC ket-kes, put.on.clothing-ss

122. having done exactly so,

daarta=daa xoj er-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] tomorrow=EMPH many male-GEN ara-zin-ga space.between-3-DAT

292. Why now don't you shoot, friend?" questioned your others.

indza deerge, men, aki-lar-im, this POST I elder.brother-PL-1

165. A New Russian loanword komanda 'command', utilized here, forms an agentive noun alongwith verb. The Girl right away passed your men who were running method over there.

caa! er-ler cer ortu-zu bezin cet-pe-en-de, EXCL male-PL location middle-3 even reach-NEG-P-T-LOC

316. Yurt camps vary in composition along with membership depending about the season, location,resources, and other factors. Tuvans are also, since the particular seventeenth century, LamaistBuddhists, and they have long practiced Buddhism and animism in parallel and also to thesignificant degree in syncretism (Mongus 1994). His arrow broke right through your forehead bonein the cruel bear.

kalbak carin-in ottur at-kas, flat shoulder-blade-3-ACC crosswise shoot-ss

186. their sheep and also goats--they were as numerous as tumbleweeds and nearly didn't in shapeinto their pen.

kajgamcik-tig baj -siirak, azil -isci amazing-ADJ rich -strong work -effort

27. And Also thus allow girl's female genitals be revealed.

xaan=daa carlik-ti undur-gen-ne: khan=EMPH announcement-ACC go.out-CAUS-EMPH

267. The Particular eyes involving all the men were about the man named Boktu-Kiris.

bo cerle cuu ada-m er bo-or bo? xore-e deerge that even now what father-1 male PROB-PF DEICchest-3 POST xorek, chest

296. He's such a strange creature!"

onu kajga-p tur-da=daa, thatACC wonder-CV stand-LOC=EMPH

303. Tiva connung burungu uzurlari [Tuvan People's Ancient Customs]. By Simply profession a newcombine driver on a collective farm, Mr. swallowed the woman's bitterness about her elderbrother,

igla-p-la olur-gan, igla-p-la olur-gan, igla-p-la olur-gan. cry-CV-EMPH AUX-PST cry-CV-EMPH AUX-PST cry-CV-EMPH AUX-PST

62. and additionally have gone upon living there ever since. Although a couple of giftedindividuals might possess completed both, they are mainly separate avocations. He wistfullyrecounted which his compensate has been "twelve tea bowls plus an empty thermos." This specificmodest reward could be compared to the horse and money award awarded in the biennial throat-singing competition as well as the new automobile awarded annually to the very best Tuvanwrestler. Professional throat-singers together with whom the writer discussed the particularstatus and lack of assistance for your epic tale genre expressed small desire to learn it personallyor perhaps incorporate it into their repertoires. there's no way a person could even lift them.

bo xindi-i deerge=dir kuskas=taa xaaj-i iskas, that genitals-3 POST=DEIC bird=EMPH beak-3 like

300. since the girl could in addition adjust right into a gray hare.

am bora -toolaj bo-op xuul-up now gray hare PROB-CV change-CV al-gas-ti[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] SBEN-SS-GEN

310. Bora-Seelei his younger sister

aki-zi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] azi-i-n elder.brother-3-GEN bitter(ness)-3-ACC a-i-p, swallow-CV

61. As Well As consequently it absolutely was that his younger sister Bora-Seelei

xuul-upt-ar kizi cuu boor, change.appearance-PERF-PF PN DEIC PROB

48. The Particular materials shown here and also in the video file ought to be regarded as theintellectual and cultural property of the storyteller and the Tuvan people.

______. The idea turns out in which everybody will have to wrestle shirtless and naked tomorrow.

iji emi-im-ni kandza-p-tajn? (16) dep indza-p ajtir-ip=tir two breast-1-ACC do.how-PERF-1MODQUOT do.thus-CV ask-CV=DEIC eves be. NEG QUES

215. If anyone must piss,

kas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] xaaj-i-n kodur-up goose-GEN bill-3-ACC raise-CV sikte-er-i[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ge piss-PF-2-DAT

289. Literally, "with the good occasions in (over.) the shoulder and the poor occasions at the head";the lengthy run will be interpreted as located physically powering any person, with most the pastoutside in front.

Levin, Theodore, and also Michael Edgerton. The Turkic epic tale features survived as being aliving, spoken genre in the number of Turkic daughter languages (Chadwick along with Zhirmunsky1969, Reichl 1992, Shoolbraid 1997). Create everybody race naked tomorrow.

a sak indzan kis kizi-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] and the.same thus girl person-GEN kis xindi-i kos-tu-le ber-gej. girl genital-3 see-CV-EMPH INCH-CNCL.

266. can be not actually a man in all, yet any woman.

daarta xures uje-zin-de xin-ap tomorrow wrestling time-3-LOC check-CV kor-u[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]er, dep xaan-ga mindzan-gan. AUX-2PL (14) QUOT khan-DAT do.thus-PST

203. just like a horn, and to top it all, covered all over along with teeth.

anaa cerle xalap-tig amittan bo cuve=dir, dep simply even now strange-ADJ creature be PN=DEICQUOT

302. flung him over her shoulder, and also threw him down.

kajgamcik siirak moge xal-ip ke-er orta, amazing strong wrestler run-CV CLOC-PF while

248. Amazingly rich, wealthy, (6) along with hard-working

aliski-lar, cuve[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] sibling-PL DISC irgin iji[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] DISC DISC o[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. DISC

28. Budapeszt: Trans-Oceanic Society.

Menges, K. orta coor be, kuzur xaan-im? ear-3-DAT whisper-CV=DEIC middle/right what QUES dearkhan-1

259. "Oh! You're just just a little woman,

espi kizi eves sen be? dep oor-u, mindig. woman individual NEG anyone QUES QUOT friend-3 thus

170. "Those two breasts regarding the one you have along with your girl's genitals,

kandza-ar=daa osker-ti-p sida-vas sen, do.thus-PF=EMPH change-CAUS-CV be.able-NEGF you

100. and produce your ex home, apparently," he said.

a[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gir-cecen aldin A-C golden da[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gina-ni princess-ACC kuluguru[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII],

deerge, hero POST

369. full-grown and also large just just like a wrestler's.

ana bir adig -maazalaj=deg, appar-gan=daa bol-za, simply one bear -bear=like become-PST=EMPHCOP-COND

90. making new recordings inside digital video needs to always be able to be an urgent priority,because associated with the perilous status of the genre.

4. Getting done just that,

kuluguru[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]=daa cuu bo-or, daarta hero=EMPH what PROB-CVtomorrow xojle[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-i-n ust-a shirt-3-ACC take.off-CV

226. 1996. Your horse not merely talks as well as cries, yet will be anthropomorphized to the extentwhich he has 'arms' or 'hands', certainly not legs or hooves.

Grebnev, L. Inside the nine-layered saddle blanket owned by your brother,

erte kuzun at-kan tas duk-tug xajirakan keez-i early in.autumn shoot-CV short.haired hair-ADJ bearskin-3 bar. COP

219. 1997. The Lady ran 3 circles across the gathered crowd.

dedir xev-i-n ked-ip a-ar dees, back clothes-3-ACC put.on-CV SBEN-PF POST

320. with a short black beard, remained.

ce sen caaskaan art-ti-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], er, okay you alone remain-REC.PST-2male at! dep shootIMP QUOT

179. and also flew compared in order to that place.

ajan-kula ad-i=bile cugaala-z-i ber-ipt-ir. A-K horse-3=INS speak-RCP-CV INCH-PERF-PF

51. and he or even she produced him fall very painfully in his tailbone about the bare ground.

okta-p tur-za tur-za tur-za, throw-CV AUX-COND AUX-COND AUX-COND

254. younger sister Bora-Seelei stayed behind,

cuge deerge, bora -toolaj bo-op baza xuul-aj be-er-le because POST gray -hare PROB-CV alsochange-CV INCH-PF-EMPH bol-gaj. COP-CNCL

309. were on the chest with the son named Boktu-Kiris.

bo cerle cuu kandaaj amittan de-er siler! this now what what.kindAMEL creature say-PF 2.PL

231. Several with the wrestlers' calves began in order to tremble.

xures=daa egele-en-ne! wrestle=EMPH begin-PST-EMPH

239. yet I really do marry,

al-gan kizi iskaz=il men, SBEN-PST PN as.if=DEIC I de-es-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE INASCII] AUX-SS-GEN

368. Then your ex horse said:

ol deerge ko[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]gus anaa cuve. that POST just fine PN

276. having brought him and positioned him on the bed in the yurt,

ergiz-ip tarbida-p ka-as-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], thaw-CV do.magically-CV AUX-S--GEN

346. 1857. By Simply contrast, it is nevertheless easy to locate speakers of ages who could reciteseveral other oral genres such as praise songs (maktal), blessing songs (joreel), tongue-twisters(durgen cugaa), shamanic chants (algis), stories (cugaa), metered verse (suluk), Buddhistprayers (morgul), songs (ir), aphorisms (uleger sos), as well as riddles (tivizik). There are hopefulsigns, however, that will within a few people the particular epic tradition is actually indeed beingpassed on. while dance skill has no bearing on the outcome of the match, it is intended for you tointimidate the opponent along with display one's physique along with prowess prior in order to thematch (and afterwards as well, for the victor). Normal Tuvan iji 'two'.

Tatarintsev, B. Boktu-kiris, Bora-seelei. they all threatened the particular livestock, your wildanimals,

ara -albati kizi-ler-in-ge deerge ajiil-dig bajdal-di FIG -servant person-PL-3-DAT POST danger-ADJcondition-ACC turguz-up, create-CV

148. as well as took him out.

og orn-un-da ekke-p sal-gas, yurt bed-3-LOC bring-CV put-ss,

345. The Actual the majority of celebrated of those may be the Kyrgyz epic Manas, said in order tocomprise over half a new million lines. That is the pre-Buddhist Tuvan animist cosmology thatappears in epic tales. Kara-Chuvelekti, your brave son involving Karaty Khan.

edert-ip al-gan bo kattir-z-ip, kilasta-z-ip follow.with-CV SBEN-PST this laugh-RCP-CV walk-RC--CV olur-gan-nar. AUX-PST-PL

374. Tuvinskij geroicheskij epos. she began to communicate using Ajan-Kula, his horse.

ajan-kula tur-gas-ti[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]: A-K AUX-SS-GEN

52. Then you will be any hairy chested man!"

sak indza-ar xeveer kil-di-r kil-ip the.very do.thus-PF the.same do-CAUS-PF do-CV al-gas-ti[TEXTNOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], SBEN-SS-GEN

225. While with regard to every 1 involving the suitors,

cig-l-ip kel-gen, margi-z-ip tur-lar, dep gather-PASS-CV come-PST compete-RCP-CV AUX-PL QUOT

115. Here these people came laughing and strolling together.

sak oo[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] sool-un-de iji aliski, just that after-3-LOC 2sibling kudee-zi, caava-zi, brother.in.law-3 elder.brother's.wife-3

375. Tuvans regarding Mongolia and also China. 257. you're individual who's able to bring the deadbrother back in order to life.

durgen-ne quickly-EMPH aki-[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]-ni[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] elder.brother-2-GEN idik -xev-i-n kettin-ivit, shoe -clothes-3-ACCput.on.clothing-PERFIMP

111. because the princess possessed such strong magic.

so -tolge korgus-ken=dir. divining -bones show-PST=DEIC

78. As soon As upon a time, inside the really earliest morning regarding time, before the long,lengthy ago,

ekki sag-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] ekt-in-de, good time-GEN shoulder-3-LOC bagajsag-ni[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] baz-in-da, bad time-GEN head-3-LOC

7. Bora-Seelei his younger sister

mal-i-n maga-ni-n kadar-ar xavir-ar, livestock-3-ACC cattle-3-ACC herd-PF round.up-PF

34. filled up the meals along with milk containers,

daarani-ir-i-n, suptu kil-ir, sew-PF-3-ACC every thing do-PF

36. The Particular author thanks Stephanie Jamison pertaining to her editorial oversight, a pair ofanonymous JAOS reviewers pertaining to his or her instructive along with comprehensive comments,Tuva experts Dr. Sang Khan's stunning daughter, golden princess Angyr-Chechen, and also I

kudala-p tur-gan bol-du-m cop! marry-CV AUX-PST be-REC.PST-l DISC

365. Here, I shall merely point out those linguistic devices which most directly serve the epicstorytelling style. Xovalig recalls studying tales in a young age coming from his grandmother as wellas others, and, being an adult, reciting these people in the particular program of his many hoursdriving a car combines in the actual wheat fields. A. Your traditional dress with the Tuvan wrestlerconsists of high boots (idik), tight shorts (sodak), along using a jacket (sola[TEXT NOTREPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]) using extended sleeves along together with a back again piece,nevertheless absolutely nothing covering the chest or perhaps stomach. Hunting of birds, marmots,bears, wild pig, wild deer, squirrels, along with mountain goats supplements their diet and providesfur. "Well, who'd disregard an announcement from the Khan?

daarta suptu-zu-n salda[TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] tomorrow everybody-3-ACC

naked caris-tir-ivit. ride.horse-CAUS-PERFIMP

265