a wideband omnidirectional planar microstrip

A WIDEBAND OMNIDIRECTIONAL PLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR

WLAN APPLICATION USING GRAPHENE

MOHD REDZUAN BIN SHAKIL AHMAD

This Report Is Submitted In Fulfilment of Requirement for the Bachelor Degree of

Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication) With Honors

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

JUN 2015

ii

UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : A Wideband Omnidirectional Planar Microstrip Antenna For

WLAN Application Using Graphene

Sesi Pengajian : 1 4 / 1 5

Saya MOHD REDZUAN BIN SHAKIL AHMAD mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA

RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD**

**(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

iii

STUDENT DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for the quotes as

cited in the references”

Signature :…………………………………………………

Author : MOHD REDZUAN BIN SHAKIL AHMAD

Date : 9 JUN 2015

iv

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in

terms of the scope and quality for the award Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering

(Wireless Communication) With Honors”

Signature :………………………………….

Supervisor Name : Mr. AZMAN BIN AWANG TEH

Date : 10 JUN 2015

v

Special dedication to my loving father, Shakil Ahmad Bin Badaruddin and my mother

Noor Jahan Binti Izharul Haq, my kind hearted supervisor, Mr Azman Bin Awang Teh,

my brother and sister, my dearest friend especially Yully Erwanti Binti Masrukin, Nurul

Syuhada Binti Hasim, Fatimah Binti Baharin, Hayatun Hazirah Binti Hamdan, thank

you for all support until complete my thesis.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My most sincere thanks go to my supervisor, Mr Azman Bin Awang Teh for his

dedication to his student and patience in assisting me with this thesis. I would like to

thank to him for his valuable advice and efforts offered during the completion of this

thesis.

Special thanks go to my classmates and friends for their invaluable assistance

towards this thesis project. I appreciate their friendship and sympathetic help which

made my life easier and more pleasant during graduate studies. Lastly, I would like to

my lovely parents and family for their enormous encouragement and assistance, without

them this project would not have been possible.

vii

ABSTRACT

Antenna is a very important device in telecommunication field used to transmit or

receive radio frequency signal. Normally most of the antenna is built up of copper

because it is suitable material for it. Recently graphene is claimed as a promising

element to replace the copper. Thus, in this project graphene is use as a patch antenna in

designing wideband omnidirectional planar microstrip antenna with the frequency range

of 2.4GHz for WLAN application. This antenna is designed using graphene and copper

as patches, and FR4 as dielectric (∈r 4.30). Two different thicknesses of graphene were

assessed, that are 0.035mm and 0.355nm whereas the thickness of copper is 0.035mm.

The antenna is simulated by using CST Studio Suite 2011 software. Parameters that

have been investigated are bandwidth, return loss, directivity, radiation pattern and gain

of antenna. The highest bandwidth, directivity, return loss and gain are 0.6279 GHz,

7.814 dBi, -24.964 and 7.814 dB respectively which is obtained from the analysis of 1x4

patch antenna. From this project, the best optimization design is using 1x6 patch

antenna. Graphene material with 0.355nm thickness shows a better performance

compare to copper as the patch material have also been proved in this thesis.

viii

ABSTRAK

Antena adalah sesuatu peranti yang sangat penting dalam system telekomunikasi di

mana digunakan untuk menghantar atau menerima isyarat radio frekuensi. Biasanya,

kebanyakan antena adalah dibina menggunakan tembaga kerana ia adalah bahan yang

sesuai untuk antena. Baru – baru ini graphene didakwa sebagai elemen yang lebih baik

untuk menggantikan tembaga. Dengan itu, projek ini menggunakan graphene sebagai

antena penampal dalam bentuk jalur lebar satah semua arah mikrostrip antena dengan

julat frekuensi 2.4 GHz untuk aplikasi WLAN. Antena ini adalah direka menggunakan

graphene dan tembaga sebagai penampal, dan FR4 sebagai pemalar dielektrik (∈r 4.30).

Dua ketebalan berbeza daripada graphene dinilai,iaitu 0.035mm dan 0.355nm manakala

ketebalan tembaga adalah 0.035mm. Antenna ini disimulasi dengan menggunakan

perisian CST Studio Suite 2011. Parameter yang telah dikaji adalah lebar jalur,

pembalikan kehilangan, keterarahan, bentuk radiasi dan gandaan. Nilai tertinggi bagi

lebar jalur, keterarahan, pembalikan, kehilangan dan gandaan adalah 0.6279 GHz,7.814

dBi, -24.964 and 7.814 dB masing – masing yang diperolehi daripada analisis 1x4

antena penampal. Daripada projek ini, pengoptimuman reka bentuk yang terbaik adalah

dengan menggunakan 1x6 penampal antena. Tesis ini juga menunjukkan bahawa

graphene dengan ketebalan 0.355nm menunjukkan prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding

tembaga.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CPAPTER SUBJECT PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i

STATUS REPORT DECLARATION FORM ii

STUDENT DECLARATION iii

DECLARATION SUPERVISOR iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

CONTENT ix

LIST OF TABLE xi

LIST OF FIGURE xiii

1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 6

1.3 Project Objectives 7

x

1.4 Scope of Project 7

1.5 Brief Methodology 8

1.6 Thesis Structure 8

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review 9

2.2 Planar Microstrip Patch Antenna 10

2.3 Antenna Characteristic 13

2.3.1 Radiation pattern 13

2.3.2 Antenna Directivity 16

2.3.3 Antenna Gain 17

2.3.4 Return Loss 17

2.4 Operation of Omnidirectional Planar

Microstrip Antenna 18

2.5 Graphene 19

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Substrate Material 21

3.2 Parameter Study 22

3.3 Designing Antenna 23

3.4 Flow Chart 30

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Substrate Thickness 32

xi

4.2 Comparing Copper and Graphene As

Patch Material 33

4.2.1 1x4 Copper and Graphene as Patch 33

4.2.1.1 Copper Thickness 0.035mm 36

4.2.1.2 Graphene Thickness 0.355nm 38

4.2.1.3 Graphene Thickness 0.035mm 40

4.3 Optimization of Graphene Design 42

4.3.1 1x4 Patch Graphene 44




5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 57

5.2 Recommendation 59

6 REFERENCES 60

xii

LIST OF TABLES

NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 FR4 properties 12

2.2 Comparison between copper and graphene 20

3.1 Design parameter for 1x4 planar microstrip using copper 25

3.2 Design parameter for 1x4 planar microstrip using graphene 26

3.3 Design parameter for 1x4 planar microstrip using 26

thicknesses graphene




4.1 Comparison of thickness 32

4.2 Comparison copper and graphene 35

4.3 Optimization design using graphene as patch 44

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

NO TITLE PAGE

1.1 Type of antenna 4

1.2 Discover graphene 5

2.1 Basic configuration of patch antenna 10

2.2 Side view of patch antenna 11

2.3 Antenna radiation pattern 14

2.4 The radiation pattern for isotropic antenna and

omnidirectional 14

2.5 Radiation pattern for an omnidirectional antenna 15

3.1 Configuration of the proposed antenna 22

3.2 Design of planar microstrip antenna using as patch 25

3.3 Design of 1x4 planar microstrip antenna using graphene 25

3.4 Design of 1x4 planar microstrip antenna using graphene

0.355nm thickness 26

3.5 Design of 1x6 planar microstrip antenna using graphene 27


as patch 27

xiv


as patch 28

3.8 CST 2011 Studio Suite Software 29 4.1 Return Loss substrate thickness 0.8 mm 32 4.2 Return Loss substrate thickness 1.6 mm 32 4.3 S11 parameter, return loss and bandwidth for copper

material with 0.035mm thickness 36

4.4 Gain for copper 0.035 mm thickness 36 4.5 Realized gain for copper 0.035 mm thickness 37 4.6 Directivity for copper 0.035 mm thickness 37 4.7 S11 parameter, return loss and bandwidth for graphene material with 0.035mm thickness 38 4.8 Gain for graphene 0.035 mm thickness 38 4.9 Realize gain for graphene 0.035 mm thickness 39 4.10 Directivity for graphene 0.035 nm thickness 39 4.11 S11 parameter, return loss and bandwidth for graphene material with 0.355nm thickness 40 4.12 Gain for graphene 0.355 nm thickness 40 4.13 Realize gain for graphene 0.355nm thickness 41 4.14 Directivity for graphene 0.355 nm thickness 41 4.15 S11 parameter, return loss and bandwidth for 1x4 patch graphene Material 44

4.16 Gain for 1x4 patch graphene 45 4.17 Realize gain for 1x4 patch graphene 45

xv

4.18 Directivity for 1x4 patch graphene 46 4.19 y-z Plane Radiation Pattern for 1x4 Patch Graphene 46

4.20 x-y Plane Radiation Pattern for 1x4 Patch Graphene 47

4.21 S11 parameter, return loss and bandwidth for 1x6 patch

graphene material 47

4.22 Gain for 1x6 patch graphene 48

4.23 Realize gain for 1x6 patch graphene 48

4.24 Directivity for 1x6 patch graphene 49

4.25 y-z plane radiation pattern for 1x6 patch graphene 49

4.26 x-y plane radiation pattern for 1x6 patch graphene 50


graphene materials 50





4.32 x-y plane radiation pattern for 1x8 patch graphene 53


graphene material 53






Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Antenna is a transducer designed to transmit data and receive data in

electromagnetic waves. It converts electric power into radio waves and vice versa in

order performing its operation. To transmit the waves or data, it will oscillate the

frequency current to the antenna terminals and antenna will radiates the energy from

transmission to electromagnetic waves. In reception, electromagnetic wave that has been

transmitted will be intercepting by it then be amplified according to compatibility of the

component or device that connected with the receiver. Most system or component that

are connected wireless are using antenna such as radar, cell phones, walkie-talkie,

2

broadcast radio or televisions, Bluetooth, satellite communications and many more that

have the same properties as those in its operation.

Antennas consist of metallic conductors connected to receiver electrically

through transmission line. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna

by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements,

while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the

elements. There can be a connection between transmitter and receiver which serve direct

radio waves into a beam or any other pattern such as reflective elements. Sometimes

antenna that is fully equipped with a device will be hidden such as antennas in cell

phones or laptop. [1]

Antennas can be categorized into two types as according to its application. The

categories are omnidirectional and directional. Omnidirectional is a weak directional

antennas will receive or transmit in all directions. Sometimes it refers to horizontal

direction and reduced performance in sky. It is used at low frequency and low

applications where directional antenna is not highly required as to maintain the priced.

Example of omnidirectional antennas is whip antenna. Directional antenna is vice versa

to omnidirectional antennas. It is intended to maximize its coupling electromagnetic

field in its direction. It will receive and transmit in particular direction and large

frequencies are needed to operate it and high cost compared with omnidirectional

antennas. [2]

3

(a) Parabolic antenna

(b) Dipole antenna

(c) Yagi-Uda antenna

4

(d) Whip antenna

Figure 1.1: Type of antennas

Basic antennas such as dipole and vertical design are less used in nowadays as

technology rapidly growth. Complex antenna has been developed to increase the

directivity and the gain of the antenna. Gain of the antenna can be described as the

radiated power in a particular angle of space as in spherical radiation. Power has to be

maintaining at the desired direction as there is no increasing power at transmitter.

Grounding for antennas is a structure of conductive element. To have proper functions, it

need to have natural ground that well functioned. Impedance matching is a between the

antenna and transmitter or receiver. To reduce losses in transmission, standard resistive

impedance are needed to operate at its optimum operation as to improve the standing

wave ratio (SNR) of the antenna [1].

Nowadays, as growth of technology, world facing problem in transmitting and

receiving the data without lagging or losses that consumes in large amount. All

equipment or technology are performing in wireless communication such as cell phones

in messaging or calling, Wi-Fi, social network, broadcast television, radar in military

5

and many more required in wireless as in borderless world nowadays. Thus, in this new

era, it required an antenna that can perform better and less cost in producing it.

Graphene are the substrate that will revolutionized this century as the greatest

conductor. Graphene is a 2 dimensional of single layer carbon atoms. It is the thinnest

and yet as the strongest material on earth where it about 200 times stronger than steel. It

can conduct electric and heat efficiently. Graphene almost transparent and so dense until

the smallest atom in periodic table which is helium cannot pass through it.

Figure 1.2: Discovering graphene

One of the most properties of graphene is that graphene is a zero overlap

semimetal with greater efficiency in electricity conductivity. There is highly mobility

electron on graphene sheet. The electronic properties of graphene are dictated by the

anti-bonding and bonding of the orbital of high mobility electron. Electronic mobility of

graphene is very high where are about 15,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 and potential limits of 200,000

cm2 V-1 s-1. Graphene electrons lack of mass thus its mobility same as photons. It is able

to moves without scattering and this phenomenon known as ballistic transport. [5]

6

Other than electronic properties, graphene has extraordinary properties in

mechanical strength. Graphene has been known as the strongest material has been

discovered nowadays left behind diamond and steel. Approximately about

130,000,000,000 Pascal compared to 400,000,000 for structural steel or 375,700,000 for

Aramid substance that been used to build Kevlar. Even though graphene has this

strength, it only 0.77 milligrams per square meter and is 1000 times lighter than one

square per meter of paper. Graphene also has elastic properties even after being strain.

[5]

1.2 Problem Statement

Antenna is a device that is used to transmit and receive data which enables us to

communicate with each other regardless neither the place nor the region. The most

commonly used antenna for these recent years is the antenna built from copper

substance. However, antenna with copper substance has its disadvantages. One of the

disadvantages is that it lags the process of receiving and transmitting of data. This matter

is important to be discussed on followed by proper solution in order to increase the

efficiency of a communication process. Therefore, to overcome this problem, graphene

substance is likely to be introduced to replace the copper substance. Graphene substance

has the ability to increase the magnitude value of the power transmitted from a

transmitter to a receiver, giving it a strong justification to replace the existing antenna.

Graphene substance will also increase the gain and directivity of the transmitted signal.

This matter can be proven so, which is by applying graphene substance onto a wideband

omnidirectional planar microstrip antenna, whereby a Wideband Omnidirectional Planar

microstrip antenna is a thin layered rectangular shape structure that can be in form of

1x4, 1x6, 1x8 and 1x10 or else.

7

1.3 Project Objective

To make sure this project work as planned, a few objectives were determined where

these objectives will be followed as a guide through the whole completion process of

this project in order to achieve the desired output. These objectives were provided by

sequence of project from beginning until the end of project. A detailed explanation for

each objective will be discussed. There are several objectives that are to be achieved at

the end of the project which includes:

1) To design 1x4, 1x6, 1x8 and 1x10. Omnidirectional Planar Microstrip

antenna using Graphene and design it using CST Microwave studio software.

2) To compare the performance of copper and graphene as conductor for A

Wideband Omnidirectional Planar Microstrip Antenna for WLAN

Application.

3) To optimize the design the antenna design.

1.4 Scope

As to ensure the completion of project achieves the stated objectives, the project

shall be completed within these scopes:

1) Focus on 1x4, 1x6, 1x8 and 1x10. Omnidirectional Planar Microstrip antenna

using graphene as material.

2) Simulation using CST Microwave Studio software.

3) Target frequency from 2.4 GHz.

4) To compare performance of 1x4 coppers as patch material versus 1x4

graphene as patch material.

5) Parameter involved is for radiation pattern, parameter, bandwidth, gain,

realize gain and directivity.

8

1.5 Brief explanations on methodology

To achieve the goal that has been set in the objectives of this project, there are so

many works that need to be done. The first stage is learning the concept of microstrip

patch antenna and electronics properties of graphene and how the implementations in

antenna. The next stage are designing and simulating the antennas model in CST

software. Finally, compare and analyze the performance of the antennas. A detail

explanation for the parts will be explained in Chapter 3.

1.6 Report organizations

In this report, there are 5 chapters which are introduction, literature review,

methodology, result and conclusion and discussion. Not included in chapter is a

reference, abstract, table of content, table of picture and appendices.

Chapter one shows the introduction of this project. It contains the background of

the project and briefly explanation about the project methodology.

Chapter two consists of literature review of project. It covers the study of the

project such as the basic information of antenna, planar microstrip antenna, basic

information of graphene, and electronic properties of graphene that used in the project

for the future plan.

After that, it shows the choices can be made after all the study have been finished.

Chapter three shows about the methodology of the project. This chapter includes the

flow chart and Gantt chart of the project that shows the process of this project from start

till the end. By using the flow chat and Gantt chart, it can reduce an assumption that can

be made when doing the analysis.

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

This chapter discuss about reviews of existing project created to get an idea

about the project design, conception and any information that related to improve the

project. With different concept and design, there are other creations and innovations of

projects done by other people.

a wideband omnidirectional planar microstrip

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