a world at war the tide of war turns to the allies
TRANSCRIPT
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A World at War
The Tide of War Turns to the Allies
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Strategies
• The axis powers never engineer a strategy against the allies– Too many conflicting goals?
• Allies had unified goals– Agreed on a Europe-first strategy – Japan and Italy were less of a threat– Racism issues?
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Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
• Germany attacked Russia in June 1941– Three armies were sent –Stalingrad, Moscow, Leningrad
• SCORCHED – EARTH POLICY - military strategy that involves
destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while withdrawing from an area• Switches focus to Stalingrad
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The Battle of Stalingrad• Brutal fighting in the winter – Partisans and Russian troops
• Germans eventually trapped– Surrender 31 January 1943
• Turning point in the European Campaign– Switched Soviet Union to the
offensive
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Allied Victory in North Africa and Italy
• Created a second front – Wanted by
Soviet Union• Allowed for a
way to invade Italy– Why Italy and
not down from England?
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Montgomery (El Alamein – Nov 1942) and Patton wins Operation Torch
• Oct 1942 British under Montgomery win El Alamein against Germans in Egypt and start to push West
• Nov 1942 Allies land in Morocco and Algeria– General Dwight Eisenhower
• Feb 1943 Kasserine Pass – Erwin Rommel (desert fox) led his troops against the
Americans – Broke lines and almost made it to the supplies before the
US troops managed to cut him off – Lesson – the US needs to be more aggressive
• George S. Patton is put in command of the tank regiment in Africa
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Casablanca, Morocco
• Roosevelt and Churchill meet for the Casablanca conference
• Two decisions:– Allies increase bombing of Germany– UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER – surrendering without conditions, so no guarantees are given to the surrendering power
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Sicilian Invasion & Anzio
• July 1943 British and Americans begin landing in Sicily
• Chased the Axis powers to the mainland• 3 September 1943 ITALY surrendered to the allies • Allies bogged down and continue fighting until 1945
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Allies Moving…Revolution in Rome
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Germany “saves” Mussolini
• Hitler rescues Mussolini in a mini-plane and makes him the leader of Northern Italy (separated country)– Gran Sasso Raid
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The Death of Il Duce
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Operation Overlord
• Over a million men will land on the beaches at Normandy.• 13,100
paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st
Airborne divisions will land behind enemy lines
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The Atlantic Wall
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Hedge Row Fighting
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“Secret Weapons”
V-1 Rocket:“Buzz Bomb”
V-2 Rocket
Werner von Braun
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Assassination and Liberation
• 20 July 1944 – an officer planted a bomb in Hitler’s headquarters– Rommel was in
on it• Aug 1944 – Allies
liberate Paris• Sept 1944 -
BeNeLux
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The Battle of the Bulge
• Last ditch effort of the Germans
• Almost succeeds– Cripples Germany
by using her reserves and demoralizing what troops she has left
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Marching on Berlin
• By January 1945 the Soviets reached the Oder River outside Berlin
• April 1945 – US Army reaches the Elbe River, 50 miles west of Berlin
• 30 April – Hitler commits suicide
• 7 May – V-E Day, Germany surrenders
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The Pacific Theater
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Island Hopping
• Strategy based on skipping islands with strong resistance and take those with strategic importance
• Many amphibious assaults
• MacArthur – commander of the Pacific forces
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Guadalcanal – Aug 1942 – Feb 1943
• First major offensive against the Japanese
• Japanese air base with the location and power to threaten Australia
• Japanese lose 24,000 of 36,000 defending the island
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The Battle of Leyte Gulf• 23 October 1944 –
Return of MacArthur– Japan gambles on
destroying whole US fleet by sending whole navy (all-in)
– Japanese Navy eliminated– Only Army and Kamikazes
left
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Marines take Iwo Jima• March 1945 – after
bloody fighting, the marines take the island of Iwo Jima
• From here, US Army Air Force can bomb Japanese mainland
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Okinawa
• April 1945• Bloodiest battle
yet• Samurai spirit
leads Japanese (all Japanese not just soldiers) to commit suicide
• US loses 12,000 men, Japan loses 100,000
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An Invasion of Japan• Estimated
500,000 US lives lost in invasion– More than
1,000,000 Japanese
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Manhattan Project• Secret project to develop
Atomic bomb at Los Alamos, New Mexico
• J. Robert Oppenheimer – lead scientists– “I am become Shiva, the
shatterer of worlds”– Einstein (German) was also
involved• The Potsdam ultimatum
given to Japan
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki• 6 Aug 1945 Hiroshima
is bombed• 9 Aug 1945 Nagasaki
is bombed• 100,000 dead• 15 Aug 1945 – Japan
surrenders
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2 Sept 1945 – Treaty signed on USS Missouri