Author(s): David Burke, Ph.D., 2012

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What are the features of human health and health care delivery that drive technology development?

What new technologies can be developed that connect people with their health care system?

How can health technology interface with advances in informatics and communication?

Distributed Health Technologies

How can modern mass-production manufacturing be harnessed to distribute technology as widely as possible?

The existing health care system communicates patient data as a hierarchy.Information moves within the system:

nurse

primary physician

primary specialist

senior specialist

tertiary care specialist

4) Hand over accumulated patient information to the next level in the hierarchy.

1) Assess the patient and acquire information.2) Recognize their own knowledge/skill limits.3) Transfer the patient to a more specialized professional.

At each level, health care professionals :

Each professional is trained to accurately transfer patient information to the next level.

FThe “hand-off” between levels is formalized. FInformation quality is maintained and traceable.F

There are levels prior to the first professional interaction.

Patients are measuring their own health status.

And deciding on whether to refer themselves to the next level.

“Do I need to schedule an appointment with a doctor? Or go immediately to the ER?”F

Often, there is a second non-professional level. “Mom”, or another adult, that refers the patient.

The quality of transfer of information from the non-professional levels to the professional levels is highly variable and informal.

There is a “gap” in data transfer efficiency and quality at the first level of interaction with the traditional health care system.

Can we build high quality, physician-approved, patient-accessible, health data technologies to address this “information gap”?

The medical “information gap” might be solved by advanced sensor technologies, computational power, software, and communication tools.

Four critical features are: 1) Quality-assured collection of physiological data.

2) Error-free data transfer to health professionals.

3) Low capital costs and recurring costs.

4) Training of patients and health professionals.

Every person in the population has the potential to obtain and communicate inexpensive, high-quality data to the available health care system.

Technologies can be developed to incorporate the patient into the health information stream.Any technology that captures health information will work for ALL humans.

Consequently, a very large demand for health technologies already is in place.F

300 million people in the United States

Technologies that capture health information potentially are valuable for all humans.

2011 “demand”:

1000 million people in developed nations7000 million people worldwide

Modern technology unit-cost decreases with increased number of units. FUnit costs can be very inexpensive. F

Manufacturing strategies reflect unit demand.Ultra-high volume demand (>10 million units) can engage very low unit cost manufacturing.

McDonalds pre-orders >30 million of each toy.Manufacturing cost per toy of $1.00 or less.

motion sensing LED w/ motherboard

All images

Level C

Target Locations

Level B

Level A

Distributed Health Technologies

TechnicalSkills

MedicalKnowledge

Infra-structure

CapitalInvestment

Transport& Supply

Data &Information

CommunicationPhysicalHuman

Resources

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Pulse Oximeter (pulse rate and oxygen levels)

1971 = OLV-5100

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Infra-red temperature sensor “ear bud”

Microfabricated sensors linked to microprocessors.

Photolithographic fabrication manufacturing allows extremely low-cost, large-volume of complex electronic devices.

Digital data linked to wireless communication.

The “digital electronics revolution” dramatically changes our interaction with information.FResearch advances at the University of Michigan on biological microsensors and communications.F

Rapid advances in micro-sensors and devices

3-axis position acceleration air pressure

battery power magnetic fields oxygenAll images

metal antenna [50 µm thick]

RF siliconmicrochip

[100 µm thick]

polymer support [50 µm thick]

Radio-frequency identification label

10 mm diameter

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High-volume low cost manufacturing

All images

nasal conchaRF microsensor

palate

odor neurons

Nasal cavity RF sensor platform

Level C

Target Locations

Level B

Level A

Distributed Health Technologies

TechnicalSkills

MedicalKnowledge

Infra-structure

CapitalInvestment

Transport& Supply

Data &Information

CommunicationPhysicalHuman

Resources

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low medium high

low low low