Title: RECENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PAST AND PRESENT ANDEAN PASTORALISM Chair: Jose M Capriles Flores (University of Pittsburgh and Washington University in St. Louis) Organizers: Jose M Capriles Flores (University of Pittsburgh and Washington University in St. Louis), jcaprilesflores@wustl.eduand Nicholas Tripcevich (University of California) tripcevich@berkeley.edu

Type: Oral Length: 3.75 Hours First Review Section: Archaeology Division Second Review Section: Society for Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology Third Review Section: Anthropology and Environment Section This session would be of particular interest to: Practicing and Applied Anthropologists and Students Keywords: Mobility, Andes and pastoralism

Session Abstract: The landscape of the highland Andes provides an enduring record of the practices of generations of camelid pastoralists reflecting long-term environmental and social relationships that inform anthropological studies of ancient and modern herders. As the mobile component of many Andean communities, the cyclic movement of herds and caravans facilitated linking of dispersed communities and exchange of goods and information and also affected negotiation of borders and crossings, and the configuration of their political structures. This session draws together recent theoretical and methodological research on Andean herding and its variability through space and time. From camelid domestication and the development of specialized forms of animal husbandry to the impact of the introduction of Old World livestock and the current state of pastoralist communities as they increasingly articulate with the global market economy, this symposium will feature archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic case studies. Themes include construction of pastoralist landscapes (territoriality, landscape modification, temporality, and ritualization), mobility (seasonal residential mobility, long-distance transport by means of caravans), political economy (changing production and distribution strategies), and recent transformations (acculturation, loss of traditional knowledge, impact of climate change). The symposium will provide a broad survey of research and promote interdisciplinary dialogue by emphasizing the engagement of Andean herders (camelid and Old World species) with their cultural and environmental surroundings.

Presentation id# 22246A Comparative Perspective On the Development of Pastoralism In the Andes and Northeast AfricaJose M Capriles Flores (University of Pittsburgh and Washington University in St. Louis) and Fiona B Marshall (Washington University in St. Louis) jcaprilesflores@wustl.edu, fmarshal@wustl.eduPaper Abstract: In this paper, we use a comparative perspective to discuss similarities and differences in the socio-environmental context of the development of pastoralist traditions in the Andes and northeast Africa. In both regions, the initial domestication of animals occurred largely independently of plant cultivation, and focused on animals potentially useful for meat and for transportation. Global environmental changes of the early Holocene had significant effects on long-term patterns of faunal utilization and the mobility and demography of hunter-gatherers. These factors, we argue, influenced convergent processes of animal domestication and mobile pastoralism in the Andes and northeast Africa. Management of camelids, cattle, and donkeys required herders to develop mobility strategies that allowed landscape scale management and provided competitive advantages in climatically unpredictable open rangelands. Later in time, animal husbandry was successfully integrated into broader agricultural systems, but mobile pastoralism remained a viable economic subsistence strategy in regions where yields from cultivation were not predictable. As a result of ongoing research in the Andes and northeast Africa, as well as central Asia, we see a new framework emerging for conceptualization of the beginnings and multiple dimensions of pastoralism.

Presentation id# 19740Ancestors and Animal Herds: Evidence of Funerary Architecture Associated with Corrals From Late Prehispanic Sites In the Ricrn Valley, Central PerManuel Perales (Universidad Nacional del Centro del Per) mperalesm@hotmail.comPaper Abstract: This talk presents evidence of funerary structures in association with corrals in late Prehispanic sites located on summits above 4,000 m.a.s.l. in the central sierra of Per that were discovered during a systematic survey of the upper Ricrn valley in 1999. A classification of the mortuary architecture is proposed that draws upon patterning in their location and distribution with respect to the settlement pattern and to control over resources in the region. It appears that important corral groups are distinguished with high stone walls in association with defensible, fortified positions and close to principal access points to sites. Standardization in design is suggested by certain features, particularly in the orientation toward the mountain chain that divides the Ricrn, Yanamarca, and Mantaro drainage systems. This analysis provides an interpretative basis for examining the links between ancestor veneration, herding activities, and emergent social-political complexity among Ricrn communities in the final centuries preceding the European invasion.

Presentation id# 18122Our Most Precious Gift: The Camelid Sacrifices of Santa Rita B, Chao Valley, N Coastal PerJonathan D. Kent (Metropolitan State University of Denver), Teresa Rosales Tham (Universidad Nacional de La Libertad), Victor Vasquez Sanchez (Centro de Investigaciones Arqueobiolgicas y Paleoecolgicas Andinas (ARQUEOBIOS)), Catherine Gaither (Metropolitan State College of Denver) and Jonathan D Bethard (Boston University School of Medicine) kentj@mscd.edu, vivasa2401@yahoo.comPaper Abstract: The northern Peruvian coast has been identified (at least since the 1980's) as an area in which camelids were raised for participation in highland-coastal exchange webs. The antiquity of this northern coastal pastoralism is still debated, but many would agree that it is in place since at least the early part of the Early Intermediate Period (EIP). Less well known is the way in which human-camelid relationships structured ritual life in this region at that time and thereafter. During our excavations at the Santa Rita B Archaeological Complex in the middle part of the Chao Valley, we encountered several human sacrifices overlying an EIP floor within an architectural unit. Beneath the floor, we encountered the mostly intact skeletons of 7-10 subadult camelids that were killed in uniform way and interred with their bodies all oriented in the same direction, i.e., facing eastward toward the highlands. Because of their intactness, positioning, and context, we have inferred that they were killed as animal sacrifices. In this paper, the finds are described and the nature of camelid sacrifices on the northern Peru coast is explored. Finally, the potential connections with and shifts toward later human sacrifices at Santa Rita B and more broadly on the North Coast are discussed from a global perspective.

Presentation id# 21332Camelids As Social Intermediaries: Suprahousehold and Ritual Practices of the Formative Period, North Titicaca BasinMatthew Christopher Warwick (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee)mcw@uwm.eduPaper Abstract: The Lake Titicaca basin was and remains a major heartland for Andean camelid pastoralism: from the first small Late Archaic herds; the Lupaqa kingdom's great herds; to the familial, allyu community, and industrial herds of today. The Formative period (circa BC 1500 AD 350) is the temporal focus of the present paper. It was marked by the emergence of villages and multi-community polities, increasing regional ritual and economic interaction and social complexity, and an agro-pastoral subsistence economy. My recent study of animal bone from the Huatacoa and Pukara sites sheds light on the integration of camelid pastoralism into the fabric of two non-state, northern Titicaca basin societies Qaluyu and Pukara. This paper summarizes results from diachronic intra- and intersite analyses of prehistoric camelid taxa use and herd management practices. Emphasis is placed on comparative study of wild and herd camelid exploitation within household, public, and ritual contexts. Late Formative corporate labor feasts at Pukara contrast with Formative household subsistence in terms of the identity and age of culled animals. Ritual deposits demonstrate variability in how camelids participate in ritual practice. Data presented to highlight these trends include species identifications, bone pathologies, and available mortality and sex profiles.

Presentation id# 19757Llamas In the City: Urban Herding At the Ancient Andean Center of Tiwanaku, Bolivia (AD. 600-1100)Claudine Vallieres (University of Florida) claudine.vallieres@gmail.comPaper Abstract: This paper suggests that some residents of the ancient urban center of Tiwanaku, situated in the highlands of Bolivia, may have practiced a form of camelid herding undocumented in the ethnographic and ethnohistorical record. Results from my study of faunal remains from the non-elite neighborhood of Mollo Kontu suggest that camelid herding at the capital of Tiwanaku was integrated into the urban fabric at the neighbourhood level. I propose that residents of Mollo Kontu managed their own herds outside of state control. Comparisons of mortality profiles with current models suggest that these camelids were raised primarily to provide households with meat. Less emphasis was put on exploiting secondary products such as wool and use as pack animals. Furthermore, the presence of modified lake features (or qochas) associated with the neighborhood of Mollo Kontu suggests that herds may have been periodically brought into the urban center. Indeed, qochas would have been an easy source of water in the wet season and of pasturage in the dry season. This study illustrates how archaeological work can bring to light the flexibility and variability of Andean camelid herding practices. Furthermore, it demonstrates that urbanism and presence of state-level organization do not necessarily correlate with specialized production or centralized distribution of animals.

Presentation id# 17458Camelids Through Time In Southern PeruSusan D deFrance (University of Florida - Dept of Anthropology) sdef@anthro.ufl.eduPaper Abstract: Camelid pastoralism has been a component of ancient lifeways in southern Peru for several millennia. This presentation examines the history of camelid use in the Osmore drainage of far southern Peru from the Archaic time period to the Spanish colonial era. Camelids were important for social, economic, and ritual purposes. Extensive archaeological research in the region indicates that domesticated camelids became a part of local culture during the Archaic time period. By the time that early expansive states of the Wari and Tiwanaku culture settled the region, camelid pastoralism was an economic mainstay. The role of pastoralism continued into the Late Intermediate Chiribaya period. Our best evidence for the ritual use of camelids is from mummified remains of llamas and alpacas at a low sierra site and in coastal burial contexts associated with Chiribaya peoples. Evidence for camelid use during Inca times comes from an upland sierra setting and the Pacific coast. Recent work at the Inca site of Tambo Tacahuay indicates that camelids were probably reared on the coast based on the range of ages represented including newborn or fetal individuals. Following Spanish conquest of the region, camelid pastoralism remained important but became more focused in the highlands while Eurasian domesticates came to dominate in lower elevations. The health of camelids and the quality of their fiber suffered as a result of the Spanish conquest. The diachronic view off camelid use in a single valley provides interesting insights into human animal relationships through time.

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Presentation id# 17459Gifts From the Camelids: Archaeobotanical Insights Into Camelid Pastoralism Through Dung StudiesMaria C Bruno (Dickinson College) and Christine Hastorf (University of California - Berkeley) brunom@dickinson.edu, hastorf@berkeley.eduPaper Abstract: Burned camelid dung is a significant source of plant remains in the Andean archaeobotanical record. While these remains have provided insights into past farming and cooking, we have not sought what these eaten plants are telling us about the camelids themselves. Through archaeobotanical data, we will examine the role of camelids in the creation of anthropogenic landscapes of the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. We will examine aspects of grazing such as what plants were preferred by camelids, how grazing impacted local plant ecology, and how these herds would have fit into village landscapes of public spaces, homes, and fields. We also consider the contributions of camelids to agricultural production, specifically the use of dung as fertilizer.

Presentation id# 19798Camelid Fodder, Human Food, and Pastoralist Perspectives In the Paleoethnobotanical Record: Unraveling Wankarani Plant Economies From Formative Period, BoliviaBrieAnna Sylvia Langlie (Washington University in St. Louis)blanglie@wustl.eduPaper Abstract: Archaeological studies of Andean pastoralist societies have traditionally focused on the relationship between camelids and human populations. Current models often resign plant cultivars to a secondary role in subsistence. In part, this focus is a result of the exclusion of plants from pastoralist ideological systems. Recent research among pastoralist societies across the world has suggested that despite these ideological emphases, pastoralist groups have a complex economic relationship with plants. While both wild and cultivated plants likely served as sustenance for both humans and camelids, unraveling this relationship in the archaeological record has proven difficult. Thoughtful interpretation of archaeobotanical contexts and plant remains is confounded by the use of camelid dung as fuel. In order to untangle the relationship between plants, domesticated animals, and humans within pastoralist societies, archaeobotanical research of Andean pastoralists must take an integrative approach employing a diversity of methods. I offer new insights into archaeobotanical data derived from Formative period (2000 B.C.-A.D. 400) Wankarani sites located in the south-central Andes, Bolivia. This data suggests that pastoralist economies were intertwined with plant agriculture and pastoralists might have played a significant role in processes of plant domestication in the Andes. A consideration of the framework through which we view pastoral plant use affords a more nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between the Wankarani, camelids, and their plant economy.

Presentation id# 17463Crossing the Western Altiplano: Tiwanaku Routes, Pasture, and Camelid TransportPatrick Ryan Williams (Field Museum of Natural History) and Benjamin Vining (Boston University) rwilliams@fieldmuseum.org, bvining@bu.eduPaper Abstract: Tiwanaku state expansion and colonization outside the altiplano was heavily dependent on camelid caravans to achieve and maintain a far flung colonization network. Likewise, camelid pastoralism and production was key to the expansion enterprise even in adjacent regions. Pastoralism in the western altiplano highlands relied on alpine wetlandsbofedalesthat provided high-quality pasturage for large camelid populations, and are preferred by wool-producing alpacas. Based on quantification of modern bofedal productivity with remote-sensing derived vegetation indices, village fissioning at the Formative Middle Horizon transition preferentially refocused settlement on bofedales that were seasonally and inter-annually stable and increased potential pasturing rates by more than an order of magnitude. Careful management of bofedal resources is evident in palaeoenvironmental proxies and the stability of landuse patterns into the modern period. We analyze western Titicaca Basin pasturage intensity through remote sensing greenness indices. We then compare the pasturage intensity to ancient road networks connecting the southern basin to the western valley colonies and present an interpretation for why Tiwanaku established the distinct relationships it did with different western valley areas.

Presentation id# 19909Time, Landscape, and Caravan MobilityNicholas Tripcevich (University of California)tripcevich@berkeley.eduPaper Abstract: The image of a llama caravan crossing the puna is at once timeless and a carefully arranged phenomenon. A distinctive element of Andean culture and history, long distance llama caravans are believed to have facilitated regional scale Andean developments. Archaeologists encounter evidence of past long-distance interaction principally through geochemical and stylistic distributions, however key details about procurement and trade in antiquity: the acquisition, voyage, and transfer of goods, are largely elusive to archaeologists. This talk uses evidence from a 2007 ethnoarchaeological study with a Peruvian llama caravan bearing salt, as well as other ethnographic material, to focus on the temporal aspects of these activities that are central to this lifeway, but difficult to document through material remains.

Presentation id# 17446The Ritual Constitution of PLACE Among South Andean PastoralistsAxel Emil Nielsen (CONICET)axelnielsen@gmail.comPaper Abstract: The collective appropriation of land and the individual appropriation of animals are structural principles shared by all pastoral peoples. The tension generated by these principles, which are necessary for the reproduction of this way of life, is played out implicitly or explicitly in a variety of practices. Put simply, in order to secure the prosperity of their herds, every domestic unit has negotiate with their neighbors exclusive rights to the use of pastures that, by norm, belong to all members of the community. The hypothesis of this paper is that among Andean pastoralists ritual is an important arena for the development of these negotiations, therefore, for the reproduction of the social landscape. Specifically, through ceremonial hospitality and the reciprocal obligations implied in its acceptance, herders periodically renew the agreements with their neighbors (potential competitors) and with the mountain spirits (ultimate owners of the land) that are necessary for the constitution of a place of their own in a communal territory. Based on 10 months of fieldwork in a community of specialized pastoralists (llameros) of the southern Bolivian altiplano, this paper analyzes these place-negotiation practices in three ritual events: the ear-marking or qilpa, the annual sacrifice to the mountain spirits (espritu), and the main ritual conducted during long-distance caravan journeys. It is argued that in the three situations herders deploy similar practical logics to negotiate their places with their neighbors, with the community, and with the local herders in the territories they traverse with their caravans.

Presentation id# 18542The Territorial Practices of the Pastoral Andean Communities of Southern Peru In the Context of Climate ChangeGustavo Valdivia (Columbia University) and Xavier Ricard (Universit de la Sorbonne nouvelle Paris III)gv2204@columbia.edu, x.ricard@ccfd.asso.frPaper Abstract: In this paper we examine the actual territorial practices of Sibayo, an Andean pastoral community in Arequipa, Peru. Although this community is situated at a considerable geographic and symbolic distance from the Pacific Coast, it has been documented that Sibayo has had territorial control over an important coastal area since Pre-Colonial times. Today, this area is still used by Sibayo locals to extract a highly demanded seaweed (quchayuyu), which is later used in food exchanges through long distance trade routes, traditionally traveled using llama caravans and regulated under reciprocal exchange norms. This territorial system represents an ecologically efficient form of land use in the extreme geographical conditions of the southern Andean region of Peru. By managing the high diversity of resources, soils and microclimates, distributed vertically and transversely along this area, these traditional territorial practices remain until today an important source of diversified food for Sibayo. Moreover, they constitute, in practice, a highly sophisticated system for managing climate variability. In the last two decades these territorial practices have been persistently destructurated by the actions held by different state offices and NGOs, inspired by the neoliberal development agenda. However, considering the most recent scientific findings on climate change, we show in this paper that these practices constitute one of the most important sources of information and knowledge for developing a consistent strategy to face the challenges of this phenomenon in the Andean region.

Presentation id# 17442DiscussantDavid L Browman (Washington University in St. Louis) dlbrowma@artsci.wustl.edu

Presentation id# 17443DiscussantMark Aldenderfer (University of California) msaldenderfer1@gmail.com

PART 2Title: RECENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PAST AND PRESENT ANDEAN PASTORALISM (PART 2) Chair: Nicholas Tripcevich PhD (University of California)Organizers: Nicholas Tripcevich PhD (University of California), tripcevich@berkeley.eduand Jose M Capriles Flores (University of Pittsburgh and Washington University in St. Louis) jcaprilesflores@wustl.edu

Type: Oral Length: 3.75 Hours First Review Section: Archaeology Division Second Review Section: Society for Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology Third Review Section: Anthropology and Environment Section Estimated Attendance: 35 This session would be of particular interest to: Students Keywords: Human-animal relations, andes and pastoralism Suggested Keyword: risk management

Session Abstract: The landscape of the highland Andes provides an enduring record of the practices of generations of camelid pastoralists reflecting long-term environmental and social relationships that inform anthropological studies of ancient and modern herders. As the mobile component of many Andean communities, the cyclic movement of herds and caravans facilitated linking of dispersed communities and exchange of goods and information and also affected negotiation of borders and crossings, and the configuration of their political structures. This session draws together recent theoretical and methodological research on Andean herding and its variability through space and time. From camelid domestication and the development of specialized forms of animal husbandry to the impact of the introduction of Old World livestock and the current state of pastoralist communities as they increasingly articulate with the global market economy, this symposium will feature archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic case studies. Themes include construction of pastoralist landscapes (territoriality, landscape modification, temporality, and ritualization), mobility (seasonal residential mobility, long-distance transport by means of caravans), political economy (changing production and distribution strategies), and recent transformations (acculturation, loss of traditional knowledge, impact of climate change). The symposium will provide a broad survey of research and promote interdisciplinary dialogue by emphasizing the engagement of Andean herders (camelid and Old World species) with their cultural and environmental surroundings.

Presentation id# 20018Camelid Management Practices On the Prehispanic North Coast of PeruPaul Szpak (University of Western Ontario and University of Western Ontario), Christine White (University of Western Ontario), Jean-Franois Millaire (University of Western Ontario) and Fred J Longstaffe (University of Western Ontario) pszpak@uwo.ca, jean-francois.millaire@uwo.ca, flongsta@uwo.caPaper Abstract: This paper presents stable isotope data from archaeological South American camelids, as well as textiles manufactured from camelid wool derived from a variety of contexts (e.g. midden, ceremonial) from the north coast of Peru. The isotopic data suggest an extremely variable, and markedly different pattern of camelid management than has been recorded for modern and ethnohistoric herders in the Peruvian highlands. The implications for these management decisions are assessed in light of recent anthropological literature that has addressed the significant and complex manners in which the lives and deaths of humans and animals influence and are influenced by a multitude of social, economic, and political forces.

Presentation id# 18988Camelids From the Northern Peruvian Coast: Origin, Diet, and Herd Management During the Mochica Period (100-800 ADElise Dufour (Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris-CNRS) and Nicolas Goepfert (CNRS-Paris 1, UMR 8096 Archologie des Amriques) nicolasgoepfert@yahoo.frPaper Abstract: Camelid remains are commonly found in coastal Peruvian archaeological sites dated to the Prehispanic period. Modern populations of these animals are no longer found on the coast; instead, they are only raised in the Andean highlands. Based on the modern geographical distribution of camelids, it has long been hypothesized that they were brought to the coast through vertical exchanges with the Andean highlands. Zooarchaeological data and serial isotopic analysis of dental enamel from specimens dated from the Mochica period (100-800 A.D.) were used to infer diet and geographical origin as well as to provide insight into herd management practices. These archaeological specimens were recovered from tombs and ceremonial contexts at the sites of Uhle Platform at Moche and El Brujo (northern Peru). Results show that these camelids were raised on the coast during their first years of life and fed mainly C3 plants and various amounts of marine resources and/or C4 plants. The present study suggests alternative herding management practices and a strong adaptation to the arid costal environment of northern Peru during the Mochica period.

Presentation id# 20527Offering Llamas to the Sea: The Economic and Ideological Importance of Camelids In Chimu Society, North Coast of PeruNicolas Goepfert (CNRS-Paris 1, UMR 8096 Archologie des Amriques) and Oscar Gabriel Prieto (Yale University) nicolasgoepfert@yahoo.fr, oscar.prieto@yale.eduPaper Abstract: In August, 2011 an impressive human and animal sacrificial context was found. It was associated with the Chimu society and it was located near Chan Chan, the capital of the Chimu state. A total number of 43 children and 76 well preserved llamas were uncovered. Preliminary results show that humans and animals were sacrificed. The sacrificial pattern observed on the llamas is similar to the present day ceremonial practices done in the Peruvian southern highlands. Although Andean camelids are considered natives from the highlands, it is well known that they have been present in the Peruvian coastline since the Early Horizon (BC 500). More important, this mass burial context is showing the symbolic importance of camelids in coastal Prehispanic societies. Most of the recovered specimens are young and they were chosen by its fur color, implying that Chimu state could have been managing large herd. If this statement is valid, we can argue that likewise the Incas, coastal sociopolitical organizations were raising large numbers of camelids for ceremonial practices. Finally, this paper will explore the economic and sociopolitical importance of camelids in Prehispanic coastal societies. The information recovered from the Chimu sacrificial context will be compared with available data from the Moche valley and other sites of the Peruvian north coast.

Presentation id# 19722Caravans In Imperial Context: The Role of Camelid Caravans During the Middle Horizon In PeruSilvana A Rosenfeld PhD (University of South Dakota) Silvana.Rosenfeld@usd.eduPaper Abstract: The traffic of goods and knowledge is a necessary key element to maintain sociopolitical control of expansive states. During the Wari Empire (AD 550-950, Peru), llama caravans are credited with transporting agricultural products, textiles, stonework, decorated ceramics, obsidian, marine shells, and other objects of great importance for the Wari economy and its sociopolitical prestige. Further, since some scholars (e.g. Schreiber 1992) argue that the Wari expansion was based on the need of agricultural produce while others on the demand of non-local goods (e.g. Jennings 2006), research on interregional distributive mechanisms is central in order to understand the imperial control of the colonies. In this paper, I will survey different direct and indirect lines of evidence (road systems, camelid bones, exotic artifacts) from different Wari sites to evaluate our knowledge of llama caravans in supporting the Wari statecraft.

Presentation id# 19721Pastoral Intensification, Social Fissioning, and Ties to State Economies At the Formative - Middle Horizon Transition In the Lake Suches Basin, PeruBenjamin Vining (Boston University) bvining@bu.eduPaper Abstract: Archaeological survey in the Lake Suches Basin (Moquegua and Tacna) reveals a markedly bimodal pattern to prehispanic highland pastoral settlement. Early communities, during the Middle Late Formative ca. 800 BC AD 400, resided in small villages of approximately 40 households. In the subsequent Middle Horizon, village communities fissioned into individual dispersed hamlets that housed extended families, establishing the estancia settlement type that typifies rural highland settlement throughout the late Prehispanic period. Pastoralism in Suches relied on alpine wetlandsbofedalesthat provided high-quality pasturage for large camelid populations, and are preferred by wool-producing alpacas. Bofedales are a greater percentage of landcover in Suches than in adjacent portions of the central Andes, and this highly productive pastoral zone is in proximity to urban consumers in the Lake Titicaca Basin. Based on quantification of modern bofedal productivity with remote-sensing derived vegetation indices, village fissioning at the Formative Middle Horizon transition preferentially refocused settlement on bofedales that were seasonally and inter-annually stable and increased potential pasturing rates by more than an order of magnitude. Careful management of bofedal resources is evident in palaeoenvironmental proxies and the stability of landuse patterns into the modern period. These changes reflect a high-quality wool industry that apparently intensified in the late prehispanic period. Intensification may have resulted from pastoral efforts to commoditize animal wealth while participating in external markets, potentially supporting state finance. Intensified herding promoted bofedal health and stable land use patterns, but may have had indirect costs to the social cohesion of highland communities.

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Presentation id# 21331Early Domesticated Camelids In the AndesKatherine M Moore (Penn Museum) kmmoore@sas.upenn.eduPaper Abstract: The domestication of the Andean camelids is poorly understood, even though distinctive llama and alpaca pastoral systems have been documented at many archaeological sites. The social behavior and ecology of the wild vicuna and guanaco weaken the analogies with the domestication of sheep, goats, or cattle in the Old World. Genetic relationships between modern camelid species cast some light on the early history of the llama and alpaca. The ecology and physiological requirements of the wild species also indicate the likely location and some of the constraints on early domestication. The study of body size and proportion from skeletal remains indicates diverse regional patterns of adaptation rather than a consistent measure of domestication. Middle and Late Preceramic sites in Central Peru attest to intensive use and behavioral manipulation of a smaller camelid. Less is known about the domestication of the widely distributed and drought-tolerant llama. While camelids were famous for their wool and transport roles in later prehistoric times, the earlier stages of their use must have been oriented to reduce the risk in procuring meat by hunting. This new relationship would have accentuated the organization of human settlements around pasture, water, and suitable areas for agriculture.

Presentation id# 19048Population Growth and Migration: Challenges for Rangeland Management by Altiplano PastoralistsCecilia Turin (Rural Sociology. University of Missouri and Department of Rural Sociology. University of Missouri) and Corinne Valdivia (Agricultural Economics. University of Missouri) ceciliaturincanchaya@mail.missouri.edu, ValdiviaC@missouri.eduPaper Abstract: Overgrazing due to pastoralists mismanagement was pointed out as main cause of rangeland degradation in the Peruvian Altiplano by technicians. However, very little has been explored to understand what drives pastoralists to mismanage their natural resources. Information collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation conducted in three communities of pastoralists of the Peruvian Altiplano in 2010 makes it possible to explore the possible causes for this behavior. Changes caused by population growth and migration that affect pastoralist lives lead to mismanagement of rangelands. Population growth results in increased land redistribution that reduced grazing areas. Their intensive use of grazing lands and reduced rotations affected the recovery of rangelands. Migration resulted in labor shortages affecting the management of rangelands. This labor consisting of women living alone, old members of the household and itinerant migrants, hardly meets the demands of proper management. Since pastoralism for migrants has become a secondary livelihood strategy, migrants neglect taking care of the land compared to those for which it is a priority. Key decision makers at household and communal level are absent due to migration, debilitating the communal organization impacting on rangeland management. Land redistribution is reaching its limit. As a consequence migration is at present the only development alternative for the new generations. The future for pastoralists remains uncertain, especially with climate change. Poverty reduction and rural development policies for the Altiplano should include these social facts in order to improve their effectiveness and impact.

Presentation id# 19826Andean Pastoralism and Its Effect On Economic and Social Stability In the AndesLawrence A Kuznar (Indiana University-Purdue University) kuznar@ipfw.eduPaper Abstract: Andean pastoralism emerged in response to both social and environmental risk, and therefore was always tied to the economic and social stability of Andean societies. In this paper, I review ethnographic evidence of how Andean pastoralism increases economic and social stability in some ways, and works against stability in others. Stability is enhanced as herds are used to bank resources and compliment agricultural fluctuations, and as herders facilitate trade and the creation of social connections that bind Andean communities into larger wholes. Instability is created due to the inherent instability of herd demography, environmental degradation that sometimes accompanies herding, conflicts over pastures, rustling, and mobile herders providing conduits for illicit elements of society. Herds also provided the backbone of ancient warfare logistics, which had varying effects on stability. I suggest analogies between ethnographic patterns of pastoralism and ancient effects of herding on Andean social stability.

Presentation id# Transforming Andean Pastoral Traditions: New Challenges and Opportunities for Camelid ManagementKarina Yager (NASA)karina.yager@gmail.comPaper Abstract: Andean pastoral management practices have undergone significant changes since the conquest of the Spanish, and especially so in the last decades with rapid socio-environmental changes. Recent changes include climate change, population growth, herd and product management, new species and modes of transportation, and change in the societal role of pastoral lifeways. Traditional modes of Andean pastoralism are thus rapidly transforming, as new generations of herders redefine practices of camelid management that match a changed society. I discuss new challenges and opportunities, both social and environmental, that herders manage in order to continue pastoral practices and sustain this culturally significant Andean mode of production, including aspects of pasture management and a rising shift to vicuna management. The future of Andean pastoralism is considered, drawing on experiences from Sajama National Park, Bolivia.

Presentation id# 19773DiscussantLisa B Markowitz (University of Louisville) lisa.markowitz@louisville.edu

Presentation id# 21333DiscussantDavid L Browman (Washington University in St. Louis) dlbrowma@artsci.wustl.edu