แผลกดทับ - chiang mai university · 2018-04-30 · definition national pressure...

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แผลกดทับ Pressure Ulcer Rehabilitation Medicine (331516) ผศ.พญ.ปรัชญพร คาเมืองลือ ผศ.พญ.จีระนันท์ คุณาชีวะ ภาควิชาเวชศาสตร์ฟื้นฟู คณะแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่

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Page 1: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

แผลกดทบ Pressure Ulcer

Rehabilitation Medicine (331516)

ผศ.พญ.ปรชญพร ค าเมองลอ

ผศ.พญ.จระนนท คณาชวะ

ภาควชาเวชศาสตรฟนฟ คณะแพทยศาสตร มหาวทยาลยเชยงใหม

Page 2: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

วตถประสงค

• รลกษณะแผลกดทบระยะตาง ๆ

• รสาเหตทท าใหเกดแผลกดทบ

• รแนวทางการบ าบดฟนฟผ ปวยทมแผลกดทบ

• รจกวธการและการใชอปกรณชวยปองกนแผลกดทบในกลมผ ปวยอมพาต

Page 3: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

หนงสออานประกอบ

Page 4: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

What is Pressure ulcer ?

Page 5: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Definition

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007

“A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear”

Page 6: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pathophysiology

www.urgo.co.uk/160-pressure-ulcers

Page 7: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pressure ulcer staging

Page 8: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/wound-assessment-2495588

Page 9: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/wound-assessment-2495588

Page 10: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/wound-assessment-2495588

Page 11: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/wound-assessment-2495588

Page 12: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

NPUAP Pressure Ulcer Stages I

• Epidermis

• Non-blanchable erythema with intact skin

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/ http://apamedcentral.org

Page 13: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

NPUAP Pressure Ulcer Stages II

• Partial thickness dermis loss

– Shallow open ulcer

– Serum-filled/

sero-sanginous filled blister

– No slough or bruising

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/

Page 14: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/wound-assessment-2495588

Page 15: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

NPUAP Pressure Ulcer Stages III

• Full thickness tissue loss

– Subcutaneous fat maybe visible

– Not exposed bone, tendon or muscle

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/

Page 17: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

NPUAP Pressure Ulcer Stages IV • Full thickness tissue loss

with extensive destruction

– Bone, tendon, muscle or joint capsule

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/

http://apamedcentral.org

Page 18: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Unstageable/Unclassified

• depth unknown

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/

www.ouhsc.edu

Page 19: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin
Page 20: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Suspected Deep Tissue Injury

• Discolored intact skin (Purple or maroon)

• Blood-filled blister

Ref: npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/pressure-ulcer-categorystaging-illustrations/ www.ouhsc.edu

Page 21: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.woundsource.com/patientcondition/pressure-ulcers-suspected-deep-tissue-injury-sdti

Page 22: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Assessment of Pressure Ulcer

• Grading

• Size (W x L x D)

• Necrotic tissue

• Exudate

• Wound margin

• Surrounding tissue

• Sinus tract

• Site

Page 23: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Sites of Pressure Ulcers

http://gatlineducation.com/demo/PTA_Demo/html/L05/L05CH01P01.html

Page 24: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Risk-assessment Braden scale: low score = high risk (16 or 10 in SCI)

Subscale 1 2 3 4 Score

Sensory

perception Completely limited Very limited Slightly limited

No

impairment

Moisture Constantly moist Very moist Occasionally

moist

Rarely

moist

Activity Bedfast Chairfast Walks

occasionally

Walks

frequently

Mobility Completely immobile Very limited Slightly limited No

limitation

Nutrition Very poor Probably

inadequate Adequate Excellent

Friction

and shear

Requires moderate to

maximum assistance

in moving

Moves freely or

requires minimum

assistance

Moves

independently -

Page 25: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH)

PUSH Tool 3.0

Page 26: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Local factors affect wound healing

• Drying

• Exudate & necrotic tissue

• Microorganism (infection)

• Tissue trauma (pressure, shearing, friction)

• Oxygen

• Edema

Page 27: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Intrinsic factors

• Aging

• Immobility

• Impaired sensation

• Malnutrition (hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, cachexia)

• Anemia (decrease O2 to the wound)

• Smoking

• Incontinence

• Medication (steroid, ect)

Page 28: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Principles of treatment

• Patient education

• Nutrition

• Pressure redistribution

– Overlay and mattress

– Cushion

• Wound care

– Debridement

– Dressing

Page 29: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Patient education

• การดแลผวหนง • ตรวจผวหนง อยางนอยวนละครง โดยการดและคล าบรเวณป มกระดกตาง ๆ

http://en.hesperian.org_skininspection

Page 30: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

• การดแลผวหนง • ท าความสะอาดผวหนงบรเวณกนเปนประจ าทกวนและทกครงทมอจจาระเลดราด

• ใชน ายาท าความสะอาดออน ๆ เพอลดผวหนงแหงและการระคายเคองตอผวหนง

• ลดการสมผสกบสงแวดลอมทท าใหผวหนงแหงหรอชนแฉะเกนไป

Page 31: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

• การจดทาและการเปลยนทา – ควรเปลยนทานอนทก 2 ชวโมง

ทานงทก 30 นาท – ไมนอนทบป มกระดกดานขางสะโพกโดยตรง

– ทานอนคว าชวยลดภาวะกลามเนอหดเกรงในผ ปวย spinal cord injury

Page 32: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

จดทานอนโดยเวนชองวางบรเวณป มกระดกเพอลดแรงกด

Page 33: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Nutrition

• Protein < 6.4 g/dl

• Albumin < 3.5 g/dl Risk of pressure ulcer

• Protein 1.25-1.5 g/kg/day

• Vitamin A, C, E

• Zinc

• Iron

Page 34: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pressure redistribution

• Overlay and mattress

Static: Foam, Gel, Air

Dynamic: Alternating air overlay, Low air-loss bed, Air-fluidized bed

• Cushion

Foam, Gel, Air

Page 36: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Gel mattress

https://www.sleepstoreusa.com

Page 37: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

www.mobility1st.ca/seating.html http://lifetimenurse.blogspot.com/

http://www.phc-online.com

Page 38: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://www.phc-online.com

www.hill-rom.com

Page 39: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

https://www.sleepstoreusa.com

Outer Removable Coverlet

Inner Air-Delivery Cover

Air Cylinders High density Foam Shell

Control Unit

Safety Edge

http://www.phc-online.com

Page 40: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Seat cushion

Foam cushion

www.putnams.co.uk www.forrmobility.co.uk

Page 41: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Gel cushion

http://www.alibaba.com

Gel-Foam Cushion

Page 42: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

• ROHO cushion

http://sci.washington.edu/info/forums/reports/pressure_map.asp www.mobility1st.ca/seating.html

Page 43: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pressure mapping mat

http://sci.washington.edu/info/forums/reports/pressure_map.asp

Goal: < 60 mmHg

Page 44: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Pressure relief technique

http://sci.washington.edu/info/forums/reports/pressure_map.asp

Tilting or Reclining

Page 45: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

http://askus.unitedspinal.org/index.php?pg=kb.page&id=2408

Leaning Side to Side

Page 46: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Leaning Forward

http://askus.unitedspinal.org/index.php?pg=kb.page&id=2408

Page 48: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Wound care

• Types of debridement

o Sharp -knife, scissor

o Mechanical

oUsing gauze: wet-to-dry

oWound irrigation

oWhirlpool

o Autolytic- occlusive dressing

o Enzymatic- chemical enzymes e.g. collagenase

o Biosurgical- maggots

Page 50: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Honey

hilltopnaturalcosmetics.com www.freewebs.com

Page 51: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Topical dressing

• Gauze

• Foams

• Hydrocolloids— absorb exudate

• Calcium alginate — absorb exudate

• Hydrogels—retain moisture, if the wound is dry

• Transparent film dressing

• Dressing left in place until fluid leaks from sides

Page 52: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin
Page 53: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

General dressing guideline

• Assess wound every dressing change, and documented at least weekly

• Clean wound NSS

• Exudate

– Minimal to mild: saline gauze dressing, hydrocolloid, polyurethane foam

– Moderate to heavy: calcium alginate dressing

Page 54: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

• Thick necrotic eschar

debridement

saline gauze, hydrocolloid, calcium alginate

• Wound cavity

loosely fill with calcium alginate, hydrocolloid

pastes, polyurethane foam

• Biofilm

Prontosan lotion

If no improvement in 3 wk changing the management

Page 55: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Electrical stimulation

http://lbk.fe.uni-lj.si/wounds.html

Adjuvant Therapeutic Modalities

Page 57: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Low-energy laser therapy

www.softlasers.com

Page 58: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)

Page 59: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

• Pulsatile lavage therapy

www.podiatrytoday.com www.zimmer.com

Hydrotherapy

Page 60: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Hydrotherapy

• Whirlpool

Contraindication • Maceration around a wound • Bleeding • Impaired thermal sensation • Infection • Area with recent skin graft

cduhrehabmed.weebly.com

www.familycarept.com

Page 61: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Surgical treatment

Indication

• Stage III and IV ulcers – involved bones or joints

• Ulcers with sinus tracts

• Significant undermining – cave-like wounds

• Chronic ulcers -- no progress of healing

Page 63: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Sitting program วนท เวลา รวม (นาท)

1 เชา 5 บาย 5 10

2 เชา 5 บาย 5 เยน 5 15

3 เชา 5 สาย 5 บาย 10 เยน 10 30

4 เชา 10 สาย 10 บาย 15 เยน 15 50

5 เชา 15 สาย 15 บาย 20 เยน 20 70

6 เชา 20 สาย 20 บาย 30 เยน 30 100

7 เชา 30 สาย 30 บาย 45 เยน 45 150

8 เชา 45 บาย 45 เยน 60 150

9 เชา 60 บาย 60 เยน 75 195

10 เชา 75 บาย 75 เยน 90 240

11 เชา 90 บาย 90 เยน 105 285

12 เชา 105 บาย 105 เยน 120 330

13 เชา 120 บาย 120 เยน 120 360

14 เชา 120 บาย 120 เยน 120 360

Page 64: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Complications of pressure ulcers

• Risk of recurrent pressure ulcer

• Heterotopic ossification

• Septic arthritis

• Perineal urethral fistula

• Sinus tract or abscess

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Maggot infestation

Page 66: แผลกดทับ - Chiang Mai University · 2018-04-30 · Definition National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panal (NPUAP) 2007 “A pressure ulcer is localized injury to the skin

Thank you for your attention