By Authority OfTHE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document

By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code 552(a) and Part 1 of the Code of Regulations 51 the attached document has been duly INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America. HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.

Official Incorporator:THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOROFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTERWASHINGTON, D.C.

Document Name:

CFR Section(s):

Standards Body:

e

carlTypewritten TextAASHTO: Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

carlTypewritten Text24 CFR 200, Subpart S

carlTypewritten TextAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

for

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

Adopted by

,The American Association of State Highway Officials

ElEVENTH EDITION

1973

Published by the Association

General Offices

341 National Press Building

Washington, D.C. 20004

Copyright 1973

Second Printing. 1973 SM

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS

OFFICERS FOR 1973

President: Thomas F. Airis, Washintgon, D.C, 1973

First Vice President: Ward Goodman {Deceased March 15, 1973}

Regional Vice Presidents: Region I Raymond T. Schuler, New York, 1973 Region II A. B. Ratcliff, Jr. Louisiana, 1973

Region III Robert N. Hunter, Missouri, 1974 Region IV James A. Moe, California, 1974

Past Presidents: (Ex Officio) David H. Stevens, Maine Charles E. Shumate, Colorado Douglas B. Fugate, Virginia

Federal Highway Administrator: {Ex Officio} R. R. Bartelsmeyer, Acting Administrator

Members: Wm. N. Price, Arizona, 1973 Jay W. Brown, Florida, 1973 George H. Andrews, Washington, {Interim} 1973

Wm. S. Ritchie, Jr. West Virginia, 1974

John C Kohl, New Jersey, 1975 Ray Lappegaard, Minnesota, {Interim} 1973

R. H. Whitaker, New Hampshire, 1976

J. R. Coupal, Jr., Iowa, 1976

Treasurer: S. N. Pearman, South Carolina, 1976

Executive Director: Henrik E. Stafseth, Washington, D.C

ii

OPERATING SUB-COMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 1973

CHARLES S. MATLOCK, Alaska, Chairman

W. JACK WILKES, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary

ALABAMA, B. E. HIGGINS ALASKA, DONALD HALSTED ARIZONA, MARTIN TONEY ARKANSAS, VERAL PINKERTON CALIFORNIA, JAMES E. McMAHON, A. E. ELLIOTT COLORADO, PAUL CHUVARSKY CONNECTICUT, ROBERT A. NORTON, EDMUND T. KOENIG DELA WARE, ROBERT C. McDoWELL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, G. I. SAWYER, BERNARD J. O'DONNELL FHWA, W. JACK WILKES FLORIDA, TOM ALBERDI, JR. GEORGIA, RUSSELL L. CHAPMAN, VERNON W. SMITH, JR. GUAM HAWAII IDAHO, ROBERT JARVIS ILLINOIS, C. E. THUNMAN, JR., EDWARD J. KEHL INDIANA, NELSON W. STEINKAMP, F. R. RICHARDSON IOWA, CHARLES PESTOT~IK KANSAS, CHARLES CARPENTER, E. E. WILKINSON KENTUCKY, CHARLES G. COOK, J. T. ANDERSON LOUISIANA, DAVID HUVAL, SIDNEY L. POLEYNARD MAINE, THEODORE KARASOPOULOS MARYLAND, WALTER H. BIDDLE, H. H. BOWERS MASSACHUSETTS, JOHN J. AHERNE, JR. MICHIGAN, NELSON JONES MINNESOTA, LEO A. KORTH MISSISSIPPI, BENNIE D. VERRELL, V. W. GUY MISSOURI, W. D. CARNEY MONTANA, HOWAIW E. STRATTON NEBRASKA, CHARLES D. SMITH NEVADA, ALLAN ODELL NEW HAMPSHIRE, E. T. SWIERZ NEW JERSEY, WARREN ,J. SUKDERLAND NEW MEXICO, T. E. MCCARTY, J. A. SEIBERT NEW YORK, ROBERT N. KAMP NORTH CAROLINA, J. L. NORRIS, L. M. TEMPLE NORTH DAKOTA, ALLEN J. ANDERSON OHIO, ROBERT PFEIFER OKLAHOMA, V],LDO GOINS OREGON, WALTER S. HART PENNSYLVANIA, BERNARD KOTALIK PUERTO RICO, JOSE J. MUNIZ, SAMUEL LABOY

SOUTH CAROLINA, M. D. MOSELEY, W. E. CRUM SOUTH DAKOTA, K .. C. WILSON TENNESSEE, R. C. ODLE, HENRY DERTHICK TEXAS, WAYNE HENNEBERGER UTAH, RAY BEHLING VERMONT, WENDELL M. SMITH VIRGINIA, FRED G. SUTHERLAND, E. H. JONES WASHINGTON, C. S. GLOYD WEST VIRGINIA, HARRY H. STEPHENS, ROBERT C. SMITH WISCONSIN, WILLIAM A. KLINE WYOMING, CHARLES WILSON

iv

CONTENTS Page

Preface ......................................................... xxxi Introduction ..................................................... xxxii Division I Design ............................................. 1 Division II Construction ........................................ 247 Appendix A Tables of Maximum Moments, Shears and Reactions, Stan-

dard Loadings ..................................... 411 Appendix B Truck Train and Equivalent Loadings ................. 415 Appendix C Formulas for Steel Columns .......................... 416 Appendix D Position and Direction of Neutral Axis and Formulas for

Stresses .......................................... 433 Index 434

Division I

DESIGN

Article Page

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7

1.1.8 1.1.9

1.1.10 1.1.11 1.1.12 1.1.13 1.1.14 1.1.15

1.1.16

Design Analysis ......................................... 1

SECTION I-GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN.......... 1

Bridge Locations ........................................ . Bridge Waterways ...................................... .

(A) Site Data .................................... . (B) Hydrologic Analysis ........................... . (C) Hydraulic Analysis ........................... .

Pier Spacing, Orientation and Type ...................... . Culvert Waterway Openings ............................. . Culvert Location and Length ............................. . Width of Roadway and Sidewalk .......................... . Clearances ............................................. .

(A) Navigational .................................. . (B) Vehicular ..................................... . (C) Other ........................................ .

Curbs and Sidewalks .................................... . Railings ............................................... .

(A) Traffic Railing ................................ . (B) Pedestrian Railing ............................. .

Roadway Drainage ...................................... . Superelevation .......................................... . Floor Surfaces ......................................... . Blast Protection ........................................ . Utilities Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for Tunnels ......... .

(A) Roadway Width ............................... . (B) Clearance Between Walls ...................... . (C) Curbs ........................................ . (D) Vertical Clearance ............................. .

Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for Depressed Roadways (A) Roadway Width ............................... . /T"Io\ ........

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 8 8 9 !)

9 10 10 10 10 10

vi

Article 1.1.17

1.2.1 1.2.2

1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5

1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8

1.2.9 1.2.10 1.2.11

1.2.12

1.2.13 1.2.14

1.2.15 1.2.16 1.2.17 1.2.18 1.2.19 1.2.20 1.2.21 1.2.22

1.3.1

CONTENTS

Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances For Underpasses ..... . (A) Widths ....................................... . ( B) Vertical Clearance ............................ . (C) Curbs ........................................ .

Page 10 10 12 12

SECTION 2-LOADS ..................................... 12

Loads ................................................. . Dead Load ............................................. .

(A) Unit Load on Culverts ......................... . (B) Shear in Top Slabs ............................ .

Live Load .............................................. . Overload Provision ...................................... . Highway Loadings ...................................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) H Loadings ................................... . (C) HS Loadings ........ , .... , .................... . (D) Classes of Loadings ........................... . (E) Designation of Loadings ........................ . (F) Minimum Loading ............................. .

Traffic Lanes ........................................... . Standard Trucks and Lane Loads ......................... . Application of Loadings ................................. .

(A) Traffic Lane Units ............................. . (B) Number and Position, Traffic Lane Units ......... . (C) Lane Loadings-Continuous Spans .......... , ... . (D) Loading for Maximum Stress ................... .

Reduction in Load Intensity ............................. . Electric Railway Loading ............................... . Sidewalk, Curb and Railing Loading ...................... .

(A) Sidewalk Loading ............................. . (B) Curb Loading ................................. . (C) Railing Loading ............................... .

Impact ................................................. . (A) Group A .................................... " . (B) Group B ...................................... . (C) Impact Formula ............................... .

Longitudinal Forces ..................................... . Wind Loads ........................................ , ... .

(A) Superstructure Design ......................... . (B) Substructure Design ........................... . (C) Overturning Forces ........................... .

Thermal Forces ......................................... . Uplift ................................................. . Force of Stream Current, Floating Ice and Drift ........... . Buoyancy .............................................. . Earth Pressure ......................................... . Earthquake Stresses .................................... . Centrifugal Forces ...................................... . Loading Combinations ................................... .

12 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28

SECTION 3-DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ................. 29

Distribution of Wheel Loads to Stringers, Longitudinal Beams and Floor Beams ..................................... .

(A) Position of Loads for Shear ..................... . (B) Bending Moment in Stringers and Longitudinal

Beams ...................................... . (C) Bending Moment in Floor Beams (Transverse) ... .

29 29

30 32

Article 1.3.2

1.3.3 1.3.4

1.3.5

1.3.6

1.3.7

1.4.1 1.4.2

1.4.3 1.4.4

1.4.5

CONTENTS vii

Page Distribution of Loads and Design of Concrete Slabs and Multi-

Beam Precast Concrete Bridges ......................... 32 (A) Span Lengths .................................. 32 (B) Edge Distance of Wheel Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 (C) Bending Moment............................... 34 (D) Edge Beams (Longitudinal) ..................... 35 (E) Distribution Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 (F) Shear and Bond Stress in Slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 (G) Unsupported Edges, Transverse ........ " ...... " 35 (H) Cantilever Slabs .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 (1) Slabs Supported on Four Sides .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 (J) Median Slabs .................................. 37

Distribution of Wheel Loads Through Earth Fills. . . . . . . . . . . 37 Distribution of Wheel Loads on Timber Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

(A) Flooring Transverse ............................ 37 (B) Flooring Longitudinal .......................... 37 (C) Continuous Flooring ............................ 38

Distribution of Loads and Design of Composite Wood-Concrete Members ............................................. 38

(A) Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Mo-ment and Shear .............................. 38

(B) Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spans ........................... , .... , .. ,... 38

(C) Design ........................................ 38 Distribution of Wheel Loads on Steel Grid Floors .. . . . . . . . . . . 39

(A) General ....................................... 39 (B) Floors Filled with Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 (C) Open Floors.................................... 39

Moments, Shears and Reactions ........................... 40

SECTION 4-SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAINING WALLS.. 40

Allowable Stresses ...................................... . Bearing Power of Foundation Soils, Determination of Bearing

Power ............................................... . Angles of Repose ....................................... . Bearing Value of Piling ................................. .

(A) General ....................................... . (B) Case A. Capacity of Pile as a Structural Member .. (C) Case B. Capacity of Pile to Transfer Load to the

Ground ..................................... . (D) Case C. Capacity of the Ground to Support the Load

Delivered by the Pile ......................... . (E) Maximum Design Loads for Piles ................ . (F) Uplift ........................................ . (G) Group Pile Loading ..... ' " ............... , ., .. .

Piles ................................................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Limitation of Use .............................. . (C) Design Loads ................................. . (D) Spacing, Clearances and Embedment ....... , .... . (E) Ba tter Piles ................................... . (F) Buoyancy ..................................... . (G) Concrete Piles (Precast) ....................... . (H) Concrete Piles (Cast-in-Place) .................. . (I) Steel H-nilf'f< ....

40

40 41 41 4] 41

43

44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 J.R

viii

Article 1.4.6

1.4.7

1.4.8

1.4.9

1.4.10

1.5.1

1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5

1.5.6

CONTENTS

Page Footings ................................................ 50

(A) Depth ......................................... 50 (B) Anchorage ..................................... 50 (C) Distribution of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GO (D) Spread Footings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 (E) Internal Stresses in Spread Footings ............. 50 (F) Reinforcement ................................. 52 (G) Transfer of Stress from Vertical Reinforcement . . . . 52

Abutments .............................................. 52 (A) General ....................................... 52 (B) Reinforcement for Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 (C) Wing walls .................................... 53 (D) Drainage ...................................... 53

Retaining WaUs ......................................... 53 (A) General ....................................... 53 (B) Base or Footing Slabs................... .. ...... 53 (C) Vertical WaUs ................................. G4 (D) Counterforts and Buttresses ..................... 54 (F) Reinforcement for Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 (F) Expansion and Contraction Joints ... , . . ... . . ..... 54 (G) Drainage ...................................... 54

Piers ................................................... 54 (A) General........................................ 54 (B) Pier Nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Tubular Steel Piers ................... '................... 55 (A) Use ........................................... 55 (B) Depth ......................................... 55 (C) Piling ......................................... 55 (D) Dimensions of SheU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 55 (E) Splices and Joints .............................. 55 (F) Bracing ....................................... 55

SECTION 5-CONCRETE DESIGN ....................... G6

Allowable Stresses ...................................... . (A) Standard Notations and Assumptions ............ . (B) Strength of Concrete ........................... . (C) Allowable Stresses-Concrete ................... . (D) Allowable Stresses-Reinforcement ............. .

General Assumptions ................................... . Span Lengths .......................................... . Expansion ............................................. . T-Beams ............................................... .

(A) Effective Flange Width ......................... . (B) Shear ........................................ . (C) Isolated Beams ................................ . (D) Diaphragms .................................. . (E) Construction Joints ................. , ......... , .

Reinforcement ......................................... . (A) Spacing ...................................... . (B) Covering ..................................... . (C) Splicing ...................................... . (D) End Anchorages and Hooks ..................... . (E) Extension of Reinforcement .................... . (F) Structural Steel Shapes ........................ . (G) Interim Reinforcement for T -beams and Box

Girders ..................................... .

56 56 56 57 fJ7 58 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 62 63 63

63

Article 1.5.6 cont.

1.5.7 1.5.8

1.5.9

1.5.10

1.5.11 1.5.12

1.5.13

1.5.14

1.5.15

1.5.16

1.5.17

(H) (I) (J)

CONTENTS

Reinforcement for Temperature and Shrinkage ... . Bundled Reinforcement ........................ . Bond Stress in Flexural Members ............... .

Compression Reinforcement in Beams ..................... . Web Reinforcement ..................................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Calculation of Shear ............ , .............. . (C) Bent-up Bars ................................. . (D) Vertical Stirrups .............................. . (E) Anchorage .................................... .

Columns ............................................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Piers and Pedestals ............................ . (C) Spirally Reinforced Columns .................... . (D) Tied Columns ................................. . (E) Bending Moments in Columns ................... . (F) Combined Axial and Bending Stress ............. .

Concrete Arches ........................................ . (A) Shape of Arch Rings .......................... . (B) Spandrel Walls ................................ . (C) Expansion Joints .............................. . (D) Reinforcement ................................ . (E) Waterproofing ................................ . (F) Drainage of Spandrel Fill ...................... .

Viaduct Bents and Towers ............................... . Box Girders ............................................ .

(A) Effective Compression Flange Width ............ . (B) Flange Thickness ............................. . (C) Flexure ...................................... . (D) Shear ........................................ . (E) Reinforcement ................................ . (F) Flange Reinforcement .......................... . (G) Diaphragms .................................. . (H) Flanges Supporting Pipes and Conduits .......... .

Bearings

General (A) (B)

LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

Application ................................... . Other Specifications ............................ .

Notation ............................................... . (A) Loads and Forces .............................. . (B) Dimensions and Constants ...................... .

Materials Properties .................................... . (A) Concrete ...................................... . (B) Reinforcement ................................ .

Loads and Load Factor Equations ........................ . (A) Loads ........................................ . (B) Load Factor Equations ......................... .

1.5.18 Strength Provisions ..................................... . (A) Assumptions .................................. .

l.fi.19 (;::In::lritv M()r1in(>~ti{)n V!:l,...tl\"P~

ix

Page 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 75

75 75 75 75 75 76 77 77 78 79 79 79 79 79

x

Article 1.5.20

1.5.21

1.5.22

1.5.23 1.5.24

1.5.25

1.5.26

1.5.27

1.5.28 1.5.29

Flexure ................................................ . (A) (B) (C)

Rectangular sections with tension reinforcement only 1- and T-sections .............................. . Rectangular sections with compression reinforcement

(D) Other cross sections ............................ . Shear .................................................. .

(A) Shear stress .................................. . (B) Shear reinforcement ........................... . (C) Stress restrictions ............................ .. (D) Shear reinforcement restrictions ................ . (E) Shear stress in slabs and footings ............... .

Columns ............................................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Column Section Capacities ...................... . (C) Slenderness effects in columns ................... .

Bearing ............. , ...... , ...... , .................... . Service Load Requirements .............................. .

(A) Service Load Stresses .......................... . Fatigue ..................................... " .......... .

(A) Concrete ..................................... . (B) Reinforcement ................................ .

Flexural Stress Limitations .............................. . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Bridges exposed to corrosive environments without a

waterproof deck protection system ............ . Deflections ............................................. .

(A) Superstructure depth recommendations .......... . (B) Dead load deflections at falsework removal ....... . (C) Long-time deflections caused by dead loads, creep

and shrinkage .............................. . Overload ............................................... . Development of Reinforcement ........................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Positive moment reinforcement .................. . (C) Negative moment reinforcement ................. . (D) Special members ............................... . (E) Development length of deformed bars in tension ... . (F) Development length of deformed bars in compression (G) Development length of bundled bars ............. . (H) Standard hooks in tension .. '" ... " ............ . (I) Combination development length ................. . (J) Mechanical anchorage .......................... .

(K) Anchorage of shear reinforcement ............... .

SECTION 6-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ................. .

Page 80 80 8] 81 82 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 85 86 88 88 88 8\) 89 89 89 89

89 89 89 00

90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 94

1.6.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1.6.2 Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9G 1.6.3 Design Theory .......................................... 96 1.6.4 Basic Assumptions ....................................... 97 1.6.5 Load Factors ............................................ 97 1.6.6 Allowable Stresses ....................................... 97

(A) Prestressing Steel ......................... '.' . . . 98 (B) Concrete....................................... 98

1.6.7 Loss of Prestress .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 (A) Friction Losses ................................. 99 (B) Prestress Losses .............................. " 100

Article 1.6.8 1.6.9

1.6.10

1.6.11 1.6.12

1.6.13 1.6.14

1.6.15 1.6.16

1.6.17 1.G.18 1.6.19 1.G.20 1.G.21 1.G.22 1.6.23

1.6.24

CONTENTS

Flexure ............................................... . Ultimate Flexural Strength .............................. .

(A) Rectangular Sections .......................... . (B) Flanged Sections .............................. . (C) Steel Stress ................................... .

Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage ................. . (A) Maximum Steel ............................... . (B) Minimum Steel ....... , .. ' .............. , ..... , .

N onprestressed Reinforcement ........................... . Continuity ............................................. .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned Bridges ............ . (C) Bridges Composed of Simple-Span Precast Pre-

stressed Girders Made Continuous ............. . Shear ................................................ ". Composite Structures ................................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Shear Transfer ................................ . (C) Shear Capacity ......................... , " .. '" (D) Vertical Ties .................................. . (E) Shrinkage Stresses ............................ .

Anchorage Zones ....................................... . Cover and Spacing of Steel .............................. .

(A) Minimum Cover ............................... . (B) Minimum Spacing ............................. . (C) Bundling ..................................... . (D) Size of Ducts .................................. .

Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers ............ . Embedment of Prestressed Strand ........................ . Concrete Strength at Stress Transfer ..................... . Bearings ............................................... . Span Lengths ........................................... . Expansion and Contraction .............................. . T-Beams ............................................... .

(A) Effective Flange Width ........................ . (B) Construction Joints ........................... . (C) Diaphragms .................................. . (D) Isolated Beams ............. , ........... , .. ' ... .

Box Girders ............................................ . (A) Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment. (B) Effective Compression Flange Width ............. . (C) Flange Thickness ... " .... " ....... " ...... , .. " (D) Minimum Bar Reinforcement for Cast-In-Place Post-

Tensioned Box Girders ....................... . (E) Shear ........................................ . (F) Diaphragms .................................. .

xi

Page 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 103 103

103 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 106 lOG 107 107 107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 111

111 111 111

SECTION 7-STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN.... . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1. 7.1 Allowable Stresses ....................................... 111 1.7.2 Allowable Stresses for Weld Metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1.7.3 Fatigue Stresses ......................................... 115 1.7.4 Pins, Rollers and Expansion Rockers .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1.7.5 F""t.pnpr~ (Ri""t~ ~nr1 'OAHo\

All

Article 1.7.6

1.7.7 1.7.8

1.7.9 1.7.10 1.7.11 1.7.12 1.7.13 1.7.14 1.7.15 1.7.16 1.7.17 1.7.18 1.7.19 1.7.20 1.7.21 1.7.22 1.7.23 1.7.24 1.7.25 1.7.26 1.7.27 1.7.28

1.7.29 1. 7.30 1.7.31 1.7.32 1. 7.33 1.7.34 1.7.35 1.7.36 1.7.37

1.7.38

1.7.39 1.7.40 1.7.41 1.7.42 1.7.43 1.7.44 1.7.45 1.7.46 1.7.47 1.7.48

Page Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable Castings and Cast

Iron .................................................. 124 (A) Cast Steel and Ductile Iron .................... " 124 (B) Malleable Castings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 (C) Cast Iron ...................................... 125

Bronze or Copper-alloy ................................... 125 Bearing on Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

DETAILS OF DESIGN ............................... . . . . . 125

Effective Length of Span ................................. 125 Depth Ratios ............................................ 125 Limiting Lengths of Members ............................. 126 Deflection ............................................... 126 Minimum Thickness of Metal ........................ . . . . . . 127 Effective Area of Angles and Tee Sections in Tension . . . . . . . . . 127 Outstanding Legs of Angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Combined Stresses ....................................... 128 Eccentric Connections .................................... 128 Splices and Connections ............................... '" 128 Strength of Connections .................................. 130 Diaphragms, Cross Frames and Lateral Bracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Number of Main Members on Through Spans ....... ,. . . . ... 131 Accessibility of Parts ..................................... 132 Closed Sections and Pockets ............................... 132 Welding, General ........................................ 132 Minimum Size of Fillet Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Maximum Effective Size of Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Effective Weld Areas ..................................... 133

(A) Butt Welds .................................... 133 (B) Fillet Welds ................................... 133

Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds ................. 133 Fillet Weld End Returns ................................. 133 Lap Joints .............................................. 134 Seal Welds .............................................. 134 Fillet Welds in Skewed Tee Joints ........ , ............... " 134 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High Strength Bolts) .......... 134 Spacing of Fasteners ..................................... 134 Maximum Pitch of Sealing and Stitch Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

(A) Sealing Fasteners .............................. 135 (B) Stitch Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Edge Distance of Fasteners ............................... 135 (A) General ....................................... 135 (B) Special ........................................ 136

Long Rivets ............................................. 136 Links and Hangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136 Location of Pins ......................................... 137 Size of Pins ............................................. 137 Pin Plates .............................................. 137 Pins and Pin Nuts ....................................... 137 Upset Ends ............................................. 137 Eyebars ................................................. 137 Packing of Eyebars ...................................... 138 Forked Ends ............................................ 138

Article

1.7.49 1.7.50 1.7.51 1. 7.52 1.7.53 1.7.54 1.7.55 1.7.56

1.7.57 1.7.58 1.7.59 1.7.60 1.7.61 1.7.62 1.7.63 1.7.64

1.7.65 1.7.66 1.7.67

1.7.68 1.7.69

1.7.70

1.7.71 1.7.72 1.7.73

1.7.74

1.7.75 1.7.76 1.7.77 1.7.78 1.7.79 1.7.80 1.7.81 1.7.82 1.7.83

1.7.84 1.7.85 1.7.86

CONTENTS

BEARINGS ............................................. .

Fixed Bearings ......................................... . Expansion Bearings ..................................... . Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearings ........ . Rollers ................................................. . Sole Plates and Masonry Plates ........................... . Masonry Bearings ...................................... . Anchor Bolts ........................................... . Pedestals and Shoes ..................................... .

xiii

Page 138

138 138 138 139 139 139 139 140

FLOOR SYSTEM ................................. . . . . . . . . 140

Stringers ............................................... 140 Floorbeams .............................................. 140 Cross Frames ........................................... 140 Expansion Joints ........................................ 140 End Connections of Floorbeams and Stringers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 End Floorbeams ......................................... 141 End Panel of Skewed Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Sidewalk Brackets ....................................... 141

ROLLED BEAMS ........................................ 142

Rolled Beams, General .................................... 142 Bearing Stiffeners ....................................... 142 Cover Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

PLATE GIRDERS................................. ....... 143

Plate Girders, General ................................... 143 Flanges ................................................ 143

(A) Welded Girders ................................ 143 (B) Riveted or Bolted Girders ....................... 143

Thickness of Web Plates ................ ' ............. , '. . 144 (B) Girders Not Stiffened Longitudinally. . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 (A) Girders Stiffened Longitudinally ................. 146

Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners ........................ 146 Longitudinal Stiffeners ................................... 148 Bearing Stiffeners ....................................... 149

(A) Welded Girders ................................ 149 (B) Riveted or Bolted Girders ....................... 150

Camber ................................................. 150

TRUSSES ............................................... 150 Trusses, General ......................................... 150 Truss Members .......................................... 151 Secondary Stresses ....................................... 151 Diaphragms ............................................. 152 Camber ................................................. 152 Working Lines and Gravity Axes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 152 Portal and Sway Bracing ................................. 152 Fillers, Development, Maximum Numbers, Etc. ....... . . . . . . . 152 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

(A) Perforated Cover Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 (B) Lacing Bars ................................... 153

Gusset Plates ........................................... 154 Half-Through Truss Spans ............................... 155 Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Article 1.7.87

1.7.88 1.7.89

1.7.90

1.7.91 1.7.92 1.7.93 1.7.94 1.7.95

1.7.96 1.7.97 1.7.98 1.7.99 1.7.100

1.7.101 1.7.102 1.7.103 1.7.104

1.7.105

1.7.106 1.7.107 1.7.108 1.7.109

1.7.110 1.7.111

1.7.112 1.7.113

1.7.114 1.7.115 1.7.116

Page Net Section of Riveted or High Strength Bolted Tension Mem-

bers .................................................. 155 Compression Members-Thickness of Metal ................ 156 Stay Plates ............................................. 158

RIBBED ARCHES ....................................... 158

Thickness of Web Plates, Solid Rib Arches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158

BENTS AND TOWERS ................................... 159

Bents and Towers, General ............................... 159 Single Bents ............................................ 159 Batter .................................................. 159 Bracing ................................................. 159 Bottom Struts ........................................... 160

COMPOSITE GIRDERS ................................... 160

Composite I-Girders, General ....................... . . . . . .. 160 Shear Connectors ........................................ 161 Effective Flange Width ................................... 161 Stresses ................................................. 161 Shear ................................................... 162

(A) Horizontal Shear ............................... 162 (B) Vertical Shear. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Deflection ............................................... 165 Composite Box Girders, General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment . . . . . . . . . . 166 Design of Web Plates .... , ....... ' ..... , " ., .. .... . . .. .. .. 166

(A) Vertical Shear ................................. 166 (B) Secondary Bending Stresses ..................... 166

Design of Bottom Flange Plates ........................... 167 (A) Tension Flanges ............................. , " 167 (B) Compression Flanges Un stiffened ................ 167 (C) Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinally. .. . . 167 (D) Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinally and

Transversely ................................. 168 (E) Compression Flange Stiffeners, General. . . . . . . . . . . 169

Design of Flange to Web Welds ........................... 170 Diaphragms ............................................. 170 Lateral Bracing ......................................... 170 Access and Drainage ..................................... 170

HYBRID GIRDERS ...................................... 170

Hybrid Girders, General .................................. 170 Allowable Stresses ....................................... 171

(A) Bending ....................................... 171 (B) Shear ......................................... 171 (C) Fatigue ....................................... ]71

Plate Thickness Requirements ............................. 173 Bearing Stiffener Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED PLATE GIRDERS ............................................. 173

Scope ............ :...................................... 173 Minimum Radius of Curvature ............................ 173 Camber ................................................. 173

Article

1.7.117 1.7.118 1.7.119 1.7.120 1.7.121 1.7.122 1.7.123 1.7.124

1.7.125

1.7.126 1.7.127

1.7.128 1.7.129

1.7.130

1.7.131 1.7.132

1.7.133 1.7.134

1.7.135

1.7.136

CONTENTS

LOAD FACTOR DESIGN ................................. .

Scope .................................................. . Notation ............................................... . Loads .................................................. . Design Theory .......................................... . Assumptions ............................................ . Design Strength for Steel ................................ . Maximum Design Loads ................................. . Symmetrical Beams and Girders .......................... .

(A) Compact Systems .............................. . (B) Braced Non-Compact Sections ................... . (C) Transition .................................... . (D) Unbraced Sections ............................. . (E) Transversely Stiffened Girders .................. . (F) Longitudinally Stiffened Girders ................ .

Unsymmetrical Beams and Girders ....................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Unsymmetrical Sections with Transverse Stiffeners. (C) Longitudinally Stiffened Unsymmetrical Sections ..

Composite Beams and Girders ............................ . Positive Moment Sections of Composite Beams and Girders ... .

(A) Compact Sections .............................. . (B) Non-compact Sections ......................... . (C) General ...................................... .

Negative Moment Sections of Composite Beams and Girders .. Composite Box Girders .................................. .

(A) Maximum Strength .. , ........... , ....... , ., " .. (B) Lateral Distribution ........................... . (C) Web Plates ................................... . (D) Tension Flanges ........... , '" ........ , ... ,. " . (E) Compression Flanges .......................... . (F) Diaphragms .................................. .

Shear Connectors ....................................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Design of Connectors .............. , ............ . (C) Maximum Spacing ...... '" ................... "

Hybrid Girders ......................................... . Noncomposite Hybrid Girders ............................ .

(A) Com pact Sections ...... , .................. , .... . (B) Braced Non-compact Sections ... , ............... . (C) Unbraced Noncompact Sections ............... " . (D) Transversely Stiffened Girders. , ................ .

Composite Hybrid Girders ............................... . Compression Members ................................... .

(A) Axial Loading ................................. . (B) Combined Axial Load and Bending ............... .

Splices, Connections and Details .......................... . (A) Connectors .................................... . (B) Connections ................................... .

Overload (A) (B) (C)

Noncomposite Beams ........................... . Composite Beams ....................... , ...... . Friction Joints .................... .

xv

Page 174

]74 174 175 175 17G 17G 17(, 177 177 178 17~)

179 180 181 182 182 183 183 183 183 183 185 185 185 185 ] 85 186 186 186 186 187 188 188 188 188 188 189 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 191 192 192 193 194 194 195 1Qr;

Article 1.7.137

1.7.138

1.7.139 1.7.140 1.7.141

1.7.142

1.7.143

1.7.144 1.7.145 1.7.146

1.7.147 1.7.148

Fatigue ................................................ . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Composite Construction ........................ . (C) Hybrid Beams and Girders ..................... .

Deflection .............................................. .

Page 195 195 195 196 196

ORTHOTROPIC-DECK BRIDGES ......................... 196

Orthotropic-Deck Bridges. General ........................ 196 Wheel-Load Contact Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Effective Width of Deck Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

(A) Ribs and Beams ................................ 197 (B) Girders........................................ 197

Allowable Stresses ....................................... 197 (A) Local Bending Stresses in Deck Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 (B) Bending Stresses in Longitudinal Ribs. . . . . . . . . . . . 197 (C) Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 (D) Intersections of Ribs, Beams, and Girders. . . . . . . . . 198

Thickness of Plate Elements .............................. 198 (A) Longitudinal Ribs and Deck Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 (B) Girders and Transverse Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Maximum Slenderness of Longitudinal Ribs ................ 198 Diaphragms ............................................. 198 Stiffness Requirements ................................... 199

(A) Deflections ..................................... 199 (B) Vibrations ..................................... 199

Wearing Surface ........................................ 199 Closed Ribs ............................................. 199

SECTION 8-CORRUGATED METAL AND STRUCTURAL PI_ATE PIPES AND PIPE-ARCHES. '., ..... " ..... , ... ,. 200

1.8.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200 1.8.2 Design .................................................. 200

(A) Seam Strength ................................. 201 (B) Handling and Installation Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201 (C) Failure of the Conduit Wall .......... , ....... , ., 201 (D) Deflection or Flattening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

1.8.3 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements .................... 204 (A) Aluminum-Corrugated Metal Pipe and Pipe-Arch. 204 (B) Aluminum-Structural Plate Pipe and Pipe-Arch.. 204 (C) Steel-Corrugated Metal Pipe and Pipe-Arch ... , .. 204 (D) Steel-Structural Plate Pipe and Pipe-Arch. . . . . .. 205

1.8.4 Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions .......................... 205 1.8.5 Rivets & Bolts ........................................... 205 1.8.6 Multiple Structures ...................................... 205 1.8.7 Sloped Ends-Skewed .................................... 206 1.8.8 Maximum Depths of Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

SECTION 9-STRUCTURAL PLATE ARCHES....... ....... 206

1.9.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1.9.2 Ratio, Rise to Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1.9.3 Minimum Height of Covel' ................................ 206 1.9.4 Scour Conditions ......................................... 207 1.9.5 Multiple Arches .......................................... 207 1.9.6 Substructure Design ..................................... 207

Article

1.10.1

1.10.2

1.10.3 1.10.4 1.10.5 1.10.6 1.10.7 1.10.8

1.10.9

1.10.10

1.10.11

1.11.1

CONTENTS

SECTION IO-TIMBER STRUCTURES ................... .

Allowable Stresses ...................................... . (A) Allowable Unit Stresses for Stress-Grade Lumber .. (B) Allowable Unit Stresses for Glued Laminated Timber (C) Allowable Unit Stresses for Normal Loading Condi-

tions ....................................... . (D) Allowable Unit Stresses for Permanent Loading .. . (E) Allowable Unit Stresses for Wind, Earthquake or

Short Time Loading ......................... . (F) Combined Stresses ............................. .

Formulas for the Computation of Stresses in Timber ....... . (A) Horizontal Shear in Beams ..................... . (B) Secondary Stresses in Curved Glued Laminated

Members ................................... . (C) Compression or Bearing Perpendicular to Grain ... . (D) Simple Solid Column Design .................... . (E) Spaced Column Design ......................... . (F) Safe Load on Round Columns ................... . (G) Notched Beams ............................... . (H) Bearing on Inclined Surfaces ................... . (I) Timber Connectors ............................ . (J) Size Factor ................................... . (K) Lateral Stability .............................. .

General ................................................ . Bolts .................................................. . Washers ............................................... . Hardware for Seacoast Structures ........................ . Columns and Posts ...................................... . Pile and Framed Bents .................................. .

(A) Pile Bents .................................... . (B) Framed Bents ................................ . (C) Sills and Mud Sills ............................. . (D) Caps ......................................... . (E) Bracing ...................................... . (F) Pile Bent Abutments ........................... .

Trusses ................................................ . (A) Joints and Splices ............................. . (B) Floor Beams .................................. . (C) Hangers ...................................... . (D) Eyebars and Counters ......................... . (E) Bracing ...................................... . (F) Camber ...................................... .

Floors and Railings ..................................... . (A) Stringers ..................................... . (B) Bridging ..................................... . (C) Nailing Strips ................................. . (D) Flooring ...................................... . (E) Retaining Pieces .............................. . (F) Wheel Guards ................................. . (G) Drainage ..................................... . (H) Railings ...................................... .

Fire Stops ............................................. .

SECTION ll-LOAD CAPACITY RATING OF EXISTING BRIDGES ............................................ .

Overload Under Permit .................................. .

xvii

Page 207 207 207 207

208 208

209 209 209 209

217 221 223 224 225 226 226 226 227 227 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 232 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234

234 234

Article 1.11.2 1.11.3 1.11.4 1.11.5

1.12.1 1.12.2

1.13.1 1.13.2 1.13.3 1.13.4 1.13.5 1.13.6 1.13.7 1.13.8

1.13.9 1.13.10 1.13.11 1.13.12

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5

2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.1.9 2.1.10 2.1.11 2.1.12

Impact ................................................. . Adjustable Loads ....................................... . Stress Analysis ......................................... . Allowable Stresses ...................................... .

Page 235 235 235 235

SECTION I2-ELASTOMERlC BEARINGS ................. 238 General ................................................. 238 Design .................................................. 238

SECTION I3-STEEI. TUNNEL LINER PLATES .......... 240 General ................................................. 240 Loads ................................................... 240 Design .................................................. 242 Joint Strength .......................................... 242 Handling and Installation Strength ........................ 242 Critical Buckling of Liner Plate Wall .................... " . 243 Deflection or Flattening .................................. 243 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

(A) Chemical Composition .......................... 243 (B) Minimum Mechanical Properties of Flat Plate

Before Cold Forming ......................... 244 Sectional Properties ..................................... 244 Coatings ................................................ 244 Bolts ................................................... 245 Safety Factors .......................................... 245

Division II

CONSTRUCTION SECTION I-EXCAVATION AND FILL 247 General ................................................. 247 Preservation of Channel .................................. 247 Depth of Footings ................................ . . . . . . . . 248 Preparation of Foundations for Footings ................... 248 Cofferdam and Cribs ..................................... 248

(A) General ....................................... 248 (B) Protection of Concrete .......................... 248 (C) Drawings Required ............................. 249 (D) Removal ....................................... 249

Pumping ................................................ 249 Inspection ............................................... 249 Back-fill ................................................ 249 Filled Spandrel Arches ................................... 250 Approach Embankment ......... '" ..... ' " ........ , . .. . . . 250 Classification of Excavation ....................... . . . . . . . . 250 Measurement and Payment ............................... 250

SECTION 2-SHEET PILES ............................. 251

2.2.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 2.2.2 Timber Sheet Piles ....................................... 251 2.2.3 Concrete Sheet Piles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 2.2.4 Steel Sheet Piles ........................................ 251 2.2.5 Measurement and Payment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

SECTION 3-BEARING PILES ............................ 252

2.3.1 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Article 2.3.2 2.3.3

2.3.4

2.3.5 2.3.6

2.3.7 2.3.8 2.3.9 2.3.10 2.3.11 2.3.12 2.3.13

2.3.14 2.3.15

2.3.16 2.3.17 2.3.18

2.3.19 2.3.20

CONTENTS

Design and Conditions of Use ............................ . Preparation for Driving ................................. .

(A) Excavation ................................... . (B) Caps ......................................... . (C) Collars ....................................... . (D) Pointing ...................................... . (E) Splicing Piles ................................. . (F) Painting Steel Piles ............................ .

Methods of Driving ..................................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Hammers for Timber and Steel Piles ............. . (C) Hammers for Concrete Piles .............. , ..... . (D) Additional Equipment .......................... . (E) Leads ........................................ . (F) Followers ..................................... . (G) Water Jets ................................... . (H) Accuracy of Driving ........................... .

Defective Piles ......................................... . Determination of Bearing Values (See also Article 1.4.4) ... .

(A) Loading Tests ................................. . (B) Timber Pile Formulas ..................... , .. ' .. (C) Concrete and Steel Piles ........................ .

Test Piles .............................................. . Order Lists for Piling ................................... . Storage and Handling of Timber Piles .................... . Cutting off Timber Piles ................................. . Cutting off Steel or Steel Shell Piles ....................... . Capping Timber Piles ................................... . Manufacture of Precast Concrete Piles .................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Class of Concrete .............................. . (C) Form Work .................................. " (D) Reinforcement ................................. . (E) Casting ...................................... . (F) Finish ........................................ . (G) Curing ....................................... .

Storage and Handling of Precast Concrete Piles ............ . Manufacture of Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles ............... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Inspection of Metal Shells ...................... . (C) Class of Concrete .............................. . (D) Reinforcement ................................ . (E) Placing Concrete .............................. .

Extensions or "Build-ups" ................................ . Painting Steel Piles and Steel Pile Shells .................. . Measurement and Payment ............................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Method A .................................... . (C) Method B .................................... . (D) Falsework and Defective Piles .................. . (E) Additional Requirements ....................... .

Payment for Test Piles .................................. . Payment for Loading Tests .............................. .

xix

Page 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 253 253 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 256 256 256 256 257 257 257 257 257 257 257 257 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 259 260 261 261 262 262

SECTION 4-CONCRETE MASONRY ..................... 262 2.4.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fl2

Article 2.4.2

2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.4.9

2.4.10

2.4.11 2.4.12 2.4.13 2.4.14

2.4.15 2.4.16 2.4.17 2.4.18 2.4.19 2.4.20 2.4.21 2.4.22 2.4.23

2.4.24 2.4.25 2.4.26 2.4.27 2.4.28

Materials .............................................. . (A) Cement ....................................... . (B) Water and Admixtures ......................... . (C) Fine Aggregate ............................... . (D) Coarse Aggregates ............................ .

Care and Storage of Concrete Aggregates ................. . Storage of Cement ...................................... . Classes of Concrete ..................................... . Composition of Concrete ................................. . Sampling and Testing ................................... . Measurement of Materials ............................... . Mixing Concrete ........................................ .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Mixing at Site ................................ . (C) Truck Mixing ................................. . (D) Partial Mixing at the Central Plant ............. . (E) Plant Mix .................................... . (F) Time of Hauling and Placing Mixed Concrete ..... . (G) Hand Mixing .................................. . (H) Delivery ...................................... . (I) Retempering .................................. .

Handling and Placing Concrete .......................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Culverts ...................................... . (C) Girders, Slabs and Columns ..................... . (D) Arches ....................................... .

Pneumatic Placing ...................................... . Pumping .............................................. . Depositing Concrete Under Water ........................ . Construction Joints ..................................... .

(A) General ....................................... . (B) Bonding ...................................... .

Rubble or Cyclopean Concrete ............................ . Concrete Exposed to Sea Water .......................... . Concrete Exposed to Alkali Soils or Alkali Water ........... . Falsework and Centering ................................ . Forms ................................................. . Removal of Falsework, Forms and Housing ................ . Concreting in Cold Weather .............................. . Curing Concrete ........................................ . Expansion and Fixed Joints and Bearings ................. .

(A) Open Joints ................................... . (B) Filled Joints .................................. . (C) Premolded Expansion Joint Fillers .............. . (D) Steel Joints ................................... . (E) Water Stops .................................. . (F) Sheet Copper .................................. . (G) Bearing Devices ............................... .

Page 262 262 264 264 265 265 265 266 267 268 268 269 26~)

269 269 270 270 270 270 271 271 271 271 273 274 275 275 275 275 276 276 276 277 277 278 278 278 279 280 280 281 281 281 281 281 281 282 282

FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACES ...................... 282

General ................................................. 282 Class 1, Ordinary Surface Finish .......................... 283 Class 2, Rubbed Finish ................................... 283 Class 3, Tooled Finish .................................... 283 Class 4, Sand Blasted Finish .............................. 284

Article 2.4.29 2.4.30

2.4.31 2.4.32

2.4.33

2.4.34

2.5.1

2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.5.9 2.5.10

2.6.1 2.6.2

CONTENTS

Class 5, Wire Brushed or Srubbed Finish .................. . Class 6, Floated Surface Finish ........................... .

(A) Striking Off .................................. . (B) Floating ..................................... . (C) Longitudinal Floating .......................... . (D) Transverse Floating ........................... . (E) Straightedging ................................ . (F) Final Finishing ............................... .

Sidewalk Finish ........................................ . Pneumatically Applied Mortar ........................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Proportions ................................... . (C) Water Content ................................ . (D) Mixing ....................................... . (E) Nozzle Velocity ................................ . (F) Nozzle Position ................................ . (G) Rebound Sand ................ , ............. ' .. . (H) Fonns ........................................ . (I) Joints ........................................ . (J) Bond .................................. , ...... . (K) Curing ....................................... . (L) Reinforcement ................................ .

Prestressed Concrete .................................... . ( A) General ...................................... . (B ) Supervision ................................... . (C) Equipment .................................... . (D) Concrete ...................................... . (E) Steam Curing ................................. . (F) Transportation and Storage .................... . (G) Pretensioning Method .. , ................. , ' .... . (H) Post-tensioning Method ........................ . (I) Grouting of Bonded Steel ....................... . (J) Prestressing Reinforcement ., ................... . (K) Testing Prestressing Reinforcement and Anchorages

Measurement and Payment .............................. .

SECTION 5-REINFORCEMENT ........................ . Material ............................................... .

(A) Bar Reinforcement ............................ . (B) Wire and Wire Mesh ... " ................... '" . (C) Bar Mat Reinforcement ........................ . (D) Structural Shapes ............................. .

Order Lists ............................................ . Protection of Material .................................. . Fabrication ............................................ . Placing and Fastening ................................... . Splicing ................................................ . Lapping ............................................... . Substitutions ........................................... . Measurement ........................................... . Payment ............................................... .

SECTION 6-ASHLAR MASONRY ........................ . Description Materials

(A) (B)

Ashlar Stone .................................. . Mortar ....................................... .

xxi

Page 284 284 284 284 284 284 285 285 285 285 285 286 286 286 286 286 286 286 286 286 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 288 288 288 289 289 289 290 290 291 291 291 291 292 292 292 292 292 293 293 293 294 294 294 295 295 295 295 2~f)

XXll

Article 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.6.10

2.6.11 2.6.12 2.6.13 2.6.14 2.6.15 2.6.16 2.6.17

2.7.1 2.7.2

2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 2.7.8 2.7.9 2.7.10

Size of Stone ........................................... . Surface Finishes of Stone ................................ . Dressing Stone ......................................... . Stretchers .............................................. . Headers ................................................ . Cores and Backing ...................................... . Mixing Mortar ......................................... . Laying Stone ........................................... .

(A) General ...................................... . (B) Face Stone ................................... . (C) Stone Backing and Cores ....................... . (D) Concrete Cores and Backing .................... .

Leveling Courses ....................................... . Resetting ...... '" ., " ........... , " ...... " ., ... , .... ' .. Dowels and Cramps ..................................... . Copings ................................................ . Arches ................................................ . Pointing ............................................... . Measurement and Payment ............................... .

Page 295 296 296 296 296 297 297 297 297 297 298 298 298 298 298 299 299 299 300

SECTION 7-MORTAR RUBBLE MASONRY ............... 300 Description .............................................. 300 Materials ................................................ 300

(A) Rubble Stone ........................... " . . . . . . 300 (B) Mortar ........................................ 300

Size .................................................... 300 Headers ................................................. 300 Shaping Stone ........................................... 301 Laying Stone ............................................ 301 Copings, Bridge Seats and Backwalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Arches .................................................. 302 Pointing ................................................ 302 Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

SECTION 8-DRY RUBBLE MASONRY ................... 303 2.8.1 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 2.8.2 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 2.8.3 Size of Stone ............................................ 303 2.8.4 Headers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :303 2.8.5 Shaping Stone ........................................... 303 2.8.6 Laying Stone ............................................ 808 2.8.7 Copings, Bridge Seats and Backwalls ...................... 803 2.8.8 Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

SECTION 9-BRICK MASONRY .......................... 304 2.9.1 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 2.9.2 Materials ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

(A) Brick.......................................... 304 (B) Mortar ........................................ 304

2.9.3 Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 2.9.4 Copings, Bridge Seats and Backwalls...................... 805 2.9.5 Measurement and Payment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 805

SECTION IO-STEEL STRUCTURES FABRICATION ........................................ 305

2.10.1 Type of Fabrication ...................................... 305

Article 2.10.2 2.10.3

2.10.4 2.10.5

2.10.6 2.10.7

2.10.8 2.10.9 2.10.10 2.10.11 2.10.12 2.10.13 2.10.14

2.10.15 2.10.16 2.10.17 2.10.18 2.10.19

2.10.20

2.10.21

CONTENTS

Quality of Workmanship ................................ . Materials .......................... , .................... .

(A) Structural Steel ............................. (B) Steel Forgings and Steel Shafting ............ (C) Steel Castings ................................. ( D) Iron Castings ................................. . (E) Ductile Iron Castings ......................... . (F) Malleable Castings ............................. . (G) Bronze Castings and Copper-Alloy Plates ........ . (H) Sheet Lead .................................... . (I) Sheet Zinc ................................... . (J) Galvanizing ................................... . (K) Canvas and Red Lead for Bedding Masonry Plates

and Equivalent Bearing Areas ............... . (L) Preformed Fabric Pads ...... , ................. .

Storage of Materials ................................... . Straightening Material and Curving Rolled Beams and Welded

Girders .............................................. . (A) Straightening Material ................... '" ., .. (B) Curving Rolled Beams and Welded Girders .... , " .

Finish ................................................. . Rivet and Bolt Holes .................................... .

(A) Holes for Rivets, High-Strength Bolts and Unfinished Bolts ....................................... .

(B) Holes for Ribbed Bolts, Turned Bolts or Other Ap-proved Bearing-Type Bolts ................... .

Punched Holes .......................................... . Reamed or Drilled Holes .................................. . Subpunching and Reaming of Field Connections ............ . Accuracy of Punched and Drilled Holes .................... . Accuracy of Reamed and Drilled Holes ..................... . Fitting for Riveting and Bolting .......................... . Shop Assembling ........................................ .

(A) Full Truss or Girder Assembly ................. . (B) Progressive Truss or Girder Assembly ........... . (C) Full Chord Assembly ........................... . (D) Progressive Chord Assembly ..................... . (E) Special Complete Structure Assembly ............ .

Drifting of Holes ....................................... . Match-Marking ......................................... . Rivets ................................................. . Field Rivets ............................................ . Bolts and Bolted Connections ............................. .

(A) General ....................................... . (B) Unfinished Bolts .......................... , .. " . ( C) Turned Bolts .................................. . (D) Ribbed Bolts .................................. .

Connections Using High Strength Bolts ................... . (A) General ...................................... . (B) Bolts. Nuts and Washers ....................... . (C) Bolted Parts .................................. . (D) Installation ................................... . (E) Inspection .................................... .

Rivetint!"

xxiii

Page 305 306 306 310 310 311 ::311 312 312 312 312 312

313 313 313

313 313 313 315 316

316

316 316 316 317 317 317 317 318 318 318 318 319 319 319 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 321 321 321 323 324

XXiV

Article 2.10.22

2.10.23

2.10.24 2.10.25 2.10.26 2.10.27 2.10.28 2.10.29 2.10.30 2.10.31 2.10.32 2.10.33 2.10.34 2.10.35 2.10.36 2.10.37 2.10.38 2.10.39 2.10.40 2.10.41 2.10.42 2.10.43

2.10.44 2.10.45 2.10.46 2.10.4 7

2.10.48

2.10.49 2.10.50 2.10.51 2.10.52 2.10.53 2.10.54 2.10.55 2.10.56 2.10.57

Plate Cut Edges ........................................ . (A) Edge Planing ................................. . (B) Visual Inspection and Repair of Plate Cut Edges ... .

\Velds ............... '" ...... '., .. , " '" . '" ........... . (A) General ....................................... . (B) Filler Metal .................................. . (C) Preheat and Interpass Temperature ............. . (D) Qualification of Welders, Welding Operators and

Tackers .................. '" '" ., .... " .. , .. . (E) Procedure Qualification ........................ . (F) Inspection of Welds .......... , '" ., ............ . (G) Stud Shear Connectors ................. " . '" ."

Oxygen Cutting ......................................... . Facing of Bearing Surfaces ............................. . Abutting Joints ....................................... . End Connection Angles .................................. . Lacing Bars ............................................ . Finished Members ...................................... . Web Plates ............................................ . Bent Plates ............................................ . Fit of Stiffeners ........................................ . Eyebars ................................................ . Annealing and Stress Relieving .......................... . Pins and Rollers ........................................ . Boring Pin Holes ....................................... . Pin Clearances ......................................... . Threads for Bolts and Pins .............................. . Pilot and Driving Nuts ................................. . Notice of Beginning of Work ... '" ...... " .............. , . Facilities for Inspection ................................ . Inspector's Authority .................................... . Working Drawings and Identification of Steel During Fabri-

cation ................................................ . (A) Working Drawings ............................ . (B) Identification of Steels During Fabrication ........ .

Weighing of Members ................................... . Full Size Tests ......................................... . Marking and Shipping .................................. . Painting ............................................... .

Page 325 325 325 328 328 328 330

331 332 333 335 341 342 342 342 343 343 343 343 344 344 344 345 345 345 345 346 346 346 346

346 346 346 348 348 348 349

ERECTION .............................................. 349

Orthotropic-Deck Bridges ................................. 349 (A) Protection of Deck Plate After Sand Blasting. . . . .. 349 (B) Dimensional Tolerance Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Erection of Structure .................................... 351 Plans ................................................... 351 Plant ................................................... 351 Delivery of Materials ..................................... 351 Handling and Storing Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Falsework ............................................... 351 Methods and Equipment .................................. 352 Bearings and Anchorages ................................. 352 Straightening Bent Material and Cambering ................ 352

(A) Straightening Bent Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 352 (B) Cambering..................................... 353

Article 2.10.58 2.10.59 2.10.60 2.10.61 2.10.62 2.10.63 2.10.64

2.11.1 2.11.2

2.11.3 2.11.4 2.11.5 2.11.6

2.12.1 2.12.2

2.12.3 2.12.4 2.12.5 2.12.6 2.12.7 2.12.8 2.12.9 2.12.10 2.12.11

2.13.1 2.13.2 2.13.3

2.13.4 2.13.5

2.13.6 2.13.7 2.13.8

CONTENTS

Assembling Steel ........................................ . Riveting ............ '" ., .................. , ........ " .. . Pin Connections ........................................ . Misfits ................................................. . Removal of Old Structure and Falsework .................. . Method of Measurement ................................. . Basis of Payment ....................................... .

SECTION II-BRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOY BEARING AND

xxv

Page 353 353 354 354 354 355 357

EXPANSION PLATES .................................. 358

General ................................................. 358 Materials ................................................ 358

(A) Bronze Bearing and Expansion Plates. .. .. .. . .. .. . 358 (B) Rolled Copper-Alloy Bearings and Expansion Plates. 358 (C) Metal Powder Sintered Bearings and Expansion

Joints (Oil Impregnated)...................... 358 Bronze Plates ............................................ 358 Copper-Alloy Plates ...................................... 358 Placing ................................................. 358 Measurement and Payment .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

SECTION 12-STEEL GRID FLOORING................... 359

General ................................................. 359 Materials ................................................ 359

(A) Steel .......................................... 359 (B) Protective Treatment (Shop Coat) .... " . " .... " . 359 (C) Concrete.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 (D) Skid Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Arrangement of Sections.................................. 359 Provision for Camber..................................... 360 Field Assembly .......................................... 360 Connection to Supports................................... 360 Welding ................................................. 360 Repairing Damaged Galvanized Coatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Concrete Filler .......................................... 361 Painting ................................................ 361 Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

SECTION 13-RAILINGS ................................. 361

General ................................................. 361 Materials ................................................ 362 Line and Grade .......................................... 362

METAL RAILING................................... ..... 362

Construction ............................................. 362 Painting ................................................ 362

CONCRETE RAILING .................................... 362

General ................................................. 362 Materials ............................................... 362 ~ailin~s ~C~~t-in-Place .................................... 363

xxvi

Article 2.13.10 2.13.11

CONTENTS

Surface Finish .......................................... . Expansion Joints .... ' '" .......... '" ........... '" ." .. .

Page 363 363

STONE AND BRICK RAILING ............................ 364

2.13.12 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

WOOD RAILING ........................................ 364

2.13.13 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 2.13.14 Measurement and Payment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

2.14.1 2.14.2

2.14.3 2.14.4 2.14.5 2.14.6

2.14.7 2.14.8 2.14.9 2.14.10

2.14.11 2.14.12

2.15.1

2.15.2

2.15.3 2.15.4 2.15.5 2.15.6 2.15.7

2.15.8

SECTION 14--PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES........... 364

General ................................................. 864 Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

(A) Shop Coat (Prime Coat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 (B) First Field Coat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 (C) Second Field Coat (Finish Coat)......... ......... 365

Number of Coats and Color ...... '" ....... " ... , . .. . .. .. . . 365 Mixing of Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Weather Conditions ...................................... 365 Application .............................................. 366

(A) General........................................ 366 (B) Brushing ...................................... 366 (C) Spraying ...................................... 366 (D) Inaccessible Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 366

Removal of Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Thinning Paint .......................................... :366 Painting Galvanized Surfaces ............................. 367 Cleaning of Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

(A) Genel'al........................................ 367 (B) Method A-Hand Cleaning ................. , " . . 367 (C) Method B-Blast Cleaning. .. . . .. ... .. . ... . .. . . .. 367 (D) Method C-Flame Cleaning .... '" .. " ......... ,. 367 (E) Surfaces Inaccessible After Assembly.... . . . . . . . . . 368

Shop Painting ........................................... 369 Field Painting ........................................... 369

SECTION SI~OPES

IS-PROTECTION OF EMBANKMENTS AND 370

General ................................................. .'370

MATERIAL .............................................. 370

Materials ................................................ 370

CONSTRUCTION ........................................ 371

Loose Riprap for Slopes ................................... 371 Mortar Riprap for Slopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Stone Riprap for Foundation Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'373 Concrete Riprap in Bags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .'37.'3 Concrete Slab Riprap ..................................... 37.'3

FILTER MATERIAL............................ .......... 374

Filter or Bedding Material.. .... ... ........... ... .... .. . . . . 374

CONTENTS xxvii

Article Page MEASUREMENT......................................... 374

2.15.9 Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

PAyMENT...................................... ......... 375

2.15.10 Paynlent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

2.16.1 2.16.2 2.16.3

2.17.1 2.17.2

2.17.3 2.17.4 2.17.5 2.17.6 2.17.7 2.17.8 2.17.9

2.18.1 2.18.2 2.18.3 2.18.4 2.18.5

2.19.1

2.20.1

2.20.2 2.20.3

SECTION 16-CONCRETE CRIBBING ..................... 376

General ................................................. 376 Construction ............................................. 377 Measurement and Payment................................ 377

SECTION I7-WATERPROOFING ........................ 377

General ................................................. 377 Materials ............................................ . . . . 377

(A) Mortar ........................................ 377 (E) Asphalt ....................................... 377 (C) Pitch.......................................... 378 (D) Fabric......................................... 378 (E) Tar for Absorptive Treatment .................. " 378 (F) Tar Seal Coat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 (G) Joint Fillers................................... 378 (H) Inspection and Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Storage of Fabric ........................................ 379 Preparation of Surface................................... 379 Application-General ..................................... 379 Application-Details ..................................... 380 Damage Patching ........................................ 381 Protection Course ........................................ 381 Measurement and Paynlent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

SECTION 18-DAMPPROOFING .......................... 381

General ................................................. 381 Materials ............................................... 382 Preparation of Surface ................................... 382 Application .............................................. 382 Measurement and Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 382

SECTION I9-NAME PLATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 382

General Requirements .................................... 382

SECTION 20-TIMBER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Materials ............................................... 383

(A) Lumber and Timber (Solid sawn or glued laminated) 383 (E) Structural Shapes.............................. 383 (C) Castings....................................... 383 (D) Hardware ..................................... 383 (E) Paint for Timber Structures..................... 384 (F) Timber Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Timber Connectors ..................... , ....... , ......... 386 Storage of Material ...................................... 389

xxviii

Article 2.20.5

2.20.6 2.20.7

2.20.8 2.20.9 2.20.10 2.20.11 2.20.12 2.20.13

2.20.14 2.20.15 2.20.16 2.20.17 2.20.18 2.20.19

2.20.20 2.20.21 2.20.22 2.20.23 2.20.24 2.20.25

2.21.1 2.21.2 2.21.3

2.22.1

2.22.2 2.22.3

2.22.4

CONTENTS

Treated Timber ......................................... . (A) Handling ..................................... . (B) Framing and Boring ..................... " .... . (C) Cuts and Abrasions ..................... , ...... . (D) Bolt Holes .................................... . (E) Temporary Attachment ........................ .

Untreated Timber ...................................... . Treatment of Pile Heads ................................. .

(A) General ....................................... . (B) Method A-Zinc Covering ...................... . (C) Method B-Fabric Covering ........... " ....... .

Holes for Bolts, Dowels, Rods and Lag Screws .............. . Bolts and Washers ...................................... . Countersinking ......................................... . Framing ............................................... . Pile Bents .............................................. . Framed Bents .......................................... .

(A) Mud Sills ..................................... . (B) Concrete Pedestals ............................. . (C) Sills ................. , ........................ . (D) Posts ......................................... . (E) Design and Construction ....................... .

Caps ................................................... . Bracing ................................................ . Stringers .............................................. . Plank Floors ........................................... . Laminated or Strip Floors ............................... . Composite Wood-Concrete Decks .......................... .

(A) Slab Spans .................................... . (B) "T" Beams .................................... .

Wheel Guards and Railing ............................... . Trusses ................................................ . Truss Housings ......................................... . Erection of Housing and Railings .......................... . Painting ............................................... . Measurement and Payment '" ............................ .

Page 389 389 389 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 391 391 391 391 392 392 392 392 392 392 392 393 393 393 393 393 394 394 394 394 395 395 395 395 395 395

SECTION 21-PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS FOR TIMBER 396

General ................................................. 396 Materials ............................................... ::196 Identification and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

SECTION 22-TIMBER CRIBBING............. ........... 397

Material ............................................... . (A) Timber ....................................... . (B) Logs ......................................... .

~~:~r~~~; .::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : (A) Timber ....................................... . (B) Logs ......................................... .

Construction ............................................ . (A) Foundation ................................... . (B) Mud Sills ..................................... . (C) Face Logs or Timbers .......................... .

397 397 397 397 397 397 397 398 398 398 398

CONTENTS xxix

Article Page 2.22.4 con