aavishkaar (by betson & deepankar)

8/7/2019 aavishkaar (by betson & deepankar)

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AAVISHKAAR

TECHTATVA¶10

LOW COST RURALELECTRIFICATION SCHEME

BY: BETSON GEORGE

(SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANGALORE)

DEEPANKAR PANDA

(MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANIPAL)



i

I. INTRODUCTION

Energy Scarcity: a need to ponder over

Even today more than 1.6 billion people all

over the world live in the dark. Talkingabout our nation the people living in the

secluded parts are no new to this problem.Just to give you some ideas regarding the

plight of rural poor in rural India consider the following:

60% of the rural population or almost400 million people live in very primitive

conditions. They have no electricity andtheir lives are in darkness. They use

inefficient kerosene lanterns for lightand primitive and ancient biomass cook

stoves for cooking.

In India the per capita consumption of electricity in rural areas is only 250kWh/yr or about 2% that in U.S. As we

all know without electricity very littledevelopment can take place and this is

reflected in these areas. Last year India imported about 29 billion

dollars¶ worth of petroleum products.With ever increasing price of crude this

number will increase in coming yearsand will put a heavy burden on balance

of payment account. Besides theuncertainty of supply from various

countries can play havoc with the energysecurity of India.

Today, India ranks second worldwide infarm output. Agriculture and allied

sectors like forestry and loggingaccounted for 16.6% of the GDP in

2007, employed 52% of the totalworkforce and despite a steady decline

of its share in the GDP, is still the largest

economic among other sectors and playsa significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India.

Because of poverty there are continuoussuicides of farmers. This is because Farming

is presently non-remunerative. Only 25-40per cent of his crop fetches him money,

whereas the rest of his produce (agriculturalresidues), which constitutes 60-75 per cent

of the product, is totally wasted.

There is an old Chinese saying

³You can feed a person for a short timeby supplying him fish, but if you teach

him how to catch fish he will feed

himself the rest of his life´.

Farmers will really benefit when they get

money for agriculture residues. This can

only happen when these residues can be

used to produce energy for powering India.

Effort in this field would take into

consideration both the problems of mentioned above that is energy needs of the

rural population and the farmers wellbeing.

I. OBJECTIVE

The primary aim of our paper is to focus on

a low cost rural electrification scheme thatcovers the total energy requirements i.e.

cooking, electricity and motive power.

The solution to the current power or energycrisis lies in dramatically increasing the

focus on alternative power generationmethods e.g. cogeneration capacity addition

based on bagasse/biomass. Sugarcane offersone of the most cost-effective renewable

resources among those renewable energyoptions that are readily available in

developing countries. It is a highly efficientconverter of solar energy and, in fact, has

the highest energy-to-volume ratio among

energy crops. It is a highly diversifiedresource, offering alternatives for productionof food, feed, fibre and energy. Such

flexibility is valuable in rural India wherefluctuations in commodity prices and

weather conditions can cause severeeconomic hardships.



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II. AN OUTLINE PLANAgriculture has always been India¶s most

important economic sector. In the mid-1990s, it provided approximately one-third

of the gross domestic product and employs

roughly two-thirds of the population. Sinceindependence in 1947, the share of agriculture in the GDP has declined in

comparison to the growth of the industrialand services sectors. Only 25-40 per cent of

crop fetches money to a farmer, whereas therest of his produce (agricultural residues),

which constitutes 60-75 per cent of theproduct, is totally wasted. Farmers will

really benefit when they get money for agriculture residues. This can only happen

when these residues can be used to produceenergy for powering India. Efforts in thisfield would take into consideration both the

energy needs of the rural population and thefarmers¶ wellbeing.

An Outline Plan is prepared with the

objective of providing energy security invillages by meeting total energy through

various forms of biomass material based onavailable biomass conversion technologies

and other renewable energy technologies,where necessary.

The benefits from such projects can be

immense, including employment generation,micro enterprise development, backed by

micro credit facilities and enhanced incomesto rural households increasing the

purchasing capacity and reducing themigration from villages.

An assessment of the total energy demand or a village energy plan includes requirements

for:-

Household cooking, lighting and

entertainment

Community, commercial facilities

such as shops, streetlights, health

center, school, flourmill, information

and communication technology

Pumping water for drinking,

irrigation

R ural / cottage industry

An assessment of the biomass resources

available locally would have to be carried

out. These may include dung, agro wastes,

forestry residues, etc.

Appropriate fast growing / oil seed bearing

tree species should be identified and a plancan be prepared for raising the plantations

for obtaining wood, vegetable oil and other

raw materials. Until the plantations reach an

age when annual increments of growth and

other raw materials become available,

biomass offset from use as cooking fuel and

other locally available biomass should be

utilized for energy production.

Based on the total energy requirements andthe local resource availability, the energy

production system would have to be

configured. For an energy production system

based on biomass, an appropriate technology

mix should be selected from available

biomass conversion technologies such as:-

Single / Bi-phasic biogas production

using tree based organic substrates,

vegetable wastes / residues, vegetable

wastes / kitchen wastes, etc.

Biomass Gasifier coupled with 100% gas

engines or duel fuel engines run on bio-fuels

in lieu of diesel.



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Stationary diesel engines run on straight

vegetable oils or bio-diesel.

Electricity distribution should preferably be

carried out through a local mini grid.

III. PREPARATION OF VILLAGE

ENERGY PLANThe plan must provide information on thefollowing aspects:

1. Current statistics

-Total population of the village / hamlet, i.e.the no. of households.

-Existing pattern of energy / fuel use andaverage monthly expenditure per household.

-Availability of fallow land / waste land /uncultivated land etc. for energy plantations.

-Existing renewable energy devices in thevillage, if any

2. Demand

-Indicative Estimate of Energy Demand Household ± cooking, lighting, other

Community services, includingstreetlights

Irrigation/Agriculture Operations

Commercial (Shops, Atta chakki, Oilexpeller, etc.) Industrial

-Current and potential demand with specialemphasis on loads related to income

generation.-Estimate of time taken to ramp up to full

projected demand.

3. Load managementLoad chart preparation taking into account

seasonal variations in use of electricity,especially for irrigation, in the village.

4. Plant sizing

Sizing of the plant, capacityutilization factor for the plant as per

the load chart. Distance from nearest road-head.

Distance from the grid Length of transmission and

distribution line required in thevillage.

5. Technological optionsSVO (straight vegetable oil) or gasifier or biogas plants, taking into account load

pattern, capacity utilization factor and typeof biomass fuel available

6. Sources of biomass

Biomass resources and their availability,type of biomass, local fuel wood / oil-seed

bearing species, if any, cattle population andlikely availability of dung for biogas plant.

7. Financing plan

Capital expenditure for power plant andother investments needed to reach projected

demand. Sourcing working capital, sourcesof revenue, tariff setting, other non-tariff

sources of revenue, operationalsustainability, cash flow statement, plan to

meet revenue gap if any, payback period

8. Human resourcesCommunity empowerment, involving them

in ownership and decision-making, trainingin operation and management of the power

plant

9. MIS:How information would be captured with

respect to key elements and how it would beused by the management (Village Energy

Committee) should be spelt out.

10. Risk managementIdentification of risk and how it would be

managed.

11. Project implementation planTasks and milestones with timelines and

clear identification of responsibilities shouldbe presented.



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IV. POWER GENERATION

USING AGRICULTURAL

RESIDUES

Biomass based fuel is one of the most

promising alternative fuels. Agro-waste andagro industrial products have today been

recognized as µmodern¶ bio-mass material

which can be converted directly into useful

forms of energy. Bio-mass has the crucial

advantage of being environment friendly.

Electricity Generating Plant

Generating plant fuelled by biomass uses

conventional steam turbine electricitygenerating plant as used in coal fired power stations with modifications to the

combustion chamber and fuel handlingsystems to handle the bulkier fuel.

A.BIOMASS BASED POWER

GENERATION TECHNIQUES

There are many ways to generate electricityfrom biomass using thermo-chemical

pathway. These include directly-fired or conventional steam approach, co-firing,

pyrolysis and gasification; however in thispaper we would lay stress on pyrolysis and

gasification method.

1. Direct Fired or Conventional Steam

Boiler Most of the woody biomass-to-energy plants

use direct-fired system or conventionalsteam boiler, whereby biomass feedstock isdirectly burned to produce steam leading to

generation of electricity. In a direct-firedsystem, biomass is fed from the bottom of

the boiler and air is supplied at the base. Hotcombustion gases are passed through a heat



v

exchanger in which water is boiled to createsteam.

Biomass is dried, sized into smaller pieces

and then pelletized or briquetted before

firing. The processed biomass is added to afurnace or a boiler to generate heat which isthen run through a turbine which drives an

electrical generator. The heat generated bythe exothermic process of combustion to

power the generator can also be used toregulate temperature of the plant and other

buildings, making the whole process muchmore efficient. Cogeneration of heat and

electricity provides an economical option,

particularly at sawmills or other sites wherea source of biomass waste is alreadyavailable. For example, wood waste is used

to produce both electricity and steam atpaper mills.

2.Co-firing Co-firing is the simplest way to use biomass

with energy systems based on fossil fuels.Small portions (up to 15%) of woody and

herbaceous biomass such as poplar, willowand switch grass can be used as fuel in an

existing coal power plant. Like coal,biomass is placed into the boilers and

burned in such systems. The only costassociated with upgrading the system is

incurred in buying a boiler capable of

burning both the fuels, which is a more cost-effective than building a new plant.



vi

The environmental benefits of addingbiomass to coal includes decrease in

nitrogen and sulphur oxides which areresponsible for causing smog, acid rain and

ozone pollution. In addition, relatively lower

amount of carbon dioxide is released intothe atmospheres. Co-firing provides a goodplatform for transition to more viable and

sustainable renewable energy practices.

3.Pyrolysis It is a process where biomass is combusted

at high temperatures and decomposed in theabsence of oxygen. However, some

difficulties arises when trying to create atotally oxygen free atmosphere. Often a little

oxidation does occur which may createundesirable byproducts and also it is highly

energy intensive and expensive at themoment. The burning creates pyrolysis oil,

char or syngas which can then be used likepetroleum to generate electricity. It does not

create ash or energy directly. Instead itmorphs the biomass into higher quality fuel.

The process begins with a drying process inorder to maximize burning potential from

the biomass, similar to the direct combustionprocess above. When cooled, the brown

liquidly pyrolysis oil can be used in agasifier.

When sped up, a process known as FastPyrolysis, up to 75% more bio-oil or

pyrolysis oil is generated. In fact, theEuropean Biomass Technology Group has

created bio-oil using the fast pyrolysis

technique by combining wood residue withhot sand in a rotating cone. In a small scaleexperimental setting, the rotating pyrolysis

cone technology uses 250 tons of wood/dayand generates 50 tonnes of oil (the

equivalent of .314 barrels of oil).Experimenters suggest that the cone can be

modified to take on larger loads and if done,bio-oil is already at a competitive price on

the market. Some have suggested thatpyrolysis even be used to generate hydrogen

for use in fuel cells. Below is a model of theproposed cone technology in a full scale

electricity generation setting.

FlowChart courtesy of

http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html



vii

4. Biomass gasification

One biomass energy based system, whichhas been proven reliable and had been

extensively used for transportation and on

farm systems during World War II is woodor biomass gasification.Biomass gasification means incomplete

combustion of biomass resulting inproduction of combustible gases consisting

of Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2)and traces of Methane (CH4). This mixture

is called producer gas. Producer gas can beused to run internal combustion engines

(both compression and spark ignition), canbe used as substitute for furnace oil in direct

heat applications and can be used toproduce, in an economically viable way,

methanol ± an extremely attractive chemicalwhich is useful both as fuel for heat engines

as well as chemical feedstock for industries.Since any biomass material can undergo

gasification, this process is much moreattractive than ethanol production or biogas

where only selected biomass materials canproduce the fuel.

Besides, there is a problem that solid wastes

(available on the farm) are seldom in a formthat can be readily utilized economically e.g.

Wood wastes can be used in hog fuel boiler but the equipment is expensive and energy

recovery is low. As a result it is oftenadvantageous to convert this waste into

more readily usable fuel from like producer gas.

However under present conditions,economic factors seem to provide the

strongest argument of consideringgasification. In many situations where the

price of petroleum fuels is high or wheresupplies are unreliable the biomass

gasification can provide an economicallyviable system ± provided the suitable

biomass feedstock is easily available (as is

indeed the case in agricultural systems).Biomass gasifiers are of two kinds ± updraft

and downdraft. In an updraft unit, biomass isfed in the top of the reactor and air is

injected into the bottom of the fuel bed. The

efficiency of updraft gasifiers ranges from80 to 90 per cent on account of efficientcounter-current heat exchange between the

rising gases and descending solids.However, the tars produced by updraft

gasifiers imply that the gas must be cooledbefore it can be used in internal combustion

engines. Thus, in practical operation, updraftunits are used for direct heat applications

while downdraft ones are employed for operating internal combustion engines.

Large scale applications of gasifier include

comprehensive versions of the small scaleupdraft and downdraft technologies, and

fluidized bed technologies. The superior heat and mass transfer of fluidized beds

leads to relatively uniform temperaturesthroughout the bed, better fuel moisture

utilization, and faster rate of reaction,resulting in higher throughput capabilities.

The updraft gasification

In the updraft gasifier, moist biomass

fuel is fed at the top and descends though



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gases rising through the reactor. In theupper zone a drying process occurs,

below which pyrolysis is taking place.Following this, the material passes

through a reduction zone (gasification)

and in the zone above the grate anoxidation process is carried out(combustion).

B. POWER GENERATION IN

SUGAR INDUSTRY USING

AGRO WASTE.Until the 1970s the sugarcane industryproduced mainly raw sugar, refined sugar,

and hydrated bioethanol for beveragesproduction. Currently the sugarcane industry

produces the already mentioned productsand also anhydrous bioethanol and hydratedbioethanol for car fuel. Concerns about

environmental problems associated with theemission of greenhouse gas, the dramatic

rise in oil price in the international market,the use of crops for biofuels production

versus food, and geopolitical factorsassociated with traditional oil supplies

instability are encouraging the introductionof a new concept: second generation

biofuels, which are obtained from biomassresidues and lignocellulosic biomass.

Among the main biomass residues from

sugar and bioethanol production aresugarcane bagasse and sugarcane trash, also

named sugarcane agriculture residues(SCAR ¶s) .Sugarcane bagasseis the fibrous

waste that remains after recovery of sugar juice via crushing and extraction. It also has

been the principal fuel used around the

world in the sugarcane agroindustry becauseof its well-known energy properties.A ton of bagasse (on a 50% mill-wet basis) is equal

to 1.6 barrels of fuel oil on energy basis. Thetotal sugarcane energy content on dry basis,

excluding ash (around 2%± 3% of weight)can be divided in three main parts.

Sugarcane parts

(dry basis)Mass(kg)

Energy(MJ)

Juice

(sucrose+molasses

+others)

1422257

Fiber residues(bagasse)

140 2184

Sugarcane

agriculture residues(SCAR )

1402184

Total422 6625

Sugarcane energy content (average figures for currentlycommercial sugarcane varieties)1 ton of sugarcane (clean as received from milling station)

The bagasse and SCAR

that before wereundesirable residues have now become

important bioenergy supplies.Moreover, sugarcane agroindustry solid

residues have the advantage that they do notcompete with food production. Because of sugarcane bagasse and SCAR ¶s low

digestibility, only a small per cent(3% of weight) can be included in the cattle

rations. Therefore this kind of residuessatisfies the main requirement of the so-

called second generation biofuels.The world¶s sugarcane agroindustry has

processed more than 1 323 951 980 tons in2004, generating 370 706 554 tons of

bagasse and 330 987 995 tons of SCAR . Interms of oil equivalent, this total amount

could produce about 6.210^6tons. In other

words sugarcane agroindustry producesaround of 530 kg of solid residues (on a

50% mill-wet basis) for each milled ton of cane.

R egrettably, although the SCAR energycontent is similar to bagasse in many places,

it is burned off just before harvest tofacilitate harvesting of the cane stalks. A

negligible amount of trash is currently usedfor cogeneration. In the sugarcane

agroindustry biomass burning is a commonpractice for cogeneration during milling



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season. Most of sugar factories do notcogenerate during off-season because of the

lack of alternative biomass supply capableof providing the huge amount of bagasse

and SCAR . The inability of year-round

electricity cogeneration is a significantdisadvantage of sugar factories.

At first glance the solution seems to be thebagasse and SCAR storage, but bagasse

storage and handling on a large scale are avery expensive, difficult, and risky operation

because of the low density and self-combustion properties of both bagasse and

SCAR . The lack of an alternative energycarrier to electricity with storage capability

for use during off-season has to date been anunsolvable question. In this paper we have

tried to offer a solution to this problem.

Now India is currently the largest producer of cane sugar in the world, accounting for

10% of the world production. Sugar isgrowing industry with the cane area, yield

and recovery of sugar increasing over thedecades, though there are cyclical variations

from years to year. Though the concept of bagasse-based co-generation has always

been practiced by sugar mills, there has of late been growing awareness in the sugar

industry of the advantages of installingµHigh efficiency¶ bagasse based co-

generation system.

CO-GENERATION!!Co-generation is the concept of producing

two forms of energy from one fuel. One of the forms of energy must always be heat and

the other may be electricity or mechanicalenergy. In a conventional power plant, fuel

is burnt in a boiler to generate high-pressuresteam. This steam is used to drive a turbine,

which in turn drives an alternator through asteam turbine to produce electric power. The

exhaust steam is generally condensed towater which goes back to the boiler.

As the low-pressure steam has a largequantum of heat which is lost in the process

of condensing, the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around

35%. In a cogeneration plant, very high

efficiency levels, in the range of 75%±90%,can be reached. This is so, because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of the

turbine is not condensed, but used for heating purposes in factories or houses.

Since co-generation can meet both power

and heat needs, it has other advantages aswell in the form of significant cost savings

for the plant and reduction in emissions of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption.

%. Assuming that an industrial processneeds both heat and power in a ratio 1.5:1,

the overall energy generation efficiency willthus be about 54%.In case the same thermal

and electrical energy would be suppliedusing a suitable co-generation system,

the overall efficiency could range from 65 to95% assuming an efficiency of 75% the total

primary fuel savings would be about 28%.Whereas in the case of separate boiler (with

an efficiency of 85%) 1.76 units of fuel arerequired to supply 1.5 units of heat, in the

case of co-generation the total fuel inputwould be 3.33. The fuel chargeable to power

for supplying the extra unit of electricity isthus only 1.57 units compared to 2.86 for the

conventional option. This is a reduction45%. If transmission/grid losses are taken

into account, the picture becomes even morefavorable. Assuming the transmission/grid

losses to be 15% FcP for separate power generation would be 3.36. The total primary

fuel savings would thus be in the order of 35% while the fuel saving related to

electricity production would be about 53%.Also there is such a substantial carbon gain

from producing power on-site with co-genbecause you¶re swapping a ~33% delivered

efficiency source (the grid) with an ~80%delivered efficiency source (the on-site co-



x

gen). Thus, even coal-fired co-gen on sitewould lead to a substantial carbon reduction.

Even at conservative estimates, the potential

of power generation from co-generation in

India is more than 20,000 MW. Since Indiais the largest producer of sugar in the world,bagasse-based cogeneration is being

promoted. The potential for cogenerationthus lies in facilities with joint requirement

of heat and electricity, primarily sugar andrice mills, distilleries, petrochemical sector

and industries such as fertilizers, steel,chemical, cement, pulp and paper, and

aluminum.

Bagasse - a major byproduct of the sugar industry is a captive bio-mass, it can be

stored and kept for power generation

purposes. Most of the sugar mills have their

own co-generation units where this bagasse

can be fed in specially designed boilers as

fuel generating steam that moves the rotors

of a turbine to generate power.Apart from

bagasse other agro based waste like rice

husk, paddy straw etc. can also be used as a

fuel like bagasse but the boiler design willneed certain changes accordingly. Basically

any waste product can be utilized as a fuel

for the boiler. The two main factors to be

considered are

Calorific value of the fuel used.

Its availability.

Presently sugar mills operate for hardly

about 5-6 months during the sugarcane

season and the rest of the time these plants

are shut down because the stored bagasse

either gets used up early, or else it¶s

unavailable due to problems with its storage.

In this situation we suggest the use of agro

wastes or residues as fuel for the boilers to

produce steam. This will ensure that the co

gen plant continues working throughout the

year even when there is no sugar production.

Currently researchers in China are working

on multifuel boilers wherein agro wastes can

be fed along with say, coal as a fuel feed.

R esearch is currently underway for the

possibility of burning plastics as fuel in the

boilers, which will have to be custom

designed accordingly.

Calorific value: Bagasse 1850 kcal PCI per Kg

Normally a 6000 TCD plant (tonnes of

crushing per day) is capable of generating

up to 25 MW of power.The per unit cost of

the power generated will depend on the rates

given by various power trading

corporations and since the generation is

using waste products, the cost of generationwill reduce compared to conventional power

generation methods hence power will be

available at cheaper rates.



xi

Benefits of Cogeneration

Not depending on external power at all,sugar plants can be located near the

sugar sugar growing areas, thereby

saving on transportation cost of sugarcane. An efficient and sustained co-generation

enables the plant to isolate itself fromthe vagaries of power.

Power generation using bagasse isenvironmentally cleaner as bagasse

produces very little fly ash and noSulphur.

Net contribution to greenhouse effectfrom the bagasse based co-generating

plant is zero, since the carbon-di-oxideabsorbed by the sugar cane grown is

more than the one emitted by the co-generating plant.

Low capital investment. R ecurring costsare also lower compared to fossil fuel

based power plants. Use of totally renewable source of

energy. Total saving in the mining,extraction and long distance

transportation expenses of fossil fuels. R ural location of sugar mills enables co-

generated power to be directly fed to thelocal substation, consequently

minimizing T & D losses and therequirement of long feeder lines.

Saves the expenditure on safe storageand disposal of bagasse.

A co-generation plant places no financialor administrative burden on the utility as

it is executed and managed by the sugar factory.

Power is generated at a lower cost in co-generating systems and pay back periods

are shorter. Provides an initiative to sugar mills to

concentrate more on conservation of energy and reduction of steam

consumption thereby improving their profitability of operation.

Surplus power generation in sugar factory is ideally suited for rural

electrification and for energizingirrigation pumps and industrial and agro-

based units in the villages.

C. POWER GENERATION BY

PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS

Fast pyrolysis refers to the rapid heating of biomass (including forest residue such asbark, sawdust and shavings; and agricultural

waste such as wheat straw and bagasse) inthe absence of oxygen. Prepared feedstock

(<10% moisture and 1-2 mm particle size) is

fed into the bubbling fluid-bed reactor,which is heated to 450±500° C in theabsence of oxygen. This is lower than

conventional pyrolysis systems and,therefore, has the benefit of higher overall

energy conversion efficiency. The feedstock flashes and vaporizes, and the resulting

gases pass into a cyclone where solidparticles²char²are extracted. The gases

enter a quench tower where they are quicklycooled using BioOil already made in the

process.The BioOil condenses and falls intothe product tank, while non-condensable

gases are returned to the reactor to maintainprocess heating.

Three products are produced: BioOil (60-

75% by weight), char (15-25% wt.) and non-condensable gases (10-20% wt.) Yields vary

depending on the feedstock composition.The non-condensed gases are re-circulated

to fuel approximately 75% of the energy

needed by the pyrolysis process.The densityof BioOil is high, approximately 1.2 kg/liter.On a volumetric basis BioOil has 55% of the

energy content of diesel oil and 40% on aweight basis. It has superior fuel properties

to heavy fuel oil in terms of viscosity, ash,sulfur, nitrogen content, NOx emissions and

cold weather properties (pour point).



xii

FAST PYROLYSIS AT SUGAR MILL

The production of H2 and electricity frombiomass is accomplished by reformation of

bio-oil produced in fast pyrolysis processes,which are mature and of nearly commercial

status. Processes for the reformation of pyrolysis oil to H2 and suitable for the

production of electricity and heat(cogeneration) in small-to-medium size

stationary applications, are optimised withrespect to appropriate reactor configurations

and efficient catalytic materials. A hydrogenrich process gas will be produced, also

containing CO and CO2. The water-gas shiftreaction transforms residual carbon

monoxide into H2 and CO2.Optimal catalyticmaterials for these reactions will be

developed, exhibiting high activity andselectivity towards H2 production and

enhanced stability with time on stream, andthey will be incorporated into proper reactor

configurations. Each component of theprocess will be considered separately and

integrated to a complete fuel processing

system suitable for a prototype power production unit of 5kWe. An economic

evaluation of the process is carried out for a500 kW commercial scale unit.

Similarly, these residues can theoretically

produce 80,000 MW of electric power allthe year round through biomass-based

power plants. This power is about 60 per cent of the present installed capacity of

India. The power plants could either besmall scale (500 kW), running on producer

gas from agricultural residues, or mediumscale (10-20 MW) running on direct

combustion of these residues. Thetechnology for this is very mature and there

are thousands of such plants running all over the world. A part of these agricultural

residues can also be used via the bio-digester route to produce fertilizer for crops

and methane gas to either run rural transport,irrigation pump sets or kitchens. Another



xiii

stream can also be used to produce fodder.

Pyrolysis- advantages and disadvantagesThe bagasse and SCAR conversion into

liquids via fast pyrolysis could be a solution

to the problem of its energy storage,allowing it to be used locally as the needarises. Among the main advantages of

sugarcane biomass conversion into a liquidfuel in the sugar industry are the following:

� A sugarcane mill factory has anappropriate energy infrastructure to

assimilate technologies such as fastpyrolysis.

� The pyrolysis oil may be consideredinnocuous in terms of CO2 emissions.

� The infrastructure for transportation anddistribution of conventional fossil liquid

fuels can also be used for bio-oil.� Bio-oil can be transported to remote

isolated towns and used for pumping water,cooking food, heating water, and other small

domestic tasks.� Bio-oil stores 11 times more energy than

bagasse, in the same unit of volume, and hasthree times less moisture content.

� Because bio-oil can be stored, thepyrolysis process can be decoupled from the

power generation cycle, increasing theflexibility of its use, so it can be used when

it is really necessary, at the needed site, inthe precise quantity needed.

� Hydrogen production from biomass viafast pyrolysis at the medium plant size has

lower cost than via gasification.

� On the basis of the pyrolysis infrastructure,it is possible to introduce gasification

technology without a large additionalinvestment.

The more important disadvantages are the

following:� The conversion process is endothermic.� Bio-oil is not a stable fuel.

� Bio-oil upgrading is very expensive incomparison to conventional fuel cracking.

� There are no reported fast pyrolysisfacilities with a capacity beyond 3.5 tons/h.

There is no bio-oil properties standard or abio-oil market.

V. ADVANTAGES

The plan proposed above when implementedhas the following advantages

y Provides clean bio- gaseous fuel mainly

for cooking purposes and also for other applications, thereby reducing use of

LPG and other conventional fuels.

y Helps To meet µlifeline energy¶ needsfor cooking.

y Provides bio-fertilizer/ organic manureto reduce use of chemical fertilizers.

y Mitigate drudgery of rural women,

reduce pressure on forests andaccentuate social benefits.

y Improvement in sanitation in villages bylinking sanitary toilets with biogas

plants.

y Mitigates Climate Change by preventingblack carbon and methane emissions.



xiv

VI. COST BREAKDOWN OF A BIOMASS GASIFIER BASED MODULE

(for 100-250 households) REFEREN C E : ministry of new and renewable energy!S.No

.

Items Qty./N

os.

Estimated

cost (Rs.)

Part A- Fixed Cost

1. Biomass gasifier

system with 100%

producer gas

engine/genset

including all

accessories with 5

years AnnualMaintenance Contractincluding twoyear¶s warrantee

2X10

kW

1550000

2. Civil foundation &

shed including

storage shed for

biomass and water

tank.

LS 300000

3. Gasifier room lights

@ R s.500/- per light

5 2500

4. Atta Chakki / R ice

Huller including

connection and

all equipments.

1 20000

SUB TOTAL (fixedcost)

1872500

5. Plantation for fuel

wood and oil-seed

bearing trees

@ R s.30,000/- per ha

10 ha 300000

6. Distribution line for 3

km @

R s.1,50,000/km.

L S 450000

7. Service line (@

R s.1500/- per HH)

with 2 light points

and one 5 Amp.

socket point per

HH (As per SEBnorms)

250 375000

8. Battery back-up with

Inverter to be charged

by electricitygenerating unit.

1X10k

W

700000

9. Street Lighting @

R s.2,500/- per light

25 62500

10. Dung based biogasplants inclusive all

accessories & Civil

Works for 60 HH@

2 CuM per HH@

120CuM

600000

R s.5000/- per CuM

11. Improved Chulha

fixed type / Portable

or Turbo Portable

Chulha (maximumSubsidy @

R s.500/- per chulha)

250 125000

SUB TOTAL

(variable cost)#

2612500

Optional Cost2

12. Oil Expeller withfilter press and heater

(50 kg/hour)

1 135000

Sub Total [A] 4620000

Part B- Capacitybuilding

13. Capacity building,

training, awarenessand visits tomanufacturer¶s

works.

LS 100000

14. Social

Engineering/Commu

nity mobilization

LS 100000

Sub Total [B] 200000

GRAND TOTAL

[A] + [B] 4820000*

Part C- Execution

and Operational

Cost

15. Professional Chargesto the ImplementingAgency (10% of the

Part A)

462000

16. Charges to State

Nodal Agency for

coordination

and monitoring

(5% of the Part A)

231000

17. Operation and

Maintenance Charges

to the Implementing

Agency for initial

period of 2 years(10 % of the Part A)

462000

Sub Total [C] 1155000

GRAND TOTAL

[A+B+C]

5975000

1 - Depending on Village layout and number of household

2 - Depending on resource availability and demand.# - Estimates for 250 households.

* - Cost sharing on 90:10 basis between the Ministry andSNA/Implementing Agencies/beneficiary



xv

VII. CONCLUSIONMOST IMPOR TANTLY apart from the

above mention advantages the plan onimplementation will address our main aim or

goal that is the production of low cost

electricity using the agricultural waste. Thisgenerates a hike in the farmer¶s income asnow he earns from his crop as well as the

waste products which constitutes a major share of his land used. This empowers him

with more purchasing power and a better standard of living. This in turn reduces the

migration to the urban areas from villagessince the villages will now be self-sufficient.

Installation of certain power plants not justfulfills the electricity requirement of that

particular village; it also generatesemployment along with the generation of additional income. An overall better

standard of living in rural India can beachieved by making them self-sufficient in

their own den and hence bridging the gapbetween the rural and the urban India.

aavishkaar (by betson & deepankar)

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